Thermodynamics Theory - Questions.0001

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Basic Concepts
S K Mondal’s Chapter 1
1. Basic Concepts
Theory at a Glance (For GATE, IES & PSUs)
m
Intensive and Extensive Properties
Intensive property: Whose value is independent of the size or extent i.e. mass of the system.
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These are, e.g., pressure p and temperature T.
Extensive property: Whose value depends on the size or extent i.e. mass of the system (upper case
letters as the symbols). e.g., Volume, Mass (V, M). If mass is increased, the value of extensive
tas
property also increases. e.g., volume V, internal energy U, enthalpy H, entropy S, etc.
Specific property: It is a special case of an intensive property. It is the value of an extensive

property per unit mass of system. (Lower case letters as symbols) eg: specific volume, density (v, ρ).
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Thermodynamic System and Control Volume
• In our study of thermodynamics, we will choose a small part of the universe to which we will
apply the laws of thermodynamics.
We call this subset a SYSTEM.
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• The thermodynamic system is analogous to the free body diagram to which we apply the laws of
mechanics, (i.e. Newton’s Laws of Motion).
• The system is a macroscopically identifiable collection of matter on which we focus
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our attention (e.g., the water kettle or the aircraft engine).
System
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Definition
• System: A quantity of matter in space which is analyzed during a problem.
• Surroundings: Everything external to the system.
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• System Boundary: A separation present between system and surrounding.

Classification of the system boundary:-
• Real solid boundary
• Imaginary boundary
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B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 1
Th
he system bou undary may be
b further cla
assified
as::
• Contrrol Mass Systtem.
• Contrrol Volume Syystem.
he choice of booundary depends on the problem
Th p
beiing analyzed
d.
m
Ty
ypes off Syste
em
.co
tas
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Closed System
S (Contro
( ol Mass System
m)
1. It’s a system of fixed masss with
fixed identity.
2. Thiss type of system
s is ussually
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referredd to as “closed system”..

3. Therre is no masss transfer across
a
the systtem boundarry.
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4. Energy transferr may take place

into or out of the system.
Fig. A Co
ontrol Masss System
or Closed
C Systtem
w.
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B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 1
O
Open Sy
ystem (Contr
rol Vollume System
S )
1. Its a system of fixed
f volumme.
2. Thiis type of system
s is ussually
refeerred to as "open system m” or
a "c
control volu ume"
3. Mass transfer can take place
m
acrooss a control volume.
4. Eneergy transfer may also occur
intoo or out of the system.
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5. A control volum me can be seenn as a
fixeed region accross which mass
andd energy tran nsfers are stu
udied.
6. Con ntrol Surfa ace – Its the
bouundary of a control voolume
7.
8.
acrooss which th
mass and energ
Thee mass of a co
Wh hen the net in
he transfer off both
gy takes placee.
ontrol volum
tas Fig. A Co ontrol Volum
or
r Open System
me (open systeem) may or may

m not be fix
nflux of mass across the control surfa
me System
xed.
ace equals zeero then the mass of the
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systtem is fixed and
a vice-verssa.
9. Thee identity of mass in a control
c volum
me always ch hanges unlikke the case for
f a control
mass system (cllosed system)).
10. Most of the engiineering deviices, in generral, represent an open sysstem or contrrol volume.
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Ex
xample:
• Heat exchanger - Fluid enters an nd leaves thee system con
ntinuously with
w the transfer of heat
across the sy
ystem bound
dary.
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• Pump - A continuous
c fllow of fluid takes place th
hrough the system
s with a transfer off mechanical
energy from
m the surroun
ndings to the system.
w.
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B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 1
Issolated
d Syste
em
1. It is a sysstem of fixed
d mass withh same
identity and fixed energy.
e
2. No intera action of masss or energy takes
place beetween the system and d the
surround dings.
m
3. In more informal words w an isoolated
system iss like a closed shop amiidst a
busy marrket.
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Fig. An
n Isolated System
S
Q
Quasi-Sttatic Prrocess
Th
he processees
un
nrestrained
Wee need restra

can be
e restrained
d
ained processses in practice.

or
tas
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Aq
quasi – staticc process is one
o in which
• The dev viation from m thermodyn namic
equilibriu um is infiniteesimal.
• All statess of the systeem passes thhrough
are equillibrium state es.
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• If we remmove the weig ghts slowly one

o by
Fig. A quasi
q – static process
one the pressure of the gass will
displace the piston gradually. It is
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quasista atic.
• On the other hand if we remove all a the weights at once thhe piston will be kicked up
p by the gas
pressure. (This is un nrestrained expansion) but
b we don’tt consider th hat the workk is done –
w.
because it i is not in a sustained manner.

• In both cases
c the systtems have unndergone a ch
hange of statte.
• Another e.g., if a person climbs down
d a ladder from roof to
t ground, it is a quasistaatic process.
On the otther hand if he jumps theen it is not a quasistatic process.
p
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B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 1
La
aws of Thermodynam
mics
m
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• The Zeroth h Law deals with therrmal equilib
tasbrium and provides a means for measuring
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temperaturees.
• The First Law
L deals with
w the consservation of energy and introduces the concept of internal
energy.
• The Second Law of therm modynamics provides witth the guideliines on the coonversion heeat energy of
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matter into work. It also

o introduces the
t concept of o entropy.
• The Third Law
L of therm
modynamics defines the absolute zerro of entropy y. The entrop py of a pure
crystalline substance
s at absolute zeroo temperaturre is zero.
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Summattion of 3 Laws
s
• Firstly, there isn’t a meaningful
m teemperature of the sourcce from whiich we can get g the full
conversion of
o heat to wo ork. Only at infinite tem mperature onee can dream of getting thhe full 1 kW
w.
work outputt.
• Secondly, more
m interestiingly, there isn’t
i enough work availabble to producce 0 K. In oth
her words, 0
K is unattaiinable. This is
i precisely th
he Third law w.
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• Because, wee don’t know what 0 K loooks like, we haven’t got a starting pooint for the temperature
t
scale!! That is why all te
emperature scales are at best
b empirica
al.
Yo
ou can’t get something for nothing g:
To get work k output you must
m give som
me thermal energy.
e
Yo
ou can’t get something for very litttle:
To get some e work outputt there is a minimum
m amount of thermmal energy thhat needs to
be given.
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 1
Yo
ou can’t get every thing g:
However mu uch work youu are willing to give 0 K can’t
c be reach
hed.
Vio
olation of all
a 3 laws:
Try to get ev
verything forr nothing.
m
eroth Law
Ze L of Thermo
T odynam
mics
• If two systeems (say A an
nd B) are in thermal equ
uilibrium witth a third sy
ystem (say C)) separately
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(that is A an
nd C are in th
hermal equillibrium; B an
nd C are in thhermal equillibrium) then
n they are in
thermal equ uilibrium themselves (tha
at is A and B will be in thermal equilib
brium).
tas
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• All tem
mperature measuremen
m nts are base
ed on Zeroth
h law of the
ermodynam
mics
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In
nternatiional Te
empera
ature Sc
cale
To provide a standard
s forr temperaturre measurem ment taking g into accoun nt both theooretical and
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praactical consid
derations, th
he Internation nal Tempera ature Scale (IITS) was adoopted in 1927 7. This scale
has been refin ned and exte ended in several revisioons, most reecently in 1990. The In nternational
Temperature Scale
S of 1990 (ITS-90) is defined in su uch a way th hat the temp perature mea asured on it
connforms with the thermod dynamic temp perature, thee unit of which is the kellvin, to withiin the limits
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of accuracy of measuremen nt obtainablle in 1990. The

T ITS–90 is based on the assigneed values of
temmperature off a number of o reproducib ble fixed poinnts (Table). In
nterpolation between thee fixed-point
temmperatures isi accomplisshed by form mulas that give
g the rela
ation between readings of o standard
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insstruments an t range froom 0.65 to 5.0 K, ITS-90 is defined by

nd values of the ITS. In the b equations
givving the tempperature as functions
f of the
t vapor prressures of pa articular helium isotopess. The range
froom 3.0 to 24.5561 K is ba ased on meassurements ussing a helium m constant-voolume gas th hermometer.
In the range frrom 13.8033 to 1234.93 K, K ITS-90 is defined by means
m of certtain platinum
m resistance
theermometers. Above 1234 4.9 K the tem mperature iss defined usiing Planck’s equation for blackbody
raddiation and measuremen
m nts of the inteensity of visib
ble-spectrumm radiation th he absolute temperature
t
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 1
m
.co
tas
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ale. The absoolute temperrature scale is also know

sca wn as Kelvinn temperaturre scale. In defining
d the
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Keelvin tempera ature scale also, the triple point of wa

ater is taken as the stand
dard referencce point. For
aCCarnot enginne operating between reseervoirs at tem mperature θ and θtp, θtp being the triiple point of
waater arbitrariily assigned the
t value of 273.16 K.
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Timme Constan nts: The time constant iss the amountt of time reqquired for a thermocouple
t e to indicate
63.2% of step change
c in te
emperature of o a surround ding media. Some of thee factors influ
uencing the
meeasured timee constant are sheath walll thickness, degree of inssulation com
mpaction, and
d distance of
jun
nction from the
t welded ca an on an ung grounded theermocouple. InI addition, the
t velocity of
o a gas past
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thee thermocoup
ple probe gre
eatly influencces the time constant
c meaasurement.
In general, timme constants for

f measurem ment of gas can
c be estima ated to be ten times as loong as those
forr measuremeent of liquid. The time con
nstant also varies
v inverseely proportional to the sq
quare root of
thee velocity of the
t media.
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 1
W
Work a path
p fun
nction
Woork is one of the basic mo
odes of energy
y transfer. Th
he work donee by a system
m is a path fu
unction, and
nott a point fun
nction. There
efore, work is not a pr
roperty of th
he system, and it cann
not be said
tha
at the work
k is posses
ssed by the system. It is an intera
action acrosss the bounda
ary. What is
stoored in the system is ene
ergy, but nott work. A decrease in energy of the system
s appea
ars as work
don
ne. Therefore, work is energy in transit and
d it can be identified
i o
only when the
t system
m
un
ndergoes a process.
p
Free Exp
pansion
n with Zero
Z W
Work Tra
ansfer
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Fr
ree Expansio
on Let us con
nsider an insu
ulated containeer (Figure) wh
hich is divided
d into two com
mpartments A
and
d B by a thin
n diaphragm. Compartmen
nt A contains a mass of ga
as, while com
mpartment B is
i completely
eva
acuated. If thee diaphragm is punctured, the gas in A will expand into B until the
t pressures in A and B
beccome equal. This
T is known
n as free or unrestrained expansion. T
The process of free ex
xpansion is
irr
tas
reversible.. Also work done is zeroo during freee expansion
n.
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Free Expa
ansion
w.
pd
dV-worrk or Displacement Work
W
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Let the gas in the

t cylinder (Figure show
wn in below) be a system having initia
ally the pressure p1 and
vollume V1. Th
he system is in thermody
ynamic equilibrium, the state of wh
hich is described by the
cooordinates p1 , V1. The pistton is the on
nly boundary which moves due to gas pressure. Leet the piston
moove out to a new final po
osition 2, wh
hich is also a thermodyn
namic equilib
brium state specified by
preessure p2 an
nd volume V2. At any inteermediate poiint in the tra
avel of the piiston, let the pressure be
pa
and the volu
ume V. This must
m also bee an equilibrium state, siince macrosccopic propertties p and V
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 1
sig
gnificant only.
m
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forr equilibrium
m states. Whe
en the piston
tas
n moves an in
nfinitesimal distance dl, and if ‘a' bee the area of
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thee piston, the force F actin
ng on the pistton F = p.a. and
a the infinitesimal amoount of work done by the
gass on the pistoon.
W=
dW F ⋅ dl
d = pad
dl = pdV
V
vi
wh
here dV = ad
dl = infinitesimal displa
acement volu
ume. The diffferential sig
gn in dW with the line
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dra
awn at the toop of it will be explained later.
l
Wh
hen the pistoon moves out from positioon 1 to positioon 2 with thee volume cha
anging from V1 to V2, the
am
mount of work
k W done by the
t system will
w be
w.
V2
W1−2 = ∫ pd
dV
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V1
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 1
Thhe magnitudee of the worrk done is giveng by
thee area underr the path 1--2, as shown n in Fig.
Sinnce p is att all times a thermod dynamic
cooordinate, all the states pa
assed through h by the
sysstem as the volume cha anges from V1 to V2
muust be equiliibrium statess, and the path
p 1-2
m
muust be qua asi-static. The
T piston moves
wly so that every state passed
inffinitely slow
thrrough is an equilibrium
e state.
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Th
he integration
n ∫ pdV can med only
n be perform
on a quasi-sta
atic path.
Fig. Quasi-Static pdV Work
k
Heat Tra
ansfer-A
A Path Functio
Heeat transfer is
i a path fu
on tas
unction, thatt is, the amoount of heat transferred when a systtem changes
froom state 1 to state 2 depeends on the intermediate
i e states throu
ugh which th
he system pa
asses, i.e. its
lda
patth. Thereforee dQ is an ine
exact differen
ntial, and wee write
2
∫
1
Q = Q1−2 or
dQ 1 Q2 ≠ Q2 − Q1
Th
he displacemeent work is given
g by
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2 2
W1−2 = ∫
1
dW = ∫
1
pdV ≠ W2 − W1
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PR
ROBLEM
MS & SO
OLUTION
NS
Exxample 1
In a closed systtem, volume changes from m 1.5m3 to 4.5 m3 and hea at addition iss 2000 kJ. Ca
alculate the
w.
chaange in interrnal energy given

g the presssure volumee relation as
⎛ 10 ⎞
p = ⎜V 2 + W
Where p is in
n kPa and V is in m3.
⎝ V ⎟⎠
Soolution:
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10
Basic Concepts
V2 V2
⎛ 10 ⎞
∫ ∫ ⎜⎝ V
2
Work done = p.dV = + dV
V1 V1
V ⎟⎠
⎡1 V ⎤
( )
= ⎢ V23 − V13 + 10ln 2 ⎥
⎣3 V1 ⎦
⎡1 4.5 ⎤
(
= ⎢ 4.53 − 1.53 + 10ln
⎣3
)
1.5 ⎥⎦
m
⎡1 ⎤
= ⎢ ( 91.125 − 3.375 ) + 10ln3⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦
= [29.250 + 10.986] = 40.236 kJ
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First Law of Thermodynamics:-
Q = W + ΔU
2000 = 40.236 + ΔU
∴ ΔU = 2000 – 40.236 = 1959.764 kJ
Example 2.
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A fluid is contained in a cylinder piston arrangement that has a paddle that imparts work to the
fluid. The atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of Hg. The paddle makes 10,000 revolutions during
which the piston moves out 0.8m. The fluid exerts a torque of 1.275 N-m one the paddle. What is net
work transfer, if the diameter of the piston is 0.6m?
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Solution:
Work done by the stirring device upon the system
W1 = 2πTN
= 2π × 1.275 × 10000 N-m = 80kJ
This is negative work for the system.
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w.
(Fig.)
Work done by the system upon the surroundings.
W2 = p.dV = p.(A × L)
π
= 101.325 × (0.6)2 × 0.80 = 22.9kJ
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4
This is positive work for the system. Hence the net work transfer for the system.
W = W1 + W2 = - 80 + 22.9 = - 57.l kJ.
11
Basic Concepts
ASKED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)
Previous 20-Years GATE Questions
m
GATE-1. List-I List II [GATE-1998]
A. Heat to work 1. Nozzle
B. Heat to lift weight 2. Endothermic chemical reaction
C. Heat to strain energy 3. Heat engine
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D. Heat to electromagnetic energy 4. Hot air balloon/evaporation
5. Thermal radiation
6. Bimetallic strips
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 4 6 5 (b) 3 4 5 6
(c) 3 6 4 2 (d) 1 2 3 4
Open and Closed systems

GATE-2.
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An isolated thermodynamic system executes a process, choose the correct
statement(s) form the following [GATE-1999]
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(a) No heat is transferred
(b) No work is done
(c) No mass flows across the boundary of the system
(d) No chemical reaction takes place within the system
GATE-2a. Heat and work are [GATE-2011]

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(a) intensive properties (b) extensive properties

(c) point functions (d) path functions
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Quasi-Static Process
GATE-3. A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains a gas initially at 0.8 MPa and
0.015 m3. It expands quasi-statically at constant temperature to a final volume
of 0.030 m3. The work output (in kJ/kg) during this process will be: [GATE-2009]
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(a) 8.32 (b) 12.00 (c) 554.67 (d) 8320.00
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer

GATE-4. A balloon containing an ideal gas is initially kept in an evacuated and
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insulated room. The balloon ruptures and the gas fills up the entire room.
Which one of the following statements is TRUE at the end of above process?
(a) The internal energy of the gas decreases from its initial value, but the enthalpy
remains constant [GATE-2008]
(b) The internal energy of the gas increases from its initial value, but the enthalpy
remains constant
(c) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas remain constant
(d) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas increase
12
Basic Concepts
GATE-5. Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with negligible change
in potential and kinetic energy. The Work done in the process is given by:
[GATE-1996, IAS-2000]
(a) –∫Pdv (b) +∫Pdv (c) –∫vdp (d) +∫vdp
pdV-work or Displacement Work

GATE-6. In a steady state steady flow process taking place in a device with a single inlet
m
and a single outlet, the work done per unit mass flow rate is given by
outlet
ω=− ∫
inlet
vdp , where v is the specific volume and p is the pressure. The
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expression for w given above: [GATE-2008]
(a) Is valid only if the process is both reversible and adiabatic
(b) Is valid only if the process is both reversible and isothermal
(c) Is valid for any reversible process
outlet
(d) Is incorrect; it must be ω = − ∫ vdp
GATE-7.
inlet
tas
A gas expands in a frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement. The expansion
process is very slow, and is resisted by an ambient pressure of 100 kPa. During
the expansion process, the pressure of the system (gas) remains constant at 300
lda
kPa. The change in volume of the gas is 0.01 m3. The maximum amount of work
that could be utilized from the above process is: [GATE-2008]
(a) 0kJ (b) 1kJ (c) 2kJ (d) 3kJ
GATE-8. For reversible adiabatic compression in a steady flow process, the work
transfer per unit mass is: [GATE-1996]
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(a) ∫ pdv (b) ∫ vdp (c) ∫ Tds (d ) ∫ sdT

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Previous 20-Years IES Questions

IES-1. Which of the following are intensive properties? [IES-2005]
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1. Kinetic Energy 2. Specific Enthalpy

3. Pressure 4. Entropy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 4
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IES-2. Consider the following properties: [IES-2009]

1. Temperature 2. Viscosity
3. Specific entropy 4. Thermal conductivity
Which of the above properties of a system is/are intensive?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
IES-2a. Consider the following: [IES-2007, 2010]

1. Kinetic energy 2. Entropy
13
Basic Concepts
3. Thermal conductivity 4. Pressure
Which of these are intensive properties?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
IES-3. Which one of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic

system? [IES-1999]
(a) Volume (b) Pressure (c) Temperature (d) Density
m
IES-4. Consider the following properties: [IES-2009]
1. Entropy 2. Viscosity
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3. Temperature 4. Specific heat at constant volume
Which of the above properties of a system is/are extensive?
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 4
IES-4a Consider the following: [IES-2010]

1. Temperature 2. Viscosity
3. Internal energy
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(c) 2 and 3 only
tas4. Entropy
Which of these are extensive properties?
(b) 2 and 4 only
(d) 3 and 4 only.
lda
IES-5. Assertion (A): A thermodynamic system may be considered as a quantity of
working substance with which interactions of heat and work are studied.
Reason (R): Energy in the form of work and heat are mutually convertible.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
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(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false [IES-2000]
(d) A is false but R is true
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IES-5a A control volume is [IES-2010]

(a) An isolated system
(b) A closed system but heat and work can cross the boundary
(c) A specific amount of mass in space
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(d) A fixed region in space where mass, heat and work can cross the boundary of that
region
Open and Closed systems

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IES-6. A closed thermodynamic system is one in which [IES-1999, 2010, 2011]

(a) There is no energy or mass transfer across the boundary
(b) There is no mass transfer, but energy transfer exists
(c) There is no energy transfer, but mass transfer exists
(d) Both energy and mass transfer take place across the boundary, but the mass transfer
is controlled by valves
IES-7 Isothermal compression of air in a Stirling engine is an example of

14
Basic Concepts
(a) Open system [IES-2010]
(b) Steady flow diabatic system
(c) Closed system with a movable boundary
(d) Closed system with fixed boundary
IES-8. Which of the following is/are reversible process(es)? [IES-2005]

1. Isentropic expansion
2. Slow heating of water from a hot source
m
3. Constant pressure heating of an ideal gas from a constant temperature
source
4. Evaporation of a liquid at constant temperature
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
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(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 4
IES-9. Assertion (A): In thermodynamic analysis, the concept of reversibility is that, a

reversible process is the most efficient process. [IES-2001]
Reason (R): The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process
tas
as always identically equal to the energy transfer is heat and work during the
reversal or the process.
(c) A is true but R is false
lda
IES-9a Which one of the following represents open thermodynamic system?

(a) Manual ice cream freezer (b) Centrifugal pump [IES-2011]
(c) Pressure cooker (d) Bomb calorimeter
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IES-10. Ice kept in a well insulated thermo flask is an example of which system?
(a) Closed system (b) Isolated systems [IES-2009]
(c) Open system (d) Non-flow adiabatic system
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IES-10a Hot coffee stored in a well insulated thermos flask is an example of

(a) Isolated system (b) Closed system [IES-2010]
(c) Open system (d) Non-flow diabatic system
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IES10b A thermodynamic system is considered to be an isolated one if [IES-2011]

(a) Mass transfer and entropy change are zero
(b) Entropy change and energy transfer are zero
(c) Energy transfer and mass transfer are zero
ww
(d) Mass transfer and volume change are zero
IES-10c. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given
below the lists: [IES-2011]
List I List II
A. Interchange of matter is not possible in a 1. Open system
B. Any processes in which the system returns to
2. System
its original condition or state is called
C. Interchange of matter is possible in a
15
Basic Concepts
D. The quantity of matter under consideration in 3. Closed system
thermodynamics is called
4. Cycle
Code: A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 3 1 4 2
(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 3 4 1 2
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
m
IES-11. Measurement of temperature is based on which law of thermodynamics?
[IES-2009]
.co
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics (b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics (d) Third law of thermodynamics
IES-12. Consider the following statements: [IES-2003]

1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics is related to temperature
2. Entropy is related to first law of thermodynamics
(a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4

tas
3. Internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature and pressure
4. Van der Waals' equation is related to an ideal gas
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
lda
IES-13. Zeroth Law of thermodynamics states that [IES-1996, 2010]
(a) Two thermodynamic systems are always in thermal equilibrium with each other.
(b) If two systems are in thermal equilibrium, then the third system will also be in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
(c) Two systems not in thermal equilibrium with a third system are also not in thermal
vi
equilibrium with each other.

(d) When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
Ci
International Temperature Scale

IES-14. Which one of the following correctly defines 1 K, as per the internationally
accepted definition of temperature scale? [IES-2004]
w.
(a) 1/100th of the difference between normal boiling point and normal freezing point of
water
(b) 1/273.15th of the normal freezing point of water
(c) 100 times the difference between the triple point of water and the normal freezing
point of water
ww
(d) 1/273.15th of the triple point of water
IES-15. In a new temperature scale say °ρ, the boiling and freezing points of water at
one atmosphere are 100°ρ and 300°ρ respectively. Correlate this scale with the
Centigrade scale. The reading of 0°ρ on the Centigrade scale is: [IES-2001]
(a) 0°C (b) 50°C (c) 100°C (d) 150°C
16
Basic Concepts
IES-16. Assertion (a): If an alcohol and a mercury thermometer read exactly 0°C at the
ice point and 100°C at the steam point and the distance between the two points
is divided into 100 equal parts in both thermometers, the two thermometers
will give exactly the same reading at 50°C. [IES-1995]
Reason (R): Temperature scales are arbitrary.
m
IES-17. Match List-I (Type of Thermometer) with List-II (Thermometric Property) and
select the correct answer using the code given below the [IES 2007]
.co
List-I List-II
A. Mercury-in-glass 1. Pressure
B. Thermocouple 2. Electrical resistant
C. Thermistor 3. Volume
D. Constant volume gas 4. Induced electric voltage
IES-18.
Codes:
(a)
(c)
A
1
1
B
4
2
C
2
4
D
3
3
tas
Pressure reaches a value of absolute zero
(a) At a temperature of – 273 K
(b)
(d)
A
3
3
B
2
4
C
4
2
D
1
1
[IES-2002]
lda
(b) Under vacuum condition
(c) At the earth's centre
(d) When molecular momentum of system becomes zero
IES-19. The time constant of a thermocouple is the time taken to attain:

vi
(a) The final value to he measured [IES-1997, 2010]

(b) 50% of the value of the initial temperature difference
(c) 63.2% of the value of the initial temperature difference
(d) 98.8% of the value of the initial temperature difference
Ci
Work a Path Function

IES-20. Assertion (A): Thermodynamic work is path-dependent except for an adiabatic
w.
process. [IES-2005]
Reason(R): It is always possible to take a system from a given initial state to
any final state by performing adiabatic work only.
ww

IES-20a Work transfer between the system and the surroundings [IES-2011]
(a) Is a point function (b) Is always given by ∫ pdv
(c) Is a function of pressure only (d) Depends on the path followed by the system
17
Basic Concepts

IES-21. Match items in List-I (Process) with those in List-II (Characteristic) and select
the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-I List-II [IES-2001]
A. Throttling process 1. No work done
B. Isentropic process 2. No change in entropy
m
C. Free expansion 3. Constant internal energy
D. Isothermal process 4. Constant enthalpy
.co
(a) 4 2 1 3 (b) 1 2 4 3
(c) 4 3 1 2 (d) 1 3 4 2
IES-22. The heat transfer, Q, the work done W and the change in internal energy U are
all zero in the case of [IES-1996]
tas
(a) A rigid vessel containing steam at 150°C left in the atmosphere which is at 25°C.
(b) 1 kg of gas contained in an insulated cylinder expanding as the piston moves slowly
outwards.
(c) A rigid vessel containing ammonia gas connected through a valve to an evacuated
lda
rigid vessel, the vessel, the valve and the connecting pipes being well insulated and
the valve being opened and after a time, conditions through the two vessels becoming
uniform.
(d) 1 kg of air flowing adiabatically from the atmosphere into a previously evacuated
bottle.
vi

Ci
IES-23. One kg of ice at 0°C is completely melted into water at 0°C at 1 bar pressure.
The latent heat of fusion of water is 333 kJ/kg and the densities of water and
ice at 0°C are 999.0 kg/m3 and 916.0 kg/m3, respectively. What are the
approximate values of the work done and energy transferred as heat for the
w.
process, respectively? [IES-2007]

(a) –9.4 J and 333.0 kJ (b) 9.4 J and 333.0 kJ
(c) –333.0 kJ and –9.4 J (d) None of the above
ww
IES-24. Which one of the following is the

correct sequence of the three
processes A, B and C in the
increasing order of the amount of
work done by a gas following ideal-
gas expansions by these processes?
18
Basic Concepts
[IES-2006]
(a) A – B – C (b) B – A – C (c) A – C – B (d) C – A – B
IES-25. An ideal gas undergoes an
isothermal expansion from
state R to state S in a turbine
as shown in the diagram given
below:
m
The area of shaded region is
1000 Nm. What is the amount is
turbine work done during the
process?
.co
(a) 14,000 Nm (b) 12,000 Nm
(c) 11,000 Nm (d) 10,000 Nm [IES-2004]
IES-26. Assertion (A): The area 'under' curve on pv plane, ∫ pdv represents the work of
reversible non-flow process. [IES-1992]
reversible process.
tas
Reason (R): The area 'under' the curve T–s plane ∫ Tds represents heat of any
lda
IES-27. If ∫ pdv ∫
and − vdp for a thermodynamic system of an Ideal gas on valuation
give same quantity (positive/negative) during a process, then the process
undergone by the system is: [IES-2003]
vi
(a) Isomeric (b) Isentropic (c) Isobaric (d) Isothermal

Ci
IES-28. Which one of the following expresses the reversible work done by the system
(steady flow) between states 1 and 2? [IES-2008]
2 2 2 2
(a) ∫ pdv
1
(b) − ∫ vdp
1
(c) − ∫ pdv
1
(d) ∫ vdp
1
w.
Heat Transfer-A Path Function

IES-29. Assertion (A): The change in heat and work cannot be expressed as difference
ww
between the end states. [IES-1999]

Reason (R): Heat and work are both exact differentials.
19
Basic Concepts
Previous 20-Years IAS Questions

IAS-1. The following are examples of some intensive and extensive properties:
1. Pressure 2. Temperature [IAS-1995]
m
3. Volume 4. Velocity
5. Electric charge 6. Magnetisation
7. Viscosity 8. Potential energy
Which one of the following sets gives the correct combination of intensive and
.co
extensive properties?
Intensive Extensive
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, 8
(b) 1, 3, 5, 7 2, 4, 6, 8
(c) 1, 2, 4, 7 3, 5, 6, 8
(d) 2, 3, 6, 8
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

IAS-2.
tas 1, 4, 5, 7
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
lda
below the lists: [IAS-2004]
List-I List-II
A. Reversible cycle 1. Measurement of temperature
B. Mechanical work 2. Clapeyron equation
C. Zeroth Law 3. Clausius Theorem
vi
D. Heat 4. High grade energy

5. 3rd law of thermodynamics
6. Inexact differential
Ci
(a) 3 4 1 6 (b) 2 6 1 3
(c) 3 1 5 6 (d) 1 4 5 2
IAS-3. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer: [IAS-2000]
w.
List-I List-II
A. The entropy of a pure crystalline 1. First law of thermodynamics
substance is zero at absolute zero
temperature
ww
B. Spontaneous processes occur 2. Second law of thermodynamics

in a certain direction
C. If two bodies are in thermal 3. Third law of thermodynamics
equilibrium with a third body,
then they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other
D. The law of conservation of energy 4. Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
(a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 3 2 1 4
20
Basic Concepts
(c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4
International Temperature Scale

IAS-4. A new temperature scale in degrees N is to be defined. The boiling and
freezing on this scale are 400°N and 100°N respectively. What will be the
reading on new scale corresponding to 60°C? [IAS-1995]
(a) 120°N (b) 180°N (c) 220°N (d) 280°N
m
.co
IAS-5. In free expansion of a gas between two equilibrium states, the work transfer
involved [IAS-2001]
(a) Can be calculated by joining the two states on p-v coordinates by any path and
estimating the area below
(b) Can be calculated by joining the two states by a quasi-static path and then finding
the area below
IAS-6.
(c) Is zero
(a) Positive (b) Negative

tas
(d) Is equal to heat generated by friction during expansion.
Work done in a free expansion process is:

(c) Zero
[IAS-2002]
(d) Maximum
lda
IAS-7. In the temperature-entropy diagram
of a vapour shown in the given figure,
the thermodynamic process shown by
the dotted line AB represents
(a) Hyperbolic expansion
vi
(b) Free expansion

(c) Constant volume expansion
(d) Polytropic expansion
[IAS-1995]
Ci
IAS-8. If ∫ pdv ∫
and − vdp for a thermodynamic system of an Ideal gas on valuation
give same quantity (positive/negative) during a process, then the process
undergone by the system is: [IAS-1997, IES-2003]
w.
(a) Isomeric (b) Isentropic (c) Isobaric (d) Isothermal
IAS-9. For the expression ∫ pdv to represent the work, which of the following
ww
conditions should apply? [IAS-2002]

(a) The system is closed one and process takes place in non-flow system
(b) The process is non-quasi static
(c) The boundary of the system should not move in order that work may be transferred
(d) If the system is open one, it should be non-reversible
21
Basic Concepts
IAS-10. Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with negligible change
in potential and kinetic energy. The Work done in the process is given by:
[IAS-2000, GATE-1996]
(a) –∫pdv (b) +∫pdv (c) –∫vdp (d) +∫vdp
IAS-11. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists: [IAS-2004]
List-I List-II
m
A. Bottle filling of gas 1. Absolute Zero Temperature
B. Nernst simon Statement 2. Variable flow
C. Joule Thomson Effect 3. Quasi-Static Path
.co
D. ∫pdv 4. Isentropic Process
5. Dissipative Effect
6. Low grade energy
7. Process and temperature during phase
change.
Codes:
(a)
(c)
A
6
2
B
5
5
C
4
7
D
3
4 tas (b)
(d)
A
2
6
B
1
1
C
4
7
D
3
4
lda
IAS-13. Thermodynamic work is the product of [IAS-1998]
(a) Two intensive properties
(b) Two extensive properties
(c) An intensive property and change in an extensive property
vi
(d) An extensive property and change in an intensive property
Heat Transfer-A Path Function

Ci
IAS-14. Match List-I (Parameter) with List-II (Property) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists:
List-I List-II [IAS-1999]
w.
A. Volume 1. Path function

B. Density 2. Intensive property
C. Pressure 3. Extensive property
D. Work 4. Point function
ww
(a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4
22
Basic Concepts
Answers with Explanation (Objective)
Previous 20-Years GATE Answers

GATE-1. Ans. (a)
m
GATE-2. Ans. (a, b, c) For an isolated system no mass and energy transfer through the system.
dQ = 0, dW = 0, ∴ dE = 0 or E = Constant
.co
GATE-2a. Ans. (d)
⎛ V2 ⎞
GATE-3. Ans. (a) Iso-thermal work done (W) = RT1 ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ V1 ⎠
⎛V ⎞
= P1V1 ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
tas ⎝ V1 ⎠
⎛ 0.030 ⎞
= 800 × 0.015 × ln ⎜
= 8.32 kJ/kg
⎟
⎝ 0.015 ⎠
lda
GATE-4. Ans. (c) It is free expansion. Since vacuum does not offer any resistance, there is no work
transfer involved in free expansion.
2
Here, ∫ δω = 0
1
and Q1-2=0 therefore Q1-2 = ΔU + W1-2 so, ΔU = 0
vi
GATE-5. Ans. (c) For closed system W = + ∫ pdv , for steady flow W = − ∫ vdp
GATE-6. (c)
GATE-7. Ans. (b) W = Resistance pressure. Δ V = 1 × Δ V = 100 × 0.1 kJ = 1kJ
Ci
GATE-8. Ans. (b) W = − ∫ vdp
Previous 20-Years IES Answers

w.
IES-1. Ans. (b)

IES-2. Ans. (d) Intensive property: Whose value is independent of the size or extent i.e. mass of
ww
the system.
Specific property: It is a special case of an intensive property. It is the value of an
extensive property per unit mass of system (Lower case letters as symbols) e.g., specific
volume, density (v, ρ).
1
IES-2a. Ans. (c) Kinetic energy mv 2 depends on mass, Entropy kJ/k depends on mass so
2
Entropy is extensive property but specific entropy kJ/kg K is an intensive property.
23
Basic Concepts
IES-3. Ans. (a) Extensive property is dependent on mass of system. Thus volume is extensive
property.
IES-4. Ans. (a) Extensive property: Whose value depends on the size or extent i.e. mass of the
system (upper case letters as the symbols) e.g., Volume, Mass (V, M). If mass is
increased, the value of extensive property also increases.
IES-4a Ans. (d) The properties like temperature, viscosity which are Independent of the MASS of
m
the system are called Intensive property
IES-5. Ans. (d)
• But remember 100% heat can’t be convertible to work but 100% work can be
converted to heat. It depends on second law of thermodynamics.
.co
• A thermodynamic system is defined as a definite quantity of matter or a region in
space upon which attention is focused in the analysis of a problem.
• The system is a macroscopically identifiable collection of matter on which we focus
our attention
IES-5a Ans. (d)
IES-6. Ans. (b) In closed thermodynamic system, there is no mass transfer but energy transfer
exists.
IES-7. Ans. (c)
tas
IES-8. Ans. (d) Isentropic means reversible adiabatic. Heat transfer in any finite temp difference is
irreversible.
IES-9. Ans. (a) The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process as always
lda
identically equal to the energy transfer is heat and work during the reversal or the
process is the correct reason for maximum efficiency because it is conservative system.
IES-9a. Ans. (b)
IES-10. Ans. (b) Isolated System - in which there is no interaction between system and the
surroundings. It is of fixed mass and energy, and hence there is no mass and energy
vi
transfer across the system boundary.

IES-10a Ans. (a)
IES-10b. Ans. (c)
Ci
IES-10c. Ans. (d)

IES-11. Ans. (a) All temperature measurements are based on Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
IES-12. Ans. (a) Entropy - related to second law of thermodynamics.
Internal Energy (u) = f (T) only (for an ideal gas)
Van der Wall's equation related to => real gas.
w.
IES-13. Ans. (d)

IES-14. Ans. (d)
0 − 300 C −0
IES-15.Ans. (d) = ⇒ C = 150°C
100 − 300 100 − 0
ww
24
Basic Concepts
IES-16. Ans. (b) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation for A. Temperature is
independent of thermometric property of fluid.
IES-17. Ans. (d)
IES-18. Ans. (d) But it will occur at absolute zero temperature.
IES-19. Ans. (c) Time Constants: The time constant is the amount of time required for a
thermocouple to indicated 63.2% of step change in temperature of a surrounding media.
Some of the factors influencing the measured time constant are sheath wall thickness,
degree of insulation compaction, and distance of junction from the welded cap on an
m
ungrounded thermocouple. In addition, the velocity of a gas past the thermocouple probe
greatly influences the time constant measurement. In general, time constants for
measurement of gas can be estimated to be ten times as long as those for measurement
of liquid. The time constant also varies inversely proportional to the square root of the
.co
velocity of the media.
IES-20. Ans. (c)
IES-20a Ans. (d)
IES-21. Ans. (a)
IES-22. Ans. (c) In example of (c), it is a case of free expansion heat transfer, work done, and
⎛ 1
= 100 kPa × ⎜ −
1 ⎞
tas
changes in internal energy are all zero.
IES-23. Ans. (a) Work done (W) = P Δ V = 100 × (V2 – V1) = 100 × ⎜
⎟ = –9.1 J
⎛m
⎝ ρ2
−
m⎞
⎟
ρ1 ⎠
lda
⎝ 999 916 ⎠
IES-24. Ans. (d) WA = ∫ pdV = 4 × (2 − 1) = 4 kJ
1
WB = ∫ pdV = × 3 × (7 − 4) = 4.5 kJ
2
vi
WC = ∫ pdV = 1× (12 − 9) = 3kJ

IES-25. Ans. (c) Turbine work = area under curve R–S
= ∫ pdv = 1 bar × ( 0.2 − 0.1) m3 + 1000 Nm
Ci
= 105 × ( 0.2 − 0.1) Nm + 1000Nm = 11000 Nm

IES-26. Ans. (b)
IES-27. Ans. (d) Isothermal work is minimum of any process.
w.
pv = mRT
pdv + vdp = 0[ ∵ T is constant]
∫ pdv = − ∫ vdp
ww
∫
IES-28. Ans. (b) For steady flow process, reversible work given by − vdp .
1
IES-29. Ans. (c) A is true because change in heat and work are path functions and thus can't be
expressed simply as difference between the end states. R is false because both work and
heat are inexact differentials.
25
Basic Concepts
Previous 20-Years IAS Answers

IAS-1. Ans. (c) Intensive properties, i.e. independent of mass are pressure, temperature, velocity
and viscosity. Extensive properties, i.e. dependent on mass of system are volume, electric
charge, magnetisation, and potential energy. Thus correct choice is (c).
IAS-2. Ans. (a)
IAS-3. Ans. (c)
m
IAS-4. Ans. (d) The boiling and freezing points on new scale are 400° N and 100°N i.e. range is
300°N corresponding to 100°C. Thus conversion equation is
°N = 100 + 3 × °C = 100+ 3 × 60 = 100 + 180 = 280 °N
.co
IAS-5. Ans. (c)
IAS-6. Ans. (c) Since vacuum does not offer any resistance, there is no work transfer involved in
free expansion.
IAS-7. Ans. (b)
IAS-8. Ans. (d) Isothermal work is minimum of any process.
IAS-9. Ans. (a)
IAS-10. Ans. (c) For closed system W =
tas
+ ∫ pdv , for steady flow W = − ∫ vdp
IAS-12. Ans. (b) Start with D. ∫PdV only valid for quasi-static path so choice (c) & (d) out.
Automatically C-4 then eye on A and B. Bottle filling of gas is variable flow so A-2.
IAS-13. Ans. (c) W = ∫ pdv where pressure (p) is an intensive property and volume (v) is an
lda
extensive property
IAS-14. Ans. (a) Pressure is intensive property but such option is not there.
vi
Ci
w.
ww
26
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
2. Firstt Law
w of T herm
modyn
namic
cs
Theo
ory at a Glance (Fo
or GAT
TE, IES
S & PS
SUs)
m
First Law
w of Th
hermody
ynamic
cs
Sttatement:
.co
• When a closed systeem executes a complete cy ycle the
sum of heat interacttions is equa
al to the sum of work
interacttions.
Mathemmatically
• (Σ Q)cyclle = (Σ
The sum
Σ W)cycle
mmations be tas
eing over the entire cycle.
lda
Allternate sttatement::
Whhen a closed system undergoes a cyclle the cyclic integral of heat
h is equal to the cyclicc integral of
woork.
Maathematicallly
∫ δQ ∫ δW
vi
=
Ci
In other word
ds for a two process cycle
A − 2 + QB2 −1 = WA1− 2 + WB 2 −1
Q A1
w.
In
nternal Energy
y – A Prroperty
y of Sys
stem
ww
W
Which can be
e written ass
28
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
• Since A and B are arbitrarily

a ch
hosen, the connclusion is, as
a far as a prrocess is conccerned (A or
B) the difference δQ – δW rema ains a consta
ant as long asa the initial and the fina al states are
m
the samme. The diffe erence depends only on th he end points of the proccess. Note that Q and W
themseelves depend on the path followed.
f Butt their differeence does nott.
• This im
mplies that th he difference between thee heat and woork interactioons during a process is a
.co
propertty of the system.
• This prroperty is called the energgy of the systtem. It is dessignated as E and is equa al to some of
all the energies
e at a given state.
Wee enunciate the

t FIRST LA
AW for a proccess as
δQ
δ – δW
W = dE tas
vi lda
Ci
• An isollated systemm which do oes not interract with thhe surround dings Q = 0 and W = 0.
Thereffore, E rema ains constan nt for such a system.
w.
• Let us reconsider
r th
he cycle 1-2 along
a path A and 2-1 alon
ng path B as shown
s in fig.
• Work done
d during the path A = Area
A under 1-A-2-3-4
1
• Work done
d during the path B = Area
A under 1-B-2-3-4
1
• Since these two areeas are not equal,
e the neet work interraction is tha
at shown by the shaded
ww
area.
29
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
• The nett area is 1A2B1.
• Therefoore some worrk is derived by the cycle.
• First la
aw compels that this iss possible onlyo
when there
t is also
o heat interaction betweeen
the systtem and the surrounding gs.
• In othher words, if i you have e to get wo ork
out, yo
ou must give e heat in.
m
• t first law can be consttrued to be a statement of
Thus, the o conservatioon of energy - in a broad
sense.
• In the example
e show
wn the area under
u curve A < that undder B
.co
• The cyccle shown ha as negative work outputt or it will receive work from the su urroundings.
Obviously, the net heat
h interacttion is also neegative. Thiss implies that this cycle will
w heat the
environnment. (as peer the sign coonvention).
• For a process we can n have Q = 0 or W = 0
• We can n extract worrk without su upplying heat (during a process) bu ut sacrificing
g the energy
•
of the system.
We can
s
the eneergy of the sy

Energy
ystem.
y of a systemm is an exte
tas
n add heat to the system without doin
ensive prop
ng work (in process)
perty
p wh
hich will go too increasing
lda
he internal en
Th nergy dependds only upon the initial an
nd final statees of the systtem. Internall energy of a
sub
bstance does not include any energy that
t it may possess
p as a result
r of its macroscopic
m c position or
moovement. Thaat so why in SFEE
S (Stead
dy flow energ gy equation) C2/2 and gz iss there.
Reecognize that h p from whicch u2 + p2 v2 = h2

= u + pv
vi
and similarly u1 + p1v1 = h1

Ci
Q
Q–W = [(h2 + C22/2 + gZ2) - (h1+C C12/2 + gZ1)] or
= [(h2 - h1) + (C22/2 - C12/2) + g(Z2 - Z1)]
w.
[W
Where C = Vellocity (m/s), h = Specific enthalpy
e (J/k
kg), z = elevattion (m)
Bu
ut Reme
ember:
ww
Miicroscopic vieew of a gas is a collection of particles in random mootion. Energy y of a particle consists of
tra
anslational energy, rottational ene ergy, vibrattional energ gy and speciific electron nic energy.
Alll these energgies summed d over all thee particles off the gas, form
m the specifiic internal en
nergy, e , of
thee gas.
30
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
Perpetua
al Motio
on Mac
chine off the First Kind-PMM
M1
Th
he first law sttates the gen
neral principlle of the consservation of energy.
e Energ
gy is neither created nor
desstroyed, but only gets tra
ansformed froom one form to t another.
Thhere can be no
n machine which would d continuoussly supply mechanical
m woork without some other
forrm of energy disappearing
g simultaneoously (Fig. sh hown in below
w). Such a fictitious mach
hine is called
apperpetual mootion machinee of the first kind, or in brrief, PMM1. A PMM1 is thus
t impossible.
m
he converse of the above statementt is also tru
Th ue, i.e. theree can be no machine which
w would
con
ntinuously coonsume work
k without som
me other form
m of energy appearing
a sim
multaneously
y (Fig.).
.co
Enthalpy
y
A PMM1
P
tas The
e Converse of
o PMM1
lda
Th
he enthalpy of a substance
e H is defined
d as
H = U + PV
P
It iis an extenssive propertty of a system
m and its uniit is kJ.
vi
Specific Enthallpy h = u + pv
p
Ci
It iis an intensiive propertty of a system

m and its unitt is kJ/kg.
Intternal energyy change is equal to the heat transfeerred in a coonstant volumme process involving
i no
woork other thaan pdv work. It is possiblle to derive an
a expressionn for the hea
at transfer in
n a constant
preessure process involving no work oth her than pdv v work. In su
uch a processs in a closed
d stationary
w.
sysstem of unit mass

m of a pure substancee.
d Q = du + pdv
At constannt pressure
pdv = d(pv)
Therefoore ( dQ ) = du + d ( pv )
ww
P
or ( dQ ) = d(u+pv)
P
or ( dQ ) P = dh
Where H = U + PV is the enthalpy, a property of system.
W s
Specific enth
halpy h = H/m
m, kJ/kg and also h = u + pdv
Where h = sp
pecific enthalpy, kJ/kg
31
First Law of Thermodynamics

u = specific internal energy, kJ/kg
dv = change in specific volume, m3/kg.
Specific heat at constant volume

The specific heat of a substance at constant volume Cv is defined as the rate of change of
specific internal energy with respect to temperature when the volume is held constant, i.e.,
⎛ ∂u ⎞
Cv = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠v
m
For a constant volume process
T2
( Δu )v = ∫ C .dT
v
.co
T1
The first law may be written for a closed stationary system composed of a unit mass of a pure
substance.
Q = Δu + W
or d Q = du + d W
For a process in the absence of work other than pdv work
d W = pdv
Therefore d Q = du + pdv
Therefore, when the volume is held constant
(Q )v = ( Δu )v
T2
tas
lda
(Q )v = ∫ Cv .dT
T1
⋅
Since u, T and v are properties, Cv is a property of the system. The product m Cv is called the
heat capacity at constant volume (J/K).
vi
Specific heat at constant pressure

The specific heat at constant pressure Cp is defined as the rate of change of specific enthalpy
with respect to temperature when the pressure is held constant.
Ci
⎛ ∂h ⎞
CP = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠ P
For a constant pressure process
T2
w.
( Δh )P = ∫C P .dT
T1
The first law for a closed stationary system of unit mass

dQ = du + pdv
ww
Again, h = u + pv
Therefore dh = du + pdv + vdp

= d Q + vdp
Therefore dQ = dh – vdp
Therefore ( dQ )P = dh
32

or (Q ) p = ( Δh) p
∴ Form abow equations
T2
( Q )P = ∫C P .dT
T1
Cp is a property of the system, just like Cv. The heat capacity at constant pressure is equal to m
C p (J/K).
m
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E
.co
S.F.E.E. per unit mass basis
C 12 dQ C 22 dW
h1 + + gz1 + = h2 + + gz2 +
(i)
2 dm 2 dm
[h, W, Q should be in J/Kg and C in m/s and g in m/s2]
C12 gZ1 dQ C22 gZ 2 dW

tas
lda
(ii)
h1 + + + = h2 + + +
2000 1000 dm 2000 1000 dm
[h, W, Q should be in KJ/Kg and C in m/s and g in m/s2]
S.F.E.E. per unit time basis

vi
⎛ C12 ⎞ dQ
w1 ⎜ h1 + + z1 g ⎟ +
⎝ 2 ⎠ dτ
Ci
⎛ C22 ⎞ dWx
= w2 ⎜ h2 + + z2 g ⎟ +
⎝ 2 ⎠ dτ
w.
Where, w = mass flow rate (kg/s)
Steady Flow Process Involving Two Fluid Streams at the Inlet and Exit of the Control
Volume
ww
33
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
m
Ma
ass balance
.co
w 1 + w 2 = w 3 + w 4
A 1C A 2C A 3C A 4C
1
+ 2
= 3
+ 4
v1 v2 v3 v4
here v = speccific volume (m
Wh ( 3/kg)
En
nergy balan
nce
⎛
w1 ⎜ h1 +
⎝
C12
2
⎞ ⎛
+ Z1 g ⎟ + w2 ⎜ h2 +
⎠ ⎝
C22
2
tas ⎞ dQ
+ Z2 g ⎟ +
⎠ dτ
lda
⎛ C2 ⎞ ⎛ C2 ⎞ dWx
= w3 ⎜ h3 + 3 + Z3 g ⎟ + w4 ⎜ h4 + 4 + Z4 g ⎟ +
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ dτ
ome examplle of steady

So y flow proce
esses:-
vi
Th
he following examples
e illu
ustrate the applications of
o the steady flow energy equation in some of the
enggineering sysstems.
Noozzle and Diiffuser:
Ci
An nozzle is a device
d which increases th he velocity oro K.E. of a fluid at thee expense of its pressure
droop, whereas a diffuser in ncreases the pressure of a fluid at thee expense of its K.E. Figu
ure show in
bellow a nozzle which is insu ulated. The steady
s flow en
nergy equation of the con
ntrol surface gives
C2 dQ C2 dWx
h1 + 1 + Z1 g + = h2 + 2 + Z 2 g +
w.
2 dm 2 dm
ww
F
Fig.
34

dQ dWx
Here = 0; = 0, and the change in potential energy is zero. The equation reduces to
dm dm
C2 C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2 (a)
2 2
The continuity equation gives
AC AC
w= 1 1 = 2 2 (b)
v1 v2
When the inlet velocity or the ‘velocity of approach’ V1 is small compared to the exit velocity V2,
m
Equation (a) becomes
C22
h1 = h2 +
2
.co
or C2 = 2(h1 − h2 )m / s
where (h1 – h2) is in J/kg.
Equations (a) and (b) hold good for a diffuser as well.
Throttling Device:
tas
When a fluid flows through a constricted passage, like a partially opened value, an orifice, or a
porous plug, there is an appreciable drop in pressure, and the flow is said to be throttled. Figure
shown in below, the process of throttling by a prettily opened value on a fluid flowing in an insulated
pipe. In the steady-flow energy equation-
lda
dQ dWx
= 0, =0
dm dm
And the changes in P. E. are very small and ignored. Thus, the S.F.E.E. reduces to
C2 C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
vi
Ci
w.
(Fig.- Flow Through a Valve)
Often the pipe velocities in throttling are so low that the K. E. terms are also negligible. So
h1 = h2
ww
or the enthalpy of the fluid before throttling is equal to the enthalpy of the fluid after throttling.
Turbine and Compressor:

Turbines and engines give positive power output, whereas compressors and pumps require power
input.
For a turbine (Fig. below) which is well insulated, the flow velocities are often small, and the K.E.
terms can be neglected. The S.F.E.E. then becomes
35

(Fig.-. Flow through a Turbine)
m
dWx
h1 = h2 +
dm
Wx
.co
or = h1 − h2
m
The enthalpy of the fluid increase by the amount of work input.
Heat Exchanger:
A heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another, Figure shown in
wc h1 + ws h2 = w c h3 + ws h4
or , ws ( h2 − h4 ) = w c (h3 − h1 )
tas
below a steam condenser where steam condense outside the tubes and cooling water flows through
the tubes. The S.F.E.E for the C.S. gives
Here the K.E. and P.E. terms are considered small, there is no external work done, and energy
lda
exchange in the form of heat is confined only between the two fluids, i.e. there is no external heat
interaction or heat loss.
vi
Ci
Fig. -
Figure (shows in below) a steam desuperheater where the temperature of the superheated steam is
reduced by spraying water. If w1, w2, and w3 are the mass flow rates of the injected water, of the
w.
steam entering, and of the steam leaving, respectively, and h1, h2, and h3 are the corresponding
enthalpies, and if K.E. and P.E. terms are neglected as before, the S.F.E.E. becomes
w1h1 + w2 h2 = w3 h3
and the mass balance gives
w1 + w2 = w3
ww
36
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
m
Th
he above law w is also callled as stead
dy flow eneergy equatiion. This cann be applied
d to various
.co
pra
actical situattions as work
k developing system and work absorp
ption system. Let the ma
ass flow rate
un
nity.
(1)) Work deve eloping systtems

(a) Water turbines
C 2
p1 v1 +z1g + 1 = z2g + p2 v2 + W
2
(b) Steam or gas turbin nes
tas
In this casse Q = 0 and ΔU = 0 and equation
e becomes
In this casse generally ΔZ can be assumed to be zero and thee equation becomes
lda
⎛ C 2 − C22 ⎞
W = ( h1 – h2 ) + ⎜ 1 ⎟ + ΔQ
⎝ 2 ⎠
(2)) Work abso

orbing syste
ems
vi
(a) Centrifuggal water pum

mp
The system m is shown in the Figure below
b
Ci
w.
Fig.
In this sysstem Q = 0 and ΔU = 0; th he energy equ
uation now becomes,
b
C22
ww
p1 v1 +z1g + W = z2g + p2 v2 +
2
(b) Centrifuga al compress

sor – In this system
s Δz = 0 and the equ
uation becom
mes,
2 2
C1 C
+ h1 + W – Q = 2 + h2
2 2
(c) Blowers – In this case we have Δ z = 0, p1 v1 = p2 v 2 and Q = 0; now thee energy simp
plifies to
37
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
C2
u1 +W = u2 + 2 ass C2 C1
2
(d)) Fans – In fans
f mperature rise is very small and heat loss is negleected (i.e.) Δh
the tem h = 0, q = 0
and hence th
he energy equ uation for fan
ns becomes,
C2
W= 2
2
(e) Reciprocatting compre essor – In a reciprocatingg compressorr ΔKE and ΔP
PE are neglig gibly energy
equation app
plied to a reciprocating coompressor is
m
h1 – Q = h 2 – W
or W = Q + ( h2 – h1 )
.co
(3)) Non-work developing
g and absorb
bing system
ms
(a) Steam boiiler – In thiss system we neglect ΔZ, ΔKE

Δ and W (i.e.) ΔZ = ΔK
KE = W = 0;; the energy
omes Q = (h2 – h1)
equation for a boiler beco
(b) Steam con ndenser – In n this systemm the work doone is zero and
a we can also
a assume ΔZΔ and ΔKE
are very smaall. Under ste
(h1 – h2) and
tas
eady conditioons the changge in enthalp
d this heat is also equal to the changee in enthalpy
heat lost by steam will be
(c) Steam nozz

zle:
py is equal too heat lost by
y of cooling water
e equal to heat gained by the cooling water.
w
w
y steam. Q =
circulatted (i.e.) the
vi lda
In this systeem we can assume ΔZ an nd W to be zero

z and hea
at transfer which
w is nothing but any
possible heatt loss also zero.
The eneergy equation n for this casse becomes.
C2 C2
Ci
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
or C2 = C12 + 2(h1 − h2 )
w.
(viii) Unsteady y Flow Anallysis:-

Maany flow proccesses, such asa filling up and
a evacuatiing gas cylind ders, are not steady, Suchh processes
cann be analyzed d by the conttrol volume teechnique. Coonsider a devvice through which
w a fluid
d is flowing
ww
un
nder non-stea ady state condditions (Figu
ure-shown in below). The rater at which
h the mass off fluid
witthin the conttrol volume iss accumulateed is equal too the net ratee of mass flow
w across the control
c
surrface, as giveen below:
38
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
F
Fig.
dmv dm1 dmd 2
m
= w1 − w2 = −
dτ dτ dτ
here mv is th
Wh he mass of flu
uid within th
he control volume at any instant.
i
.co
Over an
ny finite periiod of time
Δmv = Δm1 – Δm2
Th
he rate of acccumulation off energy with hin the contrrol volume iss equal to thee net rate of energy flow
acrross the control surface. If
I Ev is the en nergy of fluidd within the control
c volum
me at any instant,
Ra
ate of energy increase = Rate
R of energyy inflow – Ra ate of energy outflow.
dEv
dτ
⎛
Ev = ⎜ U +
⎝
⎛
⎝
mC2
2
C2
= w1 ⎜ h1 + 1 +Z
2
+ mgZ
m ⎟
⎞ dQ
Z1g ⎟ +
⎠ dτ
⎞
⎠v
⎛
⎝ tas
C2
2
⎞ dW
− w2 ⎜ h 2 + 2 +Z2g ⎟ −
⎠ dτ
equatiion... A
lda
Wh
here m is thee mass of fluiid in the conttrol volume at
a any instantt
dE d ⎛ mCC 2
⎞
∴ v = ⎜U + + mgZ ⎟ =
dτ dτ ⎝ 2 ⎠v
⎛ C12 ⎞ dm1 dQ ⎛ C2 ⎞ dm 2 dW
⎜ h1 + +Z1g ⎟ + − ⎜ h 2 + 2 +Z2g ⎟ − ( equaation........B )
vi
⎝ 2 ⎠ dτ dτ ⎝ 2 ⎠ dτ dτ
Following Figu
ure shows all these energy y flux quantitties. For any
y time interva
al, equation (B)
( becomes
⎛ C 2
⎞ ⎛ C 2
⎞
Ci
ΔEv = Q − W + ∫ ⎜ h1 + 1 +Z1g ⎟dm

m1 − ∫ ⎜ h2 + 2 +Z2g ⎟dm2
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
w.
ww
Fig.
Equatioon (A) is gene
eral energy equation.
e Forr steady flow,
dEv
=0
dτ
and the equatioon reduces For
F a closed system
s w1 = 0,
0 w2 = 0, theen from equattion (A),
dEv dQ dW
= −
dτ dτ dτ
Orr dEv = dQ
d – dW or dQ = dE + dW d
39
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
Floow Processess
Exxample of a variable flo ow problem m:

Vaariable flow processes
p may y be analyzed d either by thhe system tecchnique or th he control vollume
tecchnique, as illlustrated below.
Consideer a process in i which a ga as bottle is filled from a pipeline
p (Figu
ure shown in below). In
thee beginning the t bottle con ntains gas of mass m1 at state
s p1, T1, v1, h1 and u1. The valve iss opened
and gas flows in nto the bottle e till the masss of gas in th
he bottle is m2 at state p2, T2, v2, h2 an
nd u2. The
sup pply to the piipeline is verry large so th hat the state of gas in the pipeline is constant at
m
p p ,TP , v P , h P , u P and v P .
.co
tas
lda
Sy
ystem Techn nique: Assum me an enveloope (which is extensible) of
o gas in the pipeline
p and the tube
wh
hich would ev ventually entter the bottlee, as shown in n Figure abov
ve.
Energy y of the gas be efore filling.
⎛ C2 ⎞
vi
E1 = m1 u1 + ( m2 – m1 ) ⎜ P + uP ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Whhere ( m2 – m1 ) is the ma ass of gas in the
t pipeline and
a tube whiich would enter the bottlee.
Ci
E2 = m2 u2
⎛ C2 ⎞
ΔE = E2 – E1 = m2 u2 – m1 u1 ( m1 – u1 ) ⎜ P + uP ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
The P.E. terms
t are neglected. The gas in the boottle is not in d so the K.E. terms have
n motion, and
w.
beeen omitted.
Now, therre is a changge in the volume of gas because of the t collapse of the envellope to zero
t work done
vollume. Then the
W = p (V2 – V1 )
ww
= p p ⎡⎣0 – ( m2 – m1 ) v P ⎤⎦
= – ( m2 – m1 ) p p v P
Ussing the firstt for the process
Q = ΔE + W
⎡C2 ⎤
= m2 u2 – m1 u1 – ( m2 – m1 ) ⎢ P + uP ⎥ − ( m2 – m1 ) pP vP
⎣ 2 ⎦
40
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
⎛ C2 ⎞
= m2 u2 – m1 u1 – ( m2 – m1 ) ⎜ P + h P ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
hich gives thee energy bala
wh ance for the process.
p
Coontrol Volum me Techniq que: Assume a control vollume bounded by a controol surface as shown in
gure above, Applying
Fig A the energy equa ation in this case, the folllowing energy
y balance ma
ay be
wrritten on a tim
me rate basiss -
dEv dQ ⎛ C 2 ⎞ dm
m
m
= + ⎜ hP + P ⎟
dτ dτ ⎝ 2 ⎠ dττ
nce hP and CP are constan
Sin nt, the equatiion is integra
ated to give for
f the Total process
⎛ C ⎞
2
ΔEv = Q + ⎜ h P + P ⎟ ( m2 − m1 )
.co
⎝ 2 ⎠
Noow
ΔEv = U 2 – U1 = m2 u2 – m1 u1
⎛ C2 ⎞
Q = m2 u2 – m1 u1 – ⎜ h P + P ⎟ ( m2 − m1 )
D
Discharg
ging an
⎝
nd Charrging a Tank
2 ⎠
Let us considerr a tank disccharging a flu

uid into a su
tas
upply line (Fiigure). Sincee dWx = 0 an
nd dmin = 0,
lda
plying first la
app aw to the con
ntrol volume,,
⎛ C2 ⎞
Q + ⎜h +
dUV = dQ + gz ⎟ dmout
⎝ 2 ⎠ out
vi
Assuming K.E. and P.E. of the

t fluid to be
b small and dQ = 0
d(mu) = hdm
mdu+ udm = udm+ pv dm
d
Ci
dm du
=
m pv
Ag
gain V = vm = co
onst.
w.
vdm + mdv = 0
dm dv
or =−
m v
du dv
=−
ww
pv v
d ( u + pv ) = 0
or dQ = 0
wh
hich shows that
t the process is adiab
batic and
quasi-static. Charging and Disc
charging a Tank
For cha
arging the tan
nk
41

∫ ( hdm ) in
= ΔUV = m2u2 − m1u1
mphp = m2u2 − m1u1
where the subscript p refers to the constant state of the fluid in the pipeline. If the tank is initially
empty, m1 = 0.
m p h p = m2 u2
Since
mp = m2
m
hp = u2
If the fluid is an ideal gas, the temperature of the gas in the tank after it is charged is given by
.co
c pTp = cvT2
or T2 = γTp
PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS
Example 1
= kJ / ° C;
dT 30
dQ 1
= kJ / ° C
dT 10
tas
The work and heat transfer per degree of temperature change for a closed system is given by
dW 1
lda
Calculate the change in internal energy as its temperature increases from 125ºC to 245ºC.
Solution:
dT
dW =
30
T2
dT 1 1
W = ∫ = (T2 − T1 ) = ( 245 − 125 )
vi
T1 30 30 30
dT
dQ =
10
Ci
T2
dT 1
Q= ∫ 10 = ( 245 − 125 ) = 12 kJ
T1 10
Applying First Law of Thermodynamics
Q = W + ΔU
w.
ΔU = Q – W = 12 – 4 = 8kJ.
Example 2
Air expands from 3 bar to 1 bar in a nozzle. The initial velocity is 90 m/s. the initial temperature is
150ºC. Calculate the velocity of air at the exit of the nozzle.
ww
Solution:
The system in question is an open one. First Law of Thermodynamics for an open system gives
⎡ C2 ⎤ ⎡ C2 ⎤
w1 ⎢h1 + 1 + Z1 g ⎥ + Q = w2 ⎢h2 + 2 + Z2 g ⎥ + W
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
Since the flow is assumed to be steady.
w1 = w2
Flow in a nozzle is adiabatic flow.
42

Hence Q = 0
Also W = 0
The datum can be selected to pass through axis; then
Z1 = Z2.
Hence
C2 C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
C22 C2
( or ) = ( h1 − h2 ) + 1
m
2 2
and
γ −1
⎛p ⎞γ
.co
T2 = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ p1 ⎠
γ for air = 1.4
T1 = 150 + 273 = 423
0.4/1.4
⎛1 ⎞
∴ T2 = 423 ⎜ ⎟ = 309 K
⎝3⎠
For air Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgºC
Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgºC.
R = 287 J/kg K = 0.287 kJ/kg K
S.F.E.E. : - We have (h1 – h2) = Cp(T1 - T2)
tas
lda
C22 C2 902
= ( h1 − h2 ) + 1 = 1.005 × 103 × (423 − 309) +
2 2 2
or, C2 = 487 m / s.
Example 3
vi
An evacuated cylinder fitted with a valve through which air from atmosphere at 760 mm Hg and
25°C is allow to fill it slowly. If no heat interaction is involved, what will be the temperature of air in
the bottle when the pressure reaches 760 mm Hg?
Use the following:
Ci
(1) Internal energy of air u = u0 + 0.718T kJ/kg where

T is temperature in °C.
(2) R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
Solution:
w.
Applying first law, ignoring potential and kinetic energy terms, to the vessel as control volume.
ww
43

Q + m i h i = m e h e + m2 u2 – m1 u1 + W
Here Q = 0, W = 0, m e = 0 ( no mass leaving from control vol.)
m1 = 0 ( evacuated ) ∴ m2 = mi
∴ hi = u2
hi = ui + pv = u0 + 0.718Ti + 0.287 (Ti + 273 )
= u0 + 0.718 × 25 + 0.287 × 298
= u0 + 103.48kJ / kg = u2
m
or u2 − u0 = 103.48kJ / kg
u2 = u0 + 0.718T2
u2 − u0 103.48
.co
T2 = = = 144.2°C
0.718 0.718
Example 4
A system whose mass is 4.5 kg undergoes a process and the temperature changes from 50° C to
100°C. Assume that the specific heat of the system is a function of temperature only. Calculate the
Solution:
cn = 1.25 +
t + 160
tas
heat transfer during the process for the following relation ship.
80
kJ / kg °C [t is in oC]
lda
100 100
⎛ 80 ⎞
Q
1 2 = ∫50 n
mc dt = 4.5 ∫50 ⎜⎝1.25 + t + 160 ⎟⎠ dt
⎧⎪100 100
dt ⎫⎪
= 4.5 ⎨ ∫ 1.25dt + ∫ ⎬
⎩⎪ 50 50
0.0125t + 2.0 ⎭⎪
⎪⎧ ⎤ ⎪⎫
100
vi
⎡ 1
= 4.5 ⎨[1.25t ]50 + ⎢ ln ( 0.0125t + 2.0 )⎥ ⎬
100
⎩⎪ ⎣ 0.0125 ⎦50 ⎭⎪
⎧ ⎡ 1 ⎫
= 4.5 ⎨[1.25 × 50] + ⎢ (ln (1.25 + 2.0 ) − ln (0.625 + 2 )) ⎤⎥ ⎬
Ci
⎩ ⎣ 0.0125 ⎦⎭
⎧ 1 3.25 ⎫
= 4.5 ⎨62.5 + ln ⎬ = 358 kJ
⎩ 0.0125 2.625 ⎭
w.
ww
44
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
ASKED
D OBJEC
CTIVE QUESTIONS (G
GATE, IES, IAS)
P
Previou
us 20-Y
Years GATE
E Ques
stions
A
Applicatiion of First
F Law
w to Ste
eady Flo
ow Proc
cess S.F
F.E.E
m
Co
ommon Data for Qu
uestions Q1
Q and Q2
2: [GA
ATE-2009]
Th
he inlet and
d the outle
et conditions of
.co
ste
eam for an
n adiabatic
c steam tur
rbine
are as indic
cated in the
t figure. The
otations are as usually followed.
no
ATE-1.
GA If mass
m flow rate
r
tas
of steam through the turbine is 20 kg/ss the power
r output of
lda
thee turbine (in
n MW) is: [GA
ATE-2009]
(a) 12.157 (b) 12.941 (cc) 168.001 (d) 168.785
GA
ATE-2. Asssume the abbove turbin ne to be parrt of a simpple Rankine e cycle. The density of
water at the inlet to the e pump is 1000 kg/m3. Ignoring kinetic
k andd potential
vi
eneergy effects
s, the specifi
fic work (in kJ/kg) supp plied to the pump is:
[G
GATE-2009]
(a) 0.293 (b) 0.35 1 (c)) 2.930 (d) 3.510
3
Ci
GA
ATE-3. The
e following
g four figures have been dra awn to re
epresent a fictitious
the
ermodynammic cycle, on
n the p-v and
d T-s planess. [G
GATE-2005]
w.
ww
Acccording to the
t first law
w of thermodynamics, equal
e areas are encloseed by
(a) Figures 1and
d 2 (b) Figgures 1and 3 (c) Figuress 1and 4 (d) Figures 2 and 3
45

Internal Energy – A Property of System
GATE-4. A gas contained in a cylinder is compressed, the work required for
compression being 5000 kJ. During the process, heat interaction of 2000 kJ
causes the surroundings to the heated. The change in internal energy of the
gas during the process is: [GATE-2004]
(a) – 7000 kJ (b) – 3000 kJ (c) + 3000 kJ (d) + 7000 kJ
GATE-4a. The contents of a well-insulated tank are heated by a resistor of 23 Ω in
m
which 10 A current is flowing. Consider the tank along with its contents
as a thermodynamic system. The work done by the system and the heat
transfer to the system are positive. The rates of heat (Q), work (W) and
.co
change in internal energy ( ΔU) during the process in kW are [GATE-2011]
(a) Q = 0, W = –2.3, Δ U = +2.3 (b) Q = +2.3, W = 0, Δ U = +2.3
(c) Q = –2.3, W = 0, Δ U = –2.3 (d) Q = 0, W = +2.3, Δ U = –2.3
Discharging and Charging a Tank

GATE-5.
tas
A rigid, insulated tank is initially
evacuated. The tank is connected with a
supply line through which air (assumed to
be ideal gas with constant specific heats)
lda
passes at I MPa, 350°C. A valve connected
with the supply line is opened and the tank
is charged with air until the final pressure
inside the tank reaches I MPa. The final
temperature inside the tank
vi
(A) Is greater than 350°C

(B) Is less than 350°C
(C) Is equal to 350°C
Ci
(D) May be greater than, less than, or equal to

350°C, depending on the volume of the tank
w.

ww
IES-1. Which one of the following sets of thermodynamic laws/relations is directly

involved in determining the final properties during an adiabatic mixing
process? [IES-2000]
(a) The first and second laws of thermodynamics
(b) The second law of thermodynamics and steady flow relations
(c) Perfect gas relationship and steady flow relations
(d) The first law of thermodynamics and perfect gas relationship
46

IES-2. Two blocks which are at different states are brought into contact with each
other and allowed to reach a final state of thermal equilibrium. The final
temperature attained is specified by the [IES-1998]
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics (b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics (d) Third law of thermodynamics
IES-3. For a closed system, the difference between the heat added to the system and
the work done by the system is equal to the change in [IES-1992]
m
(a) Enthalpy (b) Entropy
(c) Temperature (d) Internal energy
.co
IES-4. An ideal cycle is shown in the figure. Its
thermal efficiency is given by
⎛ v3 ⎞ ⎛ v3 ⎞
⎜ − 1⎟ ⎜ − 1⎟
(a)1 − ⎝ 1 ⎠
v 1 ⎝ v1 ⎠
(b) 1 −
⎛ p2 ⎞
⎜ − 1⎟
⎝ p1 ⎠
(c)1 − γ
( v3 − v1 ) p1
( p2 − p1 ) v1
(b) 1 −
tas
γ ⎛ p2 ⎞
⎜ − 1⎟
⎝ p1 ⎠
1 ( v3 − v1 ) p1
γ ( p2 − p1 ) v1
lda
[IES-1998]
IES-5. Which one of the following is correct? [IES-2007]

The cyclic integral of (δQ − δW ) for a process is:
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) Unpredictable
vi
IES-6. A closed system undergoes a process 1-2 for which the values of Q1-2 and W1-2 are
+20 kJ and +50 kJ, respectively. If the system is returned to state, 1, and Q2-1 is -
Ci
10 kJ, what is the value of the work W2-1? [IES-2005]

(a) + 20 kJ (b) –40 kJ (c) –80 kJ (d) +40 kJ
IES-7. A gas is compressed in a cylinder by a movable piston to a volume one-half of

w.
its original volume. During the process, 300 kJ heat left the gas and the
internal energy remained same. What is the work done on the gas? [IES-2005]
(a) 100kNm (b) 150 kNm (c) 200 kNm (d) 300 kNm
ww
IES-8. In a steady-flow adiabatic turbine, the changes in the internal energy,

enthalpy, kinetic energy and potential energy of the working fluid, from inlet
to exit, are -100 kJ/kg, -140 kJ/kg, -10 kJ/kg and 0 kJ/kg respectively. Which one
of the following gives the amount of work developed by the turbine? [IES-2004]
(a) 100 kJ/kg (b) 110 kJ/kg (c) 140 kJ/kg (d) 150 kJ/kg
47

IES-9. Gas contained in a closed system consisting of piston cylinder arrangement is
expanded. Work done by the gas during expansion is 50 kJ. Decrease in
internal energy of the gas during expansion is 30 kJ. Heat transfer during the
process is equal to: [IES-2003]
(a) –20 kJ (b) +20 kJ (c) –80 kJ (d) +80 kJ
IES-10. A system while undergoing a cycle [IES-2001]

A – B – C – D – A has the values of heat and work transfers as given in the Table:
m
Process Q kJ/min W kJ/min
A–B +687 +474
B–C -269 0
.co
C–D -199 -180
D–A +75 0
The power developed in kW is, nearly,
(a) 4.9 (b) 24.5 (c) 49 (d) 98
IES-11.
1
2
tas
The values of heat transfer and work transfer for four processes of a
thermodynamic cycle are given below:
Process Heat Transfer (kJ)
300
Zero
[IES-1994]
Work Transfer (kJ)
300
250
lda
3 -100 -100
4 Zero -250
The thermal efficiency and work ratio for the cycle will be respectively.
(a) 33% and 0.66 (b) 66% and 0.36. (c) 36% and 0.66 (d) 33% and 0.36.
vi
IES-12. A tank containing air is stirred by a paddle wheel. The work input to the
paddle wheel is 9000 kJ and the heat transferred to the surroundings from the
tank is 3000 kJ. The external work done by the system is: [IES-1999]
(a) Zero (b) 3000 kJ (c) 6000 kJ (d) 9000 kJ
Ci

IES-13. For a simple closed system of constant composition, the difference between the
w.
net heat and work interactions is identifiable as the change in [IES-2003]

(a) Enthalpy (b) Entropy (c) Flow energy (d) Internal energy
IES-14. Assertion (A): The internal energy depends on the internal state of a body, as
determined by its temperature, pressure and composition. [IES-2006]
ww
Reason (R): Internal energy of a substance does not include any energy that it
may possess as a result of its macroscopic position or movement.
48

IES-15. Change in internal energy in a reversible process occurring in a closed system
is equal to the heat transferred if the process occurs at constant: [IES-2005]
(a) Pressure (b) Volume (c) Temperature (d) Enthalpy
IES-16. 170 kJ of heat is supplied to a system at constant volume. Then the system
rejects 180 kJ of heat at constant pressure and 40 kJ of work is done on it. The
system is finally brought to its original state by adiabatic process. If the initial
value of internal energy is 100 kJ, then which one of the following statements
is correct? [IES-2004]
m
(a) The highest value of internal energy occurs at the end of the constant volume process
(b) The highest value of internal energy occurs at the end of constant pressure process.
(c) The highest value of internal energy occurs after adiabatic expansion
(d) Internal energy is equal at all points
.co
IES-17. 85 kJ of heat is supplied to a closed system at constant volume. During the next
process, the system rejects 90 kJ of heat at constant pressure while 20 kJ of
work is done on it. The system is brought to the original state by an adiabatic
process. The initial internal energy is 100 kJ. Then what is the quantity of
IES-17a
work transfer during the process?
(a) 30 kJ (b) 25 kJ
work done by the system is

tas (c) 20 kJ
[IES-2009]
(d) 15 kJ
A closed system receives 60 kJ heat but its internal energy decreases by 30 kJ. Then the
[IES-2010]
lda
(a) 90 kJ (b) 30 kJ (c) –30 kJ (d) – 90 kJ
IES-18. A system undergoes a process during which the heat transfer to the system per
degree increase in temperature is given by the equation: [IES-2004]
dQ/dT = 2 kJ/°C The work done by the system per degree increase in
temperature is given by the equation dW/dT = 2 – 0.1 T, where T is in °C. If
vi
during the process, the temperature of water varies from 100°C to 150°C, what
will be the change in internal energy?
(a) 125 kJ (b) –250 kJ (c) 625 kJ (d) –1250 kJ
Ci
IES-19. When a system is taken from state A to

state B along the path A-C-B, 180 kJ of
heat flows into the system and it does 130
kJ of work (see figure given):
w.
How much heat will flow into the system

along the path A-D-B if the work done by
it along the path is 40 kJ?
(a) 40 kJ (b) 60 kJ
(c) 90 kJ (d) 135 kJ [IES-1997]
ww
IES-20. The internal energy of a certain system is a function of temperature alone and
is given by the formula E = 25 + 0.25t kJ. If this system executes a process for
which the work done by it per degree temperature increase is 0.75 kJ/K, then
the heat interaction per degree temperature increase, in kJ, is: [IES-1995]
(a) –1.00 (b) –0.50 (c) 0.50 (d ) 1.00
49

IES-21. When a gas is heated at constant pressure, the percentage of the energy
supplied, which goes as the internal energy of the gas is: [IES-1992]
(a) More for a diatomic gas than for triatomic gas
(b) Same for monatomic, diatomic and triatomic gases but less than 100%
(c) 100% for all gases
(d) Less for triatomic gas than for a diatomic gas
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1
m
1. The first law of thermodynamics is a law of conservation of energy.
2. Perpetual motion machine of the first kind converts energy into equivalent
.co
work.
3. A closed system does not exchange work or energy with its surroundings.
4. The second law of thermodynamics stipulates the law of conservation of
energy and entropy.
Which of the statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Enthalpy
IES-23.
tas
Assertion (A): If the enthalpy of a closed system decreases by 25 kJ while the
system receives 30 kJ of energy by heat transfer, the work done by the system
lda
is 55 kJ. [IES-2001]
Reason (R): The first law energy balance for a closed system is (notations have
their usual meaning) ΔE = Q − W
vi


Ci
IES-24. Which one of the following is the steady flow energy equation for a boiler?
v12 v2
(a) h1 + = h2 + 2 (b) Q = ( h2 − h1 ) [IES-2005]
w.
2 gJ 2 gJ
v12 v2
(c) h1 + + Q = h2 + 2 (d) Ws = ( h2 − h1 ) + Q
2 gJ 2 gJ
ww
IES-25. A 4 kW, 20 litre water heater is switched on for 10 minutes. The heat capacity
Cp for water is 4 kJ/kg K. Assuming all the electrical energy has gone into
heating the water, what is the increase of the water temperature? [IES-2008]
(a) 15°C (b) 20°C (c) 26°C (d) 30°C
Discharging and Charging a Tank

50

IES-26. An insulated tank initially contains 0.25 kg of a gas with an internal energy of
200 kJ/kg .Additional gas with an internal energy of 300 kJ/kg and an enthalpy
of 400 kJ/kg enters the tank until the total mass of gas contained is 1 kg. What
is the final internal energy(in kJ/kg) of the gas in the tank? [IES-2007]
(a) 250 (b) 275 (c) 350 (d) None of the above
m
IAS-1. A system executes a cycle during which there are four heat transfers: Q12 = 220
kJ, Q23 = -25kJ, Q34 = -180 kJ, Q41 = 50 kJ. The work during three of the
.co
processes is W12 = 15kJ, W23 = -10 kJ, W34 = 60kJ. The work during the process 4 -
1 is: [IAS-2003]
(a) - 230 kJ (b) 0 kJ (c) 230 kJ (d) 130 kJ
IAS-2. Two ideal heat engine cycles

are represented in the given
figure. Assume VQ = QR, PQ =
QS and UP =PR =RT. If the
work interaction for the
rectangular cycle (WVUR) is
48 Nm, then the work
tas
lda
interaction for the other cycle
PST is:
(a) 12Nm (b) 18 Nm
IAS-2001]
(c) 24 Nm (d) 36 Nm
IAS-3. A reversible heat engine operating between hot and cold reservoirs delivers a
vi
work output of 54 kJ while it rejects a heat of 66 kJ. The efficiency of this

engine is: [IAS-1998]
(a) 0.45 (b) 0.66 (c) 0.75 (d) 0.82
Ci
IAS-4. If a heat engine gives an output of 3 kW when the input is 10,000 J/s, then the
thermal efficiency of the engine will be: [IAS-1995]
(a) 20% (b) 30% (c) 70% (d) 76.7%
w.
IAS-5. In an adiabatic process, 5000J of work is performed on a system. The system

returns to its original state while 1000J of heat is added. The work done during
the non-adiabatic process is: [IAS-1997]
(a) + 4000J (b) - 4000J (c) + 6000J (d) - 6000J
ww
IAS-6. In a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four processes, the heat and work are
as follows: [IAS-1996]
Q: + 30, - 10, -20, + 5
W: + 3, 10, - 8, 0
The thermal efficiency of the cycle will be:
(a) Zero (b) 7.15% (c) 14.33% (d) 28.6%
51

IAS-7. Match List-I (Devices) with List-II (Thermodynamic equations) and select the
correct answer using the codes below the lists: [IAS-1996]
List-I List-II
A. Turbine 1. W = h2 – h1
B. Nozzle 2. h1 = h2
C. Valve 3. h1 = h2 + V2/2
D. Compressor 4. W = h1 – h2
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 2 3 1 4
m
(c) 4 3 1 2 (d) 3 2 4 1
IAS-8. Given that the path 1-2-3, a system

absorbs 100kJ as heat and does
.co
60kJ work while along the path 1-
4-3 it does 20kJ work (see figure
given). The heat absorbed during
the cycle 1-4-3 is:
(a) - 140 Kj (b) - 80 kJ
IAS-9.
(c) - 40kJ
elementary
of
(d) + 60 kJ
The given figure shows the

variation force
system
in
which
tas
an
[IAS 1994]
lda
undergoes a process during
which the plunger position
changes from 0 to 3 m. lf the
internal energy of the system at
the end of the process is 2.5 J
higher, then the heat absorbed
vi
during the process is: [IAS-1994]

(a) 15 J (b) 20 J (c) 25 J (d) 30 J
IAS-10. The efficiency of a reversible

Ci
cyclic process undergone by a

substance as shown in the given
diagram is:
(a) 0.40 (b) 0.55
w.
(c) 0.60 (d) 0.80
[IAS 1994]
ww

IAS-11. Which one of the following is the correct expression for change in the internal
energy for a small temperature change Δ T for an ideal gas? [IAS-2007]
(a) ΔU = Cv × ΔT (b) ΔU = C p × ΔT
52

Cp
(c) ΔU =
Cv
× ΔT ( )
(d) ΔU = C p − Cv × ΔT
IAS-12. The heat transferred in a thermodynamic cycle of a system consisting of four

processes is successively 0, 8, 6 and -4 units. The net change in the internal
energy of the system will be: [IAS-1999]
(a) – 8 (b) Zero (c) 10 (d) –10
m
IAS-13. During a process with heat and work interactions, the internal energy of a
system increases by 30 kJ. The amounts of heat and work interactions are
respectively [IAS-1999]
.co
(a) - 50 kJ and - 80 kJ (b) -50 kJ and 80 kJ
(c) 50 kJ and 80 kJ (d) 50 kJ and - 80 kJ
IAS-14. A mixture of gases expands from 0.03 m3 to 0.06 m3 at a constant pressure of 1

MPa and absorbs 84 kJ of heat during the process. The change in internal
IAS-15.
energy of the mixture is:
(a) 30 kJ (b) 54 kJ
tas
(c) 84 kJ (d) 114 kJ
[IAS 1994]
In an adiabatic process 6000 J of work is performed on a system. In the non-

adiabatic process by which the system returns to its original state 1000J of
lda
heat is added to the system. What is the work done during non-adiabatic
process? [IAS-2004]
(a) + 7000 J (b) - 7000 J (c) + 5000 J (d) - 5000 J
vi
Enthalpy
IAS-16. The fundamental unit of enthalpy is: [IAS 1994]
(a) MLT-2 (b) ML-2T-1 (c) ML2T-2 (d) ML3T-2
Ci

IAS-17. In a test of a water-jacketed compressor, the shaft work required is 90 kN-m/kg
w.
of air compressed. During compression, increase in enthalpy of air is 30 kJ/kg

of air and increase in enthalpy of circulating cooling water is 40 kJ/ kg of air.
The change is velocity is negligible. The amount of heat lost to the atmosphere
from the compressor per kg of air is: [IAS-2000]
ww
(a) 20kJ (b) 60kJ (c) 80 kJ (d) 120kJ
IAS-18. When air is compressed, the enthalpy is increased from 100 to 200 kJ/kg. Heat
lost during this compression is 50 kJ/kg. Neglecting kinetic and potential
energies, the power required for a mass flow of 2 kg/s of air through the
compressor will be: [IAS-1997]
(a) 300 kW (b) 200 kW (c) 100 kW (d) 50 kW
53

Variable Flow Processes
IAS-19. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below Lists: [IAS-2004]
List-I List-II
A. Bottle filling of gas 1. Absolute zero temperature
B. Nernst Simon statement 2. Variable flow
C. Joule Thomson effect 3. Quasistatic path
D. ∫ pdv 4. Isenthalpic process
m
5. Dissipative effect
6. Low grade energy
7. Process and temperature during phase
.co
change
(a) 6 5 4 3 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 2 5 7 4 (d) 6 1 7 4
IAS-20.
tas
A gas chamber is divided into two parts by means of a partition wall. On one
side, nitrogen gas at 2 bar pressure and 20°C is present. On the other side,
nitrogen gas at 3.5 bar pressure and 35°C is present. The chamber is rigid and
thermally insulated from the surroundings. Now, if the partition is removed,
(a) High pressure nitrogen will get throttled
(b) Mechanical work, will be done at the expense of internal energy
[IAS-1997]
lda
(c) Work will be done on low pressure nitrogen
(d) Internal energy of nitrogen will be conserved
vi
Ci
w.
ww
54


C12 gZ1 dQ C2 gZ2 dW
GATE-1. Ans. (a) h1 + + + = h2 + 1 + +
m
2000 1000 dm 2000 1000 dm
160 2
9.81× 10 100 2 9.81× 6 dW
3200 + + = 2600 + + +
2000 1000 2000 1000 dm
.co
dW
600 + 7.8 + 0.04 = +
dm
GATE-2. Ans. (c)
1
W = ν (P2 − P1 ) = ( 3000 − 70 ) × kJ/kg = 2.93
1000
cycle, so area is not meant something.

GATE-4. Ans. (c)
dQ = du + dw
tas
GATE-3. Ans. (a) Fig-1 & 2 both are power cycle, so equal areas but fig-3 & 4 are reverse power
lda
Q = u2 − u1 + W or − 2000 = u2 − u1 − 5000 or u2 − u1 = 3000kJ
GATE-4a. Ans. (a) Q = 0, W = –2.3, ΔU =

I R I
+2.3
Tank is well insulated so Q = 0
Work is given to the system in
vi
the form of electric current.

So, W = − I2 R = − 102 × 23 = –2300 W = –2.3 kW
By 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Ci
Q1 − 2 = U2 − U1 + W1 − 2
0 = U 2 − U1 − 2.3
ΔU = 2.3 kW
w.
GATE-5. Ans (a) The final Temp. (T2)= γT1

ww
IES-1. Ans. (a) If we adiabatically mix two liquid then perfect gas law is not necessary. But entropy
change in the universe must be calculated by Second law of thermodynamics. Final
entropy of then system is also a property. That so why we need second law.
IES-2. Ans. (b) Using conservation of energy law we may find final temperature.
IES-3. Ans. (d) From First law of thermodynamics, for a closed system the net energy transferred
as heat Q and as work W is equal to the change in internal energy, U, i.e. Q – W = U
55
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
IES-4. Ans. (c)) Total heat addition
a me heat addiition, Q12 = cv (T2 − T1 )
is coonstant volum
ant pressure heat rejectioon, Q31 = c p (T3 − T1)
Tottal heat rejection is consta
Now
w from equattion of state
P1 P2 P
= (∵ v = const.) or T2 = 2 × T1
T1 T2 P1
v1 v 3 v
and
d = (∵ p = const.)) or T3 = 3 × T1
T1 T3 v1
m
Q31 c (T − T ) (T − T )
Effiiciency, η = 1 − = 1− p 3 1 = 1− γ 3 1
Q12 cv (T2 − T1) (T2 − T1)
⎛ v3 ⎞
.co
⎜ × T1 − T1 ⎟
or η = 1 − γ ⎝ 1
v ⎠ = 1 − γ (v 3 − v1) p1
⎛ P2 ⎞ ( p2 − p1) v1
⎜ × T1 − T1 ⎟
⎝ P1 ⎠
IES-5. Ans. (c
c) It is du = đQ
đ – đW, as u is a thermoodynamic prooperty and itts cyclic integ
gral must be
zeroo.
IES-6. Ans. (b) ΣdQ = ΣdW W
or 20 + ( −10 ) = 50 + W2−1
IES-7. Ans. (d) dQ = du + dw as u = const.
tas
or Q1− 2 + Q2 −1 = W1− 2 + W2 −1
or W2−1 = −40kJ
lda
Theerefore du = 0 or dQ = dwd = 300kNm
IES-8. Ans. (d)
⎛ V2 ⎞
Q − Wx = Δ ⎜ h + + gz ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
O − Wx = −140 − 10 + 0
vi
or Wx = 150 kJ / kg
Cha ange of internal energy = -100 kJ/kg is superfluous data.
IES-9. Ans. (b) Q = Δ E+ Δ W
Ci
Δ E = –30 kJ (ddecrease in in
nternal energ
gy)
Δ W = + 50 kJ (work
( done by the systemm)
Q = –30 + 50 = + 20 kJ
IES-10. Ans. (a
a) Net work = ∑
dW =47 74 – 180 kJ/m
min = 294 kJ
J/min = 294/6
60 kJ/s = 4.9 kW
w.
Work done 3000 − 100

IES-11. Ans. (b
b) ηth = = = 0..66
heaat added 300
Woork ratio =
∑ ( + w) − ∑ ( − w) = 550 − 350 = 0.366
ww
∑ ( + w) 5
550
IES-12. Ans. (a) This iss a case of constant voolume
process or an n is isochooric process.. By
perrforming worrk on the sysstem tempera ature
cann be raised. In an irrev versible constant
voluume process, the systemm doesn't perrform
worrk on the surrrounding at the expense of its
inteernal energy.
56
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 2
IES-13. Ans. (d
d)
IES-14. Ans. (a)
( The interrnal energy depends
d only
y upon the innitial and fin
nal states of the system.
Inteernal energyy of a substa
ance does noot include an
ny energy th hat it may possess
p as a
resuult of its ma
acroscopic position or movement.
m T
That so why in SFEE v2/2 / and gz is
there.
m
.co
If in
nternal energgy include poosition or movement then n why this v2/2
/ and gz term
ms is there.
Bur Remembe er:
Miccroscopic view of a gas is a collectioon of particlles in randoom motion. Energy E of a
parrticle consists of transla ational energy, rotatio onal energy y, vibrationnal energy
andd specific ellectronic en
gass, form the sp
pecific interna
b) dQ = dU + pdV
IES-15. Ans. (b
IES-16. Ans. (a
a)
tas
nergy. All th hese energies summed oveer all the parrticles of the
al energy, e , of the gas.
if V is con s tan t ( dQ )v = ( dU)v
Q2 = 180
0kJ = Δu + ΔW = Δu + ( −40))
lda
∴U1 = 100kJ, U2 = 100
0 + 170 = 270
0 kJ,
U3 = 270 − 180 + 40 = 130 kJ
vi
Ci
IES-17. Ans. (d
d) For the process
p 1-2
dQ = +85 , dW = 0
For the process
p 2-3
dQ = -90 kJ, dW = -20kJ
w.
For the process

p 3-1
dQ = 0, dW = ?
For a cycclic process
∑ dQ = ∑ dW
ww
⇒ 85-90+ +0 = 0-20+ dW W
⇒ -5 = -20+ dW
⇒ dW = -20+5 5 = +15kJ
IES-17a. Anns. (a)
dQ = dU + dW
d
or 60 = – 30 + dW
or dW = 90 KJ
57

IES-18. Ans. (c)
dQ = du + dw
2.dt = du + ( 2 − 0.1T ) dT
0.1 150 0.1
or ∫ du = ∫ 0.1TdT =
2
× ⎡⎣T 2 ⎤⎦ =
100 2 ⎣
⎡1502 − 1002 ⎤⎦ = 625kJ
IES-19. Ans. (c) Change of internal energy from A to B along path ACB = 180 - 130 = 50 kJ. It will
be same even along path ADB. ∴ Heat flow along ADB = 40 + 50 = 90 kJ.
dQ dE dW
m
IES-20. Ans. (d) dQ = dE + dW or = +
dt dt dt
dW
Given: E = 25 + 0.25t kJ and = 0.75 kJ / k
dt
.co
dE
then = 0.25 kJ / K
dt
dQ dE dW
Therefore = + = 0.25 + 0.75 kJ / K = 1.00 kJ / K
dt dt dt
IES-21. Ans. (a)
IES-24. Ans. (b) h1 + 1 + gz1 +

dQ v2
tas
IES-22. Ans. (a) A closed system does exchange work or energy with its surroundings. option ‘3’ is
wrong. 4. “The law of conservation of entropy” is imaginary so option ‘4’ is also wrong.
IES-23. Ans. (a)
v2
= h2 + 2 + gz 2 +
dw
=0
lda
2 dm 2 dm
dw
For boiler v1, v2 is negligible and z1 = z2 and =0
dm
dQ
or = ( h2 − h1 )
dm
vi
IES-25. Ans. (d)

mCP ΔT = ( 4 × 10 × 60 )
⇒ 20 × 4 × ΔT = 2400
Ci
⇒ ΔT = 30C°
IES-26. Ans. (c) Enthalpy of additional gas will be converted to internal energy.
Uf= miui+(mf-mi)hp = 0.25x200+(1-0.25)x400 = 350 kJ
As total mass = 1kg, uf=350 kJ/kg
w.
Note: You cannot simply use adiabatic mixing law here because it is not closed system.
This is a problem of variable flow process. If you calculate in following way it will be
wrong.
Final internal energy of gas(mixture) is
m u + m2 u2
ww
u= 1 1
m1 + m2
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
(0.25kg) ⎜ 200
kg ⎟ + (0.75kg) ⎜ 300 kg ⎟
u= ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(0.25 + 0.75)kG
kJ
u = 275
kg
58

It is valid for closed system only.

IAS-1. Ans. (b) ∑ dQ = ∑ dW or 220 -25 -180 +50 = 15 -10 +60 +W4-1
m
IAS-2. Ans. (c) Area under p-v diagram is represent work.
1 1
Areas Δ PTS= Area (WVUR) ∴ Work PTS= × 48 =24 Nm
2 2
.co
work output work out put 54
IAS-3. Ans. (a) η = = = = 0.45
Heat input work output + heat rejection 54 + 66
W 3 × 103 watts
IAS-4. Ans. (b) Thermal efficiency = = = 0.3 = 30%
Q 10.000 J/s
IAS-5. Ans. (c)
Q1− 2 = (U2 − U1 ) + W1−2
tas
or 0 = (U2 − U1 ) + ( −5000 ) or (U2 − U1 ) = 5000 J
Q2−1 = (U1 − U2 ) + W2−1
lda
or W2−1 = Q2−1 − (U1 − U2 ) = Q2−1 + (U2 − U1 ) = 1000 + 5000 = 6000 J
IAS-6. Ans. (c) Net work output = 3 + 10 – 8 = 5 unit and Heat added = 30 + 5 = 35 unit
5
Therefore efficiency, η = × 100% = 14.33%
35
vi
IAS-7. Ans. (a)

IAS-8. Ans. (d) Q123 = U13 + W123 or, 100 = U13 + 60 or, U13 = 40 kJ
And Q143 = U13 + W143 = 40+20 = 60 kJ
Ci
1
IAS-9.Ans. (b) Total work = 5 × 3 + × 5 × 1 = 17.5 J or δW = du + δW = 2.5 + 17.5 = 20 J
2
Area under 500 and 1500
IAS-10. Ans. (c) Efficiency =
Area under 0 and 1500
w.
1
× {(5 − 1) + (4 − 2)} × (1500 − 500)
2 3000
= = = 0.6
1 5000
× {(5 − 1) + (4 − 2)} × (1500 − 500) + (5 − 1) × 500
ww
2
IAS-11. Ans. (a)
IAS-12. Ans. (b) Internal energy is a property of a system so ∫ du = 0
IAS-13. Ans. (a) dQ = du + dW if du = +30kJ then dQ = −50kJ and dW = −80kJ
IAS-14. Ans. (b) δW = du + δW = du + pdV
or 84 × 103J = du + 1 × 106 × (0.06 – 0.03) = du +30 kJ or du = 83 – 30 = 54 kJ
59

IAS-15. Ans. (a) Q1-2 = U2 –U1 +W1-2
Or 0 = U2 –U1 - 6000
or U2 –U1 = +6000
Q2-1 = U1-U2+W2-1
or W2-1 = Q2-1 - (U1-U2)
=1000+6000=7000J
IAS-16. Ans. (c)
m
IAS-17. Ans. (a) Energy balance gives as
dW dQ
= ( Δh )air + ( Δh ) water +
dm dm
.co
dQ
or = 90 − 30 − 40
dm
= 20kJ / kg of air compressed.
IAS-18. Ans. (a)
or
dw
dt
dQ
m ( h1 ) +
dt
= m ( h2 ) +
= m ( h1 − h2 ) +
dw
dQ
dt
dt
tas
= 2 × (100 − 200 ) − 50 × 2 = −300kW
i.e. 300kW work have to given to the system.

lda
IAS-19. Ans. (b)
IAS-20. Ans. (a)
vi
Ci
w.
ww
60
Second Law of Thermodynamics

3. Second Law of Thermodynamics
m
The first law of thermodynamics states that a certain energy balance will hold when a system
undergoes a change of state or a thermodynamic process. But it does not give any information on
whether that change of state or the process is at all feasible or not. The first law cannot indicate
.co
whether a metallic bar of uniform temperature can spontaneously become warmer at one end and
cooler at the other. All that the law can state is that if this process did occur, the energy gained by
one end would be exactly equal to that lost by the other. It is the second law of thermodynamics
which provides the criterion as to the probability of various processes.
Regarding Heat Transfer and Work Transfer

(a)
tas
Heat transfer and work transfer are the energy interactions. A closed system and its
lda
surroundings can interact in two ways: by heat transfer and by work transfer.
Thermodynamics studies how these interactions bring about property changes in a system.
(b) The same effect in a closed system can be brought about either by heat transfer or by work
transfer. Whether heat transfer or work transfer has taken place depends on what constitutes
vi
the system.
(c) Both heat transfer and work transfer are boundary phenomena. Both are observed at
the boundaries of the system, and both represent energy crossing the boundaries of the system.
Ci
(d) It is wrong to say 'total heat' or 'heat content' of a closed system, because heat or work is not
a property of the system. Heat, like work, cannot be stored by the system. Both heat and
work are the energy is transit.
w.
(e) Heat transfer is the energy interaction due to temperature difference only. All other energy
interactions may be termed as work transfer.
(f) Both heat and work are path functions and inexact differentials. The magnitude of
ww
heat transfer or work transfer depends upon the path the system follows during the change of
state.
(g) Heat transfer takes place according to second law of thermodynamics as it tells about the
direction and amount of heat flow that is possible between two reservoirs.
62
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 3
Q
Qualitatiive Diffference
e between Hea
at and Work
W
• Thermoodynamic deffinition of woork:
Positivee work is done by a system when thee sole effec ct external to m could be
t the system
reduced d to the rise of
o a weight.
• Thermoodynamic deffinition of heeat:
he energy in
It is th n transition n between th
he system an
nd the surrou
undings by virtue
v of the
differen
nce in temperrature.
m
Siign Conv
ventions
s
• Work done
d BY the system
s is +ve
e
.co
• Obviously work donne ON the sysstem is –ve
• Heat giiven TO the system
s is +vve
• Obviously Heat rejeected by the system
s is –v
ve
tas
lda
Heeat and work are not comp
pletely intercchangeable forms
f of energy. When woork is convertted into
heaat, we alway
ys have
W =Q
vi
but when heat is converted into work in

n a complete closed
c cycle process
p
Q >W
Ci
Th
he arrow indicates the direction of energy transform
mation.
Woork is said too be a high grade

g energgy and heat is i low grade e energy. Th
he complete conversion
c
w.
of low grade ennergy into high grade eneergy in a cycle is impossib

ble.
ww
HEAT K are NOT pr

T and WORK roperties beecause they depend
d on thee
63

path and end states.
HEAT and WORK are not properties because their net change
in a cycle is not zero.
Heat and work are inexact differentials. Their change cannot be written as differences between
their end states.
m
2
Thus ∫1
δQ ≠ Q2 − Q1 and is shown as 1 Q2 or Q1−2
2
.co
Similarly ∫1
δW ≠ W2 − W1 and is shown as 1W2 or W1−2
Note. The operator δ is used to denote inexact differentials and operator d is used to denote exact
differentials.
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law

tas
There are two statements of the second law of thermodynamics, the Kelvin-Planck statement, and
the Clausius statement. The Kelvin-Planck statement pertains to heat engines.
lda
The Clausius statement pertains to refrigerators/heat pumps .
Kelvin-Planck statement of second law

It is impossible to construct a device (engine) operating in a cycle that will produce no effect other
vi
than extraction of heat from a single reservoir and convert all of it into work.
Mathematically, Kelvin-Planck statement can be written as:

Ci
Wcycle ≤ 0 (for a single reservoir)

Clausius’ statement of second law
w.
It is impossible to transfer heat in a cyclic process from low temperature to high temperature
without work from external source.
Reversible and Irreversible Processes

ww
A process is reversible with respect to the system and surroundings if the system and the
surroundings can be restored to their respective initial states by reversing the direction of the
process, that is, by reversing the heat transfer and work transfer. The process is irreversible if it
cannot fulfill this criterion.
64
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 3
C
Clausius
s' Theo
orem
Let a system be
b taken from
m an equilib
brium state i to another equilibrium state f by foollowing the
rev
versible path
h i-f(Figure). Let a reverssible adiabatiic i-a be draw
wn through i and anotheer reversible
adiiabatic b-f bee drawn thro
ough f. Then a reversiblee isothermal a-b is drawn
n in such a way
w that the
areea under i-a-b-f is equal to
t the area under
u i-f. App
plying the firsst law for
Processs i − f
m
Qi − f = U f − U i + Wif
Processs i − a − b − f
.co
Qiabf
i
= U f − U i + Wiabf
Since
Wif = Wiabf
∴ Qi f = Qiabf
Since
= Qia + Qab + Qbf
Qif = Qab
d Qbf = 0
Qia = 0 and tas Fig. Rev
versible Patth Substitutted
lda
by Twoo Reversiblee Adiabatics
and a Reversiblee Isothermall
Heeat transferreed in the process i-f is equ
ual to the hea
at transferreed in the isoth
hermal proceess a-b.
vi
Th
hus any reveersible path may
m be subsstituted by a reversible zigzag path, between th
he same end
sta
ates, consistiing of a rev
versible adia
abatic follow
wed by a rev
versible isotthermal and then by a
rev
versible adia
abatic, such that
t the hea
at transferred during thee isothermal process is the
t same as
Ci
tha
at transferred during the original proccess.
Let a smooth closed

c curve representing
g a reversiblee cycle (Fig below.)
b be considered. Leet the closed
w.
cyccle be divided
d into a larg
ge number off strips by means
m of reversible adiaba
atics. Each strip may be
cloosed at the toop and bottom
m by reversib
ble isotherma
als. The origiinal closed cy
ycle is thus reeplaced by a
zig
gzag closed path
p consistiing of altern
nate adiabatiic and isotheermal processses, such th
hat the heat
tra
ansferred durring all the isothermal prrocesses is eq
qual to the heat
h transferrred in the orriginal cycle.
ww
Th
hus the origin
nal cycle is replaced by a large number of Carnot cycles. If th
he adiabatics are close to
onee another an
nd the numbe
er of Carnot cycles
c is larg
ge, the saw-tooothed zig-za
ag line will cooincide with
thee original cyccle.
65
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 3
m
.co
F
Fig. A Reverssible Cycle Split
S into a Large Num
mber of Carn
not Cycles
For the elemeental cycle abcd

a dQ1 heat is absorb
bed reversiblly at T1, an
nd dQ2 heat is rejected
versibly at T2
rev
If h
heat supplied
dQ1
T1
=
dQ2
T2
d is taken as positive and

tas
d heat rejecteed as negative
lda
dQ1 dQ2
+ =0
T1 T2
Sim
milarly, for th
he elementall cycle efgh
dQ3 dQ4
+ =0
vi
T3 T4
If ssimilar equattions are wriitten for all th

he elementall Carnot cycles, then for the
t whole original cycle
Ci
d Q1 dQ2 dQ3 dQ4

+ + + + ... = 0
T1 T2 T3 T4
dQ
d
w.
or ∫ R T
=0
ww
Th
he cyclic inttegral of d Q/T for a re
eversible cy
ycle is equall to zero. Th
his is known as
a Clausius'
theeorem. The leetter R emph
hasizes the fa
act that the equation is va
alid only for a reversible cycle.
c
66

Thus the original cycle is replaced by a large number of Carnot cycles. If the adiabatics are close to
one another and the number of Carnot cycles is large, the saw-toothed zig-zag line will coincide with
the original cycle.
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC]
m
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
.co
II Law basically a negative statement (like most laws in society). The two statements look
distinct. We shall prove that violation of one makes the other statement violation too.
Let us suspect the Clausius statement-it may be possible to transfer heat from a body at colder
to a body at hotter temperature without supply of work
tas Let us have a heat engine operating

between T1 as source and T2 as a sink. Let
lda
this heat engine reject exactly the same Q2
(as the pseudo-Clausius device) to the
reservoir at T2. To do this an amount of Q1
needs to be drawn from the reservoir at T1.
vi
There will also be a W = Q1 – Q2.
Combine the two. The reservoir at T2 has not undergone any change (Q2 was taken out and by
Ci
pseudo-Clausius device and put back by the engine). Reservoir 1 has given out a net Q1-Q2. We got
work output of W. Q1-Q2 is converted to W with no net heat rejection. This is violation of Kelvin-
Planck statement.
w.
ww
67

• Let us assume that Clausius statement is true and suspect Kelvin-Planck statement
Pseudo Kelvin Planck engine requires only

Q1–Q2 as the heat interaction to give out W
(because it does not reject any heat) which
m
drives the Clausius heat pump
Combining the two yields:
• The reservoir at T1 receives Q1 but gives
.co
out Q1–Q2 implying a net delivery of Q2
to it.
• Q2 has been transferred from T2 to T1
without the supply of any work!!
• A violation of Clausius statement
tas
Moral: If an engine/refrigerator violates one version of II Law, it violates the other one too.
lda
All reversible engine operating between the same two fixed temperatures will have the same η
and COP.
If there exists a reversible engine/ or a refrigerator which can do better than that, it will violate the
Clausius statement.
vi
Let us presume that the HP is super efficient!! For

the same work given out by the engine E, it can pick
Ci
up an extra Δ Q from the low temperature source and

deliver over to reservoir at T1 . The net effect is this
extra has Δ Q been transferred from T2 to T1 with no
w.
external work expenditure. Clearly, a violation of

Clausius statement!!
ww
SUM UP
• Heat supplied = Q1; Source temperature = T1 ; Sink temperature = T2
• Maximum possible efficiency = W/Q1= (T1 – T2)/T1
• Work done = W = Q1(T1 – T2)/T1
68
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 3
Carnot Engine
E with
w samme effic
ciency or
o same
e work output
o
T1 Q1
Sin
nce, =
T2 Q2
T1 − T2 Q1 − Q2
=
T2 Q2
T2
T1 − T2 = (Q1 − Q2 )
Q2
m
T3 T
T2 − T3 = (Q2 − Q3 ) = (Q2 − Q3 ) 2
Q3 Q2
.co
• For sam me work ou
utput
W1 = W2
Q1 – Q 2 = Q2 – Q3
T1 – T2 = T2 – T3
•
η1 = η2
For sam
me efficiency tas
lda
T2 T
orr 1 − = 1− 3
T1 T2
o T2 = T1 × T3
or
vi
• Whic ch is the
t moore effeective way
w to increase the
Ci
efficiency off a Carnnot engiine: to increase e T1 keeping T2

consstant; orr to decrrease T2 keepingg T1 connstant?
Th
he efficiency of
o a Carnot engine is giveen by
w.
T2
η = 1−
T1
If T2 is constan
nt
ww
⎛ ∂η ⎞ T2
⎜ ⎟ = 2
⎝ ∂T1 ⎠T2 T1
⎛ ∂η ⎞
S T1 increasess, η increasess, and the sloope ⎜
AS ⎟ decreases
d (Fiigure). If T1 is
i constant,
⎝ ∂T1 ⎠T2
69
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 3
⎛ ∂η ⎞ 1
⎜ ⎟ = −
⎝ ∂T2 ⎠T1 T1
⎛ ∂η ⎞
As T2 decreasess, η increasess, but the slo
ope ⎜ r
⎟ remains consttant (Figure)).
⎝ ∂T2 ⎠T1
m
.co
⎛ ∂η ⎞ T2 η⎞
⎛ ∂η T1
Also
Since
⎜ ⎟ = 2 and ⎜
⎝ ∂T1 ⎠T2 T1
⎛ ∂η ⎞
T1 > T2 , ⎜ ⎟ >⎜
⎟ =− 2
⎝ ∂T2 ⎠T1 T1
⎛ ∂∂η ⎞
⎟
⎝ ∂T2 ⎠T1 ⎝ ∂T1 ⎠T2
tas
lda
So, the more effective
e wayy to increasse the efficieency is to deecrease T2. Alternatively
A y, let T2 be
deccreased by ΔT with T1 rem
maining the same
s
T2 − ΔT
η1 = 1 −
T1
vi
If T1 is increase me ΔT, T2 rem

ed by the sam maining the same
s
T2
η2 = 1 −
T1 + ΔT
Ci
The
en
T2 T − ΔT
η1 − η 2 = − 2
T1 + ΔT T1
w.
(T − T2 ) ΔT + ( ΔT )
2
= 1
T1 (T1 + ΔT )
Sin
nce T1 > T2 , ( η1 − η 2 ) > 0
ww
Th
he moree effectiv
ve way to increease thee cycle efficiency
e y is to
d
decrea
ase T2.
70

Example 1.
An inventor claims that his petrol engine operating between temperatures of 2000°C and 600°C will
produce 1 kWhr consuming 150g of petrol having 45000 kJ/kg calorific value. Check the validity of
the claim.
Solution:
By Carnot's theorem, the thermal efficiency of a reversible cycle engine which cannot be exceeded
m
is given by
T − T2 2273 − 873
ηmax = 1 = = 0.616 or 61.6%
T1 2273
Actual thermal efficiency is given by
.co
1 ×103 × 3600
ηt = = 0.53 or 53%
0.15 × 45000 ×103
Since actual efficiency is less than the maximum obtainable, the inventor's claim is feasible.
Example 2.
550 K. Find the heat rejected to each sink.

Solution:
QA + QB = 2400
tas
Two reversible engines takes 2400 kJ per minute from a reservoir at 750 K and develops 400 kJ of
work per minute when executing complete cycles.The engines reject heat two reservoirs at 650 K and
lda
QA2 + QB2 = 2000
QA − QA2 750 − 650

= = 0.1333
QA 750
QA = 1.1539QA 2
vi
Ci
w.
ww
71

Similarly
QB = 1.3636QB 2
i.e. 1.1539Q A 2 + 1.3636QB 2 = 2400kJ
Q A 2 = 2000 − QB 2
( )
i.e. 1.1539 × 2000 − QB 2 + 1.3636QB 2 = 2400kJ .
0.2091QB 2 = 92
m
∴ QB 2 = 440kJ and QA 2 = 1560kJ
.co
Example 3.
A solar powerd heat pump receives heat from a solar collector at temperature Th, uses the entire
energy for pumping heat from cold atmosphere at temperature ‘Tc’ to a room at temperature ‘Ta’. The
three heat transfer rates are Qh, Qa and Qc respectively. Derive an expression for the minimum ratio
Qh/Qc, in terms of the three temperatures.
Solution: tas
If Th = 400 K, Ta = 300 K, Tc = 200 K, Qc = 12 kW, what is the minimum Qh? If the collector captures
0.2 kW/m2, what is the minimum collector area required?
Let Qh, Qa and Qc be the quantity of heat transferred from solar collector, room and atmosphere
respectively.
vi lda
Ci
Qa = Qh + Qc
or, Qa − Qc = Qh
Ta Qa Q + Qc
COPHP = and also = h
Ta − Tc Qa − Qc Qh
w.
Qh + Qc Ta
∴ =
Qh Ta − Tc
Qc Ta T − Ta + Tc Tc
= −1 = a =
ww
Qh Ta − Tc Ta − Tc Ta − Tc
Qh (Ta − Tc )
∴ =
Qc Tc
Qc × (Ta − Tc ) 12 × ( 300 − 200 )
Qh = = = 6kW
Tc 200
6
Area = = 30m2
0.2
72

Example 4.
A reversible engine works between 3 thermal reservoirs A, B and C. The engine absorbs an equal
amount of heat from the reservoirs A and B, maintained at temperatures of T1 and T2 respectively
and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir C maintained at T3. The efficiency of this engine is α times
the efficiency of reversible engine operating between reservoirs A and C only. Show that
T1 2T
= ( 2α − 1) + 1 (1 − α )
T2 T3
m
.co
Solution:
tas
lda
W1
η1 =
2Q1
T1 − T3
η2 =
vi
T1
⎛ T1 − T3 ⎞
η1 = αη2 = α ⎜ ⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠
Ci
The cycle is reversible so ΔS = 0

Q Q Q
∴ 1+ 1 = 2
T1 T2 T3
w.
Also, 2Q1 = W1 + Q2
Combining above equations we have
Q1 Q1 2Q1 − W1
+ =
T1 T2 T3
ww
W1 ⎛ T − T3 ⎞
=α⎜ 1 ⎟
2Q1 ⎝ T1 ⎠
73

⎛ T − T3 ⎞
W1 = 2Q1α ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠
Q1 Q1 2Q1 ⎛ α ( T1 − T3 ) ⎞
+ = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
T1 T2 T3 ⎝ T1 ⎠
1 1 2 2α 2α
+ = − +
T1 T2 T3 T3 T1
T1 2T1
(1 − α ) + ( 2α − 1)
m
=
T2 T3
Example 5.
.co
Ice is to be made from water supplied at 15°C by the process shown in figure. The final temperature
of the ice is -10°C, and the final temperature of the water that is used as cooling water in the
condenser is 30°C.
tas
lda
Determine the minimum work required to produce 1000 kg of ice.
Solution:
Quantity of ice produced = 1000 kg.
vi
Specific heat of ice = 2070 J/kg K

Specific heat of water = 4198 J/kgK
Latent heat of ice = 335 kJ/kg
15 + ( −10 )
Ci
Mean temperature of ice bath = = 2.5º C

2
15 + 30
Mean temperature of condenser bath = = 22.5° C
2
Q2 = 1000 × 4198(15 - 2.5) + 1000 × 335 × 103 +1000 × 2070(2.5 + 10) = 413.35MJ
w.
For a reversible refrigerator system

T Q T Q
1− L = 1− 2 ; L = 2 ;
TH Q1 TH Q1
TH ⎛ 22.5 + 273 ⎞
ww
Q1 = Q2 = 413.35 × 106 ⎜ ⎟ = 443.36 MJ

TL ⎝ 2.5 + 273 ⎠
Minimum work required = Q1 – Q2 = 443.36 - 413.35 = 30.01 MJ.
74

m
.co
tas
vilda
Ci
w.
ww
75


IES-1. Which one of the following is correct on basis of the second law of
m
thermodynamics? [IES 2007]
(a) For any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases
(b) ∆S =qrev/T at constant temperature
(c) Efficiency of the Stirling cycle is more than that of a Carnot cycle
.co
(d) ∆E=q+w
(The symbols have their usual meaning)
IES-2. Assertion (A): Second law of thermodynamics is called the law of degradation
of energy. [IES-1999]
Reason (R): Energy does not degrade each time it flows through a finite
temperature difference.
tas
lda
IES-3. Heat transfer takes place according to [IES-1996]
(a) Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics (b) First Law of Thermodynamics
(c) Second Law of Thermodynamics (d) Third Law of Thermodynamics.
IES-3a. Consider the following statements: [IES-2010]

vi
1. Slow heating of water from an electric heater.

2. Isentropic expansion of air.
3. Evaporation of a liquid from a heat source at the evaporation temperature.
4. Constant pressure heating of a gas by a constant temperature source.
Ci
Which of these processes is/are reversible?

(a) 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
w.
IES-3b. Consider the following statements: [IES-2010]

1. Boiling of water from a heat source at the same boiling temperature.
2. Theoretical isothermal compression of a gas.
3. Theoretical polytropic compression process with heat rejection to
atmosphere.
ww
4. Diffusion of two ideal gases into each other at constant pressure and
temperature.
Which of these processes are irreversible?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 3 and 4 only
76

The definition of
1. Temperature is due to Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
2. Entropy is due to First Law of Thermodynamics.
3. Internal energy is due to Second Law of Thermodynamics.
4. Reversibility is due to Kelvin-Planck's statement.
Of these statements
m
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (b) 1, 3 and 4 are correct
(c) 1 alone is correct (d) 2 alone is correct
.co
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law
IES-5. Assertion (A): Heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder system to a hotter
system without simultaneously producing other effects in the surroundings.
Reason (R): External work must be put into heat pump so that heat can be
transferred from a cold to a hot body. [IES-1999]
tas
lda
Clausius' Theorem
IES-6. A steam power plant is shown in
figure,
(a) The cycle violates first and
vi
second laws of thermodynamics.

(b) The cycle does not satisfy the
condition of Clausius inequality.
Ci
(c) The cycle only violates the second

laws of thermodynamics
(d) The cycle satisfies the Clausius
w.
inequality
[IES-1992]
ww
IES-7. An inventor says that his new concept of an engine, while working between
temperature limits of 27°C and 327°C rejects 45% of heat absorbed from the
source. His engine is then equivalent to which one of the following engines?
(a) Carnot engine (b) Diesel engine [IES-2009]
(c) An impossible engine (d) Ericsson engine
77

IES-7a An inventor states that his new engine rejects to the sink 40% of heat absorbed
from the source while the source and sink temperatures are 327º C and 27º C
respectively. His engine is therefore equivalent to [IES-2010]
(a) Joule engine (b) Stirling engine
(c) Impossible engine (d) Carnot engine

IES-8. Assertion (A): Efficiency of a reversible engine operating between temperature
m
limits T1 and T2 is maximum. [IES-2002]
Reason (R): Efficiency of a reversible engine is greater than that of an
irreversible engine.
.co
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output

IES-9.
tas
A reversible engine operates between temperatures T1, and T2, The energy
rejected by this engine is received by a second reversible engine at
temperature T2 and rejected to a reservoir at temperature T3. If the efficiencies
of the engines are same then the relationship between T1, T2 and T3 is given by:
[IES-2002]
lda
(T1 + T3 ) (T1 + 2T3 )
(a) T2 =
2
(b) T2 = (T1
2
+ T32 ) (c) T2 = T1T3 (d) T2 =
2
IES-10. A reversible engine operates between temperatures 900 K & T2 (T2 < 900 K), &
vi
another reversible engine between T2 & 400 K (T2 > 400 K) in series. What is the
value of T2 if work outputs of both the engines are equal? [IES-2005]
(a) 600 K (b) 625 K (c) 650 K (d) 675 K
Ci
IES-10a. An engine operates between temperature limits of 900 K and T2 and another
between T2 and 400 K. For both to be equally efficient, the value of T2 will be
(a) 700 K (b) 600 K (c) 750 K (d) 650 [IES-2010]
w.
IES-11. Two reversible engine operate between thermal reservoirs at 1200 K, T2K and
300 K such that 1st engine receives heat from 1200 K reservoir and rejects heat
to thermal reservoir at T2K, while the 2nd engine receives heat from thermal
reservoir at T2K and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir at 300 K. The
ww
efficiency of both the engines is equal. [IES-2004]

What is the value of temperature T2?
(a) 400 K (b) 500 K (c) 600 K (d) 700 K
IES-12. A series combination of two Carnot’s engines operate between the

temperatures of 180°C and 20°C. If the engines produce equal amount of work,
then what is the intermediate temperature? [IES-2009]
78

(a) 80°C (b) 90°C (c) 100°C (d) 110°C
IES-13. An engine working on Carnot cycle rejects 40% of absorbed heat from the
source, while the sink temperature is maintained at 27°C, then what is the
source temperature? [IES-2009]
(a) 750°C (b) 477°C (c) 203°C (d) 67.5°C
IES-13a A Carnot engine rejects 30% of absorbed that to a sink at 30º C. The
m
temperature of the heat source is [IES-2010]
(a) 100º C (b) 433º C (c) 737º C (d) 1010º C
IES-14. A reversible heat engine rejects 50 percent of the heat supplied during a cycle
.co
of operation. If this engine is reversed and operates as a heat pump, then what
is its coefficient of performance? [IES-2009]
(a) 1.0 (b) 1.5 (c) 2.0 (d) 2.5
IES-15. A heat engine is supplied with 250 kJ/s of heat at a constant fixed temperature of
heat is rejected?
(a) 250 kJ/s (b) 200 kJ/s
tas
227°C; the heat is rejected at 27°C, the cycle is reversible, then what amount of
(c) 180 kJ/s

[IES-2009]
(d) 150 kJ/s
lda
IES-16. One reversible heat engine operates between 1600 K and T2 K, and another
reversible heat engine operates between T2K and 400 K. If both the engines
have the same heat input and output, then the temperature T2 must be equal
to: [IES-1993]
(a) 1000 (b) 1200 (c) 1400 (d) 800
vi

Ci

IAS-1. Assertion (A): No machine would continuously supply work without
expenditure of some other form of energy. [IAS-2001]
w.
Reason (R): Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can only be
transformed from one form into another.
ww


IAS-2. A heat engine is supplied with 250 KJ/s of heat at a constant fixed temperature
of 227°C. The heat is rejected at 27°C. The cycle is reversible, if the amount of
heat rejected is: [IAS-1995]
(a) 273 KJ/s (b) 200 KJ/s (c) 180 KJ/s (d) 150 KJ/s.
79

IAS-3. A reversible engine En as shown
in the given figure draws 300
kcal from 200 K reservoir and
does 50 kcal of work during a
cycle. The sum of heat
interactions with the other two
reservoir is given by:
(a) Q1 + Q2 = + 250 kcal
m
(b) Q1 + Q2 = –250 kcal
(c) Q1 + Q2 = + 350 kcal
[IAS-1996]
(d) Q1 + Q2 = –350 kcal
.co
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output
IAS-4. Consider the following statements: [IAS-2007]
1. Amount of work from cascaded Carnot engines corresponding to fixed
temperature difference falls as one goes to lower absolute level of
temperature.
entropy increases.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only

tas
2. On the enthalpy-entropy diagram, constant pressure lines diverge as the
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
lda
IAS-5. In a cyclic heat engine operating between a source temperature of 600°C and a
sink temperature of 20°C, the least rate of heat rejection per kW net output of
the engine is: [IAS 1994]
(a) 0.460 kW (b) 0.505 kW (c) 0.588 kW (d) 0.650 kW

vi

Ci
IES-1. Ans. (a)

IES-2. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.
w.
IES-3. Ans. (c) Heat transfer takes place according to second law of thermodynamics as it tells
about the direction and amount of heat flow that is possible between two reservoirs.
IES-3a. Ans. (b) All spontaneous processes are irreversible. Statement-1 and statement-4 heat is
transferred with a finite temperature difference they are irreversible.
ww
IES-3b. Ans. (d) Any natural process carried out with a finite temperature gradient is an
irreversible process. All spontaneous processes are irreversible. Statement -4 is a
spontaneous process.
IES-4. Ans. (c) Out of 4 definitions given, only first definition is correct and balance three are
wrong.
IES-5. Ans. (b) A and R are true. A is the Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics.
Spontaneously means without change in surroundings.
If question comes like following then answer will be (a).
80

Assertion (A): External work must be put into heat pump so that heat can be transferred
from a cold to a hot body.
Reason (R): Heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder system to a hotter system
without simultaneously producing other effects in the surroundings.
IES-6. Ans. (d)
T 300
IES-7. Ans. (c) Carnot efficiency of engine = η = 1 − 2 = 1 − = 0.5
T1 600
But according to the inventor’s Claim
m
Efficiency of engine = 1-0.45 = 0.55
∵ Efficiency of Actual Engine cannot be greater then Carnot efficiency. So this is an
impossible engine.
IES-7a Ans. (c) We know Carnot efficiency
.co
T2 300 1
ηcarnot = 1 − ⇒1− = = 0.5
T1 600 2
ηcarnot = 50% But inventor claims 60% efficiency (means 40% heat rejection). It is then
impossible.
IES-8. Ans. (a)
IES-9. Ans. (c)
IES-10. Ans. (c) Figure from another question
W1 = W2 tas
or Q1 − Q2 = Q2 − Q3 or T1 − T2 = T2 − T3 or T2 =
T1 + T3 900 + 400
2
=
2
= 650K
lda
IES-10a. Ans. (b)
When equally efficiency
T2 T
1− = 1− 3
T1 T2
or T2 = T1T3 = 900 × 400 = 600 K
vi
Ci
IES-11. Ans. (c)

w.
η1 = η2
T2 300
or 1 − = 1−
1200 T2
or T2 = 1200 × 300 = 600K
ww
81
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 3
IES-12. Ans. (c
c)
Sou ature = T1,
urce Tempera
ermediate Temperature = T
Inte
Sin
nk Temperatuure = T2
∵ W1 = W2
⎛ T⎞ ⎛ T ⎞
Q1 ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = Q2 ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ T⎠
m
T1 ⎛ T ⎞ ⎛ T2 ⎞ T1 T2
⇒ ⎜1− ⎟ = ⎜1− ⎟ ⇒ − 1 = 1−
T ⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ T⎠ T T
T1 + T2 T + T2 180 + 20
0
.co
⇒ =2 ⇒T = 1 = = 100°C
T 2 2
IES-13. Ans. (b
b) Sink temp perature = 277°C = 27 + 2773 = 300K
It is given that engine rejeccts 40% of ab bsorbed heat from the
souurce
Q Q
Forr a carnot cyccle engine 1 = 2
IES-13a Ans. (c)

Q1 Q2
Q 0.4
T
=
4Q
30
00
⇒T=
30
00
0..4
T1 T2
= 750K = 477°C
tas
lda
=
T1 T2
Q1 Q
or T1 = T2 × = 30
03 × 1 = 1010 K = 737 o C
Q2 0.3Q1
vi
Ci
Q1 Q2
IES-14. Ans. (c
c) =
T1 T2
w.
Q 0.5 Q1 T2
⇒ 1 = ⇒ = 0.5
T1 T2 T1
If the engine is reversed an nd operated as
a the Heat
Pummp.
ww
Theen COP coeffficient of perfformance

T1 1 1
= = = =2
T1 − T2 T2 1 − 0.5
5
1−
T1
IES-15. Ans. (d
d) Heat supp
plied by the Heat
H Engine = Q1 = 250 kJ/sec
k
Sou ature = 227°C = 500 K
urce tempera
Sin ure = 27°C = 300K
nk temperatu 3
82

250 Q2
= ⇒ Q2 = 250 × 0.6 = 150kJ / sec
500 300
IES-16. Ans. (d) Two reversible heat engines operate between limits of
1600K and T2; T2 and 400K
Both have the same heat input and output,
T1 − T2 1600 − T2 T2 − 400
i.e. is same for both or = or T2 = 800 K
T1 1600 T2
m
.co
IAS-1. Ans. (a)
Q1 Q2
IAS-2. Ans. (d) =
T1 T2
IAS-3. Ans. (b) ∑Q = ∑W
300 + Q1 + Q2 = 50
IAS-4. Ans. (b) For reversible cycle
T1 T2 T3
= =
Q1 Q2 T3
T1 − T2 Q1 − Q2
tas
lda
or =
T2 Q2
T2
or T1 − T2 = (Q1 − Q2 ) ×
Q2
vi
T3
Similarly T2 − T3 = ( Q2 − Q3 ) ×
Q3
If T1 − T2 = T2 − T3 then Q1 − Q2 = Q2 − Q3
Ci
or W1 = W2
Q1 Q2 Q1 − Q2 W
IAS-5. Ans. (b) Reversible engine has maximum efficiency where = = =
T1 T2 T1 − T2 T1 − T2
w.
Therefore least heat rejection per kW net output,

W 1
Q2 = × T2 = × 293 = 0.505 kW
T1 − T2 873 − 293
ww
83
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
4. Entro
opy
Theo
ory at a Glance (Fo
or GAT
TE, IES
S & PS
SUs)
m
Tw
wo Reve
ersible Adiabati
A c Paths cannot Intersec
ct Each Other
Let it be assummed that two o reversible adiabatics
a AC and BC in ntersect each h other at point C (Fig.).
.co
Let a reversiblee isotherm AB
A be drawn in such a wa ay that it inteersects the reeversible adiabatics at A
and B. The three reversible e processes AB,
A BC, and CA C together constitute
c a reversible cyycle, and the
areea included represents
r thhe net work output in a cycle. But such
s a cycle is impossiblle, since net
woork is being produced
p in a cycle by a heat
h engine by
b exchangin ng heat with a single reseervoir in the
proocess AB, which
w violattes the Kelv vin-Planck statement
s o the secon
of nd law. Theerefore, the
asssumption of the intersection of the reversible
cann pass only one
o reversiblee adiabatic.
r
tasad
diabatics is Fig.
F wrong. Through
T one point, there
nce two consstant propertty lines can never intersect each otther, it is infferred that a reversible
Sin
lda
adiiabatic path must represe
ent some prooperty, which
h is yet to be identified.
i
vi
Ci
w.
ww
83
Entropy
The Property of Entropy
⎛ dQ ⎞
ds = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ T ⎠
m
Reversible
.co
• dS is an exact differential because S is a point function and a property. The subscript R in
dQ indicates that heat dQ is transferred reversibly.
•
S
s = J / kg K
m
tas
lda
• It is an extensive property, and has the unit J/K. The specific entropy is an intensive property and
has unit J/kgK
• The change of entropy may be regarded as a measure of the rate of availability of heat for
transformation into work.
vi
If the system is taken from an initial equilibrium state i to a final equilibrium state f by an
irreversible path, since entropy is a point or state function, and the entropy change is independent of
Ci
the path followed, the non-reversible path is to be replaced by a reversible path to integrate for the
evaluation of entropy change in the irreversible process
dQrev
= ( ΔS )irrev path
f
Sf − Si = ∫
w.
i T
Integration can be performed only on a reversible path.
ww
84
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
m
.co
Te
empera
ature-Entropy Plot
tas
lda
The Ineq
quality of Clau
usius
vi
Th
hen for any cy
ycle
dQ
∫ T
≤ ∫ ds
Ci
Sin
nce entropy is
i a property and the cycliic integral off any property is zero
dQ
∫ T
≤ 0
w.
Th
his equation is t inequalitty of Clausiu
i known as the us. It providess the criterion of the reverrsibility of a
cyccle.
dQ
∫ = 0 , the cyclle is reversibble,
ww
If
T
d
dQ
∫ T
< 0, the cycle isi irreversibble and possible
85
Entropy
dQ
∫ T
> 0 , the cycle is impossible, since it violates the second law.
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process
m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
Flow of current through a resistance – when a battery discharges through a resistance heat is
dissipated. You can’t recharge the battery by supplying heat back to the resistance element!!
Pickpocket
w.
!!!Marriage!!!!.............................................are irreversible Process.
Applications of Entropy Principle

ww
(S1-S2)irreversible > (S1-S2)reversible

An irreversible process generates more entropy than a reversible process.
An irreversible engine can’t produce more work than a reversible one.
• An irreversible heat pump will always need more work than a reversible heat pump.
• An irreversible expansion will produce less work than a reversible expansion
• An irreversible compression will need more work than a reversible compression.
86
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
Maximum Work
W Obtainable fr
rom two Finite
F Bod
dies at tem
mperature
es T1 and
T2
Let us consideer two inden ntical finite bodies

b of connstant heat capacity at temperaturee T1 and T2
resspectively, T1 being high her than T2. If the two bodies
b are meerely brough ht together in nto thermal
conntact, deliverring no work,, the final tem
mperature Tf reached wou uld be the maximum
T + T2
Tf = 1
m
2
If a heat engin ne is operated d between th he two bodies acting as thermal
t enerrgy reservoirrs (shown in
Figg. below), parrt of the hea
at withdrawn n from body 1 is converted to work W by the heat engine, and
thee remainder is rejected tot body 2. Th al temperaturre Tf corresp
he lowest atttainable fina ponds to the
.co
dellivery of the largest possiible amount ofo work, and is associatedd with a reverrsible process.
A
As work is deelivered by th he heat engin ne, the tempperature of body 1 will bee decreasing and that of
boddy 2 will be increasing.
i When
W both th ain the final temperaturee Tf, the heatt engine will
he bodies atta
stoop operating. Let the bodiies remain att constant pressure and undergo
u hange of phase.
no ch
tas
lda
Fig.
Total heat with
hdrawn from body 1
vi
Q1 = Cp ( T1 − Tf )
Whhere Cp is thee heat capaciity of the twoo bodies at coonstant presssure.
Total heat rejeccted to body 2
Ci
Q2 = Cp (Tf – T2)
∴A Amount of tootal work dellivered by thee heat enginee
W = Q1 – Q2
= Cp (T1 + T2 - 2TTf)
For given valuees of Cp, T1 and
a T2, the magnitude
m off work W dep pends on Tf. Work obtain
nable will be
w.
maaximum when n Tf is minim

mum.
Noow, for body 1,
1 entropy ch hange ΔS1 is given
g by
Tf dT T
ΔS1 = ∫ C p
f
= C pln
T1 T T1
ww
For body 2, enttropy change ΔS2 would be

Tf dT Tf
Δ S2 = ∫ C p = C pln
T2 T T2
nce the work
Sin king fluid ope y change, ΔS
erating in thee heat engine cycle does not undergo any entropy
of tthe working fluid in heat engine = ∫ dS
d = 0 . Applying the entrropy principlle
87
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
ΔSuniv ≥ 0
Tf Tf
∴ C pln + C pln ≥0
T1 T2
Tf2
C pln ≥0
T1T2
From abovee Eq. for Tf to be a min
nimum
Tf2
m
C pln
n =0
T1 .T2
Tf2
or ln = 0 = ln 1
T1T2
.co
∴ Tf = T1 .T2
For W to be m, Tf will be T1 .T2 . From
e a maximum m abow Equattion
Wmax = C p (T1 + T2 − 2 T1T2 ) = C p ( T1 − T2 )2
Th
he final temp
peratures of the
dellivery of work
k to
t two bodiees, initially at
T1 .T2 with
w maximu
um delivery of
o work.
tas
a T1 and T2, can range from
f (T1 + T2)/2 with no
lda
• Maximu
um Work Obtainable from a Finite Bo
ody and a TER :-
Let one of the bodies consiidered in thee previous seection be a thermal
t enerrgy reservoirr. The finite
bod
dy has a therrmal capacity
y Cp and is at
a temperaturre T and the TER is at teemperature T0, such that
T > T0. Let (Q - W). Then
vi
Ci
w.
ww
F
Fig. –
Ma
aximum Worrk Obtainable
e When One of the Bodiess is a TER.
88
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
T0 dT T
ΔSBody = ∫ C p = C pln
n 0
T T T
ΔSHE = ∫ dss = 0
Q −W
ΔSTER =
To
T0 Q − W
∴ ΔSuniv = C pln
l +
T To
m
By the entropy principle,.
ΔSuniv ≥ 0
T0 Q − W
C pln + ≥0
.co
T To
T0 W − Q
or C pln ≥
T To
W −Q T
or ≤ C pln
l 0
To T
or
∴
W ≤ Q + T0C pln
Wmax = Q + T0C pln

To
T
To
T
tas
lda
⎡ T⎤
or Wmax = C p ⎢(T − T0 ) − T0ln
n ⎥
⎣ To ⎦
vi
• Processses Exhibiiting Exte

ernal Mec
chanical Ir
rreversibility :-
[i] Isothermall Dissipatio on of Work :- : Let us connsider the isoothermal disssipation of work
w through
Ci
a ssystem into the internall energy of a reservoir, as a in the flow of an elecctric current through a
ressistor in conttact with a re
eservoir (Fig.in below.) At
A steady statte, the intern
nal energy of the resistor
and hence its teemperature is i constant. So,
S by first la
aw:
W=Q
w.
Thhe flow of currrent represents work trransfer. At steady

s state the work is dissipated isothermally
intto heat transsfer to the surroundings. Since the surrroundings absorb
a Q unitt of heat at temperature
t
T,
ww
89
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
(Fig.. )
Q W
ΔSsurr = =
T T
ady state, ΔSsys = 0
At stea
W
u v = ΔSsys + ΔSsurr =
∴ ΔSuni
T
he irreversible process is thus
Th t accompa
anied by an entropy
e increease of the un
niverse.
m
[ii]] Adiabaticc Dissipation of Work :- : Let W be the
t stirring work
w supplied to a viscouus thermally
inssulated liquid, which is dissipated adiabatically
a into interna
al energy inccrease of thee liquid, the
tem
mperature off which increeases from Ti to Tf ( show
wn in fig beloow). Since th
here is no flow
w of heat to
or from the surrroundings.
.co
tas
lda
(
(Fig. )
To calculate th he entropy chhange of the system, thee original irreversible patth (dotted lin ne) must be
vi
rep
placed by a reversible
r onne between the t same end d states, i an
nd f. Let us replace the irreversible
perrformance off work by a reversible
r isoobaric flow off heat from a series of resservoirs rangging from Ti
to Tf to cause thhe same channge in the sta ate of the sysstem. The entropy changee of the systeem will be
dQ C p dT Tf
ΔSsys = ∫ f =∫f
Ci
= C p ln
Ri T Ri T Ti
whhere Cp is thee heat capaccity of the liq quid.
Tf
ΔSuniv = ΔSsys + ΔSsurr = C pln
n
w.
Ti
ww
Entropy Genera
ation
• Irreversible Processses increase the
t entropy of
o the universse.
• Reversiible Processe
es do not effecct the entrop
py of the univ
verse.
• Impossible Processe
es decrease th
he entropy off the universse.
ΔSuniverse = 0
90
Entropy
Entropy Generation in the universe is a measure of lost of work.
ΔS Universe = ΔS System + ΔS Surroundings

The losses will keep increasing.
The sin keeps accumulating.
Damage to environment keeps increasing.
When the entropy of the universe goes so high, then some one has to come and set it right. HE
m
SAYS HE WILL COME. Every religion confirms this.
Let us all wait.
.co
Cheer up, things are not that bad yet!!
Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional

law of Nature
tas
The second law indicates the direction in which a process takes place. A process always occurs in
such a direction as to cause an increase in the entropy of the universe.
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww
91
Entropy
Summary
⎛ dQ ⎞
1. Clausius theorem: ∫ ⎜⎝ T ⎟⎠ rev.
=0
m
f
dQ rev
2. S f − Si = ∫ = ( Δ s ) irrev . path .
i T
.co
Integration can be performed only on a reversible path.
dQ
3. Clausius Inequality:
T ∫
≤0
4. At the equilibrium state. The system is at the peak of the entropy hill. (isolated)
5.
6.
Tds = du + Pdv
Tds = dh – Vdp
tas
lda
7. Famous relation S = K lnW where K =Boltzmann constant
W = thermodynamic probability
8. General case of change of entropy of a Gas.
⎧ P V ⎫
vi
S2 − S1 = m ⎨Cv ln 2 + CP ln 2 ⎬
⎩ P1 V1 ⎭
Ci
Initial condition of gas P1, V1, T1, S1 and

Final condition of gas P2, V2, T2, S2
w.
9. Process and property change Table:

ww
92
Entropy
m
.co
Example 1.
5 kg of air is compressed in a reversible polytrophic process from 1 bar and 40°C to 10 bar with an
index of compression 1.25. Calculate the entropy change during the process.
Solution:-
T2 ⎛ p2 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
T1 ⎝ p1 ⎠
n −1
n
n −1 0.25
tas
lda
⎛p ⎞n ⎛ 10 ⎞ 1.25
T2 = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ( 273 + 40 ) ⎜ ⎟
p
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝1 ⎠
Therefore T2 = 496 K
2 2 2 2
dT vdp dT dp
φ2 − φ1 = C p ∫ −∫ = Cp ∫ − R∫
T T T p
vi
1 1 1 1
⎛T ⎞ ⎛p ⎞
=1.005ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ − R ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
T
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ p1 ⎠
496
Ci
= 1.005ln − 0.287 ln(10)

313
= 0.4627 − 0.6608
= − 0.1981 kJ / kg K .
w.
Total change in entropy = 5 × (-0.1981) = - 0.9905 kJ/K (Reduction).

(Hence heat is rejected during the process).
Example 2.
Two compartments of an insulated vessel each of 3 m3 contain air at 0.7 MPa, 95°C and 0.35 MPa,
ww
205°C. If the removed, find the change in entropy, if the two portions mix completely and
adiabatically.
Solution:
93
Entropy
p1V1 0.7 ×106 × 3
m1 = = = 19.883 kg
RT1 287 × ( 273 + 95 )
p2V2 0.35 ×106 × 3
m2 = = = 7.654 kg
RT2 287 × ( 273 + 205 )
Assuming specific heat to be constant
Cv (m1T1 + m2T2 )
Tf = = 398.6 K = 125.6°C
Cv (m1 + m2 )
m
Tf 398.6
ΔS1 = m1Cv ln = 19.883 × 1005 × ln = 1595J / K
T1 368
398.6
.co
ΔS2 = 7.654 ×1005 × ln = − 1396.6J / K
478
ΔS = 1595 − 1397 = 198J / K
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww
94
Entropy
Previous 20-Years GATE Questions
m
GATE-1. A 1500 W electrical heater is used to heat 20 kg of water (Cp = 4186 J/kg K) in an
insulated bucket, from a temperature of 30°C to 80°C. If the heater temperature
is only infinitesimally larger than the water temperature during the process,
.co
the change in entropy for heater is….. J/k and for water ............. J/K.
[GATE-1994]
Entropy Generation in a Closed System
⎛P ⎞
(a) mR ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠
P
⎛P⎞
(b) mR ln ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
P
tas
GATE-1A An ideal gas of mass m and temperature T1 undergoes a reversible isothermal
process from an initial pressure P1 to final pressure P2. The heat loss during the
process is Q. The entropy change ΔS of the gas is
⎛P ⎞ Q
(c) mR ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ −
⎝ P1 ⎠ T1
(d ) zero [GATE-2012]
lda
Data for Q2 and Q3 are given below. Solve the problems and choose
correct answers.
Nitrogen gas (molecular weight 28) is enclosed in a cylinder by a piston, at the initial
condition of 2 bar, 298 K and 1 m3. In a particular process, the gas slowly expands under
vi
isothermal condition, until the volume becomes 2m3. Heat exchange occurs with the
atmosphere at 298 K during this process.
GATE-2. The work interaction for the Nitrogen gas is: [GATE-2003]
Ci
(a) 200 kJ (b) 138.6 kJ (c) 2 kJ (d) –200 kJ
GATE-3. The entropy change for the Universe during the process in kJ/K is: [GATE-2003]
(a) 0.4652 (b) 0.0067 (c) 0 (d) –0.6711
w.
GATE-4. If a closed system is undergoing an irreversible process, the entropy of the

system [GATE-2009]
(a) Must increase (b) Always remains constant
(c) Must decrease (d) Can increase, decrease or remain constant
ww

law of Nature
GATE-5. One kilogram of water at room temperature is brought into contact with a high
temperature thermal reservoir. The entropy change of the universe is:
(a) Equal to entropy change of the reservoir [GATE-2010]
95
Entropy
(b) Equal to entropy change of water
(c) Equal to zero
(d) Always positive
Common Data for Questions GATE-6 and GATE-7:
In an experimental set-up, air flows between two stations P and Q adiabatically. The
direction of flow depends on the pressure and temperature conditions maintained at P
and Q. The conditions at station P are 150 kPa and 350 K. The temperature at station Q is
300 K.
m
The following are the properties and relations pertaining to air:
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K;
Specific heat at constant volume, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K;
Characteristic gas constant, R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
.co
Enthalpy, h = cpT
Internal energy, u = cvT
GATE-6. If the pressure at station Q is 50 kPa, the change in entropy (sQ – sP ) in kJ/kg
K is [GATE-2011]
GATE-7.
(a) – 0.155 (b) 0
tas (c) 0.160 (d) 0.355
If the air has to flow from station P to station Q, the maximum possible value of
pressure in kPa at station Q is close to
(a) 50 (b) 87 (c) 128
[GATE-2011]
(d) 150
lda
vi
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other

dQ
IES-1. The relation ds = , where s represents entropy, Q represents heat and T
T
Ci
represents temperature (absolute), holds good in which one of the following

processes? [IES-2009]
(a) Reversible processes only (b) Irreversible processes only
(c) Both reversible and irreversible processes (d) All real processes
w.
IES-2. Which of the following statement is correct? [IES-2008]

(a) The increase in entropy is obtained from a given quantity of heat transfer at a low
temperature.
(b) The change in entropy may be regarded as a measure of the rate of the availability of
ww
heat for transformation into work.

(c) The entropy represents the maximum amount of work obtainable per degree drop in
temperature
(d) All of the above
IES-2a. A heat engine receives 1000 kW of heat at a constant temperature of 285°C

and rejects 492 kW of heat at 5°C. Consider the following thermodynamic
cycles in this regard: [IES-2000]
1. Carnot cycle 2. Reversible cycle 3. Irreversible cycle
96
Entropy
Which of these cycles could possible be executed by the engine?
(a) 1 alone (b) 3 alone (c) 1 and 2 (d) None of 1, 2 and 3
The Property of Entropy

IES-3. Assigning the basic dimensions to mass, length, time and temperature
respectively as M, L, T and θ (Temperature), what are the dimensions of
entropy? [IES-2007]
(a) M LT-2 θ (b) M L2 T-1 θ-1 (c) M L2 T-2θ-1 (d) M L3T-2 θ -1
m
IES-4. A Carnot engine operates between 327°C and 27°C. If the engine produces 300
kJ of work, what is the entropy change during heat addition? [IES-2008]
(a) 0.5 kJ/K (b) 1.0 kJ/K (c) 1.5 kJ/K (d) 2.0 kJ/K
.co
Temperature-Entropy Plot
IES-4a Isentropic flow is [IES-2011]
IES-5.
(a) Irreversible adiabatic flow
(c) Ideal fluid flow
A system comprising of a pure

tas (b) Reversible adiabatic flow
(d) Frictionless reversible flow
lda
substance executes reversibly a
cycle 1 -2 -3 -4 -1 consisting of two
isentropic and two isochoric
processes as shown in the Fig. 1.
Which one of the following is the

vi
correct representation of this cycle

on the temperature – entropy
coordinates?
Ci
[IES-2002]
w.
ww
97
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
m
.co
IES-6. A cycle of pressure
p – volume
dia
agram is sh hown in th he given
Fig
g. I, Same
S cyccle on
tem
mperature-e entropy diagram
willl be represe
ented by:
tas
lda
[IES-1995]
vi
Ci
IES-7. An ideal air standard cycle

c is
sho
own in the given
w.
tem entropy diagram.

mperature-e
ww
[IES-1997]
98
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
Thee same cyc
cle, when re
epresented on the pre
essure-volum
me coordin
nates takes
the
e form
m
IES-8. Maatch figuress of Colum
mn-I with th
hose given in Column n-II and se
elect given
bellow the colu
umns: [IES-1994]
Collumn-I (p-v diagram) Colummn-II (T-s diagram)
.co
tas
vi lda
Cod
des: A B C A B C
Ci
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 3 1
(c) 3 1 2 (d) 3 2 1
IES-9. A cyclic
c proce
ess ABCD shown
s in
w.
the
e V-T diagra
am perform
med with
a constant
c ma
ass of an id
deal gas.
The
e process of
o p-V diagr
ram will
ww
be as shown in
n
[IES-1992]
99
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
m
.co
IES-10. Thr ree process
ses are reprresented onn the p-v an
nd T-s diagr
rams in the
e following
figu
ures. Matchh processess in the twwo diagramss and selecct the corre
ect answer
usiing the code
tas
es given bellow the diag
grams: [IES-1994]
vi lda
Cod
des: A B C A B C
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 3 1
(c) 3 2 1 (d) 1 3 2
Ci
IES-11. Tw
wo polytropiic processes undergon
ne by a perffect gas are
e shown be
elow in the
pre
essure-volum
me co-ordin
nates. [IES-2008]
w.
ww
Whhich represeentation sho

ows correcttly the abov
ve processess on the tem
mperature–
enttropy co-ord
dinates?
100
0
Entropy
m
.co
IES-12. Assertion (A): If a graph is plotted for absolute temperature as a function of
heat per degree drop in temperature. tas

entropy, the area under the curve would give the amount of heat supplied.
Reason (R): Entropy represents the maximum fraction of work obtainable from
[IES-1998]
lda
The Inequality of Clausius

IES-13. For real thermodynamic cycle: [IES-2005]
vi
dQ dQ dQ dQ
(a) ∫ T
> 0 but < ∞ (b) ∫ T
<0 (c) ∫ T
=0 (d) ∫ T
=∞
Ci
IES-14. For a thermodynamic cycle to be irreversible, it is necessary that [IES-1998]

δQ δQ δQ δQ
(a) ∫ =0 (b) ∫ <0 (c) ∫ >0 (d) ∫ ≥0
T T T T
w.
IES-15. For an irreversible cycle: [IES-1994, 2011]

dQ dQ dQ dQ
(a) ∫ T
≤0 (b) ∫ T
>0 (c) ∫ T
<0 (d) ∫ T
≥0
ww
IES-16. If a system undergoes an irreversible adiabatic process, then (symbols have

usual meanings) [IES-1997]
dQ dQ
(a) ∫T
= 0 and ΔS > 0 (b) ∫T
= 0 and ΔS = 0
dQ dQ
(c) ∫ > 0 and ΔS = 0 (d) ∫ < 0 and ΔS < 0
T T
101
Entropy
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process
In an irreversible process
1. Entropy always increases.
2. The sum of the entropy of all the bodies taking part in a process always
increases.
3. Once created, entropy cannot be destroyed.
Of these statements
m
(a) 1 and 2 are correct (b) 1 and 3 are correct
(c) 2 and 3 are correct (d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
.co
When a perfect gas enclosed in a cylinder piston device executes a reversible
adiabatic expansion process,
1. Its entropy will increase
2. Its entropy change will be zero
3. The entropy change of the surroundings will be zero
IES-19.
Of these statements
(a) 1 and 3 are correct
(c) 2 and 3 are correct
tas (b) 2 alone is correct
(d) 1 alone is correct
A system of 100 kg mass undergoes a process in which its specific entropy

increases from 0.3 kJ/kg-K to 0.4 kJ/kg-K. At the same time, the entropy of the
lda
surroundings decreases from 80 kJ/K to 75 kJ/K. The process is: [IES-1997]
(a) Reversible and isothermal (b) Irreversible
(c) Reversible (d) Impossible
IES-20. Which one of the following temperature entropy diagrams of steam shows the
vi
reversible and irreversible processes correctly? [IES-1996]

Ci
w.
ww

IES-21. A Carnot engine operates between 27°C and 327°C. If the engine produces 300
kJ of Work, What is the entropy change during heat addition? [IES-2005]
102
Entropy
IES-22. The entropy of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the entropies of
constituents evaluated at: [IES-2005]
(a) Temperature and pressure of the mixture
(b) Temperature of the mixture and the partial pressure of the constituents
(c) Temperature and volume of the mixture
(d) Pressure and volume of the mixture
m
IES-23. The heat added to a closed system during a reversible process is given by
Q = αT + β T 2 , where α and β are constants. The entropy change of the system
as its temperature changes from T1 to T2 is equal to: [IES-2000]
.co
⎡ β ⎤
(a) α + β (T2 − T1 ) (
(b) ⎢α (T2 − T1 ) + T22 − T12 ⎥ / T1
⎣ 2 ⎦
)
⎡α β ⎤ ⎛ T2 ⎞
( ) ( )
(c) ⎢ T22 − T12 + T23 − T13 ⎥ / T12
⎣2 ⎦
( d ) α ln ⎜ ⎟ + 2β (T2 − T1 )
2 ⎝ T1 ⎠
IES-24.
tas
One kg of air is subjected to the following processes:
1. Air expands isothermally from 6 bar to 3 bar.
2. Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure
[IES-2004]
3. Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three
lda
fold
In which of the above processes, the change in entropy will be positive?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
IES-25. A reversible heat engine receives 6 kJ of heat from thermal reservoir at
temperature 800 K, and 8 kJ of heat from another thermal reservoir at
vi
temperature 600 K. If it rejects heat to a third thermal reservoir at

temperature 100 K, then the thermal efficiency of the engine is approximately
equal to: [IES-2002]
Ci
(a) 65% (b) 75% (c) 80% (d) 85%
IES-26. A reversible engine exceeding 630 cycles per minute drawn heat from two
constant temperature reservoirs at 1200 K and 800 K rejects heat to constant
w.
temperature at 400 K. The engine develops work 100kW and rejects 3200 KJ
Q1200
heat per minute. The ratio of heat drawn from two reservoirs is nearly.
Q800
[IES-1992]
ww
(a) 1 (b) 1.5 (c) 3 (d) 10.5
IES-27. In which one of the following situations the entropy change will be negative
(a) Air expands isothermally from 6 bars to 3 bars [IES-2000]
(b) Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure
(c) Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three folds
(d) Air expands isentropically from 6 bars to 3 bars
103
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
Entropy and Direction
n: The Second Law a Direc
ctional
aw of Nature
la
IES-28. A mass
m M of a fluid at temmperature T1 is mixed d with an eqqual mass ofo the same
fluiid at tempeerature T2. The
T resultan
nt change in n entropy of
o the universe is:
[IES-1992]
(a) Zero (b) Negliigible (c) Alwayss negative (d) Always positive
p
m
IES-29 Increase inn entropy off a system represents
r [IES-2011]
(a) Increase in availabiliity of energy (b) Increasse in tempera
ature
e in pressure
(c) Decrease (d) Degrad
dation of energy
.co
Previo
ous 20
0-Years
s IAS Quest
Q ions
Tw
wo Reve
IA
AS-1.
ersible Adiabati
Wh
Tw
A
hich one of the
wo adiabatic
t followin
c will:
tas
c Paths cannot Intersec
ct Each Other
ng is the cor rrect statem
(a) Intersect at absolute zerro temperature

ment? [IAS-2007]
lda
(b) Never interssect
(c) Become orthhogonal at ab bsolute zero temperature
t
(d) Become parallel at absollute zero temmperature
The Prop
perty of
o Entro
opy
vi
IA
AS-2. Heat flows be etween two o reservoirss having teemperature es 1000 K anda 500 K,
resspectively. If
I the entroppy change of
o the cold reservoir
r iss 10 kJ/K, th
hen what is
thee entropy chhange for th
he hot reserrvoir? [IAS-2004]
Ci
(a) –10 kJ/K (b) –5 kJ/K (c)) 5 kJ/K (d) 10 kJ/K
Te
empera
ature-Entropy Plot
IA
AS-3. An ideal cyclle is shownn in the
w.
giv
ven pressure
e-volume diiagram:
ww
[IAS-1997]
104
4
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
The
e same cyclle on temperature-entr
ropy diagram will be re
epresented as:
m
IA
AS-4. The e thermaal efficien
ncy of t
the
hyp pothetical heat
h engine
e cycle show
wn
in the
t given figure is:
.co
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.45
(c) 0.35
0 (d) 0.25
tas [IAS-2000]
lda
AS-5.
IA Wh hich one of the followiing pairs be
est expresses a relatio onship similar to that
exppressed in the pair r “pressure e-volume” for a the ermodynam mic system
und dergoing a process? [IAS-1995]
(a) Enthalpy-enntropy (b) Pressu
ure-enthalpy
(c) Pressure-tem
P mperature (d) Tempeerature-entroopy
vi
IA
AS-6. An ideal gas contained
c in
n a rigid ta
ank
is cooled
c suchh that T2 < and P2 <P1 In
thee given temperatu ure entro
opy
Ci
diaagram, th
his processs path is
reppresented by the line la
abelled.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
w.
[IAS-1999]
ww
105
5
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
IA
AS-7. In the T-S diiagram shown in the
figu
ure, which one of the e following
is represented
r d by the area
a under
thee curve?
(a) Total work done
d during the process
(b) Total heat absorbed during the
process
(c) Total heatt rejected during
d the
process
m
(d) Degree of irreversibility
[IAS-2004]
.co
The Ineq
quality of Clau
usius
IA
AS-8. Cla
ausius inequ
uality is sta
ated as [IAS-2001]
Q Q
(a) ∫ δQ < 0 (b) ∫ δQ = 0 (c)) ∫δ T >0 (d) ∫δ T ≤0
IA
AS-9. For
r real therm
(a) ∫
dQ
T
modynamic cycle:
> 0 butt < ∞ (b) ∫ T

tas
dQ
<0 (c)) ∫
dQ
T
=0 (d)
[IAS-2003]
∫
dQ
T
=∞
lda
IA
AS-10(i). If a system undergoes an
a irreversiible adiabatic processs, then (sym
mbols have
usuual meaning
gs) [IAS-1999]
dQ dQ
(a) ∫T
= 0 an
nd ΔS > 0 (b) ∫T
= 0 and ΔS = 0
dQ dQ
(c) ∫ (d) ∫
vi
> 0 an
nd ΔS = 0 < 0 and ΔS < 0
T T
IA
AS-10(ii). A cyclic
c heat engine rece
eives 600 kJ of heat fr
rom a 1000 K source and
a rejects
Ci
dQ
450
0 kJ to a 300
3 K sink. The quanttity ∫ T
a
and efficien
ncy of the engine
e are
resspectively [IAS-2001]
(a) 2.1 kJ/K andd 70% (b)) –0.9 kJ/K and
a 25%
(c) + 0.9 kJ/K an
nd 70% (d)) –2.1 kJ/K and
a 25%
w.
A
Applicattions off Entrop
py Prin
nciple
IA
AS-11. Wh hich one of the
t followinng statemen nts is not co orrect? [IAS-2003]
ww
(a) Change in entropy

e durin
ng a reversiblle adiabatic process
p is zerro
(b) Entropy increases with the
t addition of heat
(c) Throttling is a constant entropy expa ansion processs
(d) Change in entropy wh hen a gas is heated under u consta ant pressure given by
T2
s2 − s1 = mC
C p log e
T1
IA
AS-12. Asssertion (A): Entropy ch
hange for a reversible adiabatic
a pr
rocess is zero.
1066
Entropy
Reason (R): There is no heat transfer in an adiabatic process. [IAS 1994]
Entropy Generation in a Closed System

IAS-13. 1600 kJ of energy is transferred from a heat reservoir at 800 K to another heat
m
reservoir at 400 K. The amount of entropy generated during the process would
be: [IAS-2000]
(a) 6 kJ/k (b) 4 kJ/k (c) 2kJ/k (d) Zero
.co
IAS-14. An electric motor of 5 kW is subjected to a braking test for 1 hour. The heat
generated by the frictional forces in the process is transferred to the
surroundings at 20°C. The resulting entropy change will be: [IAS-1998]
IAS-15.
tas
law of Nature
M1 kg of water at T1 is isobarically and adiabatically mixed with M2 kg of water
at T2 (T1 > T2). The entropy change of the universe is: [IAS-2004]
lda
(a) Necessarily positive (b) Necessarily negative
(c) Always zero (d) Negative or positive but not zero
IAS-16. In which one of the following processes is there an increase in entropy with no
degradation of energy? [IAS-1996]
(a) Polytropic expansion (b) Isothermal expansion
vi
(c) Isochoric heat addition (d) Isobaric heat addition

Ci
w.
ww
107
Entropy

GATE-1. Ans. –11858 J/K, 12787 J/K.
GATE-1A Ans. (b)
m
⎛υ ⎞ ⎛υ ⎞ ⎛2⎞
GATE-2. Ans. (b) w1− 2 = mRT In ⎜ 2 ⎟ = pυ In ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 200 × 1× In ⎜ ⎟ kJ = 138.6 kJ
⎝ υ1 ⎠ ⎝ υ1 ⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
GATE-3. Ans. (c) It is reversible process so ( ΔS )universe = 0
.co
GATE-4. Ans. (d)
GATE-5. Ans. (d) It is a case of spontaneous process i.e. irrepressibility involved that so why
entropy change of the universe is positive.
GATE-6. Ans. (c)
TQ = 300 K, PQ = 50 kPa
TP = 350 K, PP = 150 kPa
T
SQ − SP = c P ln Q − R ln Q
TP
P
PP
tas
lda
⎛ 300 ⎞ ⎛ 50 ⎞
SQ − SP = 1.005 ln ⎜ ⎟ − 0.287 ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 350 ⎠ ⎝ 150 ⎠
SQ − SP = 0.160 kJ/kg-K
GATE-7. Ans. (b) If air has to flow from station
P to station Q adiabatically means no
vi
entropy change in surroundings, P Q

then
SQ − SP ≥ 0
Ci
TQ PQ
⇒ c P ln − R ln ≥0
TP PP
⎛ 300 ⎞ ⎛ PQ ⎞ ⎛ P ⎞
⇒ 1.005 ln ⎜ ⎟ − 0.287 ln ⎜ ⎟≥0 ⇒ −0.15492 − 0.287 ln ⎜ Q ⎟ ≥ 0
w.
⎝ 350 ⎠ ⎝ 150 ⎠ ⎝ 150 ⎠

⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ P ⎞
⇒ −0.287 ln ⎜ Q ⎟ ≥ 0.15492 ⇒ ln ⎜ Q ⎟ ≤ − 0.53979
⎝ 150 ⎠ ⎝ 150 ⎠
⇒ PQ ≤ 87.43
ww
So, Ans. is PQ = 87 kPa
108
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
Previious 20-Yearrs IES Answ
wers
⎛ dQ ⎞
IES-1. Ans. (a)) Remember ds = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ T ⎠RRev
IES-2. Ans. (b
b) The chang ge of entropyy may be regarded as a measure
m of th
he rate of av
vailability of
heaat for transformation intoo work.
1000 492
m
IES-2a Ans. (b
b) S gen = − + = −0.02233kkW / K
(285
( + 273) (5 + 273)
So cycle is im
mpossible Cy
ycle
See in both the case Carrnot Cycle an
nd Reversiblee cycle entrop
py change of the
t
.co
Universe wiill be zero.
Irreversible cycle entrop
py change willl be positive.
IES-3. Ans. (c))
IES-4. Ans. (b)
Q1 Q1 Q1 − Q2 W
= = =
=
T1 T1
Q1 600
=
T1 − T2
Q1 = 600kJ
Thee entropy ch
T1 − T2
hange durin
= 1 kJ
k /K
tas
ng heat add dition
lda
T1 600
IES-4a Ans. (b)
IES-5. Ans. (c))
IES-6. Ans. (b)
IES-7. Ans. (b)
IES-8. Ans. (c))
vi
IES-9. Ans. (d) AB constan nt pressure heat

h addition.
IES-10. Ans. (c) XA consstant pressu ure heat rejeection. XB = const. temp
p. heat rejecction. XC =
isenntropic heat rejection.
r
Ci
IES-11. Ans. (bb)

w.
ww
IES-12. Ans. (b
b)
IES-13. Ans. (b
b)
IES-14. Ans. (b
b)
IES-15. Ans. (c
c)
109
9
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
dQ
IES-16. Ans. (a
a) ∫ T
= 0 does not neccessarily meaans reversiblle process. If dQ = 0 .
IES-17. Ans. (c) In irreversible
i heat
rejeection process enttropy
decreases. In an irreverrsible
y of the univ
process entropy verse
ways increasses i.e. sum
alw m of
systtem + su urroundings will
m
incrreases.
Con nsider the prrocess 3–4 iff it is
irreeversible prrocess then also
entropy will deccrease.
.co
IES-18. Ans. (c)
( In reversiible adiabaticc expansion, entropy chan nge is zero and no changee in entropy
of surroundings
s s.
IES-19. Ans. (b
b) Entropy inncrease in prrocess = 100 (0.4 – 0.3) = 10 kJ/kg
Enttropy change e of surround
dings = 5 kJ/K K
Thu us net entrop
py increases and
a the proceess is irreverrsible.
IES-20. Ans. (c)
( In reversiible process entropy
stra
(exp
aight vertical line. Howev
pansion as well
IES-21. Ans. (b
b)
e chan
tas
nge is zero an
nd in four figuures it is rep
ver, in irreveersible processs, entropy in
w as compression).
( T1 − T2 ) ΔS = W
presented by
ncreases in all
a processes
lda
300
or ΔS = = 1 kJ / k
600 − 300
vi
IES-22. Ans. (c
c)
dQ 1 α + 2 β T ⎛T ⎞
T1 T
Ci
d) ∫
IES-23. Ans. (d =∫ T = α ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ + 2 β (T2 − T1 )
dT
T1
T T1
T ⎝ T1 ⎠
IES-24. Ans. (c
c)
w.
ww
IES-25. Ans. (d
d)
110
0
Entropy
6 Q
= 2
800 100
8 Q
= 4
600 100
Q + Q4
η = 1− 2
Q1 + Q3
3 4
+
m
= 1− 4 3 = 0.85
6+8
IES-26. Ans. (d) Refer to given figure, as given
.co
Engine work developed = 100 kW
= 100 × 1000 × 60
= 6 × 106 J/min.
Thus, Qs = total heat supplied
= 6 × 106 +3.2 × 106
tas
= 9.2 × 106 J/min.
Let reservoir at 1200 K supply Qs1 J/min.
Therefore reservoir at 800 o K will supply. Qs2 = 9.2 × 106 – Qs1
Also, by data the engine is a reversible heat engine completing 600 cycles/min. and
therefore entropy change after every complete cycle is zero.
lda
Qs1 Qs2 QR
Thus, + − =0
1200 800 400
Qs1 9.2 × 106 − Q 6 × 3.2 × 106
or + − =0
vi
1200 800 400

2Qs1 + 3(9.2 × 106 − Qs1 ) − 6 × 3.2 × 106
=0
2400
Ci
or Qs1 = 3 × 9.3 × 106 − 6 × 3.2 × 106

= 8.4 × 106 J/min
Qs2 = 9.2 × 106 − 8.4 × 106
= 0.8 × 106 J/min
w.
8.4
Hence ratio = =10.5
0.8
IES-27. Ans. (b) It is isobaric compression.
ww
111
Enttropy
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 4
m
.co
IES-28. Ans. (d
d)
IES-29 Ans. (d)

tas
lda
Previious 20
0-Yearrs IAS Answ
wers
IA
AS-1. Ans. (b)
AS-2. Ans. (b)
IA
vi
+Q
S2 = = 10
0
500
or Q = 5000 kJ
Ci
−Q −5000
S1 = = = −5kJ / k
1000 1000
1
⎡∴Heat added tot thesystemm is +ive ⎤
⎢ Heat rejecteed from the syystem is -ive ⎥
w.
⎣ ⎦
IA
AS-3. Ans. (d)
1
× ( 5 − 1) × ( 800 − 40
00 )
Work done
d area1 − 2 − 3
AS-4. Ans. (d) η =
IA = = 2 = 0.25
ww
dded areaunder curve 2 − 3

Heat ad ( 5 − 1) × 800
IA
AS-5. Ans. (d) That so wh
hy we are usin
ng p–v or T–
–s diagram.
IA
AS-6. Ans. (a))
IA
AS-7. Ans. (b
b)
IA
AS-8. Ans. (d)
IA
AS-9. Ans. (b)
112
2
Entropy
dQ
IAS-10(i). Ans. (a) ∫T
= 0 does not necessarily means reversible process. If dQ = 0 .
Q − Q2 Q 450
IAS-10(ii). Ans. (b) η = 1 = 1− 2 = 1− = 0.25 = 25%
Q1 Q1 600
IAS-11. Ans. (c) Throttling is a constant enthalpy expansion process.
IAS-12. Ans. (b)
dQ dQ 1600 1600
IAS-13. Ans. (c) Entropy generated = dsat 400K − dsat 800K = − = − = 2kJ / K
m
400 800 400 800
ΔQ 5 × 3600
IAS-14. Ans. (c) ΔS = = kJ / K = 61.4kJ / K
T 293
.co
IAS-15. Ans. (a)
IAS-16. Ans. (b)
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww
113
Availability, Irreversibility
5. Availability, Irreversibility
m
That part of the low grade energy which is available for conversion is referred to as available energy, while the
part which, according to the second law, must be rejected, is known as unavailable energy.
.co
Availability
The availability of a given system is defined as the maximum useful work that can be obtained in a
process in which the system comes to equilibrium with the surroundings or attains a dead state.
Clearly, the availability of a system depends on the condition of the system as well as those of the
surroundings.
Availability:
tas
• Yields the maximum work producing potential or the minimum work requirement of a process
• Allows evaluation and quantitative comparison of options in a sustainability context
lda
Availability = Maximum possible work-Irreversibility
W useful = W rev – I
Irreversibility
vi
The actual work done by a system is always less than the idealized reversible work, and the
difference between the two is called the irreversibility of the process.
I = Wmax – W
Ci
This is also sometimes referred to as 'degradation' or 'dissipation'.

w.
Availability and Irreversibility

1. Available Energy (A. E.)
⎛ T0 ⎞ T
⎛ T ⎞
ww
= Wmax = Q1 ⎜1 − ⎟ = mcp ∫ ⎜1 − 0 ⎟dT

⎝ T1 ⎠ T0 ⎝ T ⎠
= (T1 − T0 ) ΔS
Where To is surroundings temperature.
112
Availability, Irreversibility
= u − u − T (S − S
1 2 0 1 2
) (For closed system), it is NOT ( φ1 – φ2) because
change of volume is present there.
= h − h − T (S − S
1 2 0 1 2
) (For steady flow system), it is (A1-A2) as in steady state
no change in volume in C.V.

(i.e. change in availability in steady flow)
m
2. Decrease in Available Energy
= T0 [ ΔS ′ − ΔS ] Take ΔS′ and ΔS both positive quantity.
.co
3. Availability function
2
C
A = h − T0S + + gz
2
φ = u − T0S + P0V
tas For open system
For closed system

lda
Availability = maximum useful work.
For steady flow
C12
Availability = A1 − A0 = ( h1 − h0 ) − T0 ( S1 − S0 ) + + gz
vi
2
For closed system
Availability = φ1 − φ0 = u1 − u0 − T0 ( S1 − S0 ) + P0 ( V1 − V0 )
Ci
4. Unavailable Energy (U.E.)

= T0 ( S1 − S2 )
w.
ww
5. Increase in unavailable Energy = Loss in availability
= T0 ( ΔS )Univ
6. Irreversibility
113

Thermodynamics Theory - Questions.0001

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Theory at a Glance (For GATE, IES & PSUs)

Specific property: It is a special case of an intensive property. It is the value of an extensive

our attention (e.g., the water kettle or the aircraft engine).

• System Boundary: A separation present between system and surrounding.

referredd to as “closed system”..

4. Energy transferr may take place

me (open systeem) may or may

Wee need restra

ained processses in practice.

• If we remmove the weig ghts slowly one

because it i is not in a sustained manner.

matter into work. It also

of accuracy of measuremen nt obtainablle in 1990. The

insstruments an t range froom 0.65 to 5.0 K, ITS-90 is defined by

ale. The absoolute temperrature scale is also know

Keelvin tempera ature scale also, the triple point of wa

In general, timme constants for

Let the gas in the

chaange in interrnal energy given

ASKED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)

Previous 20-Years GATE Questions

Open and Closed systems

GATE-2a. Heat and work are [GATE-2011]

(a) intensive properties (b) extensive properties

(a) 8.32 (b) 12.00 (c) 554.67 (d) 8320.00

Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer

pdV-work or Displacement Work

(a) ∫ pdv (b) ∫ vdp (c) ∫ Tds (d ) ∫ sdT

Previous 20-Years IES Questions

1. Kinetic Energy 2. Specific Enthalpy

IES-2. Consider the following properties: [IES-2009]

IES-2a. Consider the following: [IES-2007, 2010]

IES-3. Which one of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic

IES-4a Consider the following: [IES-2010]

IES-5a A control volume is [IES-2010]

Open and Closed systems

IES-6. A closed thermodynamic system is one in which [IES-1999, 2010, 2011]

IES-7 Isothermal compression of air in a Stirling engine is an example of

IES-8. Which of the following is/are reversible process(es)? [IES-2005]

IES-9. Assertion (A): In thermodynamic analysis, the concept of reversibility is that, a

IES-9a Which one of the following represents open thermodynamic system?

IES-10a Hot coffee stored in a well insulated thermos flask is an example of

IES10b A thermodynamic system is considered to be an isolated one if [IES-2011]

(d) Mass transfer and volume change are zero

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

IES-12. Consider the following statements: [IES-2003]

(a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4

equilibrium with each other.

International Temperature Scale

(d) 1/273.15th of the triple point of water

IES-19. The time constant of a thermocouple is the time taken to attain:

(a) The final value to he measured [IES-1997, 2010]

Work a Path Function

(c) A is true but R is false

Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer

pdV-work or Displacement Work

process, respectively? [IES-2007]

IES-24. Which one of the following is the

(a) Isomeric (b) Isentropic (c) Isobaric (d) Isothermal

Heat Transfer-A Path Function

between the end states. [IES-1999]