EFFECT OF A STRONG ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ON T H E

ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF S E M I C O N D U C T O R S (SURVEY)

1~. M . l~pshtein UDC 539.293.4

1. Introduction
The creation of powerful s o u r c e s of optical, infrared, and stimulated microwave e m i s s i o n has oCCar
sioned n u m e r o u s studies concerned with the interaction of a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave with m a t t e r .
Such interaction makes itself felt in quite different ways, ranging f r o m small c o r r e c t i o n s to familiar effects
(for example, the deviations f r o m the Bouguer law in propagation of an intense light beam) to destruction of
the object acted on by the radiation. These e x t r e m e c a s e s will not c o n c e r n us here; we shall consider s i t u -
ations in which the strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave neither damages m a t t e r nor gives r i s e to new phenomena.
But this is far too extensive a formulation; here we shall consider just one a s p e c t of the problem -- the in-
t e r a c t i o n of a s t r o n g e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave with conduction e l e c t r o n s in s e m i c o n d u c t o r s , confining the d i s -
cussion to bulk effects due to interband t r a n s i t i o n s . Such effects cannot occur in d i e l e c t r i c s (where there
a r e no free c u r r e n t c a r r i e r s ) or in m e t a l s (where the high concentration of free c a r r i e r s prevents the p e n e -
tration of the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave within the specimen), i . e . , the phenomena considered a r e specific to
s e m i c o n d u c t o r s (and, possibly, to s e m i m e t a l s ) . Certain effects considered here can also take place
in a gas plasma; peculiar to s e m i c o n d u c t o r s are the following: (a) the complex nature of the e n e r g y s p e c -
t r u m appearing, in p a r t i c u l a r , in the v a r i e t y of e l e m e n t a r y excitations that i n t e r a c t with c u r r e n t c a r r i e r s
and with each other and b) the r e l a t i v e l y large de Broglie wavelength of the c a r r i e r s , n e c e s s i t a t i n g allow-
ance for quantum effects.
The r e a s o n s behind the above choice of m a t e r i a l a r e both subjective (reflecting the authorTs own in-
t e r e s t s ) and objective: there a r e m a n y monographs and collections that deal in considerable detail with e f -
fects produced by the interaction of a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave and a plasma [1-3], d i e l e c t r i c s [4-9],
m e t a l s [7, 8, 10], and with interband and mixed i n t e r b a n d - - i n t r a b a n d p r o c e s s e s in s e m i c o n d u c t o r s [7-9].
I n t e r e s t in interband p r o c e s s e s in s e m i c o n d u c t o r s has r i s e n with the appearance of powerful infrared
and m i c r o w a v e s o u r c e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y the CO2 l a s e r [11]. On the one hand, the frequency of the radiation
generated by these s o u r c e s is far less than the size of the e n e r g y gap,* so that we m a y neglect interband
transitions; on the other hand, it m a y be c o m p a r a b l e with the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c kinetic e n e r g y of an e l e c t r o n
in the conduction band or may exceed it, n e c e s s i t a t i n g the use of quantum t h e o r y .
The action of a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave on a semiconductor does not r e d u c e just to changing the
optical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the latter and t r a n s f o r m i n g the incident radiation (generation of h a r m o n i c s and
s u m - a n d - d i f f e r e n c e frequencies, self-focusing, e t c . ) . Intense radiation leads to changes in quite different
e l e c t r o n i c p r o p e r t i e s of a s e m i c o n d u c t o r - - k i n e t i c , acoustic, d i e l e c t r i c , etc.
The following general considerations lead us to expect the possible appearance of new effects under
the action of a s t r o n g e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave. The p r e s e n c e of the latter, interacting with conduction e l e c -
tronsr m e a n s that a new c h a r a c t e r i s t i c length a p p e a r s in the s y s t e m -- the amplitude of electron o s c i l l a -
tions in the wave :field. If this b e c o m e s comparable with one of the lengths that c h a r a c t e r i z e semic0nduc-t0rs

*At all t i m e s we shall use the s y s t e m of units in which W = 1.

To be specific we shall often speak of conduction e l e c t r o n s ; the discussion will, of c o u r s e , apply in equal
m e a s u r e to holes.

T r a n s I a t e d f r o m Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeni[, Radiofizika, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 785-811,
June, 1975. Original a r t i c l e submitted September 19, 1974.

01976 Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, .IV.Y. 10011. No part o f this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording or otherwise, without written permission o f the publisher. A copy o f this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.

579
 1,0

It
0,5I~ t
~5
/
t
0 2 4 6 6 ~ 0 ~ 60 ~ d~g
m/l"
Fig. 1 Fig. 2

F i g . i . N o r m a l i z e d coefficient of absorption o f s o u n d b y e l e c t r o n s as a
function of e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c - w a v e amplitude ( r e f e r r e d to (m122/eq).
F i g . 2. N o r m a l i z e d sound absorption coefficient for e l e c t r o n s as a
function of angle between the sound-wave v e c t o r and the e l e c t r i c field
of the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave" [1) eE0cl/mii 2 =1; 2) eE0q/ml~2 =5; 3) eEoq/
rot22 =10].

(the de Broglie wavelength of an e l e c t r o n , the Debye length, the phonon wavelength, the diffusion length,
e t c . ) , we should expect new effects to o c c u r . S i m i l a r l y , new effects m a y a p p e a r when the wave-field f r e -
quency ~ b e c o m e s c o m p a r a b l e with (or far g r e a t e r than) one of the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f r e q u e n c i e s of the s e m i -
conductor. "Amplitude" and "frequency" effects m a y a p p e a r s e p a r a t e l y or m a y c o e x i s t .
T h e r e a r e two v e r y common a p p r o a c h e s to the description of conduction-electron interaction with
r a d i a t i m l . In one [12, 13], the c l a s s i c a l Boltzmann kinetic equation is e m p l o y e d . It is a s s u m e d in the
derivation of this equation that the external field has no influence on the e l e c t r o n - s c a t t e r i n g probability
but only changes the e l e c t r o n t r a j e c t o r y between collisions, where it m o v e s under the action of the field
like a c l a s s i c a l p a r t i c l e with the d i s p e r s i o n law d e t e r m i n e d by the band s t r u c t u r e of the semieoffductor.
This a s s u m p t i o n ls no longer valid under conditions such that the energy of a q u a n t u m of r a d i a t i o n is c o m -
p a r a b l e to or g r e a t e r than the a v e r a g e kinetic e n e r g y of the conduction e l e c t r o n s . Such a situation is
r e a l i z e d in the c a s e of visible, i n f r a r e d , and (at low t e m p e r a t u r e s ) m i c r o w a v e r a d i a t i o n .
The other a p p r o a c h [I4-18] t a k e s q u a n t u m - m e c h a n i c a l effects into account but t r e a t s the e l e c t r o m a g -
netic field as a small p e r t u r b a t i o n . This excludes the i n t e n s e - r a d i a t i o n case f r o m c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
We might say that the f i r s t a p p r o a c h ignores "frequency" effects and the second ignores "amplitude"
e f f e c t s . To allow for both s i m u l t a n e o u s l y (i . e . , in considering the effects of the interaction of an e l e c t r o n
g a s with intense radiation having a quantum e n e r g y c o m e n s u r a t e with the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c kinetic e n e r g y of
an e l e c t r o n in the conduction band), we r e q u i r e the q u a n t u m - m e c h a n i c a l a p p r o a c h , on the one hand, but
on the other, we m u s t take into account the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c field even to d e t e r m i n e the ground state of an
e l e c t r o n in the conduction band. This is p r e c i s e l y the situatiou that we a r e concerned with in this s u r v e y .
When considering Lnterband p r o c e s s e s due to the interaction of conduction e l e c t r o n s with an e l e c t r o -
m a g n e t i c wave we o r d i n a r i l y m a y m a k e u s e of the dipole a p p r o x i m a t i o n consisting in r e p l a c e m e n t of the
field of the wave by a homogeneous a l t e r n a t i n g e l e c t r i c field of the s a m e f r e q u e n c y . Such an approximation
is possible when the distance at which t h e r e is a n o t i c e a b l e change in the wave field (this will be the w a v e -
length in the case of ~ t r a n s p a r e n t e l e c t r o n gas, and the depth of wave penetration for an opaque e l e c t r o n
gas) is large c o m p a r e d with the other c h a r a c t e r i s t i c lengths that figure in the p r o b l e m : the e l e c t r o n m e a n
f r e e path, the de Broglie wavelength, the Debye length, the p h o n o n w a v e l e n g t h , the amplitude of e l e c t r o n
oscillations in the wave field,* e t c . Satisfaction of this condition a l s o m a k e s it possible to consider bulk
effects (the depth of field penetration is g r e a t c o m p a r e d with the other c h a r a c t e r i s t i c lengths).
*The condition r e q u i r i n g the e l e c t r o n - o s c i l l a t i o n amplitude to be s m a l l in c o m p a r i s o n with the length of a
field inhomogeneity i m p o s e s an upper bound on the magnitude of the field. This Condition r e d u c e s to the
r e q u i r e m e n t that the Motion of the e l e c t r o n in the wave field be n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c , and e s t i m a t e s show that
this is not t r o u b l e s o m e : it r e s t r i c t s the e l e c t r i c field strength to .~108-10 l~ V / c m (in the visible and i n -
f r a r e d ) . T h e r e Ls no point in considering l a r g e r fields, since they would damage the m a t e r i a l .

580
 The e f f e c t i v e - m a s s approximation is also in c o m m o n u s e . In a d -
dition to the o r d i n a r y conditions for its applicability [12], the possibility
of using it in the p r e s e n c e of e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c waves r e q u i r e s the additional
additional satisfaction of the conditions e2E~/me~A<<l, eE0a0A2<<l,
w h e r e A i s the width of the e n e r g y gap, a 0 is the lattice constant, m e i S
the m a s s of a free e l e c t r o n , and E 0 is the amplitude of the wave e l e c -
t r i c field. These inequalities impose the r e s t r i c t i o n E 0 ~ 10z-10s V / c m
2p~. on the field amplitude (in the optical r a n g e ) .
Fig. 3 When the isotropic effective m a s s approximation and the dipole
approximation a r e used, the Schr~Sdinger equation

i o,~, 1 [,'_eA(t) .~
a~ = 2,~ Lp ~ ' (1.1)
is employed to d e s c r i b e the motion of an electron in the conduction band under the action of the e l e c t r o m a g -
netic wave; here A(t) is the vector potential of the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c field (the s c a l a r potential equals z e r o
in the gauge used), ~ = - - i V i s the c a n o n i c a l - m o m e n t u m o p e r a t o r . * The solution of this equation c o r r e -
s p o n d i n g t o a p a r t i c u l a r value of the canonical m o m e n t u m p has the following f o r m [19, 20]:
t
,p(r. t ) = Cexp ipr 2m p-- A(t') dr',
c ' (1.2)
to

where C is a n o r m a l i z i n g constant and t o is the instant at which the field is turned o11.
F o r a stnusoidal e l e c t r i c field E (t) =E 0 sinl~t = -- (l/c) (dA/dt) turned on adiabatically at t = -- ~,

.~o(r, t)-= Cexp i p r - i 2-u~ + ~ ) t q i eE~ 2 sinQt--i 8m~ ~ sin2~t . (1.3)

The quantity ~p= (p2/2m) + (e2E~/4n~ 2) is the principal value of the q u a s l e n e r g y [21] (or the reduced q u a s i -
e n e r g y [22]), which is the integral of motion for a s y s t e m subjected to a periodic action.
In the absence of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c field, the solution takes the usual plane-wave f o r m :

'~p(r, t ) = C e x p ( i p r - - i 2 P ~ t ). (1.4)

The modification of the conduction-electron wave function by an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave [which is m a n i -

fested in the difference of (1.4) f r o m (1.3)] is also the b a s i s for the effect of intense radiation on the e l e c -
tronic p r o p e r t i e s of s e m i c o n d u c t o r s .

2. Kinetic Effects in t h e Field of a Strong Electromagnetic Wave

A change in the ground state of conduction e l e c t r o n s in the p r e s e n c e of intense radiation should
change the probability of s c a t t e r i n g of e l e c t r o n s by phonons, i m p u r i t i e s , e t c . [23, 24]. This in turn will
lead to a change in all the kinetic coefficients -- in p a r t i c u l a r , the e l e c t r i c a l conductivity of s e m i c o n d u c -
t o r s . We thus have the possibility of a new photoeonductivity m e c h a n i s m that is not a s s o c i a t e d with a
change in the number of c a r r i e r s in the conduction band [25, 26] or with heating of the conduction e l e c t r o n s
( i . e . , with a change in the s y m m e t r i c a l p a r t of the distribution function) [27, 28]. Such a possibiltty has
been discussed in [29, 30].
The s y s t e m a t i c consideration of kinetic effects in the field of a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave r e q u i r e s
that we have the quantum kinetic equation for the e l e c t r o n s interacting with this wave. Such an equation
was derived in [31, 32]. When the e l e c t r o n s a r e mainly s c a t t e r e d by phonons it has the f o r m

?< ~,(~:p+#-- z p - - ~ , - - IQ) + Inp_k(l .-- })p).~/, - np(l --n'-p--~)(Nk ~-1)l ~,(-p-,--~,,-}- o,~-~-/L))}. (2.1)

* W e take all the quasimomenta to be small as compared with the reciprocal-lattice vector and m a k e no
distinction between m o m e n t u m and quasimomentum.

581
H e r e C k [s an e l e c t r o n - - p h o t o n interaction m a t r i x element, Jl (z) is a B e s s e l function in an i m a g i n a r y a r -
gument, E l is the constant or slowly v a r y i n g (in c o m p a r i s o n with the wave field) e l e c t r i c field, ~0} is the
f r e q u e n c y of a phonon having the wave v e c t o r k, ~p and Nk a r e the e l e c t r o n and phonon distributiGfifunctions,
a v e r a g e d over the period of the r f field. In the derivation of the equation it was a s s u m e d that s >>1 (~- is
the e l e c t r o n r e l a x a t i o n time); as usual, the e l e c t r o n - - p h o n o n i n t e r a c t i o n was t r e a t e d a s a p e r t u r b a t i o n .
Let u s consider a f e a t u r e that distinguishes (2.1) f r o m the c l a s s i c a l Boltzmann equation. The m o m e n -
tum, r a t h e r than the k i n e m a t i c m o m e n t u m , e n t e r s as the independent v a r i a b l e p. This choice is b a s e d on
the fact that in the a b s e n c e of collisions the canonical m o m e n t u m is c o n s e r v e d , in c o n t r a s t to the k i n e m a t i c
m o m e n t u m . As a r e s u l t , the r F field does not occur, as is o r d i n a r i l y the c a s e , on the left side of the kinet-
ic equation; allowance is made for it in the collision i n t e g r a l . On the one hand,the p r e s e n c e of the r f field
c a u s e s a change in the effective m a t r i x e l e m e n t for electron --phonon interaction; on the other, it leads to
a modification of the c o n s e r v a t i o n laws (in the a r g u m e n t s of the 5-function), since a b s o r p t i o n and e m i s s i o n
of phonons by e l e c t r o n s m a y be a c c o m p a n i e d by a b s o r p t i o n and e m i s s i o n of an a r b i t r a r y n u m b e r of photons
having the f r e q u e n c y ~.
Equation (2.1) m a y be obtained by substituting into the o r d i n a r y equation [33] the e l e c t r o n - - p h o n o n
interaction m a t r i x e l e m e n t calculated with the aid of the wave function (1.3) (rather than (1.4), a s is usual
[33]). I t is just this equation that was obtained in [31]. We a r r i v e at the s a m e r e s u l t [32] if we derive the
kinetic equation " f r o m f i r s t p r i n c i p l e s , " setting up the equation of motion for the quantity n p =
P
(a~a>=
Sp{pa+a~}, w h e r e p is the density m a t r i x d e t e r m i n e d by the t i m e - d e p e n d e n t s y s t e m Hsmiltonian in which
a strong~"~'rf e l e c t r i c field has been turned on.
When E0--*0, E q . (2.1) goes over to the o r d i n a r y Boltzmanu equation. Going to the limit, ~2/ep---0,
we obtain an equation coinciding with the e x p r e s s i o n obtained if in the c l a s s i c a l kinetic equation we go
o v e r to the canonical m o m e n t u m and then a v e r a g e over t i m e under conditions such that ~ - >>1 [31].
An analogous equation m a y be obtained for phonons:

o~t% 2~1c~i~ ~ .fi (eE,,t, "] y~ I;';,,+,,(~

I ~.-- oo p

-- r i p ) ( N , - i) - - ~ p ( l - - r i p 4 , ) N , l ~ ("-pc*-- ~p --r - - 19). (2.2)

The collision i n t e g r a l s in (2.1), (2.2) do not depend explicitly on the t i m e . Thus, t h e s e equations
m u s t have a s t e a d y - s t a t e solUtion which d e s c r i b e s the distribution of e l e c t r o n s and phonons in constant and
s t r o n g r f fields and is a v e r a g e d o v e r the h i g h - f r e q u e n c y oscillations of the e l e c t r o n s . When constant and
r f fields a r e p r e s e n t , the dc component of the c u r r e n t densit~ in a s e m i c o n d u c t o r is a s s o c i a t e d with the

s t a t i o n a r y component of the solution to (2.1) by the conventional r e l a t i o n s h i p j = ~-r.J pnp. It is a highly

,#

c o m p l i c a t e d m a t t e r to find this solution, h o w e v e r (even if we a s s u m e , a s is u s u a l l y done, that we have an

equilibrium phonon distribution). Since t h e r e is a p r e f e r r e d direction (of the r f field v e c t o r ) , t h e r e is s c a t -
t e r i n g a n i s o t r o p y , while the a b s o r p t i o n and e m i s s i o n of photons lead to nadditional" i n e l a s t i c i t y {besides
that connected with the a b s o r p t i o n and e m i s s i o n of phonons). S o l a r , it has been p o s s i b l e to solve (2.1)
and compute the c u r r e n t density only in a few c a s e s .
1) Let us c o n s i d e r a case in which the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave is not v e r y intense, so that we m a y s e e k
a solution in the f o r m of a s e r i e s in the wave amplitude while limiting the s e r i e s to quadratic t e r m s . L e t
the e l e c t r o n s be s c a t t e r e d m a i n l y by acoustic phonons, and let the conditions A >>~2>>T >>~.-1 be satisfied
(T is the t e m p e r a t u r e of the c r y s t a l in e n e r g y units); t h e s e conditions a r e satisfied f o r i n f r a r e d radiation,
and at low t e m p e r a t u r e s for m i c r o w a v e radiation as well. We a s s u m e the constant e l e c t r i c field E i to be
weak (it does not heat up the electrons) and p a r a l l e l to the r f field E0, so that t h e r e is just a single p r e -
f e r r e d direction in the s y s t e m .
We m a y employ the usual p r o c e d u r e for solving the kinetic equation for weakly inelastic s c a t t e r i n g
[1, 12, 34] to find the change in the a n t i s y m m e t r i c p a r t of the e l e c t r o n distribution function caused by the
action of the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave [35].-

,~, (p) = --e (Eip)'~(~t,) ~ (~t,)'-- r.'c("-p ) ~,

"(eE~
lC,,l"
'~ --
(2N,~+ 1)~(~p+t,
tn

582
 -- ":v ) If, (P + k) - - tl (P)I + 7 ~,

X [~(zp+~,--~p -- ~-~) + ~ (~,., ~, - ~, ~, 2)] I[. (P + /r -- f. (P)]" (2.3)

H e r e T(.ep) iS the r e l a x a t i o n t i m e for e l e c t r o n s on a c o u s t i c phonons (in the a b s e n c e of a wave) [33]:

fl(P) is the a n t t s y m m e t r t c p a r t of the e l e c t r o n distribution function in the a b s e n c e of a wave [33]: ~(ep) is
the change in the s y m m e t r i c p a r t of the distribution function under the action of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave
[35]:

',~('-,,) = to(~)~ 1 ,S~k-1'2 cth (r 1 },..

2

e;' 2 l )I
0

o ntS 2 ~ e 2E ~

~=~' "~=T' Z=T' '~ = mu ,~'

s is the speed of sound; 0 (y) is a p o w e r function; fo(~) =no(2~rmT) -3/2 x exp (--~) is the equilibrium e l e c t r o n
distribution function; n o is the e l e c t r o n concentration; ~ (p, x) is an i n c o m p l e t e g a m m a function [36]; and G =
0 . 9 1 5 9 7 . . . is t h e C a t a l a n constant [36]. The dc component of c u r r e n t density in the p r e s e n c e of an e l e c -
t r o m a g n e t i c wave is e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s of O(p):

2
J = A + (2~)----T~.-T
e S p'~ (p) dp, (2.5)

w h e r e Jo is the c u r r e n t density in the a b s e n c e of the w a v e .

The f i r s t t e r m in (2.3) d e s c r i b e s the change in the dc due to the change in the s y m m e t r i c p a r t of the
distribution function (heating of the e l e c t r o n s ) ; the second t e r m is d e t e r m i n e d by the influence of the r a d i a -
tion on the e l a s t i c - s c a t t e r i n g p r o b a b i l i t y (this influence m a y be i n t e r p r e t e d as the r e s u l t of a b s o r p t i o n and
e m i s s i o n of v i r t u a l photons [29]); the third t e r m is d e t e r m i n e d by the influence of the r a d i a t i o n o n t h e p r o b -
ability f o r s c a t t e r i n g a c c o m p a n i e d by e m i s s i o n and a b s o r p t i o n of a (real) photon [30] (in the a p p r o x i m a t i o n
used we allow f o r single-photon p r o c e s s e s only). The c o r r e s p o n d i n g t e r m s in the photoconduction c u r r e n t ,
J --J0, r e f e r r e d to J0, take the following f o r m (here we shall only give the principal t e r m s s largeparam-
e t e r s 77 and k-i) [35]:

- i/"~2 ( r'l '

4 .| / T I (2.6)
J2 _ 32 ~.ri_l
1o7---15" ; (2.7)

j:, = 1 / ~-~k v~ cth . k-,~ . (2.8)

],, 6 '

C o m p a r i n g (2.6)-(2 o8), we see that Ijll >>Ij31 >>J2 9 Thus, in the given r a n g e of t e m p e r a t u r e s (X <<1),
f r e q u e n c i e s and a m p l i t u d e s of the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c field 01 >>1, ~ <<1) the tntraband photoconductivity is
p r i n c i p a l l y affected by the heating of e l e c t r o n s r a t h e r than by the influence of the field on the e l e c t r o n --
phonon s c a t t e r i n g p r o b a b i l i t y .
A s i m i l a r r e l a t i o n s h i p is obtained between Ji, J2, and J3 for s c a t t e r i n g by optical phonons, whose
f r e q u e n c y is low c o m p a r e d with the e l e c t r o n e n e r g y [37] (the only difference is the sign of J3; this is con-
nected with the f a c t that for s c a t t e r i n g by optical phonons the r e l a x a t i o n t i m e does not d e c r e a s e with in-
c r e a s i n g e l e c t r o n e n e r g y as in s c a t t e r i n g by a c o u s t i c a l phonons, but i n c r e a s e s ) .
This r e l a t i o n s h i p between the contributions m a d e by the v a r i o u s m e c h a n i s m s to the intraband photo-
conductivity is by no m e a n s u n i v e r s a l , a s we shall see f r o m the e x a m p l e to be d i s c u s s e d below [32].
2) C o n s i d e r a s e m i c o n d u c t o r whose conduction band h a s the s m a l l width At, so that Al< ~ (but fl <A,
as b e f o r e , w h e r e A i s the width of the l o w e r - l y i n g forbidden band). We a l s o take A 1 >>T. An e l e c t r o n l o -
cated in such a band can neither e m i t n o r a b s o r b photons - - i . e . , of the collision integral in (2.1) we a r e
left with just the t e r m having l = 0 . This t e r m vanishes when we substitute the equilibrium distribution

583
functions for electrons and phonons ( i . e . , in the case considered the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave does not cause
electron heating). Thus, in this case the intraband photoconductivity is due entirely to the m e c h a n i s m p r o -
posed in [29] -- the influence of the wave field on the e l a s t i c - s c a t t e r i n g probability.
To avoid the difficulties a s s o c i a t e d with a n i s o t r o p i c s c a t t e r i n g of e l e c t r o n s , we a v e r a g e the m a t r i x
element over the angles; i . e . , we r e s o r t to the substitution
1

\ mQ' t j ,,.[~ y] dy. (2.9)

If we a r e not interested in the effects of the anisotropy of photoconduetivity, which a r e analogous to those
considered in [38, 39], we would expect such an " i s o t r o p i c - r a d i a t i o n approximation" to yield r e s u l t s that
a r e valid to within a n u m e r i c a l factor of the o r d e r of unity.
Under our a s s u m p t i o n s , Eq. (2.1) takes the f o r m of the o r d i n a r y kinetic equation [33] (with a r e n o r -
malized e l e c t r o n - - p h o n o n interaction m a t r i x element), for which the relaxation time m a y be introduced.
For scattering by acoustic phonons a relaxation time will have the following f o r m [32]:
-(p) = ~-0(p)
( eeop (2ao)
/
where v0(P) is the relaxation time in the absence of radiation,
1

~I;"(z) = ~ - (1 - - x ~) J~o (xz) dx. (2.11)

0

F o r the c u r r e n t density we have [32]

J = Jo F (zo): (2.12)
% = eE___,:L(ST1~'.
o-" \ m / ' (2.13)

F (z) =
9r3.-~ z (2.14)
Y ~ I
16 Inz '

It follows f r o m (2.12)-(2.14) that the photoconductivity is positive (in c o n t r a s t to the case in which
it is produced by electron heating) and m a y be f a i r l y l a r g e in a strong radiation field.
The c a s e in which e l e c t r o n s are scattered by impurities m a y be treated in a s i m i l a r m a n n e r .
3) Strekalov [40, 41] has used the Galerkin method to solve (2.1). F o r the simplest case he chose
a o n e - p a r a m e t e r trial function in the f o r m of a Maxwell distribution with the e l e c t r o n t e m p e r a t u r e . Here
the problem r e d u c e s to determinatLon of the electron t e m p e r a t u r e f r o m the transcendental e n e r g y - b a l a n c e
equation.
In [42, 43] an equation of the form (2.1) and the e n e r g y - b a l a n c e equation obtained f r o m it a r e used
to calculate the r a t e of avalanche ionization in a t r a n s p a r e n t dielectric due to a strong alternating e l e c t r i c
field. The effect of such a field on the impact-ionization threshold has also been considered by Strekalov
[40, 44].
A new photoconductivity mechanism has been proposed in [45]; it Ls associated with the impact ioniza-
tion that originates simultaneously with the absorption of a photon. It was shown that the change in conduc-
tivity under the action of light having frequency 9< ALs proportional toil exp[-- (A -- 9)/T]. At high tem-
peratures and for a small difference A -- 9, the m e c h a n i s m proposed [45] m a y p r e d o m i n a t e .
Several authors have suggested various generalizations of (2.1).

Pucbkov [46] has obtained an equation s i m i l a r to (2.1) for a u n i f o r m l y quantized f i l m . The S c h r ~ l i n -

ger equaticrn for the e l e c t r o n s in such a film in the p r e s e n c e of an r f field can be solved exactly only when
the field is parallel to the plane of the film.

584
 In [47] (a study r e p r e s e n t i n g a f u r t h e r development of the e a r l i e r p a p e r by Levinson [48]) Z i l ' b e r m a n
obtained equations of m o r e g e n e r a l f o r m than (2.1), (2.2) to d e s c r i b e the e l e c t r o n s and phonons in a h o m o -
geneous a l t e r n a t i n g e l e c t r i c field having an a r b i t r a r y f r e q u e n c y (fit <>1) and in a constant quantizing m a g -
n e t i c field. The equations a r e of c o u r s e f a r m o r e complex in f o r m than (2.1), (2.2).
The influence of a h i g h - f r e q u e n c y ([~T>>I) e l e c t r i c field on the static conductivity in a quantizing m a g -
n e t i c field has been investigated in a s e r i e s of studies by Ryzhii [49-54]. In c o n t r a s t to the c a s e of a u n i -
f o r m l y quantized film, it is p o s s i b l e to obtain an e x a c t solution of the S c h r ~ l i n g e r equation for the conduc-
tion e l e c t r o n s in c r o s s e d constant e l e c t r i c and m a g n e t i c fields and a homogeneous s t r o n g r f e l e c t r i c field
[51]. The c o r r e s p o n d i n g e x p r e s s i o n s for the p r o b a b i l i t i e s of e l e c t r o n s c a t t e r i n g by phonons and i m p u r i t i e s
have been u s e d in [49-52] to compute the components of the e l e c t r i c conductivity t e n s o r in the E011ttIE 1
configuration [49] and the E0_LH_LE 1 configuration (the angle between E 1 and E 0 is a r b i t r a r y ) [50]. As
m i g h t be expected, the conductivity depends on the orientation of the static e l e c t r i c field E 1 with r e s p e c t
to the r f field (the " p o l a r i z a t i o n s e l e c t i v i t y of photoconductivity" [51]). The EI.[ It, E0.LH , E0.LE 1 case
was c o n s i d e r e d in [51]; the p o s s i b i l i t y of photoconductivity oscillations was indicated. The photocondue-
tivity m a x i m a c o r r e s p o n d to s a t i s f a c t i o n of the conditions for cyclotron phonon r e s o n a n c e [55] m2 =n'o.~i *
Wq, w h e r e n and n' a r e i n t e g e r s , and ~Oq is the phonon f r e q u e n c y . F o r s c a t t e r i n g by optical phonons t h e r e
stiould be deep m i n i m a c o r r e s p o n d i n g to negative conductivity n e a r t h e s e p e a k s (the conduction c u r r e n t is
opposite in direction to the e l e c t r i c field) [52].
In [49-52], an equilibrium distribution is p r o p o s e d for calculation of the conductivity ( i . e . , only the
influence of the fields on the s c a t t e r i n g p r o b a b i l i t y is taken into account). In [53] the e l e c t r o n - t e m p e r a -
t u r e a p p r o x i m a t i o n is used to allow f o r the influence of e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c r a d i a t i o n on the e l e c t r o n d i s t r i -
bution ftmction; it is shown that t h e r e can be oscillations of the e l e c t r o n t e m p e r a t u r e a s a function of the
r a d i a t i o n f r e q u e n c y and the m a g n e t i c field s t r e n g t h . F o r s c a t t e r i n g by optical phonons with f r e q u e n c y
coo > ~2 t h e r e can be cooling r a t h e r than heating of e l e c t r o n s by the r a d i a t i o n {here the e l e c t r o n t e m p e r a t u r e
d r o p s below the lattice t e m p e r a t u r e ) . The physical cause of the cooling m a y be i n t e r p r e t e d in the follow-
ing m a n n e r . If the e l e c t r o n e n e r g y in the conduction band s a t i s f i e s ~:he conditions e< '~0 < a +~2, then an e l e c -
t r o n cannot e m i t optical phonons in the a b s e n c e of radiation; when t h e r e is radiation, such e m i s s i o n is p o s -
sible owing to the a b s o r p t i o n of photons. The e l e c t r o n e n e r g y d e c r e a s e s when w0 > f~ owing to a b s o r p t i o n of
3 photon and spontaneous e m i s s i o n of an optical phonon. E l e c t r o n cooling is a consequence of the t r a n s f e r
of e n e r g y f r o m the e l e c t r o n s to the lattice (for each interaction event d e s c r i b e d , the e l e c t r o n t r a n s f e r s an
e n e r g y w 0 - f i to the lattice); h e r e the e n e r g y of the r a d i a t i o n a l s o goes in p a r t to the phonons.
The change in e l e c t r o n - s c a t t e r i n g p r o b a b i l i t y in the p r e s e n c e of a s t r o n g e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave m u s t ,
of c o u r s e , influence both the static and the h i g h - f r e q u e n c y kinetic e f f e c t s . Two b a s i c m e c h a n i s m s ave
known for "intraband" nonlinearity: 1) a nonparabolic conduction band [56-63] and (or) n o n s p h e r i c a l i s o -
e n e r g e t i c s u r f a c e s [58]; 2) dependence of the c a r r i e r r e l a x a t i o n t i m e on the e n e r g y [62-65]. The change
in s c a t t e r i n g p r o b a b i l i t y owing to action of the wave m a y be i n t e r p r e t e d as the quantum analog of the second
m e c h a n i s m (this is not c o m p l e t e l y a c c u r a t e , since, as we have seen, in the quantum region of f r e q u e n c i e s
it is in g e n e r a l i m p o s s i b l e to u s e the r e l a x a t i o n - t i m e a p p r o x i m a t i o n even for the e l a s t i c - s c a t t e r i n g c a s e
owing to the a p p e a r a n c e of an additional i n e l a s t i c i t y a s s o c i a t e d with the e m i s s i o n and a b s o r p t i o n of photons) o
A s e r i e s of calculations has now been c a r r i e d out for the nonlinear h i g h - f r e q u e n c y effects caused by
the change in e l e c t r o n - s c a t t e r i n g p r o b a b i l i t y . The coefficient of nonlinear (multiphoton) a b s o r p t i o n of light
by conduction e l e c t r o n s h a s been computed in [66-71]; the generation of higher h a r m o n i c s has been c o n s i d -
e r e d in [72, 73], and the influence of one wave on the a b s o r p t i o n of another h a s been examined in 174]. It
i s convenient to employ a unified t r e a t m e n t for these nonlinear h i g h - f r e q u e n c y phenomena (as well a s for
others) u s i n g flae quantum kinetic equation that m a y be derived, Iike (2.1), by setting up the equation of
motion for the quantity (a~a 13) but this t i m e isolating the h i g h - f r e q u e n c y (co ~~2) c o m p o n e n t s of the d i s t r i b u -
tion function [32, 72]. This equation t a k e s the f o r m

/eEok \ (eEok ~ e_U~f

k s,l== - - o o

X [ n-p+. (1 -- ~v) (N-*+__1) -- np(1 - - ,z-v+,) hT;

[ ":p+e -- eP toe sQ q- ig

np_,(l - - n p ) N ~ - - n p ( 1 ~ n p - k ) (Ne q- 1) ]
-- ~_, - - ":p -F % + s ~ + i~ I -b c . c . , (2.15)

585
where ffp is the unknown h i g h - f r e q u e n c y component of the electron distribution function: 5 -~ 0. The function
tip d e t e r m i n e s the density of the r f c u r r e n t

(no is the concentration of f r e e c a r r i e r s ) which, in turn, m a y be used to find the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c - w a v e

absorption coefficient, the intensity of h a r m o n i c generation, e t c . In g e n e r a l , to calculate "j(t) we m u s t
know the s t a t i o n a r y distribatioll function Kp. When ~2>>ep, however, ffp often e n t e r s into j(t) in the f o r m
np =no, so that the r e s u l t does not depend on the f o r m of the distribution function (see [74], for e x a m p l e ) .
P

E s t i m a t e s show that for radiation having wavelength ~ 101z (CO 2 laser) the nonlinear t h i r d - o r d e r s u s -
ceptibility due to the influence of the radiation on the s c a t t e r i n g probability is s e v e r a l o r d e r s l e s s than the
e x p e r i m e n t a l values or the t h e o r e t i c a l values obtained on the a s s u m p t i o n that the n o n l i n e a r i t y is connected
with the nonparabo~lc nature of the conduction band [56, 75, 76]. T h i s nonlinear susceptibility depends
strongly on the frequency, however (as an e x a m p l e , it v a r i e s in proportion to ~25' 5 for s c a t t e r i n g by acoustic
phonous), so we would expect that at somewhat lower f r e q u e n c i e s (N1012-1013 s e e - l ) t h e nonlinearity m e c h a n -
i s m considered h e r e will dominate.

3. Acoustoelectronic Effects in the Field of a Strong

Electromagnetic Wave
A c o u s t o e l e c t r o n i c effects include phenomena caused by the i n t e r a c t i o n of conduction e l e c t r o n s with
sound waves (phonons): e l e c t r o n i c a b s o r p t i o n of sound [77-80], sound amplification by e l e c t r o n s drifting in
a constant e l e c t r i c field [81-84], the a c o u s t o e l e c t r i c effect [85-88], the a c o u s t o m a g n e t o e l e c t r i c effect
[89-93], the a c o u s t o t h e r m a l effect [94], e t c .
In c o n t r a s t to other kinetic phenomena caused by e l e c t r o n - phonon interaction (electrical and t h e r m a l
conduction, m a g n e t o r e s i s t i v e and t h e r m o m a g n e t i c effects, e t c . ) for which the interaction is a v e r a g e d o v e r
a wide r a n g e of phonon wave n u m b e r s Cover the e n t i r e phonon s p e c t r u m in m a n y c a s e s ) , a c o n s t o e l e c t r o n i c
9effects a r e d e t e r m i n e d by the interaction of e l e c t r o n s with phonons within a n a r r o w r a n g e of wave n u m b e r s
(determined by the bandwidth o[ the m a s t e r audio o s c i l l a t o r ) . In m a n y c a s e s , t h e r e f o r e , the study of
a c o u s t o e l e c t r o n i c effects will yield r i c h e r information about the e l e c t r o n s p e c t r u m and the e l e c t r o n - s c a t -
t e r i n g m e c h a n i s m than other kinetic phenomena (and this is why we have set aside a s e p a r a t e section of our
s u r v e y for the a c o u s t o e l e c t r o n i c e f f e c t s ) .
To allow for the influence of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave on the a c o u s t o e l e c t r o n i c effects we m u s t in-
clude the wave field in the initial equations of motion for the e l e c t r o n s and then, as usual, t r e a t the i n t e r -
action of e l e c t r o n s with the sound wave as a p e r t u r b a t i o n .
Let us look at the fundamental ways in which the influence of a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave on e l e c -
tron- sound wave (phonon) interaction m a k e s itself f e l t .
1. The change in e l e c t r o n - - p h o n o n interaction in the p r e s e n c e of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave changes
the e l e c t r o n i c a b s o r p t i o n of sound. The absorption coefficients takes the following f o r m [95]

k-.--~o P

w h e r e s is the speed of. sound.

We m a y obtain (3.1) either f r o m the kinetic equation for phonons (2.2) (compare [96]) or b y setting
up the equations of motion for the a v e r a g e values of the phonon creation and annihilation o p e r a t o r s [95].
It was a s s u e m e d that ~T>>I, ql >>1 in the derivation of this f o r m u l a (Z is the e l e c t r o n m e a n f r e e path).
When ~ >>~q, ~>>q~ (rv is the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e l e c t r o n velocity) only the t e r m having k = 0 i s left in
(3.1), so that we have [97, 95]

~(q) = % ( q ) J ~ ( ~ t ' (3.2)

where

586
 S ,, (3.3)
is the coefficient of sound a b s o r p t i o n by e l e c t r o n s in the a b s e n c e of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c w a v e .
Thus the e l e c t r o n i c coefficient of a b s o r p t i o n f o r sound depends on the wave n u m b e r q and the a m p l i -
tude of the r f field E 0 in an oscillating m a n n e r , r a t h e r than monotonically; the amplitude of the o s c i l l a t i o n s
is of the o r d e r of the oscillating quantity p r o p e r (Fig. 1). I f t h e s e o s c i l l a t i o n s a r e to be o b s e r v e d , the a m -
plitude o1 the e l e c t r o n oscillations in the wave field (a =eE0/'m~ 2) m u s t be of the o r d e r of the phonon w a v e -
length kp=27r/q. F o r ~2 ~ 1014 sec -1, m ~ 10 -2 m e, q ~ 106 c m -1. The r e q u i r e d w a v e - f i e l d strength is
E 0 ~ 105 V / c m which is an attainable v a l u e . The shift in phonon f r e q u e n c y caused by their i n t e r a c t i o n
with e l e c t r o n s e x p e r i e n c e s s i m i l a r oscillations [95], as does the a c o u s t o e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t [98].
The o s c i l l a t i o n s in phonon attenuation and f r e q u e n c y shift in an a l t e r n a t i n g e l e c t r i c field a r e of the
s a m e n a t u r e a s the g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e o b s e r v e d when sound p r o p a g a t e s in a m a g n e t i c field; this c o n s i s t s
in an oscillating dependence of sound attenuation and velocity on the m a g n e t i c fie Id when the sound wavelength
is c o m p a r a b l e to the L a r m o r r a d i u s [99-105]. In our case the r o l e of e l e c t r o n revolution in L a r m o r o r b i t s
is played by e l e c t r o n oscillation caused by the r f field, and we m a y s p e a k of " e l e c t r i c " g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e
in c o n t r a s t to the " m a g n e t i c " g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e c o n s i d e r e d in [99-105].
We m a y give the following qualitative explanation of " e l e c t r i c " g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e r e s e m b l i n g that
given f o r " m a g n e t i c " g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e in [106, 107]. The e l e c t r i c field f r e q u e n c y is l a r g e c o m p a r e d
with the sound frequency, while e l e c t r o n velocity is l a r g e a s c o m p a r e d with the speed of sound; t h e r e f o r e
the sound wave m a y be t r e a t e d a s a static spatially inhomogeneous field that a c t s on an e l e c t r o n . The l a t -
t e r , while oscillating due to the action of the r f field, spends m o s t of its t i m e n e a r the r e v e r s a l points
w h e r e its v e l o c i t y is n e a r l y z e r o . As the e l e c t r o n m o v e s away f r o m the r e v e r s a l points, the sound-wave
field acting on it r a p i d l y changes in magnitude and direction; then it is n e a r these points, the e l e c t r o n spends
an extended t i m e in a m o r e or l e s s constant field. Thus the sound a b s o r p t i o n will fundamentalIy be d e t e r -
mined by the sound-field phase d i f f e r e n c e between the planes p a s s i n g through the r e v e r s a l p o i n t s . If the
distance between these points (i . e . , twice the oscillation amplitude) v a r i e s by an integral n u m b e r of sound
wavelengths, the phase difference will r e m a i n unchanged. This i m p l i e s a roughly p e r i o d i c dependence of
the sound attentuation on the quantity 2 e E 0 q / m ~ .
In c o n t r a s t to " m a g n e t i c " g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e , t h e r e can be " e l e c t r i c " r e s o n a n c e in both d e g e n e r a t e
or n o n d e g e n e r a t e g a s e s . The r e a s o n for the d i f f e r e n c e is a s follows. In a specified m a g n e t i c field the
L a r m o r r a d i u s depends on the e l e c t r o n v e l o c i t y . Thus for a nondegenerate e l e c t r o n gas the t h e r m a l s p r e a d
in v e l o c i t i e s r e s u l t s in a " b l u r r i n g " of the nmagnetic" r e s o n a n c e . At the s a m e t i m e , the amplitude of e l e c -
tron o s c i l l a t i o n s in the r f field does not depend on the e l e c t r o n velocity, so that " e l e c t r i c " g e o m e t r i c r e s -
onance is p o s s i b l e for n o n d e g e n e r a t e e l e c t r o n s .
The p a r a m e t e r eE0q/mfi z m a y be v a r i e d by changing the e l e c t r i c field a m p l i a t d e or frequency, the
sound wavelength, or the angle between the v e c t o r s E 0 and q (see F i g s . 1 and 2). By m e a s u r i n g the period
of the sound-attenuation o s c i l l a t i o n s a s a function of this p a r a m e t e r we m a y d e t e r m i n e the effective e l e c -
t r o n m a s s (the components of the r e c i p r o c a l effective m a s s t e n s o r in the a n i s o t r o p i c c a s e [108]), while
the lattice and e l e c t r o n contributions to sound a b s o r p t i o n m a y be s e p a r a t e d by m e a s u r i n g the amplitude of
these o s c i l l a t i o n s .
E l e c t r i c g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e m a y a l s o a p p e a r when e l e c t r o n s i n t e r a c t with excitations other than
phonons: magnons [109, 110], helicons [111], and r e c o m b i n a t i o n w a v e s [112]. We note that " e l e c t r i c , "
but not " m a g n e t i c , " g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e is a l s o p o s s i b l e in an e l e c t r o n gas having f r e q u e n t collisions;
h e r e the e l e c t r o n m e a n f r e e path is l e s s than the length of the sound wave, while the m e a n f r e e t i m e is
l e s s than a period of the r f field [111-115].
2. The p r e s e n c e of e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c radiation m a y not only substantially modify e l e c t r o n - - p h o n o n
interaction, but m a y a l s o be a n e c e s s a r y condition for such i n t e r a c t i o n . In fact, the i n t e r a c t i o n of e l e c -
t r o n s with a sound wave having a length that is s m a l l in c o m p a r i s o n with the e l e c t r o n m e a n f r e e path m a y
be t r e a t e d a s the absorption and e m i s s i o n of a c o u s t i c phonons by e l e c t r o n s . C o n s e r v a t i o n of energy and
m o m e n t u m m u s t be satisfied for each such a b s o r p t i o n or e m i s s i o n event. Thus, for conduction e l e c t r o n s
the s o u n d - a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r u m will only r e m a i n continuous a s long as the e n e r g y and (or) q u a s i m o m e n t u m
of a phonon a r e s m a l l as c o m p a r e d with the c o r r e s p o n d i n g quantities for an e l e c t r o n . When the values b e -
come c o m p a r a b l e , the c o n s e r v a t i o n laws i m p o s e substantial r e s t r i c t i o n s on e l e c t r o n - phonon interaction,
leading to the a p p e a r a n c e of f r e q u e n c y bands in which the sound wave is not a b s o r b e d by e l e c t r o n s . We

587
m a y cite a s e x a m p l e s the c e s s a t i o n of e l e c t r o n - - p h o n o n interaction at q > 2~ ~ is the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c m o m e n -
t u m of an electron) [116-118], the giant quantum oscillations of sound absorption in a m a g n e t i c field [119-
120], acoustic cyclotron r e s o n a n c e [121-124], e t c .
We should expect substantial modification of this f e a t u r e of e l e c t r o n --phonon interaction if the l a t t e r
takes place in the p r e s e n c e of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave having a f r e q u e n c y I1 c o m m e n s u r a t e with the c h a r a c -
t e r i s t i c e l e c t r o n f r e q u e n c i e s or above t h e m . Actually, whentlT>>l, t h e a r g u m e n t of the 5-function d e s c r i b -
ing the conservation laws contains, in addition to the e l e c t r o n and phonon e n e r g i e s , the quantity ~ [see
(3.1)] which c o m p e n s a t e s for the deficiency (or excess) of energy; as a r e s u l t , the region within which e l e c -
t r o n s m a y i n t e r a c t with phonons should change s u b s t a n t i a l l y . In p a r t i c u l a r , new a b s o r p t i o n bands a p p e a r
in the e l e c t r o n sound a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r u m , which would be forbidden by the c o n s e r v a t i o n laws in the a b -
scence of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c w a v e . We m a y r e f e r to this as a photostimulated absorption.
3 . A f e a t u r e of photostimulated absorption is that it m a y change sign in a c e r t a i n f r e q u e n c y band
(i . e . , attenuation of sound m a y be r e p l a c e d by amplification). Sound amplification m a y be i n t e r p r e t e d in
the s a m e way as stimulated generation of phonons (an avalanche i n c r e a s e in their number) [125-127, 96].
The generation of phonons by the field of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave in a c e r t a i n frequency band is a s s o c i a t e d
with the fact that the a b s o r p t i o n of this wave by conduction e l e c t r o n s is a c c o m p a n i e d by the absorption and
e m i s s i o n of phonons; the absorption and e m i s s i o n r e g i o n s a r e s e p a r a t e d in f r e q u e n c y . As usual, t h e p r o b -
ability of phonon e m i s s i o n is p r o p o r t i o n a l to the n u m b e r of phonons available (if we neglect spontaneous
e m i s s i o n ) , so that the n u m b e r of phonons will r i s e exponentially in t i m e for as long a s nonlinear effects
do not come into play.
The coefficient of photostimulated absorption (amplification) for sound m a y be obtained with the aid
of (3.1). Letting q>>PF, ll>>eF {PF, eF a r e the F e r m i m o m e n t u m and energy), we have the folIowing e x -
p r e s s i o n [128] for a d e g e n e r a t e electron gas in an a p p r o x i m a t i o n linear in the intensity of the e l e c t r o m a g -
netic radiation (in this a p p r o x i m a t i o n we m a y r e p l a c e the function tip by a F e r m i step):

(q) 'r--' .
7~7:~-\ - ~ r / q 12 q (3.4)
where A is the defol:mation-potential constant, and p is the density of the c r y s t a l .
It follows f r o m (3,4) that when q >>~, the e l e c t r o n s i n t e r a c t with sound in the region of wave n u m b e r s

1,' 2m.Q -t- P~ - - pj: ~ q ,~ I ' / ~ Q --I--p~: -f- Pe. (3.5)

When Cl=2?-2-~-7, the absorption coefficient changes sign, and ther e is sound amplification in the region
~/2rn~ + p ~ -- PF -< q < 42mll (phonons a r e g e n e r a t e d ) . The sound absorption (amplification) coefficient r e a c h e s
i t s m a x i m u m value on the boundaries of the region of photostimulated e l e c t r o n --phonon interaction (q =
4/2mll +P~ + PF)
~t2m~pp.
2~ps (3.6)
a f t e r which it vanishes a b r u p t l y . * F i g u r e 3 s c h e m a t i c a l l y i l l u s t r a t e s the way in which the sound a b s o r p -
tion coefficient depends on the wave n u m b e r u n d e r the conditions of photostimulated absorption ( a m p l i f i c a -
tion).
I f we take higher pouters of E 0 into account, bends of photostimulated absorption and amplification
will a l s o a p p e a r n e a r the points q = ~ , w h e r e k =2,3, .... The angular distribution of phonons g e n e r a -
ted in an i s o t r o p i c s p e c i m e n is s y m m e t r i c a l with r e s p e c t to the plane p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the E 0 v e c t o r , but
it is a n i s o t r o p i c owing to the p r e s e n c e of the factor (eE0q/m~) ~ in (3,4). This should a l s o m a k e the kinet-
ic coefficients an[so[topic.
Let us n u m e r i c a l l y e s t i m a t e the coefficient of sound amplification by the field of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
w a v e . F o r m ~ m e, 11~1014 sec -I the position of the amplification p e a k c o r r e s p o n d s to a wave n u m b e r q ~
10 i c m -l, while for A ~10 eV, e F ~ 10 -2 eV, E0~105 V / c m the height of the p e a k (s a ~103 c m -i, so that
at the t e m p e r a t u r e s needed for d e g e n e r a c y the e l e c t r o n amplification m a y p r e v a i l o v e r lattice absorption
of sound.
The effect considered opens the possibility of sound amplification and generation at v e r y high f r e -
quencies (~ 10n,10 n Hz). Such f r e q u e n c i e s cannot be amplified (generated) by c u r r e n t - c a r r i e r d r i f t (in
* F o r a finite t e m p e r a t u r e the jump will be b l u r r e d , or c o u r s e .

588
the a b s e n c e of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave) owing to the a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d " t u r n - o f f " of e l e c t r o n --phonon in-
t e r a c t i o n a t q > 25 [117, 118].
Under conditions for which t h e r e is photostimulated amplification of sound, a negative a c o u s t o e l e c -
t r i c effect is p o s s i b l e (the e l e c t r o n flux is a n t [ p a r a l l e l to the a c o u s t i c a l flux c r e a t i n g it) [129, 130].
4. T h e r e is still one m o r e way in which certain a c o u s t o e l e c t r o n i c e f f e c t s m a y be " s t i m u l a t e d " by
intense r a d i a t i o n . It i s known that a s t e a d y - s t a t e m o n o c h r o m a t i c phonon flux p e r t u r b s the e l e c t r o n d i s -
tribution function in quite a different m a n n e r than a constant e l e c t r i c field acting with v a r y i n g f o r c e on
e l e c t r o n s having different e n e r g i e s [131, 132]. Such a d i s p e r s i o n of the e l e c t r o n --phonon i n t e r a c t i o n l e a d s
to a p p r e c i a b l e quantitative c o r r e c t i o n s (for e x a m p l e , to a deviation [129-133] f r o m the f a m i l i a r W e i u r e i c h
r e l a t i o n s h i p [134] for the a c o u s t o e l e c t r i c effect), as well a s to qualitatively new effects -- the a c o n s t o t h e r -
real [94] and a c o u s t o m a g n e t o e l e c t r i c effects in m o n o p o l a r s e m i c o n d u c t o r s [91-93]. F o r this d i s p e r s i o n to
a p p e a r , the e l e c t r o n s m u s t exhibit a s p r e a d in e n e r g i e s .
In a nondegenerate e l e c t r o n gas, the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e n e r g y d e t e r m i n i n g the s p r e a d is of the o r d e r of
the m e a n e l e c t r o n e n e r g y , so that " d i s p e r s i o n " effects a r e of n o t i c e a b l e magnitude. F o r a d e g e n e r a t e e l e c -
tronic gas with an i s o t r o p i c F e r m i s u r f a c e , the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t h e r m a l - s p r e a d p a r a m e t e r T / e F<< 1. T r a n -
sition to a c o m p l e t e l y d e g e n e r a t e gas (T/e F ~ 0 ) l e a v e s only the s p r e a d a s s o c i a t e d with the low i n e l a s t i c i t y
of e l e c t r o n i n t e r a c t i o n with a c o u s t i c phonons. The c o r r e s p o n d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e n e r g y of ~max~ m s z, ~q}
is s m a l l in c o m p a r i s o n with the e n e r g y of e l e c t r o n s e m i t t i n g and a b s o r b i n g phonons, so t h a t the ~ d i s p e r -
sion" effects indicated above will be e x t r e m e l y s m a l l . * The situation changes in the p r e s e n c e of r a d i a t i o n
having a f r e q u e n c y ~2>>eF . In such c a s e , the participation of photons in e l e c t r o n - - p h o n o n i n t e r a c t i o n
events m a k e s the collision of e l e c t r o n s with acoustic phonons strongly inelastic (the change in e l e c t r o n in
the collision is l a r g e in c o m p a r i s o n with its initial e n e r g y ) . The e l e c t r o n s exhibit an effective e n e r g y
s p r e a d c o n s i d e r a b l y exceeding even the t h e r m a l s p r e a d in a n o n d e g e n e r a t e e l e c t r o n gas (since ~2/s F >>1).
Thus, we can expect that when sufficiently intense r a d i a t i o n is p r e s e n t " d i s p e r s i o n " effects will be p o s s i b l e
in a d e g e n e r a t e e l e c t r o n gas; they m a y be f a i r l y l a r g e , despite the o c c u r r e n c e of the s m a l l p a r a m e t e r c o n -
nected with e l e c t r o n - photon i n t e r a c t i o n .
A quantitative t h e o r y of such "doubly photostimulated" effects (the radiation r e m o v e s the f o r b i d d e n -
n e s s e s a s s o c i a t e d b o t h withthe c o n s e r v a t i o n l a w s andwith d e g e n e r a c y ) has been c o n s t r u c t e d in [136]. It is
b a s e d on a quantum kinetic equation of the type (2.1), which a l s o includes t e r m s d e s c r i b i n g the m a g n e t i c
field influence and the e l e c t r o n i n t e r a c t i o n with a c o u s t i c phonons in the p r e s e n c e of an r f field [98]. If we
take the e l e c t r o n r e l a x a t i o n t i m e to be independent of e l e c t r o n energy, then, as should be the c a s e , the
a c o u s t o m a g a e t o e l e c t r i c field EAM E equals z e r o while the a c o u s t o e l e c t r i c field EAE s a t i s f i e s the Weinreich
r e l a t i o n s h i p [134 ]:

enos (3.7)
(W is the a c o u s t i c a l flux density); i .e., the f r e q u e n c y dependence of EAE duplicates the f r e q u e n c y d e p e n -
dence of the a b s o r p t i o n coefficient ~ (see F i g . 3). But if the r e l a x a t i o n t i m e is e n e r g y - d e p e n d e n t , then in
c e r t a i n c a s e s the Weinreich r e l a t i o n s h i p m a y not even hold in o r d e r of magnitude (for s c a t t e r i n g by ionized
i m p u r i t i e s , for e x a m p l e ) . In such c a s e s , the a c o u s t o m a g a e t o e l e c t r i c effect is significantly g r e a t e r than
when the s p r e a d is t h e r m a l in n a t u r e . Thus for i m p u r i t y s c a t t e r i n g the g r e a t e s t (absolute) value of the
a c o u s t o m a g n e t o e l e c t r i c field that m a y be obtained in a m a g n e t i c field H ~- (c/y) ( p F / 2 ~ " ~ 3 (u is the e l e c t r o n
mobility) is
Ecmax) 1 ~(max)W ( pp ~3
AME 2 e~o~ ~ ] ' (3.8)
w h e r e a ( m a x ) is d e t e r m i n e d by {3.6). When m ~ m e , no~1018 em -3, A ~ 10 eV, e F ~ 1 0 - 2 V, ~ ~1014 s e e -1,
and E o ~ 1 0 5 V / c m , we obtain [ E ( m ~ ) l / W ~ 0 . 1 V - c m / W which a p p r e c i a b l y exoeeds the e x p e r i m e n t a l values
[92, 93] for the " o r d i n a r y " ( r a d t ~ ' ~ n absent) a c o u s t o m a g n e t o e l e c t r i c effect.
P h o t o s t i m u l a t e d a c o u s t o e l e c t r o n i c e f f e c t s a r e l a r g e in v a l u e f o r impurity s c a t t e r i n g owing to the d e -
c r e a s e in s c a t t e r i n g p r o b a b i l i t y with i n c r e a s i n g e l e c t r o n energy, the e l e c t r o n s , a f t e r acquiring l a r g e e n e r g y

* We r e c a l l that the phonon wavelength is a s s u m e d to be s m a l l in c o m p a r i s o n with the e l e c t r o n m e a n f r e e

path (q/>>l). In the opposite limiting c a s e , ql <<1, the " d i s p e r s i o n " effects a r e s o m e w h a t different in n a t u r e
[135], and it is p r e c i s e l y in a d e g e n e r a t e e l e c t r o n g a s that they a r e m o s t a p p r e c i a b l e (see [91, 94]).

589
during s c a t t e r i n g (of the o r d e r of ~), m a k e a l a r g e contribution to the c u r r e n t . C o n v e r s e l y , in s c a t t e r i n g
by acoustic phonons the acquisition of high e n e r g y by an electron r e d u c e s its contribution to the c u r r e n t .
The sign of the photostimulated a c o n s t o m a g n e t o e l e c t r i c effect a l s o depends o n t h e s c a t t e r i n g m e c h a n i s m .
Thus, it is i n t e r e s t i n g to study photostimulated a c o u s t o e l e c t r o n i c effects with an eye to obtaining i n f o r m a -
tion about the s c a t t e r i n g m e c h a n i s m for e l e c t r o n s in solids.
5. The amplification of sound by an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave m a y produce an instability in the a b s o r p -
tion of the wave by f r e e c a r r i e r s . In fact, the absorption of light by f r e e c a r r i e r s is a c c o m p a n i e d by s c a t -
t e r i n g of the c a r r i e r s by phonons or i m p u r i t i e s [137]. L e t u s examine the situation in which s c a t t e r i n g
by acoustic phonons p r e d o m i n a t e s . The e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c - w a v e a b s o r p t i o n coefficient is e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s
of the phonon distribution function, and it i n c r e a s e s a s the phonons b e c o m e m o r e n u m e r o u s . Under the
conditions of avalanche phonon generation, the absorption coefficient will r i s e as long a s nonlinear effects
do not come to p l a y . Since avalanche generation is produced by the s a m e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave, we c o n -
elude that there m a y be a new o p t i c a l - n o n l i n e a r i t y m e c h a n i s m a s s o c i a t e d with the influence of the e l e c t r o -
m a g n e t i c wave on the phonon distribution function. This m e c h a n i s m is c h a r a c t e r i z e d not only b y the d e p e n -
dence of the h i g h - f r e q u e n c y conductivity on tl~e field but a l s o b y its explicit t i m e dependence, which leads
to instability o f e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c - w a v e a b s o r p t i o n .
The absorption coefficient under instability conditions has been calculated a p p r o x i m a t e l y in [138].. .
The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t i m e for an o r d e r - o f - m a g n i t u d e r i s e in a b s o r p t i o n is (soL(max)) -I ~ 10-8-10 -9 s e c [~(max)
is d e t e r m i n e d by (3.6)].
6. If the frequency of the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave s a t i s f i e s the p a r a m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e condition n~ =
2~0q, their p a r a m e t r i c amplification of sound by the wave field b e c o m e s p o s s i b l e . This effect has been in-
v e s t i g a t e d in [139, 140]. In quantum language this effect r e p r e s e n t s the decay of photons into two p h o n s
p r o p a g a t i n g in opposite d i r e c t i o n s . T h e r e m a y a l s o be p a r a m e t r i c amplification of sound by an e l e c t r o -
m a g n e t i c wave when photons decay into p h o n o n - - h e l i c o n p a i r s (in the p r e s e n c e of an e x t e r n a l m a g n e t i c
field) [111], p h o n o n - - p l a s m o n p a i r s [141-143], e t c .
A strong m a g n e t i c field will produce a c e r t a i n change in the above effects in connection with the wide
v a r i e t y of f e a t u r e s of e l e c t r o n a b s o r p t i o n of sound in a m a g n e t i c field [144, 145]. In the f i r s t place, the
9a r g u m e n t of the B e s s e l function d e t e r m i n i n g the oscillations of the e l e c t r i c g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e type takes
the following f o r m [146]:
( eEoxqy toH

w h e r e u~i is the cyclotron f r e q u e n c y (the m a g n e t i c field is d i r e c t e d along the z axis, the v e c t o r E 0 lies in
the xz plane, and the sound-wave v e c t o r q lies in the yz plane). The p r e s e n c e of the r e s o n a n c e d e n o m i n a -
tor indicates the possibility of o b s e r v i n g oscillations in a far w e a k e r r f field.
The p r e s e n c e of a quanfizing m a g n e t i c field p a r a l l e l t o the direction of sound p r o p a g a t i o n changes the
conditions for sound amplification by the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c : w a v e field [147, 148]. In such case the bands of
photostimulated sound a b s o r p t i o n and amplification located in the q ~-m-m-m~region b e c o m e roughly (p~/
mT)l/2 t i m e s n a r r o w e r ; the m a x i m u m amplification f a c t o r i n c r e a s e s ~r n t i m e s for spin >>T and
~WH/t 4T t i m e s f o r sp on <<T (here PF is the F e r m i m o m e n t u m when no m a g n e t i c field is p r e s e n t , P0n is the
F e r m i m o m e n t u m in the n-th /.andau subband), T h e r e is a n o t h e r consequence of the quantizing magnetic
field; a fine s t r u c t u r e a p p e a r s in the so~md amplification (absorption) region owing to filling of s e v e r a l
Landau subbands.
When a longitudinal quantizing m a g n e t i c field is p r e s e n t , absorption and amplification of sound with
wave n u m b e r q ~ km~/p0 n (k =1, 2 . . . . ) b e c o m e s possible [147]. H e r e the amplification region is f a r n a r -
r o w e r than in the p r e c e d i n g c a s e , while the absorption and amplification p e a k s a r e of about the s a m e o r d e r
of magnitude in height.
The following physical explanation m a y be given for these e f f e c t s . F o r sound t r a v e l i n g along a q u a n -
tizing m a g n e t i c field, e l e c t r o n s executing o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l f r e e motion in the s a m e direction p a r t i c i p a t e
in the i n t e r a c t i o n . In such a situation, t h e r e is a l m o s t no absorption (emission) of phonons at low t e m p e r a -
t u r e s , since in the g e n e r a l case it is Lmpossib!e to have s i m u l t a n e o u s satisfaction of e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n
and m o m e n t u m c o n s e r v a t i o n n e a r the F e r m i s u r f a c e in the gi/ren p r o c e s s e s (the c o n s e r v a t i o n laws m a y
only be satisfied for c e r t a i n magnetic field values c o r r e s p o n d i n g to b u r s t s of giant quantum oscillations
[119]). In the p r e s e n c e of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c field, the r e c o i l e n e r g y a r i s i n g when an e l e c t r o n is s c a t -
t e r e d by a phonon with wave n u m b e r q m a y be c o m p e n s a t e d by the photon e n e r g y ~ . If ~ ~ q p m / m , t h e r e

590
can be a b s o r p t i o n of a phonon with f r e q u e n c y r q and a photon, so that ~2 ~q = q p 0 n / m . When a ~ qp0n/m, ,t
b e c o m e s p o s s i b l e f o r a phonon to be emitted wl~en a photon is a b s o r b e d , so that 12 -- Wq = q p 0 n / m . This a l s o
a p p l i e s to the multiphoton c a s e in which n~ ~ qp0n/m.
When t h e r e is no m a g n e t i c field, e l e c t r o n s m a y s c a t t e r at different angles upon i n t e r a c t i n g with p h o -
nons, and the r e c o i l e n e r g y t a k e s ou a r b i t r a r y values ( q p F / m ) c o s 0 (0 is the angle between the phonon and
e l e c t r o n wave v e c t o r s p r i o r to s c a t t e r i n g ) . Thus, t h e r e is no s h a r p phonon -- photon r e s o n a n c e . The q>>
PF c a s e c o n s i d e r e d above is an exception; h e r e the fundamental t e r m in the r e c o i l e n e r g y equals q2/2m and
is independent of the angles [only a s m a l l p a r t of the e n e r g y ( ~ p F / q ) depends on the a n g l e s ] . In this c a s e ,
a s we have seen, t h e r e can be r e s o n a n t a b s o r p t i o n and a m p l i f i c a t i o n of sound by e l e c t r o n s even in the a b -
s e n c e of a m a g n e t i c field. The r e s o n a n c e lines a r e s e v e r e l y b l u r r e d , however (by an amount Aq ~ PF),
since the a n g l e - d e p e n d e n t portion of the r e c o i l e n e r g y , while s m a l l c o m p a r e d with the e n t i r e r e c o i l energy,
is l a r g e c o m p a r e d with the phonon e n e r g y and is c o m p a r a b l e with the e l e c t r o n e n e r g y . Application of a
m a g n e t i c field significantly n a r r o w s t h e s e r e s o n a n c e l i n e s .
If the quantizing m a g n e t i c field is p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the r f field, photostimulation sound amplification
and a b s o r p t i o n m a y occur when the c y c l o t r o n - r e s o n a n c e condition [55] ~q = IkwI_I -- l~21 is satisfied (k and l
a r e i n t e g e r s ) . A t h e o r y f o r this effect has been constructed in [146]. When l~2<~ii, we have sound a b s o r p -
tion; for l~2> ~I-I, we have a m p l i f i c a t i o n .
Sound amplification for l~2>uu m a y be i n t e r p r e t e d as follows. In a b s o r b i n g l photons, an e l e c t r o n
a c q u i r e s an e n e r g y s o m e w h a t g r e a t e r than needed for t r a n s i t i o n f r o m a l o w e r Landau band to a higher one;
the e x c e s s e n e r g y is r a d i a t e d as a phonon. F o r /a<r the e l e c t r o n does not a c q u i r e the e n e r g y f o r t r a n -
sition to an u p p e r subband, and the e n e r g y deficit is c o m p e n s a t e d by a b s o r p t i o n of a phonon.
When u~i ~1013 sec -1, q ~106 cm -i, n o ~1015 cm -3, m ~ 0.01 m e, E 0 ~ 100 V / c m , e s t i m a t e s yield a
value of la (max)l ~103-104 cm -1 [146] for the m a x i m u m sound a b s o r p t i o n (amplification) coefficient at low
t e m p e r a t u r e s . Under the conditions d e s c r i b e d , t h e r e f o r e , a m p l i f i c a t i o n of h i g h - f r e q u e n c y sound with the
aid of the field of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave m a y be highly efficient.
Chaikovskii [149] calls attention to the fact that when qUH_]_E0, p h o t o s t i m u l a t e d sound a b s o r p t i o n and
a m p l i f i c a t i o n p e a k s e x i s t in the a b s e n c e of e l e c t r i c g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e (since the a r g u m e n t of the c o r r e s -
ponding B e s s e l function equals z e r o ) , so that t h e s e two oscillation effects m a y be studied in isolation by
v a r y i n g the a b s o r p t i o n (amplification) of sound in the q~H lie 0 and q~H_~E 0 c o n f i g u r a t i o n s .
We a r e led to conclude that the application of a quantizing m a g n e t i c field a c c e n t u a t e s the f e a t u r e s that
a p p e a r when sound i n t e r a c t s with e l e c t r o n s in the p r e s e n c e of a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave -- n a m e l y ,
the e l e c t r i c g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e and the photostimulated sound a b s o r p t i o n and amplification p e a k s . When
t h e r e is a quantizing m a g n e t i c field, t h e s e f e a t u r e s m a y a p p e a r at a significantly l o w e r amplitude and (or)
frequency of the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave, making t h e m e a s i e r to o b s e r v e . On the other hand, application of
a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave substantially b r o a d e n s the v a r i e t y of f e a t u r e s exhibited in the i n t e r a c t i o n of
sound with e l e c t r o n s in a quanttzing m a g n e t i c field. In t r a n s v e r s e and longitudinal (with r e s p e c t to the
direction of sound propagation) m a g n e t i c fields, the a b s o r p t i o n and amplification p e a k s d e s c r i b e d above
m a y be t r e a t e d , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a s the r e s u l t of modification of a c o u s t i c cyclotron r e s o n a n c e and giant q u a n -
t u m oscUlation due to the p r e s e n c e of a strong r f field.
The oscillation c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of sound a b s o r p t i o n {amplification) in an r f e l e c t r i c field and a quan-
tizing m a g n e t i c field m a y be o b s e r v e d by v a r y i n g different qu3ntities: the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c - w a v e amplitude,
its frequency, the frequency of the sound, the magnetic field strength, the angle between the sound-wave
v e c t o r and the field of the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave, e t c . We note that in c o n t r a s t to the m a g n e t o a c o u s t i c f e a -
t u r e s (magnetic g e o m e t r i c r e s o n a n c e , giant quantum oscillations), whose a p p e a r a n c e r e q u i r e s the existence
of a well-defined F e r m i s u r f a c e , m o s t of the effects considered in this section m a y a l s o occur in a non-
d e g e n e r a t e e l e c t r o n g a s . This is connected, f i r s t l y , with the fact that the amplitude of e l e c t r o n oscillations
in the r f e l e c t r i c field is independent of t h e i r e n e r g y , and, secondly with the fact that the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
e n e r g i e s for these effects a r e the photon e n e r g y ~2 and the distance ~ between Landau levels; for the con-
ditions considered, these quantities a r e l a r g e c o m p a r e d with the t h e r m a l e n e r g y T.
Other types of sound amplification by an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave have been considered in [150-154].
The influence of a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave on the g e n e r a t i o n of sound h a r m o n i c s has been studied
in [155].

591
4. Influence of a Strong Electromagnetic Wave on P l a s m a
and Relaxation Phenomena in Semiconductors
In the p r e c e d i n g sections we examined the influence of intense radiation on p r o c e s s e s that a r e s i n g l e -
f r e q u e n c y tn e s s e n c e . We now turn to phenomena connected [n one way or a n o t h e r with the interaction of
qua s i p a r t i c l e s .
The theory of the action of a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c field on the collective e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c p r o p e r t i e s
of an electron plasma is one of the f a s t e s t growing b r a n c h e s of the theory of the interaction of powerful
radiation with m a t t e r [2, 156]. Gas p l a s m a s draw the main attention, p r i m a r i l y in connection with p r o b -
l e m s of radiation a c c e l e r a t i o n and l a s e r heating of p l a s m a . Many of the r e s u l t s a r e applicable (if only
qualitatively) to a s o l i d - s t a t e p l a s m a , h o w e v e r . These include, for e x a m p l e , the theory of p l a s m a o s c i l -
lations in the s t r o n g r f field (in p a r t i c u l a r , the v e r y interesting conclusion as to the p o s s i b i l i t y of the a p -
p e a r a n c e of new b r a n c h e s in the oscillation spectrum) [157, 158], the theory of p a r a m e t r i c excitation of
p l a s m a oscillations by an r f field [159, 160], the theory of f a s t - p a r t i c l e l o s s e s in a p l a s m a located in a
strong r f field [161, 162], e t c . Analogous calculations were c a r r i e d out for a s o l i d - s t a t e p l a s m a in [141,
163-167]. A s o l i d - s t a t e p l a s m a offers the possibility that the c a r r i e r d i s p e r s i o n law will deviate f r o m the
p a r a b o l i c f o r m , so that t h e r e m a y be p a r a m e t r i c excitation of p l a s m a oscillations in the p r e s e n c e of just
a single type of c a r r i e r (compare with [159]).
Another consequence of the influence exerted b y a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave on the p l a s m a - d i e l e c -
t r i c p r o p e r t i e s of s e m i c o n d u c t o r s is m i c r o w a v e and i n f r a r e d self-focusing produced by the change in the
contribution made to the p e r m i t t i v i t y by f r e e c a r r i e r s under the action of the wave field. Two s e l f - f o c u s i n g
m e c h a n i s m s have been studied theoretically: the nonparabolic conduction band [168-172] and the dependence
of c a r r i e r r e l a x a t i o n time on c a r r i e r e n e r g y [173]. A strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave a l s o a c t s to shift the
p l a s m a frequency, and this should a p p e a r a s a self-induced t r a n s p a r e n c y effect [174]: a strong wave can
p e n e t r a t e into a p l a s m a at e frequency below the p l a s m a frequency, while a weak wave a t [ h e s a m e frequency
is r e f l e c t e d .
The influence of a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave on Coulomb s c r e e n i n g has been investigated in [175-
177] (the r e s u l t s of these studies a r e applicable to both semiconductor and gas p l a s m a s ) . Owing to the
p r e s e n c e of the field of such a wave, the potential set up by a static charge will a l s o contain components
at the frequency of the field and its h a r m o n i c s , which m e a n s that p l a s m a oscillations will be g e n e r a t e d by
the field of the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave. The spatial F o u r i e r - c o m p o n e n t of the potential has the following
f o r m s [175]:

?(q, t)= ~ ?k(q) etk~ (4.1)

?~(q) ~l.~ ( eEoq ~ Js+h( eE~ ~ 4*~(q) (4.2)

=~_~o~J~\ rn~~ } \ m~" ] o~(q,s~) '
where o(q) is the F o u r i e r - c o m p o n e n t of the charge density and E(q, co) is the p e r m i t t i v i t y (in the absence
of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave). The nonlinear nature of the generation p r o c e s s shows Up both in the e x i s -
tence of higher h a r m o n i c s and in the complex dependence of the potential on the wave-field amplitude.
F o r a point charge (o (q)=Ze) and m o d e r a t e l y intense r a d i a t i o n (F-=eE0x/n~2 <<1, where ~t-1 is the
s c r e e n i n g radius), the constant component of the potential t a k e s the following f o r m [175]:

?o(r ) = Zez I +.-~- cos~-~+ ~- + -~- (3cos~a -- I) -- (3cos'a -- 1) 14.3)

~0 2~
where 12 = x r , e 0 is the lattice p e r m t t t i v i t y , and a is the angle between the v e c t o r s r and E0; we a s s u m e that
~t.>>min(0Op, a~M) (~Opis the p l a s m a f r e q u e n c y and r I is the Maxwell frequency).
It follows f r o m (4.3) that when there is a n e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c - w a v e field p r e s e n t the potential d i s t r i b u -
tion will: a) b e c o m e an[sotropic and b) contain t e r m s that do not drop off exponentially but in p o w e r - l a w
fashion and make the principal contribution at g r e a t d i s t a n c e s . Thus, the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave c a u s e s a
special s o r t of " s c r e e n i n g b r e a k d o w n . " When R--o% r has the f o r m of a q u a d r u p o l e potential. M a t e -
v o s y a n ' s calculations [177] show[hat at l a r g e d i s t a n c e s the amplitude of the second h a r m o n i c ~e(r) behaves
i n the s a m e way; the amplitude of the f i r s t h a r m o n i c ~l(r) has the f o r m of a dipole potential.

592
 We note that " s c r e e n i n g breakdown" may be accompanied by a change in the sign of the potential: it
t h e r e f o r e follows f r o m (4.3) that in the angle range 0 < k~ [ < a r c o s 1/4-3 ~ 55 ~the potential g0(r) changes sign
as we move away f r o m a point c h a r g e . Numerical e s t i m a t e s [175] have shown that " s c r e e n i n g breakdown ~
r e q u i r e s a field E 0 ~104-105 V / c m in the m i c r o w a v e range ~~1014 sec -1) and E0~102-10 ~ V / e r a in the
m i c r o w a v e r a n g e it2 ~ 101~ s e e - l ) .

Modification of the potential created by an impurity center under the action of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c

wave may be r e c o r d e d by NMR methods, for example. The change in the magnitude and sign of the poten-
tial should also show up in the diffusion of impurity atoms between which there is Coulomb interaction.
In the one-dimensional case (screening of the field by a plane charge dislocation) the potential r e -
m a i n s exponential at large distances even when a wave is p r e s e n t [176]. In this case " s c r e e n i n g b r e a k -
down" r e s u l t s in the appearance of the "extra" factor I~(F cosa)(I0(z ) is a B e s s e l function of an i m a g i n a r y
a r g m e n t ) . This m e a n s , f i r s t l y , that the potential depends on the angle c~, and secondly, that (under F ~ 1
conditions) there will be appreciable intensification of the potential at distances x ~ max~ 2 e E 0 / m ~ , n -l}
where there should be a l m o s t no field in the absence of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave.
An interesting r e s u l t is obtained in the r e s o n a n c e case, where ~2~ 00 [178]. Let us consider the in-
u
fluence of a strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave on the inters ction of conduction e l e c t r o n s with a longitudinal s p a c e -
charge field. We take this to be a low-frequency (low compared with co_) and long-wavelength (long c o m -
pared with n-i) field. In the absence of an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave, suchPa field is effectively screened by
the conduction e l e c t r o n s . When there is an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave, the space c h a r g e exhibits h i g h - f r e q u e n c y
components at the frequency of the wave and its h a r m o n i c s ; since we a r e considering a n o n s t e a d y - s t a t e
s y s t e m , these components make a contribution to the low-frequency component of the potential. The long-
wave p e r m i t t i v i t y is close to z e r o near the plasma frequency, so that this contribution m a y be v e r y con-
siderable ( i . e . , we have ~antiscreening" [179]).
Two possible manifestations of this effect have been considered in [178] (it is r e f e r r e d to a s r e s o n a n c e
dynamic s c r e e n i n g breakdown): a) intensification of electron interaction with acoustic phonons, and b) inten-
sification of the "built-in" field set up in the semiconductor by s smooth inhomogeneity. The f i r s t r e p r e -
sents an acute problem for a c o n s t o e l e e t r o n i c s , since s c r e e n i n g is a f a c t o r that substantially r e d u c e s sound
amplification by electron drift, and attempts a r e being made to reduce its influence by various methods
(see [180], fo r example). E s t i m a t e s have shown [178] that r e s o n a n c e dynamic s c r e e n i n g breakdown m a y
lead to v e r y significant intensification (by 102-103 times) of e l e c t r o n - p h o n o n interaction.
Another resonance effect, considered in [181], is a s s o c i a t e d with the action of a strong e l e c t r o m a g -
netic wave in the plasma p r o p e r t i e s of solids. It was shown that there can be r e s o n a n t intensification of
the image f o r c e s between the surface of a conductor and a charge located near it when the latter is acted
on by the field of a fairly strong e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave whose frequency is close to that of the surface p l a s -
mons of the conducting medium. This effect originates in the following m a n n e r . The image potential
may be treated a s arising f r o m the interaction of a charge with the s u r f a c e plasmons of the conduct-
ing medium [182-185]. On this b a s i s , the image f o r c e r e p r e s e n t s the r e s p o n s e of the medium to the p e r -
turbing action of the charge, so that the image potential must equal the work done by the charge on the
plasma s y s t e m taken with the opposite sign. It is quite natural for this work to r i s e substantially when
the charge executes periodic motion at a frequency close to the natural frequency of the the s y s t e m of
surfs ce pla s m o n s .
A s t r o n g e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave m a y also affect the relaxation of nonequilibrtum c u r r e n t c a r r i e r s in
a semiconductor (this folIows f r o m the analogy between the equations d e s c r i b i n g the penetration of a s e m i -
conductor by an external e l e c t r i c field and by nonequilibrium c a r r i e r s ) . Diffusion of nonequilibrium
m i n o r i t y c a r r i e r s excited by a stationary light source has been considered in [186] (for the o n e - d i m e n -
sional case). In the absence of the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave, the concentration of nonequillbrium c a r r i e r s
will drop in a c c o r d a n c e with the exponential law exp(-- x / L ) , where L is the diffusion length. When there
is a strong (eE0/mS~2L~ I) e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c w~ve the change in c a r r i e r concentration in the 0 < x < 2eE0/
m ~ region wiI1 be fairly slow {logarithmic). On the "tail" of the distribution (x>2eE0/m~22), the c o o r d i -
nate dependence of the concentration b e c o m e s exponential, but the large "extra" factor I20(eE0/m~22L) makes
its a p p e a r a n c e .
Similar behavior is exhibited in the p r e s e n c e of a s t r o n g wave by the concentration of m a j o r i t y c a r -
r i e r s injected into a semiconductor, except that the r o l e of the diffusion length is played in this case by
the Debye s c r e e n i n g length [187].

593
 When the equilibrium concentration of c u r r e n t c a r r i e r s in a semiconductor has been disrupted, it
may r e c o v e r aperiodically or in an oscillatory m a n n e r . These oscillations may prove unstable in the p r e s -
ence of a sufficiently strong constant e l e c t r i c field. Konstantinov and P e r e l ' [188] predicted this s o r t of
instability in semiconductors having deep impurity c e n t e r s , which leads to the excitation of electron and
hole concentration waves {recombination waves); itwas detected experimentally by Karpova and Kalashnikov
[189]. The influence o f the field of a strong electromagnetic wave on the spectrum and damping of r e c o m -
bination waves was considered in [112]. It was shown, in p a r t i c u l a r , that in the p r e s e n c e of a strong e l e c -
tromagnetic wave the recombination-wave instability region expands toward higher f r e q u e n c i e s .

5. Conclusion
F r o m what has been said, we may conclude that the action of a strong electromagnetic wave leads to
a substantial change in the fundamental e l e c t r o n i c p r o p e r t i e s of a semiconductor (it is p r e c i s e l y the great
v a r i e t y of the phenomena arising, in conjunction with lack of spac e , that has made our s u r v e y r a t h e r s u p e r -
ficial). T h e r e are several r e s p e c t s in which the study of the effects described may prove useful. F i r s t ,
some of them a r e interesting f r o m the viewpoint of d i r e c t utilization (amplification and generation of sound
by an electromagnetic wave, intensification of electron -- phonon interaction, e t c . ) . Second, by studying
these effects we can gain valuable information on the e l e c t r o n i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of semiconductors (the s p e c -
trum of the c a r r i e r s , their scattering mechanism, e t c . ) . Finally, certain of the effects may prove useful
for obtaining information about the radiation producing them, and this is of no little importance for the
vigorously developing l a s e r field.
At the same time, we must emphasize the fact that experimentation in this area still lags behind
theory, and most of the effects described at p r e s e n t exist only as the computations of t h e o r e t i c i a n s . The
author will consider his goal to have been achieved if this survey s e r v e s in some m e a s u r e to a t t r a c t the
attention of e x p e r i m e n t a l i s t s to this manifestly interesting branch of solid-state physics and r a d i o p h y s i c s .

LITERATURE C I T E D
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