Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Design of Brakes
The purpose of the brakes is to slow down or Stop the vehicle as desired
by the driver
M t Tt Ts Ts e 1
D D
2 2
μ varies from 0.3-0.5
a 2M t a
F Ts
D e 1 l
• Moment equilibrium about the
fulcrum of lever l
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Band Brakes
Advantages:
It is simple in construction and low cost.
Easy to manufacture
More reliable due to small number of parts
Requires less maintenance
Disadvantages:
Heat dissipation capacity of band brake is poor
The wear of friction lining of band brake is uneven form one end to another
Applications:
Bucket Conveyor, hoist and chain saw.
More popular as back-stop device
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Band Brakes
• Differential band brakes
M t Tt Ts Ts e 1
D D
2 2
μ varies from 0.3-0.5
aTs bTt Ts
• Moment equilibrium about the
fulcrum of lever
F a be
l l
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Band Brakes
Q-1: A differential band brake is shown in figure
a=200mm; b= 50 mm; c=950 mm; θ= 2400;
R=300mm.
The width and thickness of the steel band are
100 mm and 3mm respectively. The maximum
tensile stress in the band is 50MPa. The co-
efficient of friction lining and the brake drum is
0.25. Calculate
i) Tension in the band; ii) Actuating force; iii)
torque capacity of the brake. Iv) find ot whether
the brake is self-locking?
Oh
Ov
F
Av
b = width of friction lining
Ah parallel to the axis of the brake
N drum
N
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Block Brakes (Short Shoe)
• Creates a normal force between the shoe and the rotating drum. The
resulting friction force andT normal
Nr forces are assumed to act at the mid
contact point of the shoe and the drum if the shoe is short.
• Drum rotation is clockwise
• Taking the moment about the pivot point ‘A’ of the lever
Fc Na bN 0
• On solving Fc
N
b a
• Taking Torque about the center of the drum ‘O’
T Nr
Fcr
T (Self deenergizing)
b a
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Block Brakes (Long Shoe)
• Assume the drum turns at constant velocity. That means the normal wear is
proportional to frictional work done (i.e. the product pV)
• p= Intensity of the pressure acting on the friction lining
• Defines the normal pressure at any point on the shoe. The friction force is
small at small θ, is optimum at θ=900, and diminishes at angle larger than 900.
• Considering small elemental strip with uniform width (w) of friction lining
dN p (rd ) w
dFf p (rd ) w
pmax 1 1
M N wrb
sin max 2 2 1 4 sin 2 2 sin 21
2
M Ff p rd w (r b cos )
1
M Ff wr
pmax
sin max r cos 2 cos 1
b
2
sin 2
2 sin 2
1
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Block Brakes (Long Shoe)
• Taking the moment about the fulcrum ‘O’
MN M Ff
Fa
a
• ‘-’ sign is for self-energizing and ‘+’ sign for self de-energizing.
• Self-locking occurs with self-energizing when
M N M Ff
• The torque absorbed by the brake is equal to the torque produced by the friction
force on the brake drum
2
pmax
T wp rd r w r cos 1 cos 2
2
1 sin max
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Block Brakes (Long Shoe)
• The reaction at the pivot/fulcrum ‘O’
2 2 2 2
Rx cos dN sin dF f , and Ry cos dF f sin dN Fa
1 1 1 1
sin 2 2 sin 2 1
pmax 2 2
Rx wr
sin max 1 1
2 1 sin 2 2 sin 2 1
2 4
sin 2 2 sin 2 1
pmax 2 2
Ry wr Fa
sin max 1 1
2 1 sin 2 2 sin 2 1
2 4
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Block Brakes (Long Shoe)
Example
Solution: MN=497 N-m; MFf=181 N-m; Fa=1743 N;T=217 N-m; Rx=794 N; Ry=4134 N
p pmax
sin sin max
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Block Brakes (Long Shoe)
Internal Expanding Block Brakes
Pressure Distribution
θmax
θmax
p pmax
sin sin max
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Block Brakes (Long Shoe)
Internal Expanding Block Brakes
The normal reaction and the frictional force
on the elemental area are
dN p(rd ) w
dFf p(rd ) w
pmax 1 1
M N wra 2 sin 2 sin 21
sin max
2 1 2
4
2
M Ff p rd w (r a cos )
1
r cos 2 cos 1 2 sin 2 sin 1
pmax a
M Ff wr 2 2
sin max
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Block Brakes (Long Shoe)
Internal Expanding Block Brakes
• The torque absorbed by the brake is equal to the torque produced by the friction
force on the brake drum
2
pmax
T wp rd r w r cos 1 cos 2
2
1 sin max
sin 2 2 sin 2 1
pmax 2 2
Rx wr Fx
sin max 1 1 sin 2 sin 2
2 1 2 1
2 4
sin 2 2 sin 2 1
pmax 2 2
Ry wr Fy
sin max 1 1 sin 2 sin 2
2 2 1 2 1
4
dN p (rd ) b
dN pmax cos (rd ) b
The distance a to the pivot is chosen by finding where the moment of the frictional
forces Mf is zero. First, this ensures that reaction RY is at the correct location to
establish symmetrical wear. Second, a cosinusoidal pressure distribution is
sustained, preserving our predictive ability. Symmetry means θ1=θ2, so
2
4r sin 2
M Ff 2 dN (a cos r ); a
0
2 2 sin 2 2
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Radial Brakes: Block Brakes (Long Shoe)
Pivoted Block Brakes with Symmetrical shoe
The distance a depends on the pressure distribution. Mislocating the pivot makes
Mf zero about a different location, so the brake lining adjusts its local contact
pressure, through wear, to compensate. The result is unsymmetrical wear
• The coordinate r locates the line of action of force F that intersects the y axis.
• The effective radius re, which is the radius of an equivalent shoe of
infinitesimal radial thickness.
F prdrd
ri
2 1 prdr
ri
1
2 ro ro
T pr 2
drd 2 1 dr
pr 2
1 ri ri
ro
F ro
ri
prdr
M x cos 1 cos 2
r re
F 2 1
• The axial wear to be the same everywhere, the product PV must be a constant.
• The pressure p can be expressed in terms of the largest allowable pressure
pmax (which occurs at the inner radius ri)
• Therefore pressure at any radius r is
pmax ri
p
r
• The actuating force F and the friction torque T
F 2 1 pmax ri ro ri
ro
ri
2
Dr. Vineet Sahoo, MED, NIT Jamshedpur
Axial Brakes: Disc Brake
Uniform Wear:
ro
pmax ri rdr
ro ri
re
ri
ro
2
pmax ri dr
ri
r
cos 1 cos 2 ro ri
2 1 2
ri
2
ro
T 2 1 pmax r dr 2 1 pmax r0 ri
12 3 3
ri
3
2 r ri
3 3
re
0
3 r0 ri
2 2
2 r ri cos 1 cos 2
3 3
r
0
3 r02 ri 2 2 1