BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE

Theory of Behaviorism

-focuses on the study of observable and measurable behavior.

-behavior is mostly learned through conditioning and reinforcement

(rewards and punishment).

Contributions in the development of the behaviorist theory largely came from

Pavlov,Watson,Thorndike and Skinner.

Classical Conditioning(Pavlov,Watson)

-Pavlov most renowned experiment involved meat,a dog and a bell

to measure the dog's salvation in order to study digestion,he stumbled

upon classical conditioning.

bell(ring) -neutral stimulus

food-unconditioned stimulus

salvation-unconditioned response

Associating particular objects,so as once again encounter can also be

reminded the person who let to associate the object with.

Ivan Pavlov following findings:

*Stimulus Generalization

*Extinction

*Spontaneous Recovery

*Discrimination

*Higher-order Conditioning
Connectionism(Edward L. Thorndike,1874-1949)

-SR Framework of behaviorial psychology.

- on his first book titled Educational psychology he first used the term.

According to Thorndike,learning is the result of associations forming between

stimuli(S) and responses(R).The model for S-R theory was trial and error learning.

-responses repeated for the rewards.

Thorndike's Theory on connectionism,states that learning has taken place when a strong
connection or bond between stimulus and responses formed.

He came up with 3 Primary Laws:

*Law of Effect- a connection between a stimulus and responses is strengthened when

the consequence(not necessarily) is positive (reward) raised negative rewards

(punishment) as not necessarily weaken bonds.

*Law of Exercise- the more on S-R(stimulus-response) bond id practiced.

-"a practice makes perfect" seem to associated with this the stronger it will become

-(revised) practice without feedback does not necessarily enhance

performance.

*Law of Readiness-the more readiness the learner was to respond to the stimulus the stronnger
will be the bond between them.

Saying question first and wait for a few seconds before calling on anyone to answer,a teacher
should remember.

Principles derived from Thorndike's Connectionism:

1. Learning requires both practice and rewards(laws of effect or exercise)

2 . A series of S-R connections can be chained together if they belong to the same action
sequence(law of readiness).

3. Transfer of learning occurs because of previously encountered situations.

4. Intelligence is a function of the number of connections learned.

Jhon B.Watson - first American psychologist to work with Pavlov's ideas.

- from animal studies to human behavior research.

-he considered that humans are born with a few reflexes and the emotional reactions of

love and range. All other behavior is learned through stimulus- response associations
through conditioning.

The Little Albert experiments presents and example of how classical conditioning can be used
to condition an emotional responds.

Neutral Stimulus: the white rat

Unconditioned Stimulus: the loud noise

Unconditioned Response: fear

Conditioned Stimulus: the white rat

Conditioned Response: fear

This only help us understand the fears,phobias and prejudices that people develops.

Operant Conditioning (Burrhus Frederick Skinner)

Skinner theory zeroed in only on changes in observable behavior, excluding any

likelihood of any processes taking place in the mind. His book Walden Two(1948) is all about a
utopian society based on operant conditioning.Then in the Science and Human Behavior book,
(1953) he pointed out how the principles of operant conditioning function in social institutions
such as government,law,religion,economics,and education.

B.F Skinner (1938) coined the term operant conditioning; it means roughly changing of behavior
by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response.Skinner identified types of
responses or operant that can follow behavior.

1.Neutral Operants-response from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the
probability of a behavior being repeated.
2.Reinforcers- responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being
repeated. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative:

>Positive reinforcement- strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds

rewarding.

The removal of an unpleasant reinforces can also strengthen

behavior. This is known as;

>Negative reinforcement-because it is the removal of an adverse stimulus which is rewarding

to the animal or person.

Skinner also look into extinction or non-reinforcement responses that are not reinforced are
not likely to be repeated.

* Shaping of behavior- the association between the lever and the food reward.

*Behavioral chaining- comes about when a series of steps are needed to be learned.( tying
shoelace)

*Reinforcement schedules- partial reinforcement schedules include interval schedules and ratio
schedules.

 Fixed interval schedules- the target response is reinforced after a fixed amount of time
has passed since the last reinforcement.
 Variable interval schedules-the amount of time that must pass between reinfocement
varies.
 Fixed ratio schedules- a fixed number of correct reponses must cover before
reinforcement may occur.
 Variable ratio schedules- produce steadier and more persistent rates of response.

Punishment behavior is not forgotten ,it's suppressed-behavior returns when punishment is no

longer present.

3.Punishers-responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood if a behavior being
repeated. Punishment weakend behavior.

Principles Derived from Skinner's Operant Conditioning:

1. Behavior that is positively reinforced will reoccur;intermittent reinforcement is
particularly effective.
2. Information should be presented in small amount so that responses can be reinforced
("shaping").
3. Reinforcements will generalize across similar stimuli ("stimulus generalization").

REFERENCES:
>Facilitating Learning : A Metacogniting Process
by: Maria Rita D. Lucas,Ph.D
Brenda B.Corpuz,Ph.D
>https://www.slideshare.net/mob
Module7: Behaviorism(Kedamien Riley)
 REFLECTION

I have learn that the different perspectives the behaviorist made are a big help to every teachers
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