Lecture#12 IE-407 CCN 02/08/2011

Network address

1-Base address: In computing, a base address is an address serving as a reference point ("base") for other addresses.

2-classful address: A classful network is a network addressing architecture used in the Internet from 1981 until the
introduction of Classless Inter-Domain Routing in 1993. The method divides the address space for Internet Protocol Version 4
(IPv4) into five address classes. Each class, coded in the first four bits of the address, defines either a different network size, i.e.
number of hosts for unicast addresses (classes A, B, C), or a multicast network (class D). The fifth class (E) address range is
reserved for future or experimental purposes.

Inte rnet

Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a
computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. [1] An IP address serves two principal functions: host or
network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we
seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there." The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP
address as a 32-bit number and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, due to
the enormous growth of the Internet and the predicted depletion of available addresses, a new addressing system (IPv6), using
128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995, [3] standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998 and is being deployed worldwide since
the mid-2000s. IP addresses are binary numbers, but they are usually stored in text files and displayed in human-readable
notations, such as 172.16.254.1 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (for IPv6).
4-logical address:

In computing, a logical address is the address at which an item (memory cell, storage element, and network host) appears to
reside from the perspective of an executing application program

5-MAC address: A Media Access Control address (MAC address) is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for
communications on the physical network segment. MAC addresses are used for numerous network technologies and most
IEEE 802 network technologies including Ethernet. Logically, MAC addresses are used in the Media Access Control protocol
sub-layer of the OSI reference model. It may also be known as an Ethernet hardware address (EHA), hardware address or
physical address.

Subnet Mask
1. A subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically visible subdivision of an Internet Protocol (IP) network. All computers that
belong to a subnet are addressed with a common, identical, most-significant bit-group in their IP address. This part is
the network's routing prefix.
2. A numeric designation, with the same format as an IP address, which determines how much of an IP address is used to
partition a network using TCP/IP into smaller entities called subnets.
3. The subnet mask is part of your IP address configuration. The subnet tells your computer which group of IP addresses
you belong to.
4. A 32-bit value that allows the recipient of IP packets to distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address from the
host ID.
5. A subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically visible subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing a network into
subnetworks is called subnetting.

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Default Gateway

In computer networking, a gateway is a node (a router) on a TCP/IP network that serves as an access point to another
network. A default gateway is the node on the computer network that the network software uses when an IP address does not
match any other routes in the routing table.

In home computing configurations, an ISP often provides a physical device which both connects local hardware to the Internet
and serves as a gateway. Such devices include DSL modems and cable modems.

Example: 1 an office network consists of six hosts and a router is given as:
Hosts addresses:

 192.168.4.3
 192.168.4.4

 192.168.4.5

 192.168.4.6
 192.168.4.7

 192.168.4.8

Router (this side) address:

 192.168.4.1

The network has a subnet mask of:

 255.255.255.0 (/24 in CIDR notation)

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Domain Name System (DNS)

In computing, a name server (also spelled nameserver) consists of a program or computer server that implements a name-
service protocol. It maps a human-recognizable identifier to a system-internal, often numeric, identification or addressing
component.

The most prominent types of name servers in operation today are the name servers of the Domain Name System (DNS), one of
the two principal name spaces of the Internet. The most important function of these DNS servers is the translation (resolution)
of humanly memorable domain names and hostnames into the corresponding numeric Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, the
second principal Internet name space which is used to identify and locate computer systems and resources on the Internet.