LITERATURE
connecting to the internet
-“literatur” (Greek)
-letters
-“litera” (Latin)
-letters and words
-“belles letres” (French)
-beautiful writings
FORMS OF LITERATURE
 Written
 Oral
CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE
 Prose (Non-Fiction)
 Poetry (Fiction)
 Drama (Tragedy/Comedy)
THE CALL CENTER AGENT’S LIFESTYLE
Rachel Dumlao, CSR
-states that she experience name-
calling and racial prejudice, but
through it she learned to be patient
and her communication skills,
computer skills, multitasking, and time
management got better and better.
Miguel Leones, TSR
-states that the number of calls they
get every day is stressful but they need
to maintain and improve their stats to
be rewarded or even be promoted
-he shared his most memorable
experience wherein he received an
incentive after assisting a middle-aged
woman who was having a hard time
Jhaecci, CSR
-he share his funniest experience as
an agent when he forgot the spelling
of a city in New Mexico because he
was so sleepy at that time
Cecille dela Cruz, CSR
-states that over the past decade at
the call center, she discovered patience
because the job is very demanding and
requires mastery of skills set, and so
you can’t be faint-hearted
THE BAN FOR PLASTIC: A GLOBAL
CONCERN
Carolina T. Gonzales
-encourages everyone to do their
part by bringing reusable bags like
bayong or canvas bags because
according to Jamie Marie Elona
(2012), each individual uses 22,176
plastic bags in an average lifetime
Plastic Bags
-are the most common type of
garbage found in Manila Bay
- when environmental groups
collected garbage from Manila Bay,
they gathered 1594 liters, 61.9% are
plastic and 23.2% are plastic bags
*plastics dumped in bodies of water
can wreak havoc in marine ecosystems.
plastic can choke marine animals or
damage coral reefs. ingested micro
plastics can poison fish and sea turtles.
when these marine animals end up in
our plates, the plastic ends up in our
body too (Enclona,2012)
Ordinance No.7393
-bans the use of any form of plastic
bags on dry goods, and regulating its
utilization on wet goods, as well as the
use of polystyrene and similar materials
as containers for food, goods and
other products.
Ordinance 8282
-completely disallow the use of non-
biodegradable plastic bags for dry
goods
*In the Philippines, with the exception
of 2 cities Metro Manila has largely
complied with the “Total Plastic Ban
Act of 2011” in order to prevent more
non-biodegradable wastes from
polluting the environment
Mandaluyong
-the latest city to implement the Act
on April 20, 2014 as it started to
prohibit the use and sale of plastic
bags
Muntinlupa
-the first city to implement the act
on January 1,2011
Valenzuela
-the only city to not prohibit the use
of plastic due to the plastic
manufacturers in the area
A STUDENT ENVIRONMENTALIST
-is about a fifth-grader named Omar
who has a chemist father who made an
invention to save the environment
despite his young age
WHO CARES ABOUT TREES?
-the author is wondering if there is
even someone who cares about trees
in the modern era, he/she also states
the benefits the trees grant us without
us noticing
HAIL, POLLUTERS!
-the author, Robert Froman, is
sarcastically praising and hailing the
people who contribute to the air
pollution
AIR POLLUTION
Ruth and Roger Guzman
*Metro Manila ranks among 20 most
populated cities in the world. Air
pollution in manila comes form mobile
and stationary sources. Mobile sources
include motor vehicles, which emit
carbon monoxide.
Stationary Sources of Pollutants
-factories -crematorium
-incinerator -power plants
-garbage dumps
-construction sites
Health Effects from Air Pollution REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

-coughing -bronchitis

-heart disease -cancer Jennie brought herself a dress.

*the most vulnerable groups include, S V RP DO

infants, children, the elderly, and those
XXX
suffering from chronic respiratory
conditions. INTENSIVE PRONOUNS

In these alarming conditions, the

Government has enacted the My mother herself paid for my
-Clean Air act S IP V
-Republic Act No.8749 shoes.
-Presidential Decree No. 984 on “Air DO
Quality Standards”,and other
ADDING EMPHASIS
Presidential decrees that help save the
environment.  One way to make convincing
persuasive texts is by adding
FORMAL DEFINITION
emphasis to it.
-explains a term by giving
1. Use of Passive Voice
explanatory examples of its use
 You can use passive voice when
 identify the term to be defined+
the focus is on the action of the
 (is a)+place in a general class
person or thing affected
where it belongs+
 (that)+put the differentiation or Example:
the exact meaning of the term  Oral presentations are
PRONOUN scheduled by the end of the
month. (This is passive voice)
-replaces the noun/subject
2. Use of Inverted Word Order
-myself -itself
 The phrases or other expressions
-yourself -ourself
(rarely will, no, suddenly into,
-himself -yourself little, seldom, not until, etc.)
-herself -themselves precedes a subject
Examples:
 Hardly had I said a word when
that kid started complaining
 At no time did she say that we
couldn’t come
3. Use of Cleft Sentences: It
 Changing the normal sentence
pattern with the relative
pronoun “it”
Example:
 It was she who received my
letter
4. Use of Cleft Sentences: What
 To emphasize a specific
subject, write cleft sentences
with “what: clauses
Example:
 What we need is a clear
informative lecture to clear
your doubts
5. Exceptional use of ‘Do’ or ‘Did’
 To express something
opposite or contrary, use
auxiliary verbs “do” and “did”
to emphasize negative
sentences
Examples:
 No that is not correct. Jane did
confront Jenny about the issue
between them
 I do believe that you should
rest now and stop working so
hard
PUBLIC SPEAKING
-delivering a speech in front of a
large audience in a formal situation
TYPES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
 Mental
-covers issues such as
performance anxiety
 Verbal
-correct use of words and
pronounciation
 Vocal
-proper speech patterns and
techniques
 Visual
-usually about maintaining eye
contact
STRATEGIES OF BECOMING A BETTER
SPEAKER
1. Clarity
 Set clear goals and messages,
and be consistent throughout
your speech.
 State Concise opinions, do not
confuse your listeners with too
much information
 Do not bore your audience and
provide them with meaningful
and sensible data
2. Conciseness
 Being straight to the point and
keeping it brief
3. Concreteness
 When your message is concrete,
then your audience has a clear
picture of what you are telling
them
4. Accuracy or Correctness
 When you communication is
correct, the audience gets
satisfied.
 It validates your credibility as a
speaker
5. Small-Group Discussion
 Other desired characteristics of
communication which you need
to consider in making a speech
6. Adequacy and Completeness
 Speech contains all the necessary
information the audience needs
to achieve the result you desire
7. Politeness
 They also have reasons and
expectations for listening to you.
 Put yourself in the place of the
receiver while composing a
message
9. Self- Reflection on the strategies
and Techniques
 Consider the following strategies,
and plan on how you may use
them in speaking before a group
of people
10. Clear Planning and Purpose
 Plan the objectives and intention
of your speech, ensuring that it is
sharply focused and there are no
irrelevant deviations
11. Interest and Enthusiasm
 If you are interested in what you
are saying, your audience will
sense that and they will give you
more attention.
sana naman iccrushback na q ng
crush q ;((((

 Consider the audience’s reaction

to your message and take
consideration on their feeling

 Use polite words and gestures to

show that you are appreciative

8. Empathy

 It is being in the audience’s

shoes.