PERFORMANCE OF BROILER FED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GREEN

SEAWEED (Ulva lactuca Say) MEAL

MICHAEL L. DELICANO
RITA B. BERGANIO

A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of the Agriculture Department
Capiz State University, Burias Campus
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirement for the
Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

Major: Animal Science

APRIL 2019
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

Rita Bullos Berganio the daughter of Mr. Danilo Bautista Berganio and Mrs. Teresa

Bullos Berganio of Brgy. Burias, Mambusao, Capiz was born on the 2nd day of August, 1998.

She is the eight child in the family with six brothers and two sisters.

Having a great desire to acquire basic learning, she enrolled her elementary education

at Burias Elementary School but she transferred to Plaridel West Elementary School in

Roxas City when she was in Grade six and graduated in 2012. With her great interest to gain

more knowledge, she continued to foster her capabilities by enrolling at Capiz National High

School and graduated in 2015.

Driven with an enormous desire to obtain a degree, she pursued her tertiary education

at Capiz State University Burias Campus, taking up Bachelor of Science in Agriculture,

major in Animal Science.

She was an active member of various campus organizations such as Supreme Student

Council (SSC), Future Leader of the Philippines (FLP), College of Agriculture and Forestry

student Organization (CAFSO), Society of Agriculture Student (SAS), Animal Science

Student Organization (ASSO).

With God’s help and blessings, the author hopes to graduate this April 2019.

Michael L. Delicano was born on 25th day of November 1994. He is the second child

in the family with two brothers and two sisters born to Mr. Paterno Martinez Delicano and

Melanie Llasus Delicano of Barangay Burias Mambusao Capiz. He enrolled his elementary

education at Burias Elementary School and graduated in 2006. In the same year, he enrolled

his secondary education at Mambusao National High School and graduated in 2015.

ii
 With his great desire to attain his goal, he enrolled his tertiary education at Capiz

State University Burias Campus taking up Bachelor of Science in Agriculture and Forestry

major Animal Science.

During his college days, he was one of the recipients of “May Gugma Na May Angga

pa” financial assistance. He was also an active member of various campus organization such

as Supreme Student Council (SSC), Future Leader of the Philippines (FLP), College of

Agriculture and Forestry student Organization (CAFSO), Society of Agriculture Student

(SAS), Animal Science Student Organization (ASSO), and Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity/

Sorority (SAE), as the key keeper in 2015.

He hopes to finish his degree in April 2019.

RITA B. BERGANIO

MICHAEL L. DELICANO

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Above all, the authors are very thankful to the Almighty God for giving them the

graces, love, blessings, mercy, strength, and patience in overcoming all the problems,

hardships, and trials in their studies, especially during the conduct of the study and in their

daily lives.

This study would have not been successful without the encouragement, support, and

cooperation of the individuals and important persons who in one way or another contributed

what the researchers aims for. The researchers wish to express their sincerest gratitude and

profound appreciation to the following persons who have stretched their assistance and

guidance for the completion of this study:

Mrs. Elsie L. Baranda, Chairman of the Advisory Committee, for her concern,

reminders, encouragement, valuable supportt, for the great patience in correcting the

manuscript and for the precious help which contributed a lot to the success of the study;

Mr. Rodriz C. Loja, Member of the Advisory Committee, for his suggestions,

precious time, guidance, suggestions and corrections, reminders, encouragement, valuable

support, for the great efforts and patience in correcting the manuscript, for visiting us during

the conduct of the study and for the precious help which contributed a lot to the success of

the study;

Prof. Wilfredo C. Abogadie, Member of the Advisory Committee, for visiting the

experimental area, for his valuable suggestions during the conduct of the study and for

correcting the manuscript.

iv
 Dr. Auralyn F. Balacase, Dean of the College of Agriculture and Forestry and

Chairman of the Agriculture Department, for her valuable comments, suggestions, guidance

and encouragement, for her motherly advice and efforts in correcting the manuscript;

Dr. Ryan T. Sarimong, Campus Research Chair for his corrections, suggestions, and

for his time and effort in editing the manuscript;

Dr. Guillermo L. Legada Jr., Research Coordinator for his encouragement,

guidance, suggestions, and for his valuable time and efforts in correcting our manuscript;

Dr. Victoria N. Garnace, for her financial and moral support, guidance,

encouragement, and for her motherly piece of advice.

All the faculty and staff of the College of Agriculture and Forestry, for the knowledge

imparted to the researchers.

Rita B. Berganio would like to express her profound gratitude to her beloved mother

and father, Mrs. Teresa B. Berganio and Mr. Danilo B. Berganio, for their prayers, love,

guidance, financial and moral support; to her brother and sisters, for the all out help; to her

relatives, for their love, help, encouragement and financial support. She is also grateful to her

co-author, Michael L. Delicano, for the moral and spiritual support, untiring love and

encouragement for the completion of this study.

Michael L. Delicano would like to is extended his special thanks to his beloved

parents Mr. Paterno M. Delicano and Mrs. Melanie L. Delicano, for their effort and financial

support, guidance and prayers. To his brother and sister, for the encouragement, love and

support given to him.

To all their classmates and friends, namely: Rannel, Donita, Elvin, Fel, Christian, Jay-

R, Dhel Jean, Ferdinand, Gheneric, Rodel, Dawn, Remos: to all of you thank you so much!!

v
 To all those who helped lessened the authors’ burden and problems emotionally,

mentally and financially, and to those who have been instrumental in helping the authors

obtain the degree, THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

R. B. B
M. L. D

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

I INTRODUCTION 1

Objective of the Study 2

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 3

Time and Place of The Study 3

Definition of Terms 3

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5

The Poultry Industry in the Philippines 5

The Potential of Seaweed as Feed to Animal 6

Green Seaweeds 7

III MATERIALS AND METHODS 8

Materials 8

Methods 8

Experimental Methods 8

Experimental treatments 8

Experimental layout and design 8

Management Practices 10

Preparation of poultry house and equipment 10

Grouping of birds 10

Brooding of chicks 10

Feeding and watering 10

Collection and preparation of green seaweed meal 11

Preparation of ration 11

vii
 Application of treatment 11

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

Sanitation 11

Vaccination 11

Data Gathering 11

Mean initial weight (kg) 11

Mean final weight (kg) 12

Mean feed consumption (kg) 12

Mean gain in weight (kg) 12

Mean feed conversion ratio (kg) 12

Mean water intake (L) 12

Income-over-feed, chicks and Green Seaweed Cost (Php) 12

Statistical Tools and Analysis 13

IV RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 14

Mean Feed Consumption (kg) 14

Mean Gain in Weight (kg) 15

Mean Feed Conversion Ratio (kg) 16

Mean Water Intake (L) 18

Income-over-feed, chicks and Green Seaweed Cost (Php) 19

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 21

Summary 21

Conclusions 22

Recommendations 22

REFERENCES 23

viii
 APPENDICES 25

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

1.0 Mean feed consumption (kg) of broiler fed with different levels of 14
green seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal.

1.1 Analysis of Variance of Mean feed consumption data from Table 1.0. 15

2.0 Mean gain in weight (kg) of broiler fed with different levels of green 16
seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal.

2.1 Analysis of Variance of Mean gain in weight data from Table 2.0. 16

3.0 Mean feed conversion ratio (kg) of broiler fed with different levels of 17
green seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal.

3.1 Analysis of Variance of Mean feed conversion ratio data from Table 17
3.0.
4.0 Mean water intake (L) of broiler fed with different levels of green 18
seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal.

4.1 Analysis of Variance of Mean water intake data from Table 4.0. 19
5.0 Income-over-feed, chicks and green seaweed costs (P) of broiler fed 20
with different levels of green seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal.

ix
 LIST OF APPENDICES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1.0 Mean initial weight (kg) of broilers with different level of green 26
seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal.

2.0 Analysis of Variance of the mean initial weight (kg) of broiler with 26
different levels of green seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal data in the
Appendix 1.0.

3.0 Mean final weight (kg) of broiler with different level of Green 27
Seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal.

4.0 Analysis of Variance of the mean final weight (kg) of broiler with 27
different levels of green seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal data in the
Appendix 3.0.

5.0 The title of the study tasted near the experimental data. 28
6.0 Green seaweeds (Ulva lactuca Say). 28
7.0 Ground green seaweeds (Ulva lactuca Say). 29
8.0 Ground green seaweeds mixing with commercial feeds. 29
9.0 The researcher washing the Feeding trough. 30
10.0 The researcher washing the waterer. 30
11.0 The researcher feeding of birds. 31
12.0 The researcher watering of birds. 31

x
 ABSTRACT

Rita B. Berganio and Michael L. Delicano, Capiz State University, Burias, Campus,

Mambusao, Capiz March 2018. Performance of Broiler fed with different levels of Green

Seaweed (Ulva sactuca Say) Meal.

Thesis Adviser: Mrs. Elsie L. Baranda

This study was conducted at the poultry house of Capiz State University, Burias

Campus from December 18, 2018 to January 25, 2019 to find out the growth performance of

broilers in terms of their feed consumption, water intake, gain in weight, feed conversion

ratio and income-over-feed cost. The different feed types and levels tested were pure

commercial feeds, 50 g, 60 g, and 70 g of green seaweeds meal. Each treatment was

replicated three times laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD).

Data gathering started on the 15th day at the start of the experiment and was completed

on the 35th day, the termination of the experiment. The collected data were analyzed using

the Analysis of Variance and the results were interpreted at 0.05 level of significance. LSD

test was used to determine significant differences between treatment meals.

Feed consumption was significantly influenced by different levels of seaweed meal.

However, gain in weight, feed conversion ratio and water intake of birds were not affected by

the different levels of green seaweed meal. The birds given with pure commercial feeds gave

the highest net profit.

xi
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Poultry industry is one of the promising agricultural businesses in the Philippines and

contributes a sizable portion in the entire agricultural economy. Poultry contribute

significantly to poverty alleviation and the improvement of food security. They provide a

source of high-quality protein and a source of income for small farmers (Teodosio, 2004).

The Philippines has a massive poultry industry that is dominated by broilers and the

native Philippine chickens. Some of the biggest factors favoring the Filipino poultry industry

are its massive population, fast rising incomes and a love for chicken. In July 2017, the

chicken population in the Philippines stood at 181.05 million birds. In spite of the numerous

challenges faced during the year, the chicken population in the Philippines grew 3.73%

compared to the previous year (PMCFPFP, 2018).

In the Philippines poultry production gained popularity more than three decades,

however, production costs particularly on feeds continue to rise which considerably affect

farmers’ income. Feed cost is estimated to range from 55 to 65 percent of the total production

costs. This situation remains to be the major problem confronting backyard and commercial

poultry raisers. Farmers who are engaged in poultry production are looking possible means

of providing their birds with feed stuff that can lower feed cost but could still supply the

nutrients requirements of the growing birds. Researches are conducted to identify low cost

feed substitutes but can still provide the nutrient requirements of poultry. Because of this,

there is growing interest in looking for possible substitute for expensive feed ingredients

(Cochin, 1988).

xii
 Recent developments showed that seaweed can be used in poultry diets a recent

scientific overview examines their role as an additive and their potential effects for

poultry health and egg quality.

Green seaweed (Ulva lactucta Say) is the most widely distributed organism in the

ocean. It is a lower cryptogam growing in the ocean, rich in protein, amino acid, inorganic

salt, vitamin, alginate, a small amount of enzyme, plant hormones, polyphenols and

polysaccharides. Some scientists claim that these are the real originators of our land based

plants (Guiry, 2015).

Seaweed waste contains iodine, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and active

ingredient. These nutrient elements are mostly organic form, which are not prone to

oxidation in the natural environment and can be preserved in seaweed waste in animal feed.

In addition, the seaweed waste has high practical value, non-toxic and harmless to animal. It

has also some medicinal component which can reduce animal morbidity, increase growth

rate, and improves the quality of poultry meat and eggs (Cheng & Hardly, 2003).

Green seaweed may be feed to broilers at inclusion rates ranging from 2% to 4%. It is

claimed that use of seaweed has a positive effect on feed intake, feed conversion ratio and

average daily gain while reducing abdominal and subcutaneous fat thickness, thus improving

breast meat quality (Guiry, 2015).

Considering seaweed as a cheap feed ingredient, there is a need to gain knowledge on

its effect on the to growth performance of broiler, hence this study.

Objectives of the Study

This study was conducted to determine the growth performance of broiler fed with

green seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal. Specifically, this study aims to:
xiii
1. determine the effect of green seaweed meal as feed additives in terms of feed

consumption, gain in weight, feed conversion ratio and water intake;

2. determine which level of green seaweed meal gives best results in terms of feed

consumption, gain in weight, feed conversion ratio, and water intake; and

3. find out which level of green seaweed meal gives the highest profit.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study was limited on the growth performance of broiler feed with seaweed meal

incorporated in the ration in terms of feed consumption, gain in weight, feed conversion

ratio, water intake and profitability. The treatment was applied after the brooding period that

is from the 15th day up to 35 days.

Time and Place of the Study

This study was conducted at the poultry house of Capiz State University Burias

Campus, Mambusao, Capiz from December 22, 2018 to January 25, 2019.

Definition of Terms

The term used in the study are operationally defined as follows:

Ad libitum feeding is a system of feeding where broiler are given and allowed to eat

all the feeds they can consume for a day.

Broiler is a chicken raised for meat and marketed at the age of 35 days.

Brooding is the process of providing heat to the young birds to keep their body warm

and comfortable.

xiv
 Commercial ration refers to the commercial feed booster, starter, grower, sold in the

market which containing the nutrients required by the birds.

Feed consumption refers to the amount of feeds required by the birds to produce a

unit gain in the body weight.

Final weight (kg) refers to the weight of birds taken at the termination of study.

Feed conversion ratio refers to the amount of feeds required by the broiler chicken

to produce a unit gain in the weight.

Gain in weight (g) refers to the difference between the final weight and the initial

weight of the experimental birds.

Green seaweed meal refers to the by-product of sun-dried seaweeds.

Green seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) green algae contain chlorophylls a and b, and

store food as starch in their plastids. They contain both unicellular and multi cellular species.

While most species live in fresh water habitats, and a large number in marine habitats, other

species are adapted to a wide range of environments.

Green seaweed meal refers to the by-product of sun-dried seaweeds meal.

Initial weight (kg) refers to the weight of birds at the start of the experiment.

Performance refers to the feed consumption, gain in weight, feed conversion ratio

and water intake of the broiler.

Water intake refers to the amount of water (L) required by the broiler chicken to

produce a unit gain in the weight.

xv
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The Poultry Industry in the Philippines

Poultry production is one of the very profitable business nowadays, for there is a

continuous increase in the number in the local raisers which eventually led to shortage of

feed ingredients. The poultry subsector expanded by 8.36 percent. This accounted for 16.02

percent of the total agricultural output. Chicken contributed to the subsector’s performance

with its 9.32 percent increment in production. The gross value of poultry production at

current prices amounted P55.32 billon, up by 10.07 percent from last year’s earnings. For the

period January to June 2017, the subsector recorded a 5.09 percent growth in output

(Ocampo, 2016).

It is one of the world’s major fastest producer of meat in 2010, the chicken population

in the Philippines will be estimated to be 159 million, slightly higher (0.2%) than last year’s

level. Layer and native chicken inventor of grew by 13 and 2 percent, respectively. Almost

50 percent of the total chicken population will be accounted for native or village chicken

raised in backyard farms while the remaining 32.8% (broiler) were taken up by the

commercial broilers (PCAARRD, 2017). The high cost of feeds even today with so many

researcher conducted, remains a major problem comforting our backyard and commercial

poultry raiser. Because of this, there is growing interest in looking for possible substitute for

expensive ingredients. Farmers who are engaged in poultry production are looking possible

means of providing their birds with feed stuff that can lower feed cost yet could supply the

nutrients requirements of the growing birds (Cochin, 1988).

xvi
 The largest broiler population in the Philippines has been recorded in Central

Luzon. It accounted for 26.53% of Philippine broiler population. This was followed by

CALABARZON that accounted for 17.53% and Northern Mindanao that accounted for

13.47%. Together, these three regions accounted for 57.53% of the Philippine broiler

production. The chicken production volume was 861,870 metric tons between January and

June 2017. During the first half of 2017, the chicken egg production also grew by 242,988

metric tons, a growth of 4.49% over the same period in the previous year (Poultry Manual in

the Philippines, 2018).

The Potential of Seaweed as Feed to Animals

Seaweeds decrease microbial load in digestive tract, and for their beneficial effect on

poultry meat and eggs. Seaweed valuable alternative source of calcium is higher than the

organic from mineral sources such as limestone, seaweed results in better bone health and

reduce leg weakness and lameness (Burgin, 2016).

Seaweed is the most widely distributed organism in the ocean. It is a lower cryptogam

growing in the ocean, rich in protein, amino acid, inorganic salt, vitamin, alginate, a small

amount of enzyme, plant hormones, polyphenols and polysaccharides (Gao, 2004 as a cited

by Zhang, Xiaojian, Dhengquiang, Jie, Xiaohui, & Lai. 2012). Seaweed waste contains

iodine, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and active ingredient. These nutrient elements are

mostly organic form, which are not prone to oxidation in the natural environment and can be

preserved in seaweed waste animal feed. In addition, the seaweed waste has high practical

value, it is non-toxic and harmless to animal. It has also some medicinal value such as: it

reduces the animal morbidity, increase growth rate, and improves the quality of poultry meat

(Cheng & Hardly, 2003).

xvii
 Bioactive components in seaweed include polyphenols, peptides, and polysaccharides

(Jimenez, Escrig, Gomez, & Ruperez, 2011). Many of these active compounds are useful

functional ingredients with numerous health benefits (Yuan & Walsh, 2006; Kim & Joo,

2008). Seaweed are composed of polysaccharides such as fucans and alginic acid which are

derivatives produced by seaweeds. They are known to exhibit biological beneficial properties

including anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumoral activities (Wijesinghe

& Jeon, 2012). Diets of poultry supplemented with seaweed results to better quality meat

(Ventura, Castanon, & Mcnab, 1994).

Green Seaweeds

Ulva lactuca is known by the common name sea lettuce, the nutritive value of U.

lactuca has been the subject of several studies. Seaweed shows great variation in nutrient

composition which is related to several environmental parameters and ecological conditions

such as water temperature, salinity, light, species, season of the year and the geographic area

(Jensen, 1993).

Several researchers investigated the nutritional value of seaweeds as an ingredient for

broiler chickens without any adverse effects on performance (Asar, 1972).The use of some

weeds in poultry nutrition indicated that supplementation of chicken’s basal diet with 4.0%

seaweeds increased body weight gain (Maurice, Jones, Dillon, & Weber, 1984).

Ulva lactuca included at 1–3% resulted in improved egg production and quality: it

increased weight, shell thickness, and yolk color and reduced cholesterol in yolk. It also

resulted in lower E. coli load in feces, suggesting better animal health. Also it was found to

decrease the feed conversion ratio (Burgin, 2016).

xviii
 Ulva lactuca fed to broilers at inclusion rates ranging from 2% to 4% provided best

nutrient availability and high apparent metabolizable energy, which may be attributed to a

high level of amylase in the duodenum. It has also a positive effect on feed intake, feed

conversion ratio and average daily gain while reducing abdominal and subcutaneous fat

thickness, thus improving breast meat quality (Guiry, 2015).

xix
 CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The materials and equipment used in the study were the following: sixty heads day-

old straight-run broiler chicks, commercial feeds (booster, starter, grower) green seaweed

meal, feeder, watering trough, rearing cages, electric bulbs, vaccine, vitamins, old

newspapers, rice hull, disinfectants, record book, and weighing scale.

Methods

Experimental Methods

Experimental treatments. The experiment was composed of four treatments:

Treatment A – control pure commercial feeds, Treatment B – 50g green seaweed meal per

kilogram of feeds, Treatment C – 60g green seaweed meal per kilogram of feeds, and

Treatment D - 70g green seaweed meal per kilogram of feeds. Each treatment was replicated

three times with a total of twelve experimental units.

Experimental lay-out and design. The rearing pens were divided into 12 partitions

which correspond to the four treatments with three replicates. The different treatment was

arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) as shown in Figure 1.0.

xx
 13.9 ft
2.5ft

A1 2.0 ft D1 D3

B1 3.2ft C2 C1 8 ft

C3 A3 D2

A2 B2 B3

Figure 1.0. The experimental design and lay-out of the study arranged in Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments replicated three times.

Legend:

Treatment A - Pure commercial feeds (control)

Treatment B - 50 g green seaweed meal /kg feeds

Treatment C - 60 g of green seaweed meal /kg feeds

Man Treatment D - 70 g of green seaweed meal /kg feeds

agement Practices

Preparation of poultry house and equipment. The rearing cages were cleaned

thoroughly with soap and water and were sundried. The poultry surroundings and entire

building from ceiling, wall and floor was cleaned and disinfected.

xxi
 Grouping of birds. On the 15th day of brooding, 60 birds were randomly assigned to

different treatment with five birds per replicate by drawing of lots.

Brooding of chicks. The brooding period started immediately upon arrival of

experimental birds. The birds were provided with a light using two pieces of 50-watt electric

bulbs day and night for the first two weeks of brooding. Lowering and raising of the bulb

was done depending on the chick’s behavior in order to meet the temperature requirements.

When the chicks are uniformly distributed inside the brooding cages temperature was

presumed to be adequate. But when the chicks huddled to each other or stayed together, the

temperature is low.

Feeding and watering. Chick booster feeds were given to the birds upon arrival for

one week. Gradual shifting from booster to starter ration was done on the 15th day, with the

ratio of 75% booster and 25% starter, 50% booster with 50% starter ration, 25% booster and

75% starter and on the 15th day full starter feeds were given to the chicks. The same

transition pattern was followed in shifting from starter to finisher on the 21st day of birds.

The birds were given pure grower ration until 35 days. The ration was gradually shifted to

grower until the study terminated. The same process was followed when changing the feed

ration. Feeding was done three times a day: 7:00 in the morning, 12:00 noon and 5:00 in the

afternoon. Feeds were weighed before feeding and the left-over-feed was properly recorded

daily. The birds were supplied with adequate, clean and potable water at all-time up to the

end of study.

Collection and preparation of green seaweed meal. Seaweeds were collected from

Carles, Iloilo. These were washed with potable water for three times to remove the salt or

adhering soil debris, chopped, and placed in an empty container and were sundried for three

xxii
consecutive days until it reaches zero moisture content. The dried were ground using a

grinding machine.

Preparation of ration. The amount of the standard ration and green seaweed meal

were weighed and were thoroughly mixed to obtain the desired amount of the ration specific

in the experimental treatments.

Application of treatment. The different levels of seaweed meal were mixed in the

feed ration as dietary treatments during the feeding time only. The application of treatment

started on the 15th day of the experiment until the termination of the study. Treatment A –

(control) pure commercial feeds, Treatment B – 50 g green seaweed meal per kilogram of

feeds, Treatment C – 60 g green seaweed meal per kilogram of feeds, and Treatment D – 70

g green seaweed meal per kilogram of feeds.

Sanitation. Cleanliness of the poultry house was maintained by disposing waste

materials regularly and by cleaning the feeders and watering troughs daily.

Vaccination. Avian pest vaccine was administered by intranasal method at the rate of

one drop per chick when the birds were seven days old.

Data Gathering

Mean initial weight (kg). These data were taken at the end of brooding period. This

was immediately done before the application of treatment. The birds weighed as a group by

replicate and the total weight was divided by the number of birds to get the mean initial

weight.

Mean final weight (kg). These data was taken at the end of experiment (35 days).

Total weight per replication was divided by the number of birds to get the mean final weight.

xxiii
 Mean feed consumption (kg). Feeds were weighed and recorded before each feeding

time. Left overs were recorded before morning feeding was done. This was deducted from

the feed given to get the feed consumption and divided by the number of the birds in the

group to get the mean feed consumption per bird.

Mean gain in weight (kg). The initial weight was taken at the end of brooding period

at the 15th day before the experimental treatment started. The final weight of the birds was

taken on the 35th day which was the termination of the experiment. The initial weight was

deducted from the final weight of the live birds and the difference was divided by the total

number of the birds per replication per treatment.

Mean feed conversion ratio. The feed conversion ratio was determined by dividing

the mean feed consumption of the birds by their mean gain in weight using the formula:

Mean feed consumption (kg)

FCR =
Mean gain in weight (kg)

Mean water intake. This was determined by measuring the amount of water given to

the birds for the day and the amount of water left in the watering trough before giving

another experimental preparation for the succeeding day. This daily intake was summed up at

the termination of the study and was divided by the number of birds per replicate to represent

the mean water intake of the experimental birds.

Income-over-feed and supplement cost. The data were calculated by subtracting the

cost of the feeds and green seaweed meal consumed by the birds in particular replicate from

the computed value of the birds in the same replicate based from the current prevailing

market price at harvest.

Statistical Tools and Analysis

xxiv
 All data gathered from the experiment except for income-over-feed and green

seaweed meal cost was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANNOVA) using F-test for

Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test was used

to compare significant differences among treatment means.

xxv
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mean Feed Consumption (kg)

Data in Table 1.0 indicate that broiler chicken fed with 70 g of green seaweeds meal

consumed the highest amount of feeds with the mean of 2.72 kg. This was followed by birds

given with 60 g of green seaweeds with a mean of 2.64 kg and birds fed with 50 g of green

seaweeds had a mean feed consumption of 2.51 kg. The lowest mean feed consumption was

observed from birds given with pure commercial feeds with a mean 2.47 kg.

The Analysis of Variance in Table 1.0 shows that there was a significant difference in

the feed consumption of birds. This indicates that the mean feed consumption of broilers was

significantly affected by the different levels of green seaweeds. Least Significant Difference

(LSD) test reveals that birds fed with 70 g green seaweed meal (GSM) had the highest feed

consumption which is comparable to feed consumption of birds fed with 60 g GSM.

Table 1.0. Mean feed consumption (kg) of broiler fed with different levels of green seaweed
(Ulva lactuca Say) meal.
REPLICATION
TREATMENT TOTAL MEAN
1 2 3

Pure commercial Feeds 2.50 2.43 2.48 7.42 2.47 c

50g GSM/kg CF 2.44 2.60 2.49 7.53 2.51bc
60g GSM/kg CF 2.68 2.76 2.49 7.92 2.64ab
70g GSM/kg CF 2.77 2.69 2.70 8.16 2.72a

GRAND TOTAL/MEAN 31.03 2.59

Means having a common letter are not significantly different; LSD 0.05 = 0.16
GSM – Green Seaweeds Meal; CF – Commercial Feeds

xxvi
Table 1.1. Analysis of Variance of Mean feed consumption data from Table 1.0.
F value
SV DF SS MS Tabular
Computed
5% 1%
Treatment 3 0 .1214 0.0405 5.56* 4.07 7.59

Error 8 0.0583 0.0073

Total 11 0.1797
* = significant CV = 3.30%

Mean Gain in Weight (kg)

The gain in weight of broilers fed with different levels of green seaweeds in the ration

after 35 days is shown in Table 2.0. The results revealed that birds fed with 70 g of green

meal obtained the highest gain in weight with a mean 1.26 kg. This was followed by birds

given with pure commercial feeds with a mean gain in weight of 1.21 kg and birds given

with 60 g GSM (1.20 kg). The lowest mean gain in weight was observed from birds fed with

50 g of green seaweed meal with a mean of 1.17.kg

The Analysis of Variance using F-test (Table 2.1) indicates no significant variation in

the mean gain in weight of birds. This finding indicates that green seaweeds meal can be

mixed to commercial feeds up to 70 g/kg feeds without any considerable reduction in body

weight.

xxvii
Table 2.0. Mean gain in weight (kg) of broiler fed with different levels of green seaweed
(Ulva lactuca Say) meal.
REPLICATION
TREATMENT TOTAL MEAN
1 2 3

Pure commercial Feeds 1.10 1.31 1.22 3.65 1.21

50g GSM/kg CF 1.20 1.08 1.23 3.52 1.17

60g GSM/kg CF 1.25 1.20 1.14 3.59 1.20

70g GSM/kg CF 1.31 1.08 1.38 3.77 1.26

GRAND TOTAL/MEAN 14.54 1.21

GSM – Green Seaweeds Meal; CF – Commercial Feeds

Table 2.1. Analysis of Variance of Mean gain in weight data from Table 2.0.

F value
SV DF SS MS Tabular
Computed
5% 1%
ns
Treatment 3 0.0118 0.0039 0.35 4.07 7.59

Error 8 0.0901 0.0113

Total 11 0.1020
ns = not significant CV= 8.78

Mean Feed Conversion Ratio

Shown in Table 3.0 is the mean feed conversion ratio of birds fed with different level

of seaweeds in the ration. The best conversion ratio was observed from birds given with

pure commercial feeds with a mean of 2.05 kg, followed by birds fed with 50 g green

seaweed meal (2.16 kg) and birds given with 70 g of green seaweeds/kg feeds recorded a

mean feed conversion ratio of 2.19 kg. The lowest mean feed conversion ratio was observed

from birds fed with 60 g of green seaweeds per kilogram of feeds with a mean of 2.21 kg.

xxviii
 The Analysis of Variance using F-test (Table 3.1) indicates that there was no

significant difference in the mean feed conversion ratio. This indicates that the green

seaweed meal did not influence the feed conversion ratio of broiler chicken.

Table 3.0. Mean feed conversion ratio (kg) of broiler fed with different levels of green
seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal.

REPLICATION
TREATMENT TOTAL MEAN
1 2 3

Pure commercial Feeds 2.27 1.85 2.03 6.15 2.05

50g GSM/kg CF 2.05 2.40 2.02 6.45 2.16

60g GSM/kg CF 2.14 2.30 2.18 6.62 2.21

70g GSM/kg CF 2.11 2.50 1.95 6.57 2.19

GRAND TOTAL/MEAN 25.75 2.15

GSM – Green Seaweeds Meal; CF – Commercial Feeds

Table 3.1. Analysis of Variance of Mean feed conversion ratio data from Table 3.0.

F value
SV DF SS MS Tabular
Computed
5% 1%
Treatment 3 0.0438 0.0146 0.33ns 4.07 7.59

Error 8 0.3520 0.0440

Total 11 0.3958
ns = not significant CV = 9.76%

Mean Water Intake

The data revealed that birds fed with 60 g GSM/kg consumed the highest amount of

water with a mean of 5.44 L, followed by birds fed with 70 g seaweed meal with a mean 5.31

xxix
L and birds with 50 g GSM/kg consumed 5.31 L of water. The lowest water intake was

observed from birds fed with pure commercial feeds (5.15 liters).

The Analysis of Variance using F-test (Table 4.1) shows that the differences in mean

water intake were not statistically significant. It simply means that different levels of green

seaweeds mixed in the ration did not affect the water intake or drinking capacity of the

broilers.

Table 4.0. Mean water intake (L) of broiler fed with different levels of green seaweed (Ulva
lactuca Say) meal.
REPLICATION
TREATMENT TOTAL MEAN
1 2 3

Pure commercial Feeds 5.00 5.25 5.20 15.45 5.15

50g GSM/kg CF 5.28 5.17 5.47 15.92 5.31

60g GSM/kg CF 5.52 5.46 5.35 16.32 5.44

70g GSM/kg CF 5.31 5.31 5.35 16.13 5.32

GRAND TOTAL/MEAN 63.83 5.31

GSM – Green Seaweeds Meal; CF – Commercial Feeds

Table 4.1. Analysis of Variance of Mean water intake data from Table 4.0.

F value
SV DF SS MS Tabular
Computed
5% 1%
ns
Treatment 3 0.1305 0.0435 3.59 4.07 7.59

Error 8 0.0970 0.0121

Total 11 0.2275

ns = not significant CV = 2.08%

xxx
Income-Over-Feed, Chicks and Green Seaweed Meal Cost (Php)

Considering the market value of the birds at the termination of the study and after

deducting the feed and supplement costs, the result showed that it was most profitable when

birds were fed with pure commercial feeds which gave the highest net income of Php 36.68

per bird (Table 5.0) this was followed by birds fed with 70 g of green seaweed meal and 50 g

green seaweed meal which obtained a net income of Php 36.39 and 30.64 respectively. The

lowest income-over-feed, chicks and green seaweed meal cost was recorded from birds fed

with 60 g green seaweed meal (Php 28.32).

xxxi
Table 5.0. Income-over-feed, chicks and green seaweed cost (Php) of broiler fed with
different levels of green seaweed (Ulva lactuca Say) meal.
TREATMENT
50grams 60 grams 70 grams
PARTICULARS Control
Green Green Green
(pure Seaweeds Seaweeds Seaweeds
commercial) meal meal Meal
Gain in weight (kg) 1.22 1.17 1.20 1.26

Value of birds (Php) a 158.60 152.10 153.4 163.80

Feed Consumption (kg) 2.47 2.51 2.64 2.72

Amount of commercial feeds 2.47 2.38 2.48 2.53

Cost of commercial feeds (Php)ᵇ 88.92 85.68 89.28 91.08

Cost of chicks c 33.00 33.00 33.00 33.00

Amount of green seaweeds meal - 0.13 0.16 0.19

Cost of green seaweeds d - 2.78 2.80 3.33

Total feed, chicks and green

seaweeds 121.92 121.46 125.08 127.41
Net Profit d 36.68 30.64 28.32 36.39
a
Based on the prevailing market price of birds at Php 130 per kilogram live weight.
b
Based on the prevailing market price of commercial feeds at Php 36 per kilogram.
c
Based on the price of chicks at Php 33 per live weight.
d
Based on the price of green seaweed meal at Php 17.50 per kilogram.

xxxii