Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

Chapter 9
One-Sample Hypothesis Tests
9.1 a. (.05)(1000) = 50 times
b. (.01)(1000) = 10 times
c. (.001)(1000) = 1 time
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.2 a. Null hypothesis: The man is not having a heart attack. Type I error: I admit him when
he does not have a heart attack. Type II error: I fail to admit him, he does have a heart
attack. Better to make a Type I than Type II error.
b. Type I error: I reject the null and let them land even though they could have stayed up
for 15 minutes (or more). Type II: Don’t let the plane land and the plane runs out of
fuel. It is more costly to make a Type II error.
c. Type I error: I reject the null and rush out to Staples, get caught in the snow and fail to
finish the report (when if I had stayed I would have finished it). Type II error: I run out
of ink and can’t finish the report. Better to stay and try to finish the report, in fact
better to print out some of it than none of it. Better to make a Type I error.
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.3 a. Null hypothesis: Employee is not using illegal drugs.

Alternative hypothesis: Employee is using illegal drugs.
b. Type I error: Test is positive for drug use when no drugs are being used.
Type II error: Test is negative for drug use when the person is using drugs.
c. I might dismiss or discipline someone who is a non-drug user (Type I error). They
could sue for wrongful damages. I might keep on someone who should be dismissed
and they cause serious injury via a work related accident to themselves or others (Type
II error).
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.4 a. Null hypothesis: There is no fire.

Alternative hypothesis: There is a fire.
b. Type I error: A smoke detector sounds an alarm when there is no fire.
Type II error: A smoke detector does not sound an alarm when there is a fire.
c. Consequence of making a type I error is that some guests will be inconvenienced by a
false alarm and there is the cost of having the fire department summoned. Consequence
of making a Type II error is that the hotel will burn down and perhaps kill or injure
many.
Learning Objective: 09-3

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 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.5 A false negative is a Type II error. If the null hypothesis is that the brakes are good and we
fail to reject this hypothesis when in fact the brakes are not good then the consequence
would be a possible car accident when the brakes fail.
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.6 A false positive is a Type I error. If the null hypothesis is that the nuclear plant’s cooling
system is good and we reject this hypothesis when in fact the system is good then the
consequence is that we might evacuate people who live near the plant unnecessarily
while we perform a more thorough inspection and conduct repairs.
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.7 H0: 2.5 mg vs. H1: ≠2.5 mg

Learning Objective: 09-4

9.8 H0:  �1.2 min vs. H1:  < 1.2 min.

Learning Objective: 09-4

9.9 H0: ≤4 min vs. H1: > 4 min

Learning Objective: 09-4

9.10 H0:  �37 yrs vs. H1:  < 37 yrs.

Learning Objective: 09-4

9.11 Graphs should show a normal distribution with a mean of 80.

a. Rejection region in the lower tail.

b. Rejection region in both tails.

c. Rejection region in the upper tail.

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 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

Learning Objective: 09-4

9.12 H0:  mm vs. H1: ≠ mm

Learning Objective: 09-4

x - 0 242 - 230

9.13 a. zcalc = s 18 = 2.98
n 20
x - 0 3.44 - 3.50

b. zcalc = s 0.24 = -1.58
n 40
x - 0 21.02 - 20.00

c. zcalc = s 2.52 = 2.22
n 30
Learning Objective: 09-6

9.14 a. The positive z-score is found using =NORM.S.INV(.95). z.05 = ±1.645 (two-tailed)
b. z.01 =NORM.S.INV(.99) = 2.326 (right-tailed)
c. z.05 =NORM.S.INV(.05) = –1.645 (left-tailed)
Learning Objective: 09-5

9.15 a. The positive z-score is found using =NORM.S.INV(.975). z.025 = ±1.96 (two-tailed)
b. z.10 =NORM.S.INV(.90) = 1.28 (right-tailed)
c. z.01 =NORM.S.INV(.01) = −2.326 (left-tailed)
Learning Objective: 09-5

x - 0 423 - 420

9.16 a. a. zcalc = s 6 = 1.50
n 9
x - 0 8330 - 8344

b. zcalc = s 48 = -1.75
n 36

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 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

x - 0 3.102 - 3.110

c. zcalc = s 0.250 = −0.16
n 25
Learning Objective: 09-5

9.17 a. H0: ≤3.5 mg vs. H1: > 3.5 mg

x - 0 3.59 - 3.50

b. zcalc = s 0.18 = 2.50
n 25
c. Yes, zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.99) = 2.33 and 2.50 > 2.33.
d. p-value =1-NORM.S.DIST(2.5,1) = .0062
Learning Objective: 09-4
Learning Objective: 09-5
Learning Objective: 09-6
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.18 a. H0:   140 mg vs. H1:  �140 mg.

x - 0 139.4 - 140
zcalc    -1.3416
b. s 2
n 20
c. Decision Rule: Reject H0 if zcalc > +1.645 or if zcalc < -1.645 . –1.3416 does not fall in
the rejection region so we cannot reject the null. The sample does not contradict the
manufacturer's claim.
d. P ( zcalc < -1.3416) =NORM.S.DIST(-1.3416,1) = .0899
p-value = 2 �P( zcalc < -1.3416)  2 �.0899  .1798 > .10 . The p-value is greater than a
. Do not reject the null.
Learning Objective: 09-4
Learning Objective: 09-5
Learning Objective: 09-6
Learning Objective: 09-8

x - 0 63 - 60
zcalc  z 
9.19 a. s 8 1.5, p-value = 2 �.0668  .1336 (from Appendix C-2).
n 16
Using Excel: =2×NORM.S.DIST( - 1.5,1) or =2×(1–NORM.S.DIST(1.5,1)) = .1336.
58 - 60
zcalc  
b. 5 −2.0, p-value = .0228.
25
Using Excel: =NORM.S.DIST( - 2.0,1) = .02275.

9-4
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

65 - 60
zcalc  
c. 8 3.75, p-value = .0001.
36
Using Excel =1–NORM.S.DIST(3.75,1) = .0000884.
Learning Objective: 09-5
Learning Objective: 09-6
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.20 From Appendix C-2

a. p-value = P(Z > 1.34) = .0901
b. p-value = P(Z < −2.07) = .0192
c. p-value = 2×P(Z < −1.69) = 2×.0455 = .091
Learning Objective: 09-8

2.036 - 2.035
zcalc  
9.21 H0:  2.035 oz vs. H1:  > 2.035 oz., 0.002 = 2.50 and p-value
25
=NORM.S.DIST(2.5,1) = .0062 < .025. Reject H0. The mean weight is heavier than it is
supposed to be.
Learning Objective: 09-4
Learning Objective: 09-5
Learning Objective: 09-6
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.22 a. H0:  195 flights/hour vs. H1:  > 195 flights/hour. Reject H0 if z > 1.96.
x - 0 200 - 195
zcalc    2.11
b. s 13 > 1.96 so reject the null hypothesis and conclude that
n 30
the average number of arrivals has increased. If we had used an a = .01, we would
have failed to reject the null hypothesis because the decision rule would have been:
Reject H0 if zcalc > 2.326.
c. We have assumed a normal population or at least one that is not badly skewed.
Learning Objective: 09-4
Learning Objective: 09-5
Learning Objective: 09-6
Learning Objective: 09-8

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 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.23 a. H0: =10 oz vs. H1:  ≠ 10 oz. Reject H0 if zcalc > 1.96 or zcalc < −1.96.
x - 0 10.01583 - 10.0
zcalc    0.7834
b. s 0.07 < 1.96 and zcalc > −1.96 so we fail to reject the
n 12
null hypothesis (p-value =2×(1-NORM.S.DIST(0.7834,1)) = .4333).
c. We assume the population is normally distributed.
Learning Objective: 09-4
Learning Objective: 09-5
Learning Objective: 09-6
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.24 H0: ≤4 min vs. H1:  > 4 min. Reject H0 if zcalc > 2.326.
4.5 - 4
zcalc   2.12
1 < 2.326 so there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis,
18
p-value =NORM.S.DIST(2.12,1) = .017 > .01. There is not enough evidence to show the
goal is not being met.
Learning Objective: 09-4
Learning Objective: 09-5
Learning Objective: 09-6
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.25 H0:  3000 hours vs. H1:  > 3000 hours. Reject H0 if zcalc > 2.326.
3515 - 3000
zcalc 
500
10 =3.26 > 2.326 so there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
We can conclude the new lamp’s mean life exceeds the current average.
p-value =1-NORM.S.DIST(3.26,1) = .0006.
Learning Objective: 09-4
Learning Objective: 09-5
Learning Objective: 09-6
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.26 a. Although statistically significant, the improvement may lack practical importance
because customers may not notice and may be unwilling to pay the extra cost.
b. Although statistically significant, the improvement may lack practical importance
because customers may not notice and may be unwilling to pay the extra cost.
c. Although statistically significant, the improvement may lack practical importance
because customers may not notice and may be unwilling to pay the extra cost.
Learning Objective: 09-2
Learning Objective: 09-4

9-6
Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9-7
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.27 H0: = 1.967 newtons vs. H1:  ≠ 1.967 newtons. Reject H0 if zcalc > 1.96 or zcalc < −1.96.
1.88 - 1.967
zcalc 
0.145 = −1.80. Because zcalc falls between −1.96 and 1.96 there is not enough
9
evidence to reject the null hypothesis. We conclude there is not a significant deviation
from the target force needed to activate the entry clicker.
p-value =2×NORM.S.DIST(-1.8,1) = .0719.
Learning Objective: 09-4
Learning Objective: 09-5
Learning Objective: 09-6
Learning Objective: 09-8

x - 0 14.7 - 13.0
tcalc    3.27
9.28 a. s 1.8
n 12
241 - 250
tcalc   -2.12
b. 12
8
2,102 - 2, 000
tcalc   1.74
c. 242
17
Learning Objective: 09-7

9.29 a. Using d.f. = 20 the positive value of t =T.INV(.95,20) = 1.725, t.05 = ±1.725 (two-tailed)
b. Using d.f. = 8 t.01 =T.INV(.99, 8) = 2.896 (right-tailed)
c. Using d.f. = 27, t.05 =T.INV(.05,27) = -1.703 (left-tailed)
Learning Objective: 09-5

9.30 a. Using d.f. = 17 the positive value of t =T.INV(.975,17) = 2.110, t.025 = ±2.110 (two-tailed)
b. Using d.f. = 14 t.10 =T.INV(.90, 14) = 1.345 (right-tailed)
c. Using d.f. = 30, t.01 =T.INV(.01,30) = -2.457 (left-tailed)
Learning Objective: 09-5

x - 0 347 - 349
tcalc    -3.33
9.31 a. s 1.8
n 9
x - 0 45 - 50
tcalc    -1.67
b. s 12
n 16

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 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

x - 0 4.103 - 4.004
tcalc    2.02
c. s 0.245
n 25
Learning Objective: 09-7

9.32 a. From Appendix D using d.f. = 14, t.05 = 1.761 and t.10 = 1.345. t = 1.457 falls between
these two values so .05 < p-value < .10 (right-tailed)
b. From Appendix D using d.f. = 8, t.02 = 2.896 and t.05 = 2.306. t = 2.601 falls between
these two values so.02 < p-value < .05 (two-tailed)
c. Because the t distribution is symmetrical about the mean we can treat the positive
values in Appendix D like negative values. From Appendix D using d.f. = 22, t.025 =
2.074 and t.05 = 1.717. t = 1.847 falls between these two values so.025 < p-value < .05
(left-tailed)
Learning Objective: 09-5
Learning Objective: 09-7

9.33 a. Using Excel: =T.DIST.RT(1.457,14) = .0836

b. =T.DIST.2T(2.601,8) = .0316
c. =T.DIST(-1.847,22,1) = .0391
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.34 a. Using Excel: =T.DIST.RT(1.677, 12) = .0597

b. =T.DIST(-2.107,4,1) = .0514
c. =T.DIST.2T(1.865,33) = .0711
Learning Objective: 09-8

203 - 200
tcalc   1.5
9.35 a. 8 , p-value =T.DIST.2T(1.5,15) = .1544 > .025. Fail to reject the null
16
hypothesis.
198 - 200
tcalc   -2.0
b. 5 , p-value =T.DIST(-2.0,24,1) = .0285 < .05. Reject the null
25
205 - 200
tcalc   3.75
c. 8 , p-value =T.DIST.RT(3.75,35) = .0003 < .05. Reject the null
36
hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 09-7
Learning Objective: 09-8

9-9
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.36 H0: 530 bags/hour vs. H1:  < 530 bags/hour. tcrit =T.INV(.05,15) = −1.753. Reject H0
510 - 530
tcalc   -1.6
if tcalc < −1.753. 50 > −1.753 so fail to reject the null hypothesis.
16
No significant evidence that the claim is overstated.
Learning Objective: 09-7

9.37 a. H0: μ ≥ 400 sf/gal vs. H1: μ < 400 sf/gal. tcrit = T.INV(.1,5) = −1.476. Reject H0 if tcalc <
383.33 - 400
tcalc   -1.977
−1.476. 20.656 < −1.476 therefore reject H0.
6
b. Yes, if a were less than .05 our decision would be different. t.05 =T.INV(.05,5) =
−2.015.
c. p-value = .0525. Because .0525 < .10, we would reject the null hypothesis.
d. A significant result in a hypothesis does not always translate to a practically important
difference. In this case, if the painter plans his or her paint purchase based on coverage
of 400 square feet per gallon, but in reality the paint covers 5% less, the painter may
run short on large jobs. A difference of 5% may not matter on a small job.
Learning Objective: 09-7
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.38 a. H0: μ ≥ 18 oz vs. H1: μ < 18 oz. tcrit =T.INV(.05,17) = −1.740. Reject H0 if tcalc <
17.78 - 18
tcalc   -2.277
−1.740. .41 < −1.740 therefore reject H0. The true mean is
18
smaller than the specification.
b. Yes, if a =.01, we would have failed to reject the null hypothesis. T.01= T.INV(.01,17) =
−2.567.
c. Using Excel: =T.DIST(-2.277,17,1) gives p-value = .0180. Because the p-value < .05
we reject the null hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 09-7
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.39 a. H0: ≥$216 vs. H1: < $216. tcrit =T.INV(.05,19) = −1.729. Reject H0 if tcalc < -1.729.
209 - 216
tcalc   -2.408
13 < -1.729 so reject H0.
20
b. p-value =T.DIST(-2.408,19,1) = .0132.
Learning Objective: 09-7
Learning Objective: 09-8

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 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.40 H0: μ = 37 yrs vs. H1: μ �37 yrs. tcrit =T.INV.2T(.1,49) = 1.677. Reject H0 if tcalc < –1.677
38.5 - 37
tcalc   0.663
or tcalc > +1.677. 16 therefore fail to reject the null hypothesis.
50
There is no significant evidence that the average age has changed in 2010.
Learning Objective: 09-7

1.80 - 1.60
tcalc   1.14
9.41 H0: ≤1.6 vs. H1: > 1.6 tcrit =T.INV(.95,39) = 1.685. 1.11 < 1.685
40
and the p-value =T.DIST.RT(1.14,39) = .1306 > .05. Fail to reject H0.
Learning Objective: 09-7

9.42 H0: μ ≤ 30,000 miles vs. H1: μ > 30,000 miles. tcrit =T.INV(.90,20) = 1.325. Reject H0 if
33,950 - 30, 000
tcalc   1.53
tcalc > 1.325. 11,866 > 1.325 therefore reject H0. This
21
dealer shows a significantly greater mean number of miles than the national average.
Learning Objective: 09-7

9.43 a. H0: μ = 3.25 vs. H1: μ ≠ 3.25. tcrit =T.INV.2T(.05,17) = 2.11. Reject H0 if tcalc > 2.11 or
3.35 - 3.25
tcalc   1.70
0.25
tcalc < -2.11. 18 < 2.11 therefore fail to reject H0.
0.25
b. The 95% confidence interval is: 3.35 �2.11 or (3.23, 3.47). Because this interval
18
does contain 3.25 we would fail to reject the null hypothesis.
c. We constructed the 95% confidence interval using the t statistic associated with .025 in
the tail areas. This is the same area we used to determine the critical value for the t
statistic. A two-tailed test and a confidence should always result in the same conclusion
as long as a is the same for both.
Learning Objective: 09-7

9.44 a. The p-value tells us that there is a 38.7% chance that we would make our sample
observation (or something more extreme) given the null is true. This is not a small
probability therefore we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
b. The p-value tells us that there is a 4.3% chance that we would make our sample
observation (or something more extreme) given the null is true. This is a small
probability therefore we would most likely reject the null hypothesis.
c. The p-value tells us that there is a .12% chance that we would make our sample
observation (or something more extreme) given the null is true. This is an extremely
small probability therefore we would reject the null hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 09-8

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 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

.28 - .2
zcalc   2.0
9.45 a. .2 �.8 . From Appendix C-2: p-value = 2×.0228 = .0456. Using Excel: p-
100
value =2*(1-NORM.S.DIST(2.0,1)) = .0455.
.60 - .50
zcalc   1.897
b. .5 �.5 , p-value =1-NORM.S.DIST(1.897,1) = .0289.
90
.82 - .75
zcalc   1.143
c. .75(.25) , p-value =1-NORM.S.DIST(1.143,1) = .1265.
50
Learning Objective: 09-9

p -p0 .70 - .60

z   1.83
9.46 a. p 0 (1 - p 0 ) .60(.40) . From Appendix C-2: p-value = 1–.9664=.0336.
n 80
Using Excel: =1-NORM.S.DIST(1.83,1) = .0336
.45 - .30
z  2.07
b. .30(.70) , From Appendix C-2: p-value = 2(1–.9808) = .0384
40
Using Excel: =2*(1-NORM.S.DIST(2.07,1)) = .0385
.03 - .10
z  -2.33
c. .10(.90) , From Appendix C-2: p-value = .0099
100
Using Excel: =NORM.S.DIST(-2.33,1) = .00099
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.47 a. .30×20 = 6 < 10 and .7×20 = 14 > 10 (cannot assume normality)

b. .05×50 = 2.5 < 10 and .95×50 = 47.5 >10 (cannot assume normality)
c. .10×400 = 40 > 10 and .9×400 = 360 > 10 (normality can be assumed)
Learning Objective: 09-9

.18 - .10
z  2.67
9.48 H0: p ≤ .10 vs. H1: p>10. .10(.90) , p-value =1-NORM.S.DIST(2.67,1) =
100
1–.9962=.0038 and .0038 < .05 so reject H0 and conclude that the proportion who
believe Pepsi is concerned with consumers’ health has increased.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.49 a. H0: p ≥ .997 vs. H1: p<997. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.05) = −1.645.Reject the null
.996 - .997
zcalc   -1.082
hypothesis if z < −1.645. .997(.003) > −1.645 so fail to reject H0.
3500

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 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

One could also define π to be the proportion of syringes that are defective. H0: p ≤ .003 vs.
H1: p>003. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.05) = 1.645.Reject the null hypothesis if z > 1.645.
.004 - .003
zcalc   1.082
.003(.997) < 1.645 so fail to reject H0.
3500

b. Yes, .997×3500 = 3489.5 and .003×3500 = 10.5, both are greater than 10.
c. A Type I error would be sending back an acceptable shipment. This could be a problem
if the hospital runs low on insulin syringes. A Type II error would be accepting a bad
shipment. The will be a problem if a defective syringe is used for an insulin injection.
d. p-value =NORM.S.DIST(-1.082,1) = .1396.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.50 a. H0: p ≥ .40 vs. H1: p<40. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.05) = −1.645.Reject the null
.30 - .40
zcalc   -1.58
hypothesis if z < −1.645. .40(.60) > −1.645 so fail to reject H0. The
60
proportion of children who were given a throat swab for diagnosing strep throat has not
dropped below 40 percent.
b. nπ = 60(.4) = 24 and n(1−π) = 60(.6) = 36. Both are greater than 10 so we can assume a
normal distribution for p.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.51 a. H0: p ≥ .50 vs. H1: p<.50. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.05) = −1.645. Reject the null
hypothesis if z < -1.645
.375 - .50
zcalc   -2.0
p = 24/64 = .375, 50(.50) <−1.645 so reject H0. The proportion of calls
64
lasting less than 2 minutes is less than .5.
b. p-value =NORM.S.DIST(-2.0,1) = .0228
c. Yes, a difference of 12.5% is important.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.52 a. H0: p  .052 vs. H1: p<052 . zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.01) = −2.326. Reject the null
.03 - .052
zcalc   -1.72
hypothesis if z < −2.326. .052(.948) > −2.326 therefore fail to reject
300
the null hypothesis.
b. p-value =NORM.S.DIST(-1.72,1) = .0427
c. np15.6 > 10 and n(1 - p 0 )  284.4 > 10 so normality is justified.
Learning Objective: 09-9

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 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.53 H0: p  .50 vs. H1: p>50 zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.95) = 1.645. Reject the null hypothesis if
.63 - .50
zcalc   6.89
z > 1.645. .50(.50) > 1.645 so reject H0.
702
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.54 a. Normality is not justified. np = (12)(.5) = 6 < 10.

.8333 - .50
zcalc   2.309
b. Using the normal assumption, H0: p  .50 vs. H1: p>50 .5(.5)
12
and the p-value =1-NORM.S.DIST(2.309,1) = .0105. The p-value is < .05 so we reject
the null and conclude this small sample does provide evidence that the coin is biased
toward heads.
c. =1-BINOM.DIST(9,12,.5,TRUE) = .0193.
d. The normal probability is only an approximation to the binomial probability.
Learning Objectives: 09-9

9.55 a. Using the binomial distribution, P(X ≥ 4 | n = 2000, p = .001) =1-

BINOM.DIST(3,2000,.001,1) = .1428 > .10. The standard is being met.
b. Because there are only 4 defective items observed we cannot assume normality.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.56 a. P(X  2 | n = 20, p = .0005) =1-BINOM.DIST(1,20,.0005) = .00005. The students at

Julliard do differ from the national norm.
b. Normality cannot be assumed because there were less than 10 students in the sample
with perfect pitch.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.57 a. Power = P(pcalc > pcritical | π = .04)

(.03)(1 - .03)
Step 1: pcritical  .03 + 1.28  .0409
400
.0409 - .04
z  .0919
Step 2: (.04)(.96)
400
Step 3: Power  P( Z > .0919)  1-NORM.S.DIST(.0919,1) = .4634
Using LearningStats: Plug in the values, .03, 400, .10, right, .04 which returns a similar
value of .4622. Differences are due to rounding.
(.03)(1 - .03)
b. Step 1: pcritical  .03 + 1.28  .0409
400

9-14
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

.0409 - .05
z  -0.8351
Step 2: (.05)(.95)
400
Step 3: Power  P( Z > -.8351)  1-NORM.S.DIST(-.8351,1) = .7982
Using LearningStats: Plug in the values, .03, 400, .05, right, .05 which returns a similar
value of .7974.
(.03)(1 - .03)
c. Step 1: pcritical  .03 + 1.28  .0409
400
.0409 - .06
z  -1.609
Step 2: (.06)(.94)
400
Step 3: Power  P( Z > -1.609)  1-NORM.S.DIST(-1.609,1) = .9462
Using LearningStats: Plug in the values .03, 400, .05, right, .06 which returns a similar
value of .9459.
Learning Objective: 09-10

9.58 a. Power = P(pcalc > pcritical | π = .04)

(.03)(1 - .03)
Step 1: pcritical  .03 + 1.645  .0440
400
.0440 - .04
z  .4082
Step 2: (.04)(.96)
400
Step 3: Power  P( Z > .4082)  .3416
Using LearningStats: Plug in the values, .03, 400, .05, right, .04 which returns a similar
value of .3404. Differences are due to rounding.
(.03)(1 - .03)
b. Step 1: pcritical  .03 + 1.645  .0440
400
.0440 - .05
z  -.5455
Step 2: (.05)(.95)
400
Step 3: Power  P( Z > -.5455)  .7073
Using LearningStats: Plug in the values, .03, 400, .05, right, .05 which returns a similar
value of .7081.
(.03)(1 - .03)
c. Step 1: pcritical  .03 + 1.645  .0440
400
.0440 - .06
z  -1.3445
Step 2: (.06)(.94)
400
Step 3: Power  P ( Z > -1.3445)  .9106

9-15
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

Using LearningStats: Plug in the values .03, 400, .05, right, .06 which returns a similar
value of .9107.
When you increase the true value of p , you also increase the power. We can see this
with the power curve produced from LearningStats:

Learning Objective: 09-10

9.59 a. Power = P( x < xcritical |   3.48)

�.10 �
Step 1: xcritical  3.5 - 2.326 � � 3.4535
� 25 �
3.4535 - 3.48
z  -1.325
Step 2: .10
25
Step 3: Power  P( Z < -1.325)  NORM.S.DIST(-1.325,1) = .0926
Using LearningStats: Plug in the values 3.5, .1, 25, .01, left, 3.48 which returns a
similar value .0924.
b. Power = P( x < xcritical |   3.46)
�.10 �
Step 1: xcritical  3.5 - 2.326 � � 3.4535
� 25 �
3.4535 - 3.46
z  -.325
Step 2: .10
25
Step 3: Power  P ( Z < -.325)  NORM.S.DIST(-.325,1) = .3726
Using LearningStats: Plug in the values 3.5, .1, 25, .01, left, 3.46 which returns a
similar value .3721.
c. Power = P( x < xcritical |   3.44)
�.10 �
Step 1: xcritical  3.5 - 2.326 � � 3.4535
� 25 �

9-16
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

3.4535 - 3.44
z  0.675
Step 2: .10
25
Step 3: Power  P ( Z < 0.675)  NORM.S.DIST(0.675,1) = .7502
Using LearningStats: Plug in the values 3.5, .1, 25, .01, left, 3.44 which returns a
similar value .7497.

Results from Learning Stats using Learning Stats Excel file 09-08
PowerCurvesDIY.xls:

X Value BetaLeft
3.44000
3.46000
3.48000
Learning Objective: 09-10

9.60 a. Power = P( x < xcritical |   3.48)

�.10 �
Step 1: xcritical  3.5 - 1.645 � � 3.4671
� 25 �
3.4671 - 3.48
z  -.645
Step 2: .10
25
Step 3: Power  P( Z < -.645)  .2595
Using LearningStats: Plug in the values 3.5, .1, 25, .05, left, 3.48 which returns the
same value .2595.
b. a. Power = P( x < xcritical |   3.46)
�.10 �
Step 1: xcritical  3.5 - 1.645 � � 3.4671
� 25 �

9-17
Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

3.4671 - 3.46
z  .355
Step 2: .10
25
Step 3: Power  P ( Z < 0.355)  NORM.S.DIST(.355,1) =.6387
Using LearningStats: Plug in the values 3.5, .1, 25, .05, left, 3.46 which returns a
power of .6388.
c. a. Power = P( x < xcritical |   3.44)
�.10 �
Step 1: xcritical  3.5 - 1.645 � � 3.4671
� 25 �
3.4671 - 3.44
z  1.355
Step 2: .10
25
Step 3: Power  P( Z < 1.355)  NORM.S.DIST(1.355,1) = .9123
Using LearningStats: Plug in the values 3.5, .1, 25, .05, left, 3.44 which returns a
power of .9123.
As the true value of  decreases, the power increases. Results from Learning Stats:

X Value BetaLeft
3.44000
3.46000
3.48000

As the true value of  decreases, the power increases. We can see this with the power
curve produced from LearningStats:

9-18
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

Learning Objective: 09-10

9.61 H0: s2  50 vs. H1: s2 < 50. Reject the null hypothesis if 2 < 4.660
( n - 1) s 2 (14)35
(=CHISQ.INV(.01,14)).  calc    9.80 >therefore we fail to
2

s 02 50
reject H0.
Learning Objective: 09-11

H0: s2 = 24 vs. H1: s2 �24. Reject the null hypothesis if  > 16.92
2
9.62
(=CHISQ.INV(..95,9)) or  2 < 3.325 (=CHISQ.INV(.05,9)).
( n - 1) s 2 (9)16
 calc 
2
  6 which falls between the critical values therefore we fail to
s 02 24
reject H0.
Learning Objective: 09-11

9.63 H0: s2  1.21 vs. H1: s2 > 1.21. Reject the null hypothesis if 2 > 28.87
( n - 1) s 2 (18)1.96
(=CHISQ.INV(.95,18)).  calc    29.16 > therefore we reject
2

s 02 1.21
H0.
Learning Objective: 09-11

9.64 H0: s2 = 0.01 vs. H1: s2 ≠ 0.01. Reject the null hypothesis if 2 > 27.49
(=CHISQ.INV(.95,15)) or 2 < 6.262 (=CHISQ.INV(.05,15)).
( n - 1) s 2 (15).009767
 calc 
2
  14.65 which falls between the critical values therefore
s 02 .01
we fail to reject H0.
Learning Objective: 09-11

9-19
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.65 H0: s2 = 625 vs. H1: s2 ≠ 625. Reject the null hypothesis if 2 > 21.92
(=CHISQ.INV(.975,11)) or 2 < 3.816 (=CHISQ.INV(.025,11)).
( n - 1) s 2 (11)21.662
 2 calc    8.26 which falls between the critical values therefore
s 02 252
we fail to reject H0.
Learning Objective: 09-11

9.66 a. P(Type II error) = P(fail to reject H 0 | H 0 is false) = 0 because you would never "fail to
reject".
b. This is bad policy because reducing the risk of Type II error increases the risk of Type I
error.
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.67 a. P(Type I error) = P( reject H 0 | H 0 is true) = 0.

b. This is bad policy because reducing the risk of Type I error increases the risk of Type II
error.
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.68 a. H0: ≤90 vs. H1:  > 90

b. Type I error occurs when the physician concludes a patient has high blood pressure
when they do not. The consequence is unnecessary treatment and worry. Type II error
occurs when the physician concludes that a patient’s blood pressure is okay when it is
too high. The consequence is untreated high blood pressure which can lead to serious
health complications.
c. A Type II error would have a more serious consequence. The patient could have severe
health problems if high blood pressure is undiagnosed.
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.69 a. H0: User is authorized vs. H1: User is unauthorized.

b. Type I error occurs when the scanner fails to admit an authorized user. Type II error
occurs when the scanner admits an unauthorized user.
c. A Type II error has a more serious consequence. Allowing entry to an unauthorized user
could result in damage to the plant or possibly even a terrorist attack.
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.70 a. H 0 :  �30 vs. H1 :  < 30

b. Type I error would mean you reject the hypothesis that the training raises SAT scores
by at least 30 points when in fact it does.
Learning Objective: 09-2, 9-3 and 9-3

9.71 H0: p≤.02 vs. H1: p> .02

Learning Objective: 09-2 and 9-4

9-20
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.72 P(Type II error) = 0. We’ve rejected the null hypothesis therefore it is impossible to make a
Type II error.
Learning Objective: 09-2
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.73 P(Type I error) = 0. There can be no Type I error if we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 09-2
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.74 a. H0: A patient does not have cancerous cells vs. H1: A patient has cancerous cells. A false
negative is a Type II error and means that the test shows no cancerous cells are present
when in fact there are. A false positive is a Type I error and means that the test shows
cancerous cells are present when they are not.
b. In this case “null” stands for absence of cancerous cells.
c. The patient bears the cost of a false negative. If their health problems are not diagnosed
early they will not seek treatment. The insurance company bears the costs of a false
positive. Typically more tests will need to be done to check the results.
Learning Objective: 09-2
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.75 a. Type I error: You should have been accepted, but the scanner rejected you. Type II
error: You should have been rejected, but the scanner accepted you.
b. The consequence of falsely rejecting someone is not as severe as falsely accepting
someone. Or it could be that the scanner is dirty and cannot read the fingerprint
accurately.
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.76 This is the probability of making a Type I error. This means that half of the women who
test positive for cancer don't actually have it.
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.77 a. H0: ≤20 min vs. H1: > 20 min

24.77 - 20
b. tcalc 7.26 = 2.545
15
c. Yes. Using d.f. = 14, tcrit =T.INV(.95,14) = 1.761. Reject H0 if tcalc > 1.761. 2.545 > 1.761
therefore reject H0.
d. p-value =T.DIST.RT(2.545,14) = .0117 < .05. Yes.
Learning Objective: 09-7
Learning Objective: 09-8

9-21
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.78 a. H 0 :   220 vs. H1 :  �220

x - 0 228.2 - 220
tcalc    1.4248
b. s 18.2
n 10
c. Decision Rule: tcrit =T.INV(.975,9) = 2.262. Reject H0 if tcalc < –2.262 or tcalc > 2.262.
Therefore, do not reject H0.
d. Using Excel: =T.DIST.2T(1.4248,9) = .1880 > .05 so do not reject. We come to the
same conclusion as we did in part c.
Learning Objective: 09-7
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.79 a. A two-tailed test would be used. You would not want to overfill or under-fill the can.
b. Overfilling costs you money and under-filling cheats the customer.
c. Because the weight is normally distributed and the population standard deviation is
known the sample mean will have a normal distribution.
d. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.995) = 2.576. Reject the null hypothesis if z > 2.576 or z < −2.576.
Learning Objective: 09-3
Learning Objective: 09-4
Learning Objective: 09-5

9.80 a. Because the population distribution is normal and you know the population standard
deviation, you should use the normal distribution for the sampling distribution on the
sample mean.
b. H0: = 520 vs. H1: ≠ 520. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.975) = 1.96. Reject H0 if zcalc > 1.96
or z < −1.96.
x - 0 515 - 520
zcalc    -5
c. s 4 < −1.96 therefore reject the null hypothesis. The sample
n 16
result is highly significant showing there is a difference in the mean fill.
Learning Objective: 09-6
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.81 a. H0: ≥ 90 vs. H1: < 90.

x - 0
tcalc 
b. s tcrit =T.INV(.01,7) = −2.998. Reject H0 if tcalc < −2.998.
n
88.375 - 90
tcalc   -0.92
c. 4.984 Because −0.92 > −2.998 we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
8
The sample does not give enough evidence to reject Bob’s claim that he is a 90+
student.
d. We assume that the population distribution is normal.
e. The p-value =T.DIST(-0.92,7,1) = .1941. Because .1941 > .01 we fail to reject the null
hypothesis.

9-22
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

Learning Objective: 09-7

Learning Objective: 09-8

9.82 a. H0: ≤ 10 pages vs. H1: > 10 pages. tcrit =T.INV(.99,34) = 2.441. Reject H0 if tcalc >
x - 0 14.44 - 10
tcalc    5.9028
2.441. s 4.45 so reject the null hypothesis and conclude
n 35
that the true mean is greater than 10 pages.
b. The p-value =T.DIST.RT(5.9028,34) ≈ 0 so we would reject the null hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 09-7
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.83 a. H0: ≥ 2.268 grams vs. H1: < 2.268 grams. tcrit =T.INV(.05,34) = −1.761. Reject H0
x - 0 2.256 - 2.268
tcalc    -1.79
if tcalc < −1.761. s .026 < −1.761 so reject the null
n 15
hypothesis and conclude that the true mean is less than 2.268 grams.
b. With use, the metal could erode slightly so that the average weight is less than the
newly minted dimes.
Learning Objective: 09-7

9.84 a. H0: p≤ .50 vs. H1: p> .50. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.1) = 1.282. Reject H0 if zcalc > 1.282.
p -p0 .6333 - .5
zcalc    2.07
p 0 (1 - p 0 ) .5(.5) so reject the null hypothesis and conclude that
n 60
the true proportion is greater than .5.
b. Using Appendix C: p-value = 1–.9808=.0192. Using Excel: =1–
NORM.S.DIST(2.07,1) = .0192 < .10 so we would reject the null hypothesis. The coin
does seem to be biased toward heads.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.85 a. H0: p≤ .10 vs. H1: p> .10. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.95) = 1.645. Reject H0 if zcalc > 1.645.
p -p0 .16 - .10
zcalc    2.00
p 0 (1 - p 0 ) .1(.9) > 1.645 so reject the null hypothesis and conclude
n 100
that the true proportion is greater than .1.
b. Yes, if a were less than .0228, our decision would be different.
c. p-value =1-NORM.S.DIST(2.0,1) = .0228. Conclude that more than 10% of all one-
dollar bills have something extra written on them.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9-23
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.86 a. H0: p≤ .25 vs. H1: p> .25. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.95) = 1.645. Reject H0 if zcalc > 1.645.
p -p0 .31 - .25
zcalc    1.3856
p 0 (1 - p 0 ) .25(.75) < 1.645 so fail to reject the null hypothesis.
n 100
There is no significant evidence that it has risen.
b. This is not a close decision.
c. We assume a normal distribution on the sample statistic, p. This makes sense because
both np > 10 and n(1−p) > 10.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.87 a. H0: p≤ .05 vs. H1: p> .05. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.975) = 1.96. Reject H0 if zcalc > 1.96.
p -p0 .08 - .05
zcalc    1.95
p 0 (1 - p 0 ) .05(.95) < 1.96 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis at
n 200
the .025 level of significance. The standard is not being violated.
b. p-value =1-NORM.S.DIST(1.95,1) = .0258. .0258 > .025 therefore fail to reject the null
hypothesis. This decision is very close.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.88 a. H0: ≤ 30 years vs. H1: > 30 years. tcrit =T.INV(.95,11) = 1.796. Reject H0 if tcalc >
30.1667 - 30
tcalc   .0983
1.796. 5.8750 < 1.796 so do not reject the null hypothesis and we
12
cannot conclude that the true mean age is greater than 30 years.
b. There is very little difference. Even if we had found statistical significance, it is
questionable whether the difference would be "practically important"
c. Using Excel: and p-value =T.DIST.RT(.0983,11) = .4617 which is much greater than .
05 so the result is not statistically significant.
Learning Objective: 09-7
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.89 a. H0: p≤ .10 vs. H1: p> .10. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.95) = 1.645. Reject H0 if zcalc > 1.645.
p -p0 .125 - .10
zcalc    0.882
p 0 (1 - p 0 ) .1(.9) < 1.645 so fail to reject the null hypothesis. We
n 112
do not have strong evidence to conclude that more than 10% of all flights have
contaminated drinking water.
b. p-value =1-NORM.S.DIST(0.882,1) = .1889.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9-24
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.90 H0: p≤ .95 vs. H1: p> .95. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.975) = 1.96. Reject H0 if zcalc > 1.96.
p -p0 .97 - .95
zcalc    2.0519
p 0 (1 - p 0 ) .95(.05) > 1.96 so reject the null hypothesis and
n 500
conclude that the true proportion is greater than .95. The company is exceeding its goal.

Learning Objective: 09-9

9.91 a. H0: p≥ .50 vs. H1: p< .50. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.05) = −1.645. Reject H0 if zcalc <
p -p0 .4572 - .50
zcalc    -2.07
−1.645. p 0 (1 - p 0 ) .5(.5) < −1.645so reject the null hypothesis
n 584
and conclude that the true proportion is less than .5.
b. p-value =NORM.S.DIST(-2.07,1) = .0192. .0192 < .05 therefore we would reject the
null hypothesis.
c. The sample proportion was .46. This is a difference of 4%. This is an important
difference. There are thousands of college athletes in the US. Increasing the graduation
rate for college athletes is a goal that many universities are striving for today.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.92 a. H0: ≤ $250 vs. H1: > $250. tcrit =T.INV(.95,24) = 1.711. Reject H0 if tcalc > 1.711.
x - 0 275.66 - 250
tcalc    1.6426
s 78.11 < 1.711 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
n 25
It does not appear that the average out of pocket expense is greater than $250.
b. The decision is fairly close.
Learning Objective: 09-7

9.93 H0: ≥ 3.5 minutes vs. H1: < 3.5 minutes. tcrit =T.INV(.05,19) = −1.729. Reject H0 if tcalc
x - 0 3.2 - 3.5
tcalc    -3.35
< −1.729. s 0.4 < −1.729 so we reject the null hypothesis,
n 20
the measures were effective. p-value =T.DIST(-3.35,19,1) = .0017.
Learning Objective: 09-7
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.94 H0: ≤ 5 days vs. H1: > 5 days. tcrit =T.INV(.95,11) = 1.796. Reject H0 if tcalc > 1.796.
x - 0 5.0833 - 5
tcalc    .0962
s 2.9987 < 1.796 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis. It
n 12
does not appear that the average repair time is longer than 5 days so the goal is being
met. p-value =T.DIST.RT(.0962,19) = .4622.
Learning Objective: 09-7

9-25
Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

Learning Objective: 09-8

9-26
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.95 a. H0: p≤.67 vs. H1: p> .67. zcrit =NORM.S.INV(.95) = 1.645. Reject H0 if zcalc > 1.645.
p -p0 .8 - .67
zcalc    1.95
p 0 (1 - p 0 ) .67(.33) > 1.645 therefore reject the null hypothesis. The
n 50
proportion has increased. p-value =1-NORM.S.DIST(1.95,1) = .0253.
b. The normality condition has been met.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.96 H0: ≤ 6 vs. H1: > 6. tcrit =T.INV(.95,11) = 1.796. Reject H0 if tcalc > 1.796.
x - 0 6.7283 - 6
tcalc    2.3408
s 1.0778 > 1.796 so reject the null hypothesis. The mean
n 12
furfuryl ether content exceeds the taste threshold. p-value =T.DIST.RT(2.3408,11) = .
0196.
Learning Objective: 09-7
Learning Objective: 09-8

9.97 a. The p-value is .042. A sample proportion as extreme would occur by chance about 42
times in 1,000 samples if in fact the null hypothesis were true. This is fairly convincing
evidence that the drug is effective.
b. A p-value of .087 is approximately twice .042. This sample is less convincing of the
effectiveness of the drug.
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.98 The p-value tells us the chance of making this particular sample observation if in fact the
null hypothesis is true. A small p-value says that there is a very small chance of making
this sample observation assuming the null hypothesis is true therefore our assumption
about the null hypothesis must be false.
Learning Objective: 09-3

9.99 a. P(X ≥ 3 | n = 100, p = .01) =1-BINOM.DIST(2,100,.01,1) = .0794. Because .0794 > .

025 we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
b. The p-value is .0794. This sample does not contradict the automaker’s claim.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.100 a. P(X ≥ 2 | n = 36, p = .02) =1-BINOM.DIST(1,36,.02,1) = .1618 Because .1618 > .10
we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
b. p-value = .1618. This sample does not show that the standard is exceeded.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.101 H0: p≤ .50 vs. H1: p> .50. Let n = 16 and x = 10. Find P(X ≥ 10 | n = 16, p = .5) =1-
BINOM.DIST(9,16,.5,1) = .2272. Because .2272 > .1, we cannot conclude that more
than 50% feel better with the experimental medication.
Learning Objective: 09-9

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 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.102 H0: p≥ .10 vs. H1: p< .10. P(X = 0 | n = 31, p = .1) = .0382 (Using Excel:
=BINOMDIST(0,31,0.1,TRUE)). Because .0382 < .10, we can reject the null
hypothesis. It appears that the on-time percentage has fallen.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.103 a. From MINITAB: 95% confidence interval is (0, .0125).

b. A binomial distribution should be used because there were no patients in the sample
who actually received a stent.
c. Yes, this sample shows that the proportion of patients who experience restenosis is less
than 5%. Note that if we used the proportion of .05 to evaluate the assumption of
normality of p that we would meet the criteria. nπ = 11.9 and n(1−π) = 226.1.
Learning Objective: 09-9

9.104 a. H0: µ ≥ 400 vs. H1: µ < 400

Power  P ( x < xcritical |   380) , H : µ ≥ 400 vs. H : µ < 400β = 1 - Power
0 1

�20 �
For µ = 380: Step 1: xcritical  400 - 1.645 � � 391.775
� 16 �
391.775 - 380
z  2.355
Step 2: 20
16
Step 3: Power  P ( Z < 2.355)  .99074 and β = 1-.99074 = .00926

b. To construct the Power Curve use LearningStats worksheet 09-08

PowerCurvesDIY.xls:

9-28
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

X Value BetaLeft

Learning Objective: 09-10

9.105 H0: µ ≥ 500 vs. H1: µ < 500

Power  P( x < xcritical |   495) , β = 1 - Power
�12 �
For µ = 495: Step 1: xcritical  500 - 1.645 � � 490.13
�4�
490.13 - 495
z  -0.8117
Step 2: 12
4
Step 3: Power  P ( Z < -0.8117)  NORM.S.DIST(-0.8117,1) =.2085 and β = 1-.2085
=.7915
�12 �
For µ = 490: Step 1: xcritical  500 - 1.645 � � 490.13
�4�
490.13 - 490
z  0.0217
Step 2: 12
4
Step 3: Power  P( Z < 0.0217)  NORM.S.DIST(.0217,1) =.5086 and β = 1-.5086 =
.4914.
�12 �
For µ = 485: Step 1: xcritical  500 - 1.645 � � 490.13
�4�
490.13 - 485
z  0.855
Step 2: 12
4
Step 3: Power  P( Z < .855)  NORM.S.DIST(.855,1) =.8037 and β = 1-.8037 = .
1963.
�12 �
For µ = 480: Step 1: xcritical  500 - 1.645 � � 490.13
�4�
490.13 - 480
z  1.688
Step 2: 12
4
Step 3: Power  P ( Z < 1.688)  NORM.S.DIST(1.688,1) =.9543 and β = 1-.9543
= .0457.

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Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

To construct the Power Curve use LearningStats worksheet 09-08

PowerCurvesDIY.xls. The second curve was constructed using n =16. The Power and β
values are also shown from Learning Stats.

X Value BetaLeft

X Value BetaLeft

Learning Objective: 09-10

9-30
 Chapter 09 - One-Sample Hypothesis Tests

9.106 H0: s2 = 64 vs. H1: s2 ≠ 64. Reject the null hypothesis if 2 > 39.36
(=CHISQ.INV(.975,24)) or 2 < 12.40 (=CHISQ.INV(.025,24)).
( n - 1) s 2 (25 - 1)65.8267
 calc 
2
  24.685 which falls between the critical values
s 02 64
therefore we fail to reject H0 and our sample is consistent with the hypothesis that the
true variance is 64.
Learning Objective: 09-11

9.107 a. H0:  ≤ 106 vs. H1:  > 106. tcrit =T.INV(.9975,23) = Reject the null hypothesis if tcalc
x - 0 106.997 - 106
tcalc    130.95
> 2.807. s 0.0373 > 2.807 so reject the null hypothesis.
n 24
The mean brightness is significantly greater than 106.
b. H0: s2 ≥ .0025 vs. H1: s2 < .0025. Reject the null hypothesis if 2 < 9.26
(n - 1)s 2 (24 - 1).03732
(=CHISQ.INV(.005,23)) . calc  2
   12.8 > therefore we
s 02 .0025
would fail to reject the null hypothesis. This sample does not provide evidence that the
variance is less than .0025.
Learning Objective: 09-11

9-31