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oC
Ps at 50% T@Y h@Y
T, Psat, Kpa W, Kg/Kg V, m3/Kg h, KJ/Kg hg
RH intercept intercept
-10 0.25071 0.125355 0.0015428 0.74678 t=-9.3476 -6.073 t=-6.0355
-5 0.40281 0.201405 0.0024825 0.76213 1.182
0 0.6108 0.3054 0.003772 0.77795 t=1.654oC 9.436 t=9.377 2501.5
5 0.8737 0.4369 0.0054099 0.79427 18.613 2510.75
10 1.227 0.6135 0.0076244 0.81141 t=13.46oC 29.351 t=29.17oC 2519.9
15 1.707 0.8539 0.010658 0.82972 42.047 2529.05
20 2.337 1.1685 0.014684 0.84950 t=26.91oC 57.394 t=57.04oC 2538.2
25 3.171 1.5855 0.020094 0.87134 76.340 2547.3
30 4.241 2.1205 0.027171 0.89572 99.645 2556.4
35 5.629 2.8145 0.036587 0.92371 129.07 2565.4
40 7.375 3.6875 0.048826 0.95615 165.945 2574.4
45 9.593 4.7685 0.065046 0.994919 213.31 2583.3
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Basic Psychrometry of air
W, Kg/Kg V,m3/Kg
0.0015428 0.74678 5
0.0024825 0.76213 Vapour pressure, Psat
0.003772 0.77795
4
0.0054099 0.79427
0.0076244 0.81141
0.010658 0.82972 3
0.014684 0.84950
0.020094 0.87134 2
0.027171 0.89572 100% RH
0.036587 0.92371 Humidity ratio, W
0.048826 0.95615 1
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Dry bulb Temperature ,oC
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Basic Psychrometry of air SHR=0.45
h
2
100% RH
W=0.01065
8
1
V SHR=1.0
50% RH
W=0.0037
72
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Dry bulb Temperature oC
HVAC Design Indoor
INTRODUCTION SHR=0.45
60oNL
60o NL &SL
60oSL
SUN
EARTH
Fig.3 Occupied territory on the surface of the Earth surface
SOLAR GEOMETRY DESIGNATED BUILDING ORIENTATION
N E S W NE NW SE SW
Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
in HVAC Design
2.0 Heat load calculation
Heat load calculation objective is to provide convenient,
consistent, and accurate method of calculating heat loads and
to enable the designer to select the air conditioning
equipment that meet the requirements for efficient energy
utilization, responsive to environmental needs and consider
the appropriate psychrometry. Heat gain from different heat
sources such as external heat source on building envelop
through wall, roof, and glass skylight and windows
previously discuss must be followed. The following table
shows combine Carrier & ASHRAE recommendation for the
selection of heat load calculation method.
Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
in HVAC Design
Heat Load Calculation Method Application
Maximum peak hour Space by space or Room by room
Single hour at 3:00 PM Space by space or Room by room
*Block load Max. Peak Hour All spaces per floor is one block
*Block load Single Hour All spaces per floor is one block
Table I. Heating and Cooling load Calculation Methods
Note: * Block Load Normally applied to Multi-storey building to minimized number of spaces
Choices for heat load calculation option can be any of the above tabulated
methods but for multi-storey building use either block load maximum peak hour
or block load single hour so that we can minimized the number of spaces
because in block load calculation option a floor of multi storey building is
considered as one block space, besides it is always consider that that typical
floor of multi storey building is consider similar floor so therefore the heat load
of one typical floor is simply multiply by the number of floors to get the total
heat load.
Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
in HVAC Design
External Heat Sources Internal Heat Sources
1. External Wall Heat Load 1.0 Occupant heat load
2. Roof Heat Load 2.0 Lighting Heat Load
3. Glass Heat Load, Windows & Skylights 3.0 Misc. Equipment
4.0 Ventilation Heat Load 4.0 Partition Heat Load
5.0 Infiltration Heat Load
Table 2. Heat sources on Building Envelope
Heat Transfer Equation to identify heat sources on building envelop
1. External wall & Roof: 2. Glass Windows & Skylights
Qth = U g Ag t
Q = UA ( CLTDAdj )
Qsg = SHGF ( SC ) ( Ag ) ( CLF )
Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
in HVAC Design
Heat Transfer Equation to identify heat sources on building envelop
3.Ventilation and Infiltration 4. Internal (Occupant)
Condition Space
38oC DB & 28oC WB
Supply Air
Qs = 337.8KW
Fresh Air
Qt= 422 KW
FCU Cooling Coil TDB =24oC & 50%RH
Fig. 4 System Diagram for AHU & FCU connection
III.Psychometric Calculation Leading to
A/C Equipment Selection in HVAC Design
2.0 The Manufacturer’s Cooling Coil Performance Curve
Manufacturers
Psychrometric chart
4.3 The Ratio of heat transfer R 4.4 Cubic Equation for wetted sc
Vertical Inline
CHW Chilled
3 Chilled Water EBARA - 12.5 25 220 1 60 7.5
Pump Water
Pump
A/C Equipment Selection in HVAC Design
Project Model
Water Electrical
Cap., Total
TAG NO. QTY Description Make/Model Flow, ΔP,m Area Serve Data
TON Power, KW
Lit/sec V Φ HZ
CHW Chilled Water 112,
22 Trane/Carrier 9 0.472 41 220 1 60
FCU-1 FCU 138
CHW Chilled Water
4 Trane/Carrier 10.8 0.57 44 104a,b,c 220 1 60
FCU-2 FCU
CHW Chilled Water All room
17 Trane/Carrier 9 0.472 41 220 1 60
FCU-3 FCU shown
CHW Chilled Water 111,116
4 Trane/Carrier 7.2 0.37 30.5 220 1 60
FCU-4 FCU 136,141
CHW Chilled Water All room
7 Trane/Carrier 5.4 0.28 38 220 1 60
FCU-5 FCU shown
CHW Chilled Water All room
17 Trane/Carrier 2.7 0.142 18.1 220 1 60
FCU-6 FCU shown
Complete A/C layout of Shell Project Model: left Wing
Complete A/C layout of Shell Project Model: Right Wing
OBSERVATION
A close observation in any HVAC design method the effect of local
climatic condition on rated capacity of A/C units shall always be
given a priority. Location on the earth surface framed by latitude
and longitude as to where the building is located and refer to air
conditioning as “climatic condition of the locality”, influence a
great variation in the ambient dry bulb and wet bulb temperature.
This variation in the outside ambient results a great
temperature difference between the comfort-condition known
as indoor design temperature and the outside ambient known
as outdoor design temperature. For countries located in the
zone of having two season of the year, the summer and winter
season, the design of air conditioning shall be both heating &
OBSERVATION
Cooling. On the other hand, countries located in the same
latitude in Asia –Pacific like Manila, Philippines cooling and
required ventilation will do. Probably Bagiou City for being
affected by elevation and geographical wilderness and having
an outdoor temperature of 12oC to 25oC does not necessarily
need cooling process, may be heating if temperature falls ≥
19oC.
It is also observe that both manufacturer’s cooling coil
performance curve & the cooling & dehumidification curve develop
by heat transfer equation on wetted surface are identical to each
other and having similar curvature.
CONCLUSION
OBSERVATION
1.0 Considering the effect of design outdoor condition to
the corresponding design indoor condition serve the designer to
decide whether he will proceed to cooling or heating load
calculation and decide for the most convenient method of heat
load calculation as in Table 1 of this presentation.
2.0 For psychrometric calculation leading to A/C Equipment
selection, the designer can use either the manufacturer’s
psychrometric chart having cooling coil performance curve or the
heat transfer equation on wetted surface for having the same
curvature of line as cooling and dehumidification process curve
from entering coil to leaving coil condition resulting the same
capacity for selected A/C equipment.
RECOMMENDATION
•To obtain a more systematic and quick calculation method for air conditioning
load an analysis of building location, orientation, and components in reference
to heat transfer shall be given the big percentage and priority. The methodology
presented by the proponent in the preparation of this technical paper will serve
as a guide in establishing a more systematic approach in HVAC design specifically
in psychrometric analysis & calculation leading to A/C equipment selection.
•Never simply use the well-known “rule of a thumb in heat load calculation
without proper justification as to experience, technical information data and
systematic methodology approach.
•It is recommended to be a member of national or international organization
affiliated to your line of professional practice since the source of information
towards professional progress and competency are promoted by this
organization. Ex. Be A Member of MVAC Technical Division of PSME