Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
in Industry
Knut–Andreas Lie
1 / 52
Petroleum reservoirs
2 / 52
Production processes
Gas
Oil
k
Caproc
in e
r w/br
Aquife
3 / 52
Production processes
Gas
injection
Gas
Oil
Water
injection
3 / 52
Production processes
Gas
injection
Gas
Oil
Water
injection
3 / 52
Why reservoir simulation?
4 / 52
Reservoir models
5 / 52
Reservoir models
5 / 52
Reservoir models
0.8
0.6
∂t (φbw Sw ) + ∇ · (bw ~
uw ) = bw qw
2 a flow model – describes how fluids flow ∂t [φ(bw So + bg rv Sg )] 0.4
+ ∇ · (bo ~
uo + bg rv ~
ug ) = bo qo + bg rv qg
in a porous medium (conservation laws + ∂t [φ(bg Sg + bo rs So )]
0.2
5 / 52
Reservoir models
0.8
0.6
∂t (φbw Sw ) + ∇ · (bw ~
uw ) = bw qw
2 a flow model – describes how fluids flow ∂t [φ(bw So + bg rv Sg )] 0.4
+ ∇ · (bo ~
uo + bg rv ~
ug ) = bo qo + bg rv qg
in a porous medium (conservation laws + ∂t [φ(bg Sg + bo rs So )]
0.2
5 / 52
Geologic model: sedimentary rocks
6 / 52
Geologic model: sedimentary rocks
Ero
De sion
pos
itio
n
Flood plain
Mud
Sand
Gravel
Layered structure with different mixtures of rock types with varying grain size,
mineral type, and clay content
6 / 52
Geologic model: sedimentary rocks
Geological activity will later fold, stretch, and fracture the consolidated rock
6 / 52
Geologic model: sedimentary rocks
Sandstone encased
Gas in mudstone
Unconformity
Oil
le rock
eab
erm Pinch out
Imp e
rin
hb
wit
rock
ble
mea
Per
Fault
Impermeable
salt
6 / 52
Geologic model: sedimentary rocks
6 / 52
Geologic model: sedimentary rocks
Layered geological structures typically occur on both large and small scales
6 / 52
Porous media flow – a multiscale problem
The scales that impact fluid flow in subsurface rocks range from
I the micrometer scale of pores and pore channels
I via dm-m scale of well bores and laminae sediments
I to sedimentary structures that stretch across entire reservoirs
Porous rocks are heterogeneous at all length scales (no scale separation)
−→
7 / 52
Porous media flow – a multiscale problem
−→
7 / 52
Flow model: representative elementary volume
Porosity:
Vv
φ=
Vv + Vr
8 / 52
Governing equations for fluid flow
∂
Z I Z
m dx + F~ · ~n ds = r dx
∂t V ∂V V
9 / 52
Governing equations for fluid flow
∂
Z I Z
m dx + F~ · ~n ds = r dx
∂t V ∂V V
Similar to Fourier’s law (heat) [1822], Ohm’s law (electric current) [1827], Fick’s law
(concentration) [1855], except that we now have two driving forces
9 / 52
Darcy’s law and permeability
In reservoir engineering:
K
~u = − ∇p − ρg∇z
µ
Intrinsic permeability K measures ability to transmit fluids
Anisotropic and diagonal by nature, full tensor due to averaging.
Reported in units Darcy: 1 d = 9.869233 · 10−13 m2
Fluid velocity:
Darcy’s law is formulated for volumetric flux, i.e., volume of fluid per total area per
u
~
time. The fluid velocity is volume per area occupied by fluid per time, i.e., ~v = φ .
10 / 52
Single-phase, incompressible flow
∂(φρ) K
+ ∇ · ρ~u = q, ~u = − ∇p − ρg∇z
∂t µ
11 / 52
Single-phase, incompressible flow
∂(φρ) K
+ ∇ · ρ~u = q, ~u = − ∇p − ρg∇z
∂t µ
Assume constant density ρ, unit fluid viscosity µ, and neglect gravity g
−→ flow equation on mixed form
∇ · ~u = q, ~u = −K∇p
11 / 52
Single-phase, slightly compressible flow
12 / 52
Single-phase, slightly compressible flow
∂(φρ) K
= ∇ · ρ ∇p
∂t µ
∂p cf ρ ρ
(cr + cf )φρ = ∇p · K∇p + ∇ · (K∇p)
∂t µ µ
12 / 52
Single-phase, slightly compressible flow
∂(φρ) K
= ∇ · ρ ∇p
∂t µ
∂p cf ρ ρ
(cr + cf )φρ = ∇p · K∇p + ∇ · (K∇p)
∂t µ µ
∂p 1
= ∇ · K∇p , c = cr + cf
∂t µφc
12 / 52
Numerical discretization
Ωi
~
ni,k
Γi,k
13 / 52
Numerical discretization
13 / 52
Numerical discretization
13 / 52
Numerical discretization
Next, we use continuity of flux and pressure to eliminate the interface pressures
ui,k = Tik pi − pk
13 / 52
Numerical discretization
Next, we use continuity of flux and pressure to eliminate the interface pressures
ui,k = Tik pi − pk
P
Mass conservation qi = k ui,k gives a linear system
(P
j Tij , k = i,
Ap = q, where Aij =
−Tik , k 6= i.
13 / 52
Grids: volumetric representation of the reservoir
The structure of the reservoir (geological surfaces, faults, etc) + well paths
14 / 52
Grids: mimicking geological processes
Deposition
Erosion
Petrophysics
Deformation
15 / 52
Grids: mimicking geological processes
Deposition
x
z
Erosion
Petrophysics
Deformation
15 / 52
Grids: mimicking geological processes
Deposition
x
z
Erosion
Petrophysics
Deformation
15 / 52
Grids: mimicking geological processes
Deposition
x
z
Erosion
Petrophysics
Deformation
15 / 52
Petrophysical parameters
4
3500 x 10
3
Horizontal
Tarbert
Vertical Ness
3000
2.5
2500
2000
1.5
1500
1
1000
0.5
500
0 0
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4
16 / 52
Research challenge: numerical robustness
Petrophysics:
Many orders of magnitude variations
Strong discontinuities
No clear scale separation (long and short correlations)
17 / 52
Research challenge: efficient solvers
Large coefficient variations, complex sparsity patterns, etc. Call for efficient
iterative solvers and preconditioning methods −→ good test problems for
multigrid methods
18 / 52
Research challenge: consistent discretizations
Problem: standard finite-volume methods are
not consistent unless the grid is K orthogonal
19 / 52
Research challenge: consistent discretizations
Problem: standard finite-volume methods are
not consistent unless the grid is K orthogonal
pi πi,k pk
K Ωi ~
ci,k ~
ni,k Ωk
Γi,k
R
uik = − Γik
Kxx ∂x p + Kxy ∂y p + Kxz ∂z p ds
19 / 52
Research challenge: consistent discretizations
Problem: standard finite-volume methods are
not consistent unless the grid is K orthogonal
pi πi,k pk
K Ωi ~
ci,k ~
ni,k Ωk
Γi,k
R
uik = − Γik
Kxx ∂x p + Kxy ∂y p + Kxz ∂z p ds
19 / 52
Research challenge: consistent discretizations
Problem: standard finite-volume methods are
not consistent unless the grid is K orthogonal
pi πi,k pk
K Ωi ~
ci,k ~
ni,k Ωk
Γi,k
R
uik = − Γik
Kxx ∂x p + Kxy ∂y p + Kxz ∂z p ds
19 / 52
Example: comparison of consistent methods
Example: 3D Voronoi
grid adapting to
branching well.
Anisotropic and
spatially varying
permeability
20 / 52
Wells: flow in and out of the reservoir
5–40 in
2rw
20–200 m
Inflow and outflow take place on a subgrid scale, with large variations in
pressure over short distances.
21 / 52
Wells: flow in and out of the reservoir
5–40 in
2rw
20–200 m
Inflow and outflow take place on a subgrid scale, with large variations in
pressure over short distances.
Solution: use a linear inflow-performance relation
q = J pR − pbh
pa
ra
−4 −2 0 2 4
pbhp
1 ∂(ru)
=0 −→ u = C/r.
r ∂r
22 / 52
Wells: analytic subscale model
pa
ra
−4 −2 0 2 4
pbhp
1 ∂(ru)
=0 −→ u = C/r.
r ∂r
Integrating around a small cylinder surrounding the well,
I
q= ~ u · ~n ds = −2πhC
22 / 52
Wells: analytic subscale model
pa
ra
−4 −2 0 2 4
pbhp
Insert into Darcy’s law and integrate from wellbore radius rw to drainage radius
rd at which p = pd is constant:
Z pd Z rd
q K dp dp dr
u=− =− −→ 2πKh =
2πrh µ dr pbh qµ rw r
22 / 52
Wells: analytic subscale model
pa
ra
−4 −2 0 2 4
pbhp
Insert into Darcy’s law and integrate from wellbore radius rw to drainage radius
rd at which p = pd is constant:
Z pd Z rd
q K dp dp dr
u=− =− −→ 2πKh =
2πrh µ dr pbh qµ rw r
Solution
2πKh
q= pd − pbh
µ ln(rd /rw )
22 / 52
Wells: analytic subscale model
pa
ra
−4 −2 0 2 4
pbhp
Insert into Darcy’s law and integrate from wellbore radius rw to drainage radius
rd at which p = pd is constant:
Z pd Z rd
q K dp dp dr
u=− =− −→ 2πKh =
2πrh µ dr pbh qµ rw r
2πKh 2πKh
q= pd − pbh = pa − pbh
µ ln(rd /rw ) µ ln(rd /rw ) − 0.75
22 / 52
Wells: analytic subscale model
pN
Producer
pW p pE
Injector
Quarter five-spot ∆y
pS
23 / 52
Wells: analytic subscale model
pN
Producer
pW p pE
Injector
Quarter five-spot ∆y
pS
23 / 52
Wells: analytic subscale model
pN
Producer
pW p pE
Injector
Quarter five-spot ∆y
pS
23 / 52
Wells: analytic subscale model
pN
Producer
pW p pE
Injector
Quarter five-spot ∆y
pS
23 / 52
Wells: many complications
24 / 52
What can you do with single-phase flow?
25 / 52
What can you do with single-phase flow?
25 / 52
Flow diagnostics
< 1%
20% 22%
< 1% I1, P1
I2, P1
I1, P2 3%
I2, P2
I1, P3
I2, P3
23%
I1, P4
I2, P4 18%
13%
26 / 52
Flow diagnostics
Allocation by connection Allocation by connection
Well allocation factors Well allocation factors
P6 2 P4 2
4 4
6 6
Connection #
Connection #
8 8
P5 P3
10 10
P2
12 12
14 P3 14
16 16
18 18
P4 20 20
0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000
Well: I6 Accumulated flux [m3/day] Well: I4 Accumulated flux [m3/day]
26 / 52
Flow diagnostics
qi F
normalize
Vi Φ
26 / 52
Flow diagnostics
F 1−F Ev
Φ td td
F-Φ diagram Fractional recovery Sweep efficiency
26 / 52
Model reduction: flow-based upscaling
−∇ · (K∇p) = f, in Ω
ū = −K∗ ∇p
to relate the net flow rate ū through Many alternatives, few are sufficiently
accurate and robust
B to the average pressure gradient
∇p inside B. See talks by Y. Efendiev and H. Tchelepi
27 / 52
Multiphase flow
28 / 52
Fundamental physics: wettability
Oil
σow
Water
θ θ
σos σws σos
Solid
Water generally shows greater affinity than oil to stick to the rock surface −→
reservoirs are predominantly water-wet systems
29 / 52
Fundamental physics: capillary pressure
θ
θ
30 / 52
Fundamental physics: drainage (primary migration)
pcnw
prim
ary
drain
a ge
Swr pe
Sw
31 / 52
Fundamental physics: drainage (primary migration)
pcnw
prim
ary
drain
a ge
Swr pe
Sw
31 / 52
Fundamental physics: drainage (primary migration)
pcnw
prim
ary
drain
a ge
Swr pe
Sw
31 / 52
Fundamental physics: drainage (primary migration)
pcnw
prim
ary
drain
a ge
Swr pe
Sw
31 / 52
Fundamental physics: imbibition (hydrocarbon recovery)
Imbibition: wetting fluid displaces non-wetting fluid, controlled by the size of
the narrowest non-invaded pore.
Will not follow the same capillary curve −→ hysteresis (cause: trapped oil
droplets, different wetting angle for advancing and receding interfaces)
pcnw
Snr
prim
ary
prim drain
ary age
imb
ibit
ion
Swr pe
Sw
EOR: inject substances to alter wetting properties to mobilize immobile oil, Sor → 1
32 / 52
Extensions of model equations to multiphase flow
Kα (Sα )
~
uα = − ∇pα − ρα g∇z
µα
Assuming each phase consists of only one component, the
mass-balance equations for each phase read (Muskat, 1945):
∂(φρα Sα )
+ ∇ · ρα ~
uα = qα
∂t
33 / 52
Relative permeability
34 / 52
Relative permeability
Kkrα
~
uα = − ∇pα − ρα g∇z 0.4
µα
0.2
= −Kλα ∇pα − ρα g∇z
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
34 / 52
General flow equations for two-phase flow
∂(φρα Sα )
+ ∇ · ρα ~uα = qα , α = {w, n}
∂t
Kkrα
~uα = − ∇pα − ρα g∇z
µα
pc = pn − pw , Sw + Sn = 1
35 / 52
General flow equations for two-phase flow
∂(φρα Sα )
+ ∇ · ρα ~uα = qα , α = {w, n}
∂t
Kkrα
~uα = − ∇pα − ρα g∇z
µα
pc = pn − pw , Sw + Sn = 1
35 / 52
Fractional flow formulation
36 / 52
Fractional flow formulation
36 / 52
Fractional flow formulation
36 / 52
Fractional flow formulation
~
u=~
un + ~
uw = −(λn + λw )∇pn + λw ∇pc + (λn ρn + λw ρw )g∇z
36 / 52
Fractional flow formulation
~
u=~
un + ~
uw = −(λn + λw )∇pn + λw ∇pc + (λn ρn + λw ρw )g∇z
| {z }
=λ
36 / 52
Fractional flow formulation
~
u=~
un + ~
uw = −(λn + λw )∇pn + λw ∇pc + (λn ρn + λw ρw )g∇z
| {z }
=λ
Inserted into ∇ · ~
u = q gives pressure equation
−∇ · (λK∇pn ) = q − ∇ λw ∇pc + (λn ρn + λw ρw )g∇z
36 / 52
Fractional flow formulation
~
u=~
un + ~
uw = −(λn + λw )∇pn + λw ∇pc + (λn ρn + λw ρw )g∇z
| {z }
=λ
Inserted into ∇ · ~
u = q gives pressure equation
−∇ · (λK∇pn ) = q − ∇ λw ∇pc + (λn ρn + λw ρw )g∇z
| {z } | {z }
Poisson only function of Sw
36 / 52
Fractional flow formulation
37 / 52
Fractional flow formulation
Solve for ~
uw and insert into conservation equation
∂Sw
u + λn ∆ρg∇z = qw − ∇ · fw λn Pc0 ∇Sw
φ + ∇ · fw ~
∂t
37 / 52
Fractional flow formulation
Solve for ~
uw and insert into conservation equation
∂Sw
u + λn ∆ρg∇z = qw − ∇ · fw λn Pc0 ∇Sw
φ + ∇ · fw ~
∂t
−∇ Kλ(S)∇p) = q, ~
u = −Kλ(S)∇p,
φ∂t S + ∇ · (~
uf (S)) = 0
37 / 52
Buckley–Leverett solution for 1D displacement
M =1
M =5
M = .2
S2
St + f (S)x = q, f (S) = , M = µw /µn
S2 + M (1 − S)2
Here, M = .2 gives poor local displacement efficiency, M = 5 gives very good
38 / 52
Simulation examples: quarter-five spot
t=0.20 PVI t=0.40 PVI t=0.60 PVI t=0.80 PVI Sw
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
5
x 10 1
Sw in completion
2.5 Water cut
initial oil in place 0.8
te
ra 0.6
o il
al
iti
2
in 0.4
0.2
1.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
250
water breakthrough
1
200
150
0.5
100
39 / 52
Simulation examples: quarter-five spot
4 years 8 years 12 years 16 years 20 years
0.9
ratio 1:10
0.8
0.7
0.6
ratio 1:1
0.5
0.4
0.3
ratio 10:1
0.2
0.1
39 / 52
Simulation examples: quarter-five spot
12000 0.2
10000 0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Time (days)
6000 2.5
P (Ratio 1:10) 2
4000 P (Ratio 1:1)
1.5
P (Ratio 10:1)
2000 1 P (Ratio 1:10)
P (Ratio 1:1)
0.5
0 P (Ratio 10:1)
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 0
Time (days) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Time (days)
6000 7000
39 / 52
150 days 670 days
40 / 52
Multicomponent flows
41 / 52
Multicomponent flows
41 / 52
Multicomponent flows
41 / 52
Black-oil equations
Hydrocarbon components lumped together
to a light ’gas’ and a heavier ’oil’
pseudocomponent at surface conditions
W O G
A X reservoir
L X X surface
V X X
42 / 52
Black-oil equations
Hydrocarbon components lumped together
to a light ’gas’ and a heavier ’oil’
pseudocomponent at surface conditions
W O G
A X reservoir
L X X surface
V X X
Conservation equations:
∂t φbo So + ∇ · bo ~ uo = bo qo
∂t φbw Sw + ∇ · bw ~ uw = bw qw
∂t φ bg Sg + bo rso So + ∇ · bg ~ ug + bo rso ~
uo = bg qg + bo rso qo
Dissolved gas in oil: rso = Vgs /Vos . Similarly: oil vaporized in gas rsg
42 / 52
Example: fluid model from SPE9
0.8
0.7
0.6
kr
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Oil saturation
J. E. Killough (1995). Ninth SPE comparative solution project: A reexamination of black-oil simulation. SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium
43 / 52
Example: fluid model from SPE9
Water formation volume factor
1.007
1.006
1.005
1.003
1.001
1.12
1
0.999
0 100 200 300 400 500
1.1
d
Gas formation volume factor
te
0.018
ra
u
0.016
at
1.08
-s
0.014
saturated
er
0.012
d
un
0.01
1.06
Bo
0.008
0.006
1.04 0.004
0.002
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
1.02 Rock compressibility
1.005
1.004
1 1.003
1.002
0.98 1.001
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
1
Pressure [bar]
0.999
0.998
43 / 52
Example: fluid model from SPE9
Viscosities:
−3 Water viscosity
x 10
1.5
−3
x 10 Oil viscosity
1.2
1.15
0.5
1.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
−5 Gas viscosity
x 10
o
µ
2.2
2.1
1.05
2
1.9
1.8
1 1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
0.95
1.3
0 100 200 300 400 500
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Pressure
43 / 52
Black-oil: discretization and linearization
Eo
Eg
Ew Eqw
s
Eqos
Eqgs
Eg
Ectrl
44 / 52
Black-oil: solution strategies
Solution procedure
1. Eliminate well variables qos , qw
s
, qgs ,
and pbh
2. Set first block-row equal to sum of
block-rows, leave out rows that may
harm diagonal dominance in block
(1,1)
3. Set up two-stage preconditioner:
– M−11 : solves pressure subsystem
– M−12 : ILU0 decomposition of the
full system
4. Solve full system with GMRES using
preconditioner M−12 M1
−1
45 / 52
Black-oil: solution strategies
45 / 52
Example: SPE 9 benchmark
Grid with 9000 cells
1 water injector, rate controlled, switches to bhp
25 producers, oil-rate controlled, most switch to bhp
Appearance of free gas due to pressure drop
Production rates lowered to 1/15 between days 300
and 360
7
x 10 PROD13 PROD13
2.5
2.5
Gas rate (m3/s)
Pressure (Pa)
2 2
1.5
1.5
1
1 0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (years) Time (years)
7
x 10 PROD18 PROD18
2.5 2.5
MRST
ECLIPSE 2
Gas rate (m3/s)
Pressure (Pa)
2
1.5
1.5 1
MRST
1 0.5
ECLIPSE
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (years) Time (years)
46 / 52
Example: the Voador field
prod 7
prod 1 prod 2
Validate: open-source / commercial simulator: prod 4, 5 injector
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
producer 2 producer 3 producer 2 producer 3
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
producer 4 producer 5 producer 4 producer 5
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
producer 6 producer 7 producer 6 producer 7
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
48 / 52
Multisegment wells
h v m , uw(ρ), uw(µ) = 0
grad(p) − g avg(ρ) grad(z) −
| {z } | {z }
gravity term heuristic pressure
drop term
48 / 52
Example: effect of modeling annulus
4
×10
6
Gas production [Mscf/day]
3 Uniform, no annulus
Uniform, annulus
Thief zones, no annulus
2 Thief zones, annulus
SPE10, no annulus
SPE10, annulus
1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Time [days]
49 / 52
Enhanced Oil Recovery: polymer flooding
krw (S)
~
up = − K ∇pw − ρw g∇z
µp,eff (c)Rk (c)
50 / 52
Enhanced Oil Recovery: polymer flooding
Todd
krw (S)
~
up = − K ∇pw − ρw g∇z µw
1
µp,eff (c)Rk (c)
viscosity enhancement
Conservation of polymer component:
50 / 52
Enhanced Oil Recovery: polymer flooding
krw (S)
~
up = − K ∇pw − ρw g∇z
µp,eff (c)Rk (c)
50 / 52
Enhanced Oil Recovery: polymer flooding
krw (S)
~
up = − K ∇pw − ρw g∇z
µp,eff (c)Rk (c)
krw (S)
~
up = − K ∇pw − ρw g∇z
µp,eff (c)Rk (c)
Challenges:
Main point of grid: describe stratigraphy and structural
architecture, i.e., not chosen freely to maximize accu-
racy of numerical discretization
Industry standard: corner-point / stratigraphic grids
Grid topology is generally unstructured, with non-
neighboring connections
Geometry: deviates (strongly) from box shape, high
aspect ratios, many faces/neighbors, small faces, . . .
Potential inconsistencies since faces are bilinear or
tetrahedral surfaces
51 / 52
Summary
1
krw
0.9
kro Geological models: complex unstructured grids
0.8 krog
k
having many obscure challenges
row
0.7 k
rg
Flow models: system of highly nonlinear parabolic
0.6
PDEs with elliptic and hyperbolic sub-character
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Challenges:
Delicate balances: viscous forces, gravity, capillary, . . .
Strong coupling between ’elliptic’ and ’hyperbolic’ vari-
ables (small scale: capillary, large scale: gravity)
Large variation in time constants and coupling
Orders-of-magnitude variations in permeability
Parameters with discontinuous derivatives
Path-dependence: hysteretic parameters
Sensitive to subtle changes in interpolation of tabulated
physical data
Monotonicity and mass conservation
51 / 52
Summary
producer 1 injector
51 / 52
Summary
producer 1 injector
51 / 52
http://www.sintef.no/MRST
52 / 52
Originally:
developed to support research on multiscale methods and mimetic discretizations
first public release as open source, April 2009
Today:
general toolbox for rapid prototyping and verification of new computational methods
wide range of applications
two releases per year
each release has from 900 (R2013a) to 2100 (R2015a) unique downloads
Users:
academic institutions, oil and service companies
large user base in USA, Norway, China, Brazil, United Kingdom, Iran, Germany,
Netherlands, France, Canada, . . .
Publications:
used in 24 PhD theses and 59 master theses
used in more than 100 scientific papers by people outside of SINTEF
http://www.sintef.no/MRST
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