AUTOMATIC STAR-DELTA STARTER

Introduction

Most induction motors are started directly on line, but when very large
motors are started that way, they cause a disturbance of voltage on the
supply lines due to large starting current surges.

To limit the starting current surge, large induction motors are started at
reduced voltage and then have full supply voltage reconnected when they
run up to near rotated speed.

Two methods used for reduction of starting voltage are: Star delta starting
and Auto transformer starting.
 COMPONENT OF STAR-DELTA STARTER

1. 3∅-CONTACTOR

A contactor is an electrically-controlled switch used for switching an

electrical power circuit. A contactor is typically controlled by a circuit,
which has a much lower power level than the switched circuit, such as a 24-
volt coil electromagnet controlling a 230-volt motor switch.
Unlike general-purpose relays, contactors are designed to be directly
connected to high-current load devices. Relays tend to be of lower capacity
and are usually designed for both normally closed and normally
open applications. Devices switching more than 15 amperes or in circuits
rated more than a few kilowatts are usually called contactors. Apart from
optional auxiliary low-current contacts, contactors are almost exclusively
fitted with normally open ("form A") contacts. Unlike relays, contactors are
designed with features to control and suppress the arc produced when
interrupting heavy motor currents.
Contactors come in many forms with varying capacities and features. Unlike
a circuit breaker, a contactor is not intended to interrupt a short
circuit current. Contactors range from those having a breaking current of
several amperes to thousands of amperes and 24 V DC to many kilovolts.
The physical size of contactors ranges from a device small enough to pick up
with one hand, to large devices approximately a meter (yard) on a side.
Contactors are used to control electric motors, lightning, heating, capacitor,
banks, thermal evaporators, and other electrical loads.
2. THERMAL OVERLOAD RELAY

Motor protection for overload and phase failure

Thermal overload relays are economic electromechanical protection devices
for the main circuit. They offer reliable protection for motors in the event of
overload or phase failure. The thermal overload relay can make up a
compact starting solution together with contactors.
Main benefits
 Reliable protection for motors
 Easy to create starters
 Optimized match to ABB contactors
 Single mounting kits and wire reset for remote control available for
specific applications.
Main features
 Trip class 10
 Adjustable current setting ranges
 Overload protection with phase loss sensitivity
 Temperature compensation up to +60°C
 Automatic or manual reset, sealable
 Stop and test function.
3. MCB (MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER)

A miniature circuit breaker (MCB) automatically switches off electrical

circuit during an abnormal condition of the network means in overload
condition as well as faulty condition.

Nowadays we use an MCB in low voltage electrical network instead of a

fuse. The fuse may not sense it but the miniature circuit breaker does it in a
more reliable way. MCB is much more sensitive to overcurrent than fuse.

It automatically switches off the electrical circuit during abnormal condition

of the network means in over load condition as well as faulty condition. The
fuse does not sense but miniature circuit breaker does it in more reliable
way. MCB is much more sensitive to over current than fuse.

Another advantage is, as the switch operating knob comes at its off position
during tripping, the faulty zone of the electrical circuit can easily be
identified. But in case of fuse, fuse wire should be checked by opening fuse
grip or cutout from fuse base, for confirming the blow of fuse wire.Quick
restoration of supply can not be possible in case of fuse as because fuses
have to be rewirable or replaced for restoring the supply. But in the case of
MCB, quick restoration is possible by just switching on operation.

Handling MCB is more electrically safe than fuse. Because of to many

advantages of MCB over fuse units, in modern low voltage electrical
network, miniature circuit breaker is mostly used instead of backdated fuse
unit. Only one disadvantage of MCB over fuse is that this system is more
costlier than fuse unit system.
Working Principle Miniature Circuit Breaker
There are two arrangement of operation of miniature circuit breaker. One
due to thermal effect of over current and other due to electromagnetic effect
of over current. The thermal operation of miniature circuit breaker is
achieved with a bimetallic strip.

Whenever continuous overcurrent flows through MCB, the bimetallic strip is

heated and deflects by bending. This deflection of bimetallic strip releases a
mechanical latch. As this mechanical latch is attached with the operating
mechanism, it causes to open the miniature circuit breaker contacts, and the
MCB turns off thereby stopping the current to flow in the circuit. To restart
the flow of current the MCB must be manually turned ON. This mechanism
protects from the faults arising due to overcurrent or overload.

But during short circuit condition, the current rises suddenly, causing
electromechanical displacement of plunger associated with a tripping coil or
solenoid. The plunger strikes the trip lever causing immediate release of
latch mechanism consequently open the circuit breaker contacts.

An MCB is very simple, easy to use and is not generally repaired. It is just
easier to replace. The trip unit is the main part, responsible for its
proper working. There are two main types of trip mechanism. A bi-
metal provides protection against overload current and an electromagnet
provides protection against short-circuit current.

4. INDICATORS
4. TIMER

The Selec 800SD Star - Delta timer are housed in a compact DIN
rail mount to a socket and are powered from a large choice of AC or
DC power options. Star - Delta timer Selec 800SD has Time
functions for Star - Delta timing etc., are available, adjustable
through the calibrated front control knob. These timers offer many
different timing functions together with accurate, long-term
switching reliability and high current switching contacts. The single
or double pole changeover relay output contacts are isolated from
the supply voltage.
Features
 Star Delta
 2 Time Ranges
 LED status indicator: Star relay ON, Delta relay ON
 DIN Rail / Back Panel mount
 Finger safe terminals
5. NORMALLY CLOSED (NC) PUSH BUTTON

A Normally Closed (NC) Push Button is a push button that, in its default
state, makes electrical contact with the circuit.

When the button is pressed down, the switch no longer makes electrical
contact and the circuit is now open. Therefore, electricity can no longer flow
to the other part of the circuit to turn or power on the respective part of the
circuit the button was made to switch.

Normally Closed Push buttons are not the most common type of push button
used; Normally Open Push Buttons are. However, they still have widespread
use and application in many devices.
5. NORMALLY OPEN (NO) PUSH BUTTON

A Normally Open (NO) Push Button is a push button that, in its default state,
makes no electrical contact with the circuit. Only when the button is pressed
down does it make electrical contact with the circuit.

When the button is pressed down, the switch makes electrical contact and the
circuit is now closed. Therefore, electricity can now flow to the other part of
the circuit connecting to the push button and make the device turn or power
on the respective part.

Normally Open Push buttons are the most common type of push buttons
used in devices and circuits.
6. NC AUXILIARY CONTACT

NC contact is mounted on the contactor NC contacts will be closed when the

contactor is in its resting position or when contactor don’t have supply.
When current passes through the electromagnet or coil of contactor , a
magnetic field is produced, which attracts the moving core of the contactor
and contactor operates. The NC contact become open contact at working
position. The contect always return to its resting position when the coil is de-
energized.

7. CONNECTOR

These strip connectors feature tubular screw clamps and wire protectors
which are actuated by a screw. They are available in 2.5, 4 & 6 sq.mm. sizes
and are compact & ideal for small spaces. They can be used as free floating
connectors or as panel mounted terminal blocks. Available in standard 12-
pole strips these can be easily cut into combinations of smaller number of
poles.
 Working Principle of Star-Delta Starter

BASIC IDEA ABOUT WORKING MACHENISM

The most basic feature of an Induction motor is its self starting mechanism.
Due to the rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor, because of
which current starts flowing in the rotor. As per the Lenz law, the rotor will
start rotating in a direction so as to oppose the flow of electric current and
this gives a torque to the motor. Thus the motor gets self started.

During this self starting period, as torque increases, a large amount of

current flows in the rotor. To achieve this the stator draws a large amount of
current and by the time the motor reaches its full speed, a large amount of
current is drawn and coils get heated up, damaging the motor. Hence there is
a need to control the motor starting. One way is to reduce the applied
voltage, which in turn reduces the torque.

A star delta starter is the most commonly used method for the starting of a 3
phase induction motor. In star delta starting an induction motor is connected
in through a star connection throughout the starting period. Then once the
motor reaches the required speed, the motor is connected in through a delta
connection.

Here, the motor starts with a star connected stator winding, and as when
motor reached about 80% of its full load speed, it begins to run in delta
connected stator winding.

Star delta starter is a type of reduced voltage starter. We use it to reduce

starting current without using any external device or apparatus. The starter
mainly consists of a TPDP switch which stands for Tripple Pole Double
Throw switch. This switch changes stator winding from star to delta. During
starting condition stator winding is connected in the form of a star. Now we
shall see how a star delta starter reduces the starting current of a three-phase
induction motor.

For that let us consider,

VL = Supply Line Voltage, ILS = Supply Line Current and, IPS = Winding
Current per Phase and Z = Impedance per phase winding at stand still
condition.

As the winding is star connected, the winding current per phase (IPS) equals
to supply line current (ILS).

As the winding is star connected, the voltage across each phase of the
winding is

Hence, the winding current per phase is

Since here, the winding current per phase (IPS) equals to the supply line
current (ILS), we can write,

Now, let us consider the situation where the motor gets started with delta
connected stator winding from same three phase supply points

Here, ILD = Supply Line Current and, IPD = Winding Current per Phase and
Z = Impedance per phase winding at stand still condition.

As the winding is delta connected, supply line current (ILD) is root three
times of the winding current per phase (IPD)
As the winding is delta connected, the voltage across each phase of the
winding is

Hence, the winding current per phase is

Now, we can write,

Now, by comparing supply line currents drawn by an induction motor with

star and delta connected winding, we get

Thus we can say that the starting current from the mains in case of star delta
is one-third of direct switching in the delta. Again, we know that the starting
torque of an induction motor is proportional to the square of the voltage
applied to the winding per phase.
The equation shows that star delta starter reduces the starting torque to one-
third of that produced by DOL starter. The star-delta starter is equivalent to
an autotransformer with a 57.7% tapping. Also, the starting torque of a motor
is directly proportional to the square of the voltage at the windings

T ∝ V2

Star/Delta starters are probably the most common reduced voltage starters.
They are used in an attempt to reduce the start current applied to the motor
during start as a means of reducing the disturbances and interference on the
electrical supply.

Traditionally in many supply regions, there has been a requirement to fit a

reduced voltage starter on all motors greater than 5HP (4KW). The
Star/Delta (or Wye/Delta) starter is one of the lowest cost electromechanical
reduced voltage starters that can be applied.

The Star/Delta starter is manufactured from three contactors, a timer and a

thermal overload. The contactors are smaller than the single contactor used
in a Direct on Line starter as they are controlling winding currents only. The
currents through the winding are 1/root 3 (58%) of the current in the
line.There are two contactors that are close during run, often referred to as
the main contractor and the delta contactor. These are AC3 rated at 58% of
the current rating of the motor. The third contactor is the star contactor and
that only carries star current while the motor is connected in star.

The current in star is one third of the current in delta, so this contactor can be
AC3 rated at one third (33%) of the motor rating.

Terminal Connections in Star and Delta Configurations:

L1, L2 and L3 are the 3-phase line voltages, which are given to primary
contactor. The main motor coils are U, V and W is shown in figure. In star
mode of motor windings, the primary contactor associate the mains to
essential winding terminals U1, V1 and W1.the star contactor shorts the
auxiliary winding terminals U2, V2 and W2 as indicated in figure.
Notwithstanding when the primary contactor is shut supply arrives at
terminals A1, B1, C1 and consequently the motor windings are energized in
star-mode.

The timer is initiated in the meantime moment when star contactor is

energized. After the timer achieves the specified time period, the star
contactor is de-energized and delta contactor is energized.

Star-delta Starter Consists following units

Contactors (Main, star and delta contactors)

Open State Starter 3 No’s
Close Transient Starter 4 No’s

Time relay (pull-in delayed) 1 No.

Three-pole thermal overcurrent release 1 No.
Fuse elements or automatic cut-outs for the main circuit 3 Nos.
Fuse element or automatic cut-out for the control circuit 1No.
Automatic Star Delta Starter (Open Circuit Transition)

The main difference between manual star delta starters and automatic star
delta starters is the automatic switching from Star Connection to Delta
Connection based on predefined time intervals.

A Time Delay Relay is used to obtain the necessary time before switching
from Star to Delta. Depending on the capacity of the motor and its load
conditions, the time delay can be more or less around 10 seconds.

The wiring diagram of an Automatic Star Delta Starter is same as that of the
Semi – Automatic Star Delta Starter. But there is a significant difference in
the control circuit, which is shown in the following image.
First, the ON button is pushed and the contactor S gets energized. This will
close the contact S1 and hence the contactor M will get energized. Since
both the contactors S and M are active, the motor starts rotating in Star
Connection.

When the contactor S is activated, the Time Delay Relay T is also energized.
As a result, the motor windings stay in Star Connection until the time set in
the Time Delay Relay.

After the preset time (say 10 seconds) is up, the contact of Time Delay Relay
i.e. T1 gets opened, resulting in de – energizing of contactor S.

As S is de – energized, S1 is opened and S2 is closed. Since contactor M is

already activated by M1, and now that S2 is closed, the windings of the
motor get connected in Delta Connection.

The contact D1, which is a supplementary contact of contactor D, is opened

when the Delta Connection is active. This will avoid activating Star
Connection when Delta Connection is active.

In this Automatic Star Delta Starter, the Delta Connection is established only
after the Star Connection is released. This type of connection is called Open
Circuit Transition.
Automatic Star Delta Starter (Closed Circuit Transition)

The Open Circuit Transition type Automatic Star Delta Starter discussed in
the above section is sufficient for almost all motors but we need a Closed
Circuit Transition type Automatic Star Delta Starter in order to block power
disturbances.

A Closed Circuit Transition type Automatic Star Delta Starter can be

designed by slightly modifying the Open Circuit Transition starting circuit.

The additional components are a 3 pole contactor and few resistors. The
following image shows the wiring diagram of the Automatic Star Delta
Starter with Closed Circuit Transition.
The main problem with Open Circuit Transition is that the windings of the
motor gets disconnected from the supply for a small duration during the
transition from Star to Delta Connection.

We can overcome this in Closed Circuit Transition by keeping the motor

windings energized with the help of resistors when windings change from
Star to Delta Connection.

During the startup, the contactors S and M (Star Connection Contactor and
Main Contactor) gets activated and the motor starts rotating. As it gains
speed, the Time Delay Relay Contactor T is energized.

The main difference between the open and closed circuit transitions is that
the Timer Contactor T is connected in parallel to the Delta Contactor D
through the resistors.

After the time delay, the contactor S is deactivated and the contactor D gets
activated. As a result, the windings get connected in Delta Connection.

During this transition (opening of contactor S and closing of contactor D),

the windings of the motor stay connected to the motor with the help of series
resistors through contactor T.

The following images shows the control circuit for Closed Circuit Transition
type Automatic Star Delta Starter.
When the ON button is pushed, the control relay contactor CR is energized
and the corresponding supplementary contacts CR1 and CR2 will be closed.
As CR2 is closed, the Star Connection contactor S is energized.

The auxiliary contacts of S i.e. S1 and S2 will be closed and opened

respectively. Because of the contact S1, the main contactor M gets activated
and thus the motor starts running in Star Connection. M stays energized with
the help of M1.

Along with the main contactor M, the Timer A gets activated. After a
predefined time, the auxiliary contact of A i.e. A1 is closed, which will
energize the Timer Contactor T and Timer B.
Now, the energizing of the Timer T will result in connecting the resistors in
parallel to the motor windings. The Timer B, which was energized by A1,
operates after a time delay and opens its auxiliary contact B1.

Now, the open B1 will deactivate the S contactor, which will disengage the
Star Connection at the motor windings. As S is de – energized, the contact
S2 is closed and as a result, the Delta contactor is activated. The contactor T
will help the Delta connected windings to stay connected to the supply
through the series resistors.

As the contactor D is activated, its supplementary contacts D1 and D2 will

be opened. Here, D1 will prevent the Star Connection to be activated while
the Delta Connection is active and D2 will deactivate the contactors of
Timer T, Timer A and Timer B. The motor keeps running in Delta
Connection with the help of contactors D and M.

1. Open Transition Starters

Discuss mention above is called open transition switching because there is

an open state between the star state and the delta state.
In open transition the power is disconnected from the motor while the
winding are reconfigured via external switching.

When a motor is driven by the supply, either at full speed or at part speed,
there is a rotating magnetic field in the stator. This field is rotating at line
frequency. The flux from the stator field induces a current in the rotor and
this in turn results in a rotor magnetic field.

When the motor is disconnected from the supply (open transition) there is a
spinning rotor within the stator and the rotor has a magnetic field. Due to the
low impedance of the rotor circuit, the time constant is quite long and the
action of the spinning rotor field within the stator is that of a generator which
generates voltage at a frequency determined by the speed of the rotor.

When the motor is reconnected to the supply, it is reclosing onto an

unsynchronized generator and this result in a very high current and torque
transient. The magnitude of the transient is dependent on the phase
relationship between the generated voltage and the line voltage at the point
of closure can be much higher than DOL current and torque and can result in
electrical and mechanical damage.

Open transition starting is the easiest to implement in terms or cost and

circuitry and if the timing of the changeover is good, this method can work
well. In practice though it is difficult to set the necessary timing to operate
correctly and disconnection/reconnection of the supply can cause significant
voltage/current transients.

In open transition there are four states:

OFF State: All Contactors are open.

Star State: The Main [KM3] and the Star [KM1] contactors are closed and
the delta [KM2] contactor is open. The motor is connected in star and will
produce one third of DOL torque at one third of DOL current.

Open State: This type of operation is called open transition switching

because there is an open state between the star state and the delta state. The
Main contractor is closed and the Delta and Star contactors are open. There
is voltage on one end of the motor windings, but the other end is open so no
current can flow. The motor has a spinning rotor and behaves like a
generator.

Delta State: The Main and the Delta contactors are closed. The Star
contactor is open. The motor is connected to full line voltage and full power
and torque are available

Merits:

Open transition starter is very easy to implement in terms of cost and

circuitry, it does not require additional voltage educing equipment.

Demerits:

Open transition makes a surge of current and torque at change over which
stuns the system both electrically and mechanically. Electrically, the
outcome of the momentary peaks in current could cause force vacillations or
misfortunes. Mechanically, the expanded torque coming about because of
the current spike could be sufficient to harm system components i.e. snap a
drive shaft.
2. Closed Transition Star/Delta Starter

There is a technique to reduce the magnitude of the switching transients.

This requires the use of a fourth contactor and a set of three resistors. The
resistors must be sized such that considerable current is able to flow in the
motor windings while they are in circuit.

The auxiliary contactor and resistors are connected across the delta
contactor. In operation, just before the star contactor opens, the auxiliary
contactor closes resulting in current flow via the resistors into the star
connection. Once the star contactor opens, current is able to flow round
through the motor windings to the supply via the resistors. These resistors
are then shorted by the delta contactor.

If the resistance of the resistors is too high, they will not swamp the voltage
generated by the motor and will serve no purpose.

In closed transition the power is maintained to the motor at all time.

This is achieved by introducing resistors to take up the current flow during

the winding changeover. A fourth contractor is required to place the resistor
in circuit before opening the star contactor and then removing the resistors
once the delta contactor is closed.

These resistors need to be sized to carry the motor current. In addition to

requiring more switching devices, the control circuit is more complicated
due to the need to carry out resistor switching

In close transition there are four states

OFF State: All Contactors are open

Star State: The Main [KM3] and the Star [KM1] contactors are closed and
the delta [KM2] contactor is open. The motor is connected in star and will
produce one third of DOL torque at one third of DOL current.

Star Transition State: The motor is connected in star and the resistors are
connected across the delta contactor via the aux [KM4] contactor.

Closed Transition State: The Main [KM3] contactor is closed and the Delta
[KM2] and Star [KM1] contactors are open. Current flows through the motor
windings and the transition resistors via KM4.

Delta State: The Main and the Delta contactors are closed. The transition
resistors are shorted out. The Star contactor is open. The motor is connected
to full line voltage and full power and torque are available.

Merit:

There is a reduction in the incremental current surge, which results from

transition. Thus closed transition starter has a smooth change over.
Demerit:

In addition to requiring more switching devices, the control circuit is more

complicated due to the need to carry out resistor switching. Also, the added
circuitry leads to significant rise in the cost of the installation.

Effect of Transient in Starter (Open Transient starter)

It is Important the pause between star contactor switch off and Delta
contactor switch is on correct. This is because Star contactor must be reliably
disconnected before Delta contactor is activated. It is also important that the
switch over pause is not too long.

For 415v Star Connection voltage is effectively reduced to 58% or 240v. The
equivalent of 33% that is obtained with Direct Online (DOL) starting.

If Star connection has sufficient torque to run up to 75% or %80 of full load
speed, then the motor can be connected in Delta mode.

When connected to Delta configuration the phase voltage increases by a ratio

of V3 or 173%. The phase currents increase by the same ratio. The line
current increases three times its value in star connection.

During transition period of switchover the motor must be free running with
little deceleration. While this is happening “Coasting” it may generate a
voltage of its own, and on connection to the supply this voltage can
randomly add to or subtract from the applied line voltage. This is known as
transient current. Only lasting a few milliseconds it causes voltage surges
and spikes. Known as a changeover transient.
 SIZE OF EACH PART OF STAR-DELTA STARTER

1. Size of Over Load Relay

For a star-delta starter there is a possibility to place the overload protection

in two positions, in the line or in the windings.

Overload Relay in Line:

In the line is the same as just putting the overload before the motor as with a
DOL starter.

The rating of Overload (In Line) = FLC of Motor.

Disadvantage: If the overload is set to FLC, then it is not protecting the

motor while it is in delta (setting is x1.732 too high).

Overload Relay in Winding:

In the windings means that the overload is placed after the point where the
wiring to the contactors are split into main and delta. The overload then alw
ays measures the current inside the windings.

The setting of Overload Relay (In Winding) =0.58 X FLC (line current).

Disadvantage: We must use separate short circuit and overload protections.

2. Size of Main and Delta Contactor

There are two contactors that are close during run, often referred to as the
main contractor and the delta contactor. These are AC3 rated at 58% of the
current rating of the motor.

Size of Main Contactor= IFL x 0.58

3. Size of Star Contactor

The third contactor is the star contactor and that only carries star current
while the motor is connected in star. The current in star is 1/ √3= (58%) of
the current in delta, so this contactor can be AC3 rated at one third (33%) of
the motor rating.

Size of Star Contactor= IFL x 0.33

MOTOR STARTING CHARACTERISTICS

Available starting current: 33% Full Load Current.

Peak starting current: 1.3 to 2.6 Full Load Current.

Peak starting torque: 33% Full Load Torque.

 ADVANTAGES OF STAR-DELTA STARTER

 The operation of the star-delta method is simple and rugged

 It is relatively cheap compared to other reduced voltage methods.
 Good Torque/Current Performance.
 It draws 2 times starting current of the full load ampere of the motor
connected

DISADVANTAGES OF STAR-DELTA STARTER

 Low Starting Torque (Torque = (Square of Voltage) is also reduce).

 Break In Supply – Possible Transients
 Six Terminal Motor Required (Delta Connected).
 It requires 2 set of cables from starter to motor.
 It provides only 33% starting torque and if the load connected to the
subject motor requires higher starting torque at the time of starting than
very heavy transients and stresses are produced while changing from
star to delta connections, and because of these transients and stresses
many electrical and mechanical break-down occurs.

 In this method of starting initially motor is connected in star and then

after change over the motor is connected in delta. The delta of motor is
formed in starter and not on motor terminals.

.
  High transmission and current peaks: When starting up pumps and
fans for example, the load torque is low at the beginning of the start
and increases with the square of the speed. When reaching approx. 80-
85 % of the motor rated speed the load torque is equal to the motor
torque and the acceleration ceases. To reach the rated speed, a switch
over to delta position is necessary, and this will very often result in
high transmission and current peaks. In some cases the current peak
can reach a value that is even bigger than for a D.O.L start.

 Applications with a load torque higher than 50 % of the motor rated

torque will not be able to start using the start-delta starter.

 Low Starting Torque: The star-delta (wye-delta) starting method

controls whether the lead connections from the motor are configured in
a star or delta electrical connection. The initial connection should be in
the star pattern that results in a reduction of the line voltage by a factor
of 1/√3 (57.7%) to the motor and the current is reduced to 1/3 of the
current at full voltage, but the starting torque is also reduced 1/3 to 1/5
of the DOL starting torque.

 The transition from star to delta transition usually occurs once nominal
speed is reached, but is sometimes performed as low as 50% of
nominal speed which make transient Sparks.
 FEATURES OF STAR-DELTA STARTING

 For low- to high-power three-phase motors.

 Reduced starting current
 Six connection cables
 Reduced starting torque
 Current peak on changeover from star to delta
 Mechanical load on changeover from star to delta

APPLICATION OF STAR-DELTA STARTER

 The star-delta method is usually only applied to low to medium voltage

and light starting Torque motors.
 The received starting current is about 30 % of the starting current
during direct on line start and the starting torque is reduced to about 25
% of the torque available at a D.O.L start. This starting method only
works when the application is light loaded during the start.If the motor
is too heavily loaded, there will not be enough torque to accelerate the
motor up to speed before switching over to the delta position.
 ESTIMATING AND COSTING

Price
Material Unit Total
(p.u.)
Contactor 3 890 2670
Overload Relay 1 950 950
Timer 1 820 820
Push Button 2 60 120
NO+NC 2 40 80
Indicator 2 70 140

Auxilary(NO+NC) 2 170 340

M.C.B. 1 500 500
M.C.B. Box 1 100 100
Clips (Packet) 2 35 70
3-way Connector 3 20 60
1.5 mm2 Wire - 450 450
Wooden Board 1 250 250
Chart Paper 1 10 10
Glue Stick 1 60 60
Name Print - 60 60
Screw (Wooden) - 30 30
Extras 340 340

TOTAL 7050
COSTING
Price of Material
7050
Labour Cost
705
(10% of Material cost)
Sub Total - 1
7755

Contingencies
233
(3% of Material & Labour cost)

Overhead Charges 853

(11% of Material & Labour cost)

Sub Total - 2 1086

Sub Total 8841

(Sub Total - 1 + Sub Total – 2)

Supervision Charge
(10% of Sub Total cost) 884

Total
(Sub Total + Supervision Charge) 9725

Profit
(20% of Total cost) 1945

GRAND TOTAL 11670