Experiment No: 1A.

OBJECTIVE:
Objective of this experiment is to understand how arithmetic operations like addition is performed at
bit level using basic hardware circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
1. Bread board Trainer Kit.
2. IC-7486 (X-OR Gate).
3. IC-7408 (AND Gate).
4. IC-7432 (OR Gate).
5. IC-7404(NOT Gate).
6. Connecting wires etc

THEORY

HALF ADDER
The half adder adds two single binary digits A and B. It has two outputs, sum (S) And carry (C). The
carry signal represents an overflow into the next digit of a multi-digit addition, incorporates an XOR
gate for S and an AND gate for C. With the addition of an OR gate to combine their carry outputs, two
half adders can be combined to make a full adder.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF HALF ADDER:-

Boolean Expression
S= A B
C=AB
Procedure
1. Collect the components necessary to accomplish this experiment.
2. Plug the IC chip into the breadboard.
3. Connect the supply voltage and ground lines to the chips. PIN7 = Ground and PIN14 = +5V.
4. According to the pin diagram of each IC mentioned above, make the connections according to circuit
dsagram.
5. Connect the inputs of the gate to the input switches of the LED.
6. Connect the output of the gate to the output LEDs.
7. Once all connections have been done, turn on the power switch of the breadboard
8. . Operate the switches and fill in the truth table ( Write "1" if LED is ON and
"0" if LED is OFF Apply the various combination of inputs according to the truth table and observe the
condition of Output LEDs.

Observation Table
Half Adder Input Variable: A , B
Output Variable: S, C
LED ON: RED Light:Logic 1
LED OFF: Green Light:Logic 0

INPUTS(LED) OUTPUT
(LEDS)
A B S C
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

S= A B
C=AB
Result and Analysis
Verified the truth table as follows.
1. Verified the truth table of Half Adder as S = 1 i.e LED which is connected to S terminal glows when
inputs are A B
2. Verified the truth table of Half Adder as C = 1 i.e LED which is connected to C terminal glows when
inputs are A B

Conclusion
1. To add two bits we require one EXOR gate (Ic 7486 ) to generate Sum and one AND (Ic 7408) to
generate carry.
 Experiment No: 1A.2

Aim: Design and verify the logic circuit of Half subtractor using logic gates.

Objective:
a. To understand the principle of binary subtraction.
b. To understand and to differentiate half subtractor concept.
c. Use truth table, Karnaugh map, and Boolean algebra theorems in simplifying a circuit design.
d. To implement half subtractor circuit uing logic gates

Apparatus Required:
 Prototyping board (breadboard)
 DC Power Supply 5V Batery
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
 Digital ICs: 7408 :Quad 2 input AND
 7486: Quad 2 input EXOR
 7432 :Quad 2 input OR
 7404: Hex invertor(NOT Gate
 Connecting Wires

Theory
Half Subtractor

The half-subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to perform subtraction of two bits. It has two
inputs, X (minuend) and Y (subtrahend) and two outputs D (difference) and B (borrow).
 Fig: Half Subtractor

Procedure:

1. Collect the components necessary to accomplish this experiment.

2. Plug the IC chip into the breadboard.
 3. Connect the supply voltage and ground lines to the chips. PIN7 = Ground and PIN14 = +5V.
4. According to the pin diagram of each IC mentioned above, make the connections according to circuit
diagram.
5. Connect the inputs of the gate to the input switches of the LED.
6. Connect the output of the gate to the output LEDs.
7. Once all connections have been done, turn on the power switch of the breadboard
8. . Operate the switches and fill in the truth table (Write "1" if LED is ON and "0" if LED is OFF apply
the various combinations of inputs according to the truth table and observe the condition of Output
LEDs.

Observation Table:
Half Subtractor: Input Variable: x ,y
Output Variable: D,B
LED ON: RED Light:Logic 1
LED OFF: Green Light:Logic 0

INPUTS OUTPUT
(LED) (LEDS)
A B D (A - B) B
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0

K Map simplification

Difference
B
0 1
A
0 1
1 1

D=A’B + AB’

Borrow
B
0 1
A
0 1
1

B=A’B
Result and Analysis
Verified the truth table as follows:

1. Verified the truth table of Half Subtractor as D = 1 i.e LED which is connected to D terminal
glows when inputs are x y.
2.Verified the truth table of Half Subtractor as B = 1 i.e LED which is connected to B terminal
glows when inputs are x y

Conclusion
1. To add two bits we require one EXOR gate(Ic 7486 ) to generate Difference and one AND (Ic 7408)
and NOT Gate(Ic 7432) to generate Borrow.
 Experiment No: 1B.1

OBJECTIVE:
Objective of this experiment is to understand how arithmetic operations like addition is performed at
bit level using basic hardware circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
1. Bread board Trainer Kit.
2. IC-7486 (X-OR Gate).
3. IC-7408 (AND Gate).
4. IC-7432 (OR Gate).
5. IC-7404(NOT Gate).
6. Connecting wires etc

THEORY
Full adder is a logical circuit that performs an addition operation on three binary digits. The full adders
produce a sum and carry value, which are both binary digits. It can be combined with other full adders
or work on its own.
Input Output
A B Ci S Co
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

Fig: Circuit Diagram of Full Adder Truth Table

Boolean Expression: S= A B Ci
Co=AB+Ci(A B)
Procedure:
9. Collect the components necessary to accomplish this experiment.
10. Plug the IC chip into the breadboard.
11. Connect the supply voltage and ground lines to the chips. PIN7 =
Ground and PIN14 = +5V.

12. According to the pin diagram of each IC mentioned above, make the connections according to circuit
dsagram.
13. Connect the inputs of the gate to the input switches of the LED.
14. Connect the output of the gate to the output LEDs.
15. Once all connections have been done, turn on the power switch of the breadboard
16. . Operate the switches and fill in the truth table ( Write "1" if LED is ON and
"0" if LED is OFF Apply the various combination of inputs according to the truth table and observe the
condition of Output LEDs.

Observation Table:
Full adder: Input Variable: A ,B,Ci
Output Variable: SUM(S), Carry(Co)
LED ON: RED Lioght:Logic 1
LED OFF: Green Light:Logic 0

INPUT(LED) OUTPUT(LED)

A B Ci Sum S Carry Co
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

K Map simplification

SUM
BC
00 01 11 10
A
0 1 1
1 1 1

SUM= A B C

CARRY:
BC
00 01 11 10
A
0 1
1 1 1 1

Carry=AB+C(A B)
Result and Analysis

Verified the truth table as follows.

1. Verified the truth table of Full Adder as S = 1 i.e. LED which is connected to S terminal glows when
inputs are A, B, C.
2. Verified the truth table of Full Adder as Co = 1 i.e. LED which is connected to Co terminal glows
when inputs are A B Co

CONCLUSION

1. To add two bits we require one EXOR gate(Ic 7486 ) to generate Sum and one AND (Ic 7408) to
generate carry.
2. To add three bits we require two half adders.
 Experiment No: 1B.2
.

Objective
a. To understand the principle of binary subtraction.
b. To understand and to differentiate half & full subtractor concept.
c. Use truth table, Karnaugh map, and Boolean Algebra theorems in simplifying a circuit design.
d. To implement half subtractor and full subtractor circuit uing logic gates

Apparatus Required:
 Prototyping board (breadboard)
 DC Power Supply 5V Battery
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
 Digital ICs: 7408 :Quad 2 input AND 7486: Quad 2 input EXOR
7432 :Quad 2 input OR 7404: Hex inverter (NOT Gate)
 Connecting Wires

Theory
A full Subtractor is combinational circuit that performs a subtraction between three bits, taking into
account that a ‘1’ may have been borrowed by a lower significant stage. The 3 inputs denote minuend,
subtrahend and previous borrow, respectively. The 2 outputs are difference (D) and borrow (B).

Fig 3.4: Circuit Diagram of Full Subtractor

The Truth Table of Full Subtractor is Shown Below.

Full Subtractor

INPUT(LED) OUTPUT(LED)

A B Bin D Bout
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
 D=A’B’Bin + A’B’B’in + AB’ B’in + AB Bin

Procedure:

1. Collect the components necessary to accomplish this experiment.

2. Plug the IC chip into the breadboard.
3. Connect the supply voltage and ground lines to the chips. PIN7 = Ground and PIN14 = +5V.
4. According to the pin diagram of each IC mentioned above, make the connections according to
circuit diagram.
5. Connect the inputs of the gate to the input switches of the LED.
6. Connect the output of the gate to the output LEDs.
7. Once all connections have been done, turn on the power switch of the breadboard
8. Operate the switches and fill in the truth table ( Write "1" if LED is ON and "0" if LED is OFF
Apply the various combination of inputs according to the truth table and observe the condition
of Output LEDs.

Observation Table

Full Subtractor

Input Variable: A B BORin D BORout

Output Variable: D,B
LED ON: RED Lioght:Logic 1
LED OFF: Green Light:Logic 0
 INPUT(LED) OUTPUT(LED)

A B BORin D BORout
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1

D=A’B’Bin + A’B’B’in + AB’ B’in + ABBin

Bout= A’Bin + A’B + BBin

Result and Analysis

Verified the truth table as follows.

Full Subractor
1. Verified the truth table of Full Subtractor as D = 1 i.e LED which is
connected to D terminal glows when inputs are X Y Bin
2. Verified the truth table of Full Subtractor as BORout = 1 i.e LED
which is connected to BORout terminal glows when inputs are X Y
BORin

CONCLUSION
1. To add two bits we require one EXOR gate(Ic 7486 ) to generate
Difference and one AND (Ic 7408) and NOT Gate(Ic 7432) to generate
Borrow.
2. To add three bits we require two half subtractor.