Global corporations are inseparable from the more general phenomenon of globalization on itself.

It
follows that how one identifies globalization serves to "locate" global corporations, both in the complex
interactive pattern defined by globalization and within given historical periods.

Historical Globalization - locates the phenomenon itself early patterns of trade and exchange.

Characteristics of Global Corporations:

• Patterns of equity ownership

• Corporate ownership and management of subsidiaries

• The relationship of "central" organizational functions to supply and distribution chains.

Transnational Corporation

- it is an enterprise that engage in activities which adx value manufacturing, extraction, services
marketing in more than one country.

How do global corporations function? What constitutes a global corporation?

The contemporary global corporation is simultaneously and commomly referred to either as a

Multinational corporation (MNC) a Transnational corporation (TNC) an international company or a global
company. While much of the remainder of this chapter will serve to clarify some of these distinctions
those offered by Iwan (2012) are practically useful.

• International companies are importers and exporters, typically without investment outside of their
home country.

• Multinational companies have investment in other countries, but do not have coordinated product
offerings in each country focused on adapting their products and services to each individual local
market.

• Global companies have invested in and are present in many countries. They typically market their
products and services to each individul local market.
• Transnational companies are more complex organizations which have invested in foreign operations,
have a central corporate facility but give decision-making, research and develop and marketing powers
to each individual foreign market.

The investment-based period - was dominated by producer driven commodity or valuechains, which in
turn tended to be dominated by firms characterized by large amounts of concentrated capital focused on
large-scale or capital-intensive manufacturing or extractives industries.

Producer driven - streams have progressively integrated their corporate structures to reduce the effects
of time and distance, especially for services performed within corporate structures such as design,
finance and accounting, advertising and brand development, legal services, and inventory control.

Buyer-driven - value stream have increasingly become digital with companies specialization in internet
retailing of goods and services continuing to gain market share overforced in price marketing and selling.

THREE STRUCTURAL PERIODS

• INVESTMENT-BASED GLOBALIZATION (1950 - 1970)

• TRADE-BASED GLOBALIZATION (1970 - 1995)

• DIGITAL GLOBALIZATION (1995 onwards)

Emerging Market Global Corporations:

• Basic Element ( Russia is a world leader in alumnia production)

• Bharat Forge ( India is one of the world's largest forging companies)

• Cosco Group ( China is one of the largest shipping companies in the world)

The Relevance of the Changing Regulatory Environment to the Structure and Operation of Global
Corporation
It is significant degree result of the various regulatory environments that frame its operations and
impinge on it. This activity is ultimately defined and enumerated as "trade".