ENGINEERING SURVEYS

Design Guidelines, Criteria & Standards

Volume 2B

ENGINEERING
SURVEYS

2015 Edition
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Old Survey Instruments

ALTIMETER SEXTANT ALIDADE WITH PLANE TABLE

measure the altitude of an object measure angles, primarily for drawing lines of sight on a distant
above a fixed level. altitude of celestial bodies. object and for measuring angles
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Old Survey Instruments

TELESCOPE SURVEYORS’ LEVEL SEMICIRCUMFERENTOR

observation of remote measure the height of measure and lay off
objects by collecting distant points in relation to angles, and establish line
electromagnetic radiation a bench mark. of sight
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Old Survey Instruments

THEODOLITE ENGINEERS’ TRANSIT

measures both measures both
the horizontal and the horizontal and
vertical angles vertical angles
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS TOTAL STATION
Common Survey Instruments Today Measures horizontal and
vertical angles and its
sloping distance
GNSS RECEIVER
Calculates a position from
a computed ranges of all
DIGITAL LEVEL visible GNSS Satellites
Measures horizontal
distance and vertical
elevation
 ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Advance Survey Instruments Today
TERRESTRIAL 3D SURVEY GRADE MOBILE LASER
LASER SCANNER MAPPING DRONE SCANNER
Collects a 3 dimensional Collects digital Collects a 3D data of
data of a geometric photographs that can geometric samples
samples generate point cloud data while in motion
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Advance Survey Instruments Today

LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING (LiDAR) AIRBORNE CAMERA

Collects a 3D data of geometric samples Collects digital photographs that
while in motion can generate point cloud data
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Hybrid Survey Equipment
TOTAL STATION AND MULTISTATION (SCANNER AND
GNSS EQUIPMENT TOTAL STATION)
SURVEY EQUIPMENT COMPARISON

Source: Surveying with GPS, total station and terrestrial laser scanning: a comparative
study by S.D. Chekole, 2014
SURVEY EQUIPMENT COMPARISON

Source: Surveying with GPS, total station and terrestrial laser scanning: a comparative
study by S.D. Chekole, 2014
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Hydrographic Survey Equipment
ECHO-SOUNDER TOTAL STATION/GNSS
EQUIPMENT
REFERENCE DATUM
Mean Sea Level
Philippine Reference System of 1992

PRS92 Datum origin is

located at Mataas na
bundok, Mogpog,
Marinduque
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Philippine Plane Coordinate System (PPCS) – PRS92
Ellipsoid Clarke’s Ellipsoid of 1866
Projection Transverse Mercator, in zones of two degrees
net width
Point of origin Intersection of the equator and the central
meridian of each zone, with a northing of 0m
and an easting of 500,000 m.
Scale factor at 0.99995
central meridian
Extents of zones
Zone Central Meridian Limits
I 117° E 116° 00’ to 118° 30’
II 119° E 117° 30’ to 120° 30’
III 121° E 119° 30’ to 122° 30’
IV 123° E 121° 30’ to 124° 30’
V 125° E 123° 30’ to 127° 00’
PROJECT CONTROL SURVEYS
Requirements
1. Must be in reference with PRS92 and Mean Sea
Level
2. Must be conducted by or under the supervision
of qualified professional pursuant to RA 8560,
otherwise known as the Philippine Geodetic
Engineering Act of 1998, as amended.
HORIZONTAL POSITIONING
Methodology
1. The nearest PRS92 stations can be researched
from the NAMRIA Website
www.namria.gov.ph
2. Position determination by GNSS
a. Static Method
b. Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) Method
3. Traverse using Total Stations
ELEVATION MEASUREMENT
Methodology
1. Differential Leveling using Precise Level
and/or Digital Level
2. Trigonometric Leveling using Total Stations
3. Height from GNSS Survey Grade Receivers
SURVEY ACCURACIES
Horizontal Accuracy
SURVEY ACCURACIES
Traverse Accuracy
SURVEY ACCURACIES
Vertical Accuracy
QUALITY CONTROL IN SURVEYS
The project control must be connected to at least three (3)
existing PRS92 stations for horizontal accuracy and two (2)
NAMRIA Benchmark for vertical accuracy.
SURVEY MONUMENTS
1. Accessibility
2. Ground Stability
3. Security to disturbance or destruction
ALTERNATIVE STATE-OF-ART
SURVEYING AND MAPPING
TECHNOLOGIES
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
• A primary technology for providing the necessary base
maps for engineering projects.
LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING (LIDAR)
• A remote sensing method that uses light in the form of pulse laser to
measure ranges to the earth.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• A ground-based technique using a laser beam to scan
the surface – storing the position and elevation of the
surrounding object to measure the position and
dimension of object.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• A ground-based technique using a laser beam to scan
the surface – storing the position and elevation of the
surrounding object to measure the position and
dimension of object.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• Sample Project: C5 Katipunan – CP Garcia Intersection
Project Details
The project composed of fifty five (55) scan stations staggered in every directions to get
every little details necessary for the project. It was set to medium resolution to take point
cloud data at an approximate spacing of 20 mm. Point clouds was referenced from a NAMRIA
Control Points inside the University of the Philippines using the GS15 GNSS Receiver.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• Sample Project: C5 Katipunan – CP Garcia Intersection
Project Details
Scan world point clouds spaced from
to 10 to 100 mm depending on
resolution and sight angle from the
instrument to the surface. Thus,
smaller spacing of points indicates
better accuracy on volume
calculation, horizontal and vertical
design of the proposed structure.

Attached views are the Triangular

Irregular Network (TIN) surface of the
project containing typical dense spacing
of points in the cloud as uploaded in
Civil3D.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• Sample Project: C5 Katipunan – CP Garcia Intersection
Project Details
Scan world point clouds spaced from
to 10 to 100 mm depending on
resolution and sight angle from the
instrument to the surface. Thus,
smaller spacing of points indicates
better accuracy on volume
calculation, horizontal and vertical
design of the proposed structure.

Attached views are the Triangular

Irregular Network (TIN) surface of the
project containing typical dense spacing
of points in the cloud as uploaded in
Civil3D.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• Sample Project: C5 Katipunan – CP Garcia Intersection
Project Details
Electrical wiring connections and electrical posts can detailed in
the drawing. Together with the Truview, the designer can also
verify the type, location and size of materials and its exposed
height. Attached view is a Electrical Layout Plan of C5 Katipunan
Truview of CP Garcia
Ave and C.P. Garcia Intersection and Truview of Station 5.

Electrical Plan
Electrical Plan
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• Sample Project: C5 Katipunan – CP Garcia Intersection
Project Details
Irregular shapes of structures are drawn in the plan
accurately and reviewing this details can easily be
done using Truview without visiting the site.

Attached is the Horizontal and Vertical Plan (existing)

of the project and the Truview of Scan Station 2.
BATHYMETRIC LIDAR
• A method used to determine water depth by measuring the time delay
between the transmission of a laser light pulse and its return signal.
INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE
(IFSAR)
• Involves coherently combining radar measurements made by two or
more antennas displaced by a relatively small distance.
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)
• Provides aerial photography for engineering surveys covering small
areas (100 to 2000 hectares) and have the advantage of rapid, low
cost and accurate mapping.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
• A computer system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze,
manage, and present all types of geographic data.
SIMULTANEOUS USE OF EQUIPMENT

GNSS EQUIPMENT UNMANNED AERIAL

SYSTEM

3D LASER SCANNER
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Steps in Highway Surveying
MAP REVIEW, GROUND EXAMINATION, STEREOSCOPIC
RECONNAISSANCE EXAMINATION OF AERIAL PHOTOS, OCULAR INSPECTION
AND OTHER AVAILABLE DATA.

NARROWING DOWN CHOICES TO ONE OR TWO BEST ROUTE

CONSIDERING RROW, LAND USE, LENGTH, ALIGNMENT AND
ROUTE SELECTION GRADE, WATERWAY CROSSINGS, CONSTRUCTION COST AND
USER BENEFIT RATIO.

PRELIMINARY
AERIAL SURVEY AND MAPPING, GROUND SURVEY
SURVEY

OFFICE PLANNING BEST LINE IS PLOTTED ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

CENTERLINE STAKEOUT, PROFILE AND CROSS-SECTION,

FINAL LOCATION SURVEY DRAINAGE SURVEY, ROW-SURVEY, PARCELLARY
SURVEY SURVEY, AS-STAKED SURVEY AND AS-BUILT SURVEY
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Procedures
1. Reconnaissance
 A rapid and critical general examination of the terrain
through which the road is to pass for the purpose of
identifying all possible routes worthy for further
examination and eliminating all but the best option.
 Can be aided by available maps, aerial inspection and
photographs and site inspection.
 Alternative method includes Digital Photogrammetry,
LiDAR, IFSAR and UAV
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Procedures
2. Route Selection
 Narrow down the choice of route to one or two best locations
within the general route
 A cost-benefit ratio shall be established for each route
 The selection may be concluded until field verification is made.
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Procedures
3. Preliminary Survey
a. Aerial Surveying and Mapping
b. Ground Survey
4. Office Planning
5. Final Location Survey
a. Centerline Stakeout
b. Profile and Cross-section
c. Surface Drainage Survey
d. Right-of-Way Survey
e. Parcellary Survey
f. As-Staked Survey
g. As-built Survey
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Requirements
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Survey Output
1. Field Notes in a hardcopy signed by Geodetic Engineer.
2. DEM data x, y, z coordinates in file formats such as LAS or
ASCII text file format
3. Images, if any, in file formats such as GeoTIFF
4. Hardcopy and digital files of the survey plans, drawings and
reports
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Survey Output - PLANS
1. Preliminary Survey Plans
2. Final Survey Plans
3. Parcellary/Right-of-Way Plans
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Survey Output - REPORT
1. Identification and History of Survey
2. Traffic
3. Topography, Existing Land Use and Utilities
4. Proposed Alignments and Grades
5. Drainage
6. Construction Materials
7. Right-of-Way
8. Special Considerations
9. Computations and Supporting Documents
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Topographic and Survey Plan Checklist
SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Requirements

Topographic Survey Hydrographic Survey

SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Procedures
1. Reconnaissance
BRIDGE SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
1. Narrowest neck of the waterway
2. Well-defined, highly resistant banks
3. Stable and permanent channel
4. Foundation and geological considerations
5. Destructive effects of scour erosion or drift
6. Sharp curve at the approaches
7. Skewed crossing
8. Ascending grade
9. Connection to the preliminary centerline of road
SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Procedures
1. Topographic and Hydrographic Surveys
a. Establish the horizontal and vertical controls
b. Set at least two transit points on each bank of the river.
c. Profile along the centerline of the bridge shall be extended at least
100 meters beyond the likely end of the bridge.
d. Topographic and river surveys shall be extended a distance 5
times the width of the stream channel or at least 100 to 200
meters upstream and downstream from the centerline of the
bridge.
e. Floodwater marks shall be included in the survey
f. Information of debris and channel stability shall be collected
SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Procedures
1. Topographic and Hydrographic Surveys
g. If the proposed bridge is for the separation of highway grades, the
area to be mapped must be large enough to include such
interchange ramps as maybe required. The profile and cross-section
shall be taken to a sufficient distance to include any revision that
maybe made.
h. For existing bridge structure, the following information shall be
recorded:
• Number of spans and length of each span
• Width, type and condition of existing roadway and number of
structures
• Size, location, type, condition, and invert elevation of inlet and
outlet ends of the structure
• Type and foundation conditions
SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Procedures
SURVEY FOR WATER ENGINEERING PROJECTS
Hydrographic survey collects information on the channels and drainage
infrastructure in order to understand the hydraulic behavior of the
proposed structure while topographic survey focuses on land based
information or areas surrounding the drainage structure.

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Hydrographic / Bridge Survey Plan and Report Checklist
SURVEY REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGE AND
WATER ENGINEERING PROJECTS
SURVEY REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGE AND
WATER ENGINEERING PROJECTS
SURVEY REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGE AND
WATER ENGINEERING PROJECTS
SURVEY REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGE AND
WATER ENGINEERING PROJECTS
SURVEY FOR BUILDING PROJECTS
Survey requirements for buildings are
limited to preparation of lot plans and
topographic survey plans. Lot plans are
used to establish the estimated space
requirements topographic surveys are
used to determine the volume of
excavation and structures affected. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

LOT PLANS
 END OF PRESENTATION.

Field Work in Agas-Agas Bridge, Sogod, Southern Leyte