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The main strategy in protecting buildings from strong winds is to maintain the integrity of the
building envelope, including roofs and windows, and to design the building to withstand the
expected lateral and uplift forces.
Design the building to withstand the expected lateral and uplift forces.
Maintain the integrity of the building envelope, including roofs and windows.
Make the construction system more wind-resilient and which could possibly withstand
more than 250 kph winds.
Building Shape
The most important single factor in determining the performance of buildings in typhoons
is the building shape. Simple, compact, symmetrical shapes are best.
The best shape to resist high winds is a square. The square plan is better than the
rectangle since it allows high winds to go around them. The rectangle is better than the L-
shaped plan. For rectangular shapes, the best layout is when the length is not more than
three (3) times the width.
If other shapes are desired, efforts should be made to strengthen the corners.
If longer shapes are used, they must be designed to withstand the forces of the wind.
For groups of buildings, a cluster arrangement can be followed in preference to row type.
Roof Form/Shape
Use a hip roof. This is the strongest type with all sides of the roof sloped. Hip roofs offer
much less wind resistance than gable roofs
For gable roofs, use a high pitched roof.
Avoid a low-pitched roof. Roof pitch angle at least 25°. Experience and experiment have
shown that the hip roof with the pitch in 25° to 40° range has best record of wind
resistance.
Roof Overhangs
The connections of cladding/sheeting to the truss need to be designed for the increased
forces, especially at the corners and the roof edges considered as zones of higher local
wind suctions. Failure at any one of these locations could lead progressively to complete
roof failure. The following are recommended:
Sheeted roofs:- A reduced spacing of bolts, ¾ of that admissible as per IS:800,
recommended. For normal connections, J bolts may be used but for cyclone resistant
connections U – bolts are recommended. Alternatively a strap may be used at least along
edges to fix cladding with the purlins to avoid punching through the sheet. Properly
connected M.S. flat can be used as reinforcing band in high suction zones. The
corrugated sheeting should be properly overlapped (at least 2 1/2 corrugation) to prevent
water from blowing under the seam. Spaces between the sheeting and the wall plate
should be closed up to prevent the wind from getting under the sheeting and lifting it.
This can be done by nailing a fascia board to the wall plate and rafters.
Clay tile roofs:- Because of lower dead weight, these may be unable to resist the uplifting
force and thus experience heavy damage, particularly during cyclones. Anchoring of roof
tiles in R.C. strap beams is recommended for improved cyclone resistance. As alternative
to the bands, a cement mortar screed, reinforced with galvanized chicken mesh, may be
laid over the high suction areas of the tiled roof. Note:- Covering the entire tile roof with
concrete or ferro-cement will prevent natural breathing through the tiles and will make
them thermally uncomfortable.
Masonry Walls
It is not uncommon for un-reinforced masonry to fail in severe cyclones. Walls braced by
ring beams and columns have remained safe.
All external walls or wall panels must be designed to resist the out of plane wind pressure
adequately. The lateral load due to wind is finally resisted either by walls lying parallel to
the lateral force direction (by shear wall action) or by RC frames to which the panel walls
must be fixed using appropriate reinforcement such as seismic bands at window lintel
level.
Location
Foundation
Invariably a typhoon is accompanied by torrential rain and tidal surge (in coastal areas)
resulting into flooding of the low lying areas. The tidal surge effect diminishes as it
travels on shore, which can extend even upto 10 to 15 km. Flooding causes saturation of
soil and thus significantly affects the safe bearing capacity of the soil. In flood prone
areas, the safe bearing capacity should be taken as half of that for the dry ground. Also
the likelihood of any scour due to receding tidal surge needs to be taken into account
while deciding on the depth of foundation and the protection works around a raised
ground used for locating cyclone shelters or other buildings.
Building on-stilts
Where a building is constructed on stilts it is necessary that stilts are properly braced in
both the principal directions. This will provide stability to the complete building under
lateral loads. Knee bracings will be preferable to full diagonal bracing so as not to
obstruct the passage of floating debris during storm surge.
Openings just below roof level be avoided for storm resiliency except that two small
vents without shutter should be provided in opposite walls to prevent suffocation in case
room gets filled with water and people may try to climb up on lofts or pegs.
Foundation
Soil for a good foundation that can carry the weight of a house must be well drained so
that it is dry and not waterlogged. Waterlogged soil can become liquefied in an
earthquake—turn to a semi-liquid—so that structures sink into the ground.
Plan/Building Configuration
Structural Framing
The building needs a coherent structure. If the structure is coherent and strong, it protects
the whole house.
A wood frame structure mounted on a concrete frame/stub wall must be fully anchored
together. A bracket made of noncorrodible metal, must be cast into the bearing structure
to provide a structural connection for the whole wall through to the foundation. The wood
column must be bolted to the bracket, and the bracket must be fully secured into the
concrete.
Join walls and roof to strengthen each other. Column reinforcement should protrude from
the top of concrete columns and be bent around roof trusses for structural strength, or
roof trusses should be strapped with metal ties to the wall structure. Exposed metal
should be painted with rust proof paint to prevent corrosion.
The joints of wooden roof trusses need to be bolted together and tied with metal straps to
provide flexibility but not collapse under the forces of nature. Metal roof trusses must be
welded together, welded to purlins, and welded to wall reinforcement for strength.
The walls and roof need bracing against lateral movement. In order to resist lateral forces,
walls and roof structure need cross bracing at all levels, particularly if it is a wooden
structure. This is a major principle in the construction of traditional houses.
Wall material must be tied to the building structure with metal ties. Metal wall ties are to
be hooked at the end.
All wall openings are to be tied to wall material.
For reinforced concrete frame buildings with CHB walls, ties are to be cast into columns
at 40cm spacing, and are to be a minimum of 8mm diameter.
All houses are to have completely framed pitched triangular roof trusses. Roof trusses are
to be placed over columns and tied to them.
Most roof truss joints, and particularly central ones, are to be bolted, not nailed.
Roof truss joints of 3 or more elements are to have a metal strap joining each roof
component.
Wood blocks are to be used for fixing purlins to roof trusses.
Joints in roof structural wood are to be made with step joints, not with 45º cuts.
Joints in roof structure are not to be made near the middle of a span.
All wooden parts of a house structure are to be cross braced, stumps, walls, and roof.
Wood roof structures are to be cross braced in both directions.
Openings in load bearing walls should not be within a distance of h/6 from inner corner
for the purpose of providing lateral support to cross walls, where ‘h’ is the storey height
up to eaves level.
References:
1. Handbook on Good Building Design and Construction in the Philippines prepared by the GTZ
Office Manila, UNDP Regional Center in Bangkok and the Secretariat of the International
strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2008
2. Cyclone Resistant Building Architecture prepared by Ankush Agarwal, Technical Officer
(Hazard Vulnerability Reduction), GoI – UNDP, Disaster Risk Management Programme, March,
2007
3. Building Infrastructure Resilient to Disasters prepared by Asiri Karunawardena, Chaya
Samarakkody and RavindraBalasooriya
4. Guidance Notes on Safer School Construction prepared by the Global Facility for Disaster
Reduction and Recovery (ISDR, INEE, World Bank).
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