Exotrack HZ® Design Loads according to

ASCE 7-10
Project WAIANAE

09/09/2016

EXOSUN
Technopole Bordeaux Montesquieu
8 allée Pierre Gilles de Gennes
33650 Martillac, France
Tel : + 33 (0)5 56 64 09 24 /
Fax : + 33 (0)5 57 96 72 99
www.exosun.net
 DESIGN LOADS

SUMMARY
1 Objective ..........................................................................................................................................................2
2 Hypothesis .......................................................................................................................................................3
3 Presentation of the Exotrack HZ ......................................................................................................................4
3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................................4
3.2 General information ................................................................................................................................4
3.3 Control program ......................................................................................................................................5
4 Loads calculations on the row .........................................................................................................................6
4.1 Loads application ..................................................................................................................................... 6
4.2 Dead load .................................................................................................................................................7
4.3 Snow load ................................................................................................................................................7
4.4 Wind loads ...............................................................................................................................................8
4.4.1 Wind loads coefficients ................................................................................................................... 8
4.4.2 Stow position ...................................................................................................................................9
4.4.3 Tracking position ........................................................................................................................... 10
4.5 Earthquake load..................................................................................................................................... 10
5 Loads on pile .................................................................................................................................................. 11
5.1 Nominal Loads: End piles ....................................................................................................................... 11
5.2 Nominal Loads: Central pile ................................................................................................................... 12
5.3 Combinations of loads ........................................................................................................................... 13
5.4 Foundation loads on end pile ................................................................................................................ 14
5.5 Foundation loads on central pile ...........................................................................................................15
6 Loads calculation on the motor support .......................................................................................................16
6.1 Loads application ................................................................................................................................... 16
6.2 Dead load ............................................................................................................................................... 17
6.3 Snow load ..............................................................................................................................................17
6.4 Wind load .............................................................................................................................................. 17
6.5 Foundations loads ................................................................................................................................. 17
6.1 Distance between fixing point of the motor support ............................................................................ 17
7 Appendix ........................................................................................................................................................ 18

1 Objective
This document aims to define the design loads on each pile of an Exotrack HZ row and the motor support. This
document is organized as following:

 Project Hypothesis (Shape, Wind, snow,…)

 Exotrack Hz Overview
 Loads applied on a entire row (Wind load, snow load,…)
 Design loads on the pile row (extremity and central)
 Design loads on the motor support
 An appendix with foundation loads in Imperial Units

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2 Hypothesis
 About the project :

Project name: WAIANAE

Project location: HONOLULU-HAWAII
Module reference: CANADIAN 72C
Number of modules per row: 20
Risk Category: I
East/West slope: 5%
North/South slope: 15%

 Weight :
Module weight: 22.0kg
Structure weight with pile (without module): 350kg

 Snow :
Ground snow load: 0psf
Elevation: 0ft
Exposure coefficient: 1.00
Thermal coefficient: 1.20
Importance snow factor Is: 0.80

 Wind :
Structure in stow position

ASCE 7-10 basic wind speed at 10m : 116 mph (Eq to 105mph in ASCE 7-05 Risk I)
Exposure : B
Kd: 0.7
Kzt: 1.6

Structure in tracking position

ASCE 7-10 basic wind speed at 10m: 60 mph

ASCE 7-10 10min mean wind speed at 10m: 30 mph
Exposure : B
Kd: 0.7
Kzt: 1.6

 Seismic:
Ss = 0.60
Site class = D

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3 Presentation of the Exotrack HZ

3.1 Overview
Exotrack HZ tracker is composed of several rows set in motion by a motor and a transmission system. A row is
composed of a fixed part (piles + axle supports) and a mobile part (rocking unit + girder + PV modules) (cf. Figure
1).

PV modules

Girder

Motor + Motor Central pile

Transmission
support

End pile
Figure 1: Tracker Exotrack HZ

3.2 General information

Lrow
LM
Y
Crow X
X
L2
Z L
L
HP
Z L1
HDTU
Figure 2: Characteristic dimensions

Description Symbol Value

Row chord (m) Crow 1.95
Row length (m) Lrow 19.84
Row area (m²) Srow 39
Module width (m) LM 0.98
Spacing between modules (m) e 10.5
Module weight (kg) PM 22
Number of modules per row n 20
Distance between piles (m) L 6.89
Distance between end pile 1 and row extremity (m) L1 3.03
Distance between end pile 2 and row extremity (m) L2 3.03
Height of the DTU* from the ground (m) HDTU 0.90
Height of the pivot axis from the ground (m) HP 1.90
*DTU = Daily Tracking Unit

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3.3 Control program
In normal operation, the control program directs the PV modules so that maximize the productivity. The zenithal
movement is +/- 50°. The security position (stow position at 0°) is triggered if the anemometer measures wind
speeds above V3s_gust or Vaverage.

Anemometer

Ha = 4 m

-50° +50° 0°

Figure 3 : Tracking position (+/- 50°) and stow position (0°)

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4 Loads calculations on the row

4.1 Loads application

Front wind tracking at 50° Back wind tracking at 50°
FWT/DR-F

MWT/B FWT/H-B
FWT/H-F
TRACKING MWT/F
POSITION
FWT/LI-B

WIND FWT/DTU-F FWT/DTU-B WIND

East/West wind North/South wind

FWS/DR-EW
FWS/H-EW
FWS/DR-NS

MWS/EW FWS/LI-EW FWS/H-NS

WIND FWS/DTU-EW WIND FWS/LI-NS

STOW
POSITION Snow Earthquake load
FSS/V
FES/H

NOTE:

1) The moment around the row axis due to the wind create a load on the central pile (transmitted by the DTU).
Thus, foundation loads on central pile and end piles are different.

2) Loads applied on the entire row are uniformly distributed over all the area of the row.

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Load summary:

Description Symbol Application

Dead load FD Entire row
Snow load FSS/V Entire row
Earthquake load FES/H Entire row
Horizontal load due to East/West wind FWS/H-EW Entire row
Drive load due to East/West wind FWS/DR -EW Entire row
Lift load due to East/West wind FWS/LI-EW Entire row
Row axis moment due to stow East/West wind MWS/EW Entire row
DTU load due to stow East/West moment FWS/DTU-EW Central pile
Horizontal load due to North/South wind FWS/H-N/S Entire row
Drive load due to North/South wind FWS/DR-N/S Entire row
Lift load due to North/South wind FWS/LI-N/S Entire row
Horizontal load due to tracking front wind FWT/H-F Entire row
Drive load due to tracking front wind FWT/DR-F Entire row
Row axis moment due to tracking front wind MWT/F Entire row
DTU load due to tracking front wind FWT/DTU-F Central pile
Horizontal load due to tracking back wind FWT/H-B Entire row
Lift load due to tracking back wind FWT/LI-B Entire row
Row axis moment due to tracking back wind MWT/B Entire row
DTU load due to tracking back wind FWT/DTU-B Central pile

4.2 Dead load

FD = 7832 N

4.3 Snow load

FSS/V = Srow x pf = 0.7 x Srow x Ce x Ct x IS x pg
if pf>pm if not FSS/V = Stable x pm (§7.3 ASCE 7-10)
FSS/V = 0 N

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4.4 Wind loads

4.4.1 Wind loads coefficients

GC coefficients used in the following calculations are the result of wind tunnel flow analysis performed by CPP
Inc. All GC coefficients are non-dimensionalized with the velocity pressure qz at 10 meters.

The 2 following GC coefficients are used in this report:

The GC moment coefficient on the row axis defined

as:
M
GC =
q (10m) × S ×C

With
Srow the entire row area
Crow the chord row

2 different coefficient are used in this document :

 _ : Hinge moment in stow postion
 ° : Hinge moment in 50°
tracking position
The GC normal force coefficient on pile defined as:

F
GC =
q (10m) × A

With
Aref the tributary area of the pile

2 different coefficient are used in this document :

 _ : Normal force in stow position
 _ ° : Normal force in 50° tracking
position

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4.4.2 Stow position
Velocity pressure in stow position at 10 meters qz/stow(10m)

qz/stow(10m) = 0.613 x Kz x Kzt x Kd x V(10m)²

qz/stow(10m) = 1338.4 N.m²
Kz = 0.72

Velocity pressure in stow position at pivot height qz/stow(HP)

qz/stow(HP) = 0.613 x Kz x Kzt x Kd x V(HP)²

qz/stow(HP) = 1072.1 N.m²
Kz = 0.58

East/West wind load

FWS/H-EW = qz/stow(HP) x Srow_projected x GCpn with

Srow_projected = 6.11 m²
GCpn = 1.5 (§27.4.5 ASCE 7-10)
FWS/H-EW = 9827 N

FWS/DR-EW = qz/stow(10m) x 3 x Aref x GCN_s max

GCN_S max = 0.35
3 x Aref = Srow
FWS/DR-EW = 18412 N

FWS/LI-EW = qz/stow(10m) x 3 x Aref x GCN_S min

GCN_S min = -0.53
3 x Aref = Srow
FWS/LI-EW = -27572 N

MWS/EW = qz/stow(10m) x Crow x Srow x GCMhinge_S

GCMhinge_S = 0.12
MWS/EW = 13242 N.m

FWS/DTU-EW = MWS/EW x (HP-HDTU)

FWS/DTU-EW = 13242 N

North/South wind load

FWS/H-NS = qz/stow(HP) x Srow_NS x GCf

Srow_NS = 1.64 m²
GCf = 1. 5 (§27.4.5 ASCE 7-10)
FWS/H-NS = 2372 N

FWS/DR-NS = qz/stow(HP) x Aref + GCN_DR

Aref = Srow
CN_DR = 0.3 (Figure 29.4-1 ASCE 7-10)
G = 0.90 (§26.9.4 ASCE 7-10)

FWS/DR-NS = 11243 N

FWS/LI-NS = qz/stow(HP) x Aref + GCN_LI

CN_LI = - 0.3 (Figure 29.4-1 ASCE 7-10)
FWS/LI-NS = -11243 N

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4.4.3 Tracking position
Velocity pressure in tracking position at 10 meters qz/tracking(10m)

qz/tracking(10m) = 0.613 x Kz x Kzt x Kd x V(10m)²

qz/tracking(10m) = 305.1 N.m²
Kz = 0.72
Front wind loads

FWT/N-F = 3 x Aref x GCN_T50° max x qz/tracking(10m)

GCN_T50° max = 1.39
3 x Aref = Srow
FWT/N-F = 16487 N

MWT/F = Crow x Srow x GCMhinge x qz/tracking(10m)

GCMhinge_T50° = 0.09
MWT/F = 1969 N.m

FWT/DTU-F = MWT/F x (HP-HDTU)

FWT/DTU-F = 1969 N

Back wind loads

FWT/N-B = 3 x Aref x GCN_T50° min x qz/tracking(10m)

GCN_T50° min = -1.44
FWT/N-B = -17027 N

MWT/B = Crow x Srow x GCMhinge x qz/tracking(10m)

GCMhinge_T50° = 0.09
MWT/B = 1969 N.m

FWT/DTU-B = MWT/B x (HP-HDTU)

FWT/DTU-B = 1969 N

4.5 Earthquake load

FES/H = CS x FD
FES/H = 2075 N

With
CS = SDS/(R/Ie)
SDS = (2/3) x SMS
SMS = Fa x SS
Fa = 1.32
R = 2 (inverted pendulum)
Ie = 1.00

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5 Loads on pile

5.1 Nominal Loads: End piles

All pile loads (forces and moments) are applied at the origin of the coordinate system (X,Y,Z) on figure 4. In cases
of driven pile, this origin is at the ground level. In case of concrete foundation the origin is the top of the
foundation. The Z axis is collinear to the shear center of the pile section

Ground/Foundation top

X Y

Z
Z Figure 4: End pile

The following table summarize the nominal loads (forces and moment) applied on the end pile due to the loads
on the entire row. F and M indicate respectively force and moment

NOMINAL LOADS ON END PILE

Pile Load
Row load symbol FX(N) FY(N) FZ(N) MX(N.m) MY(N.m) MZ(N.m)
Load category
D FD Weight - - 2564 - - -
S FSS/V Snow - - 0 - - -
E FSE/V Seimic 692 - - - 1315 -
W1 FWS/DR-EW + FWS/H-EW Wind 3278 - 6142 - 6228 -
W2 FWS/LI-EW + FWS/H-EW Wind 3278 - -9197 - 6228 -
W3 FWS/DR-NS + FWS/H-NS Wind - 791 3751 1503 - -
W4 FWS/LI-NS + FWS/H-NS Wind - 791 -3751 1503 - -
W5 FWT/H-F + FWT/V-F Wind 4213 - 3535 - 8005 -
W6 FWT/H-B + FWT/V-B Wind 4351 - -3651 - 8267 -
NOTE : Loads are applied at the origin of the coordinate system (X,Y,Z) figure 4

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5.2 Nominal Loads: Central pile
All pile loads (forces and moments) are applied at the origin of the coordinate system (X,Y,Z) on figure 5. In cases
of driven pile, this origin is at the ground level. In case of concrete foundation the origin is the top of the
foundation. The Z axis is collinear to the shear center of the pile section

X Y

Z Z
Figure 5: Central pile

The following table summarize the nominal loads (forces and moment) applied on the central pile due to the
loads on the entire row. F and M indicate respectively force and moment

NOMINAL LOADS ON CENTRAL PILE

Pile Load
Row load symbol FX(N) FY(N) FZ(N) MX(N.m) MY(N.m) MZ(N.m)
Load category
D FD Weight - - 2705 - - -
S FSS/V Snow - - 0 - - -
E FSE/V Seimic 691 - - - 1312 -
W1 FWS/DR-EW + FWS/H-EW Wind -9972 - 6128 - 19457 3046
W2 FWS/LI-EW + FWS/H-EW Wind -9972 - -9177 - 19457 3046
W3 FWS/DR-NS + FWS/H-NS Wind - 789 3742 1500 - -
W4 FWS/LI-NS + FWS/H-NS Wind - 789 -3742 1500 - -
W5 FWT/H-F + FWT/V-F Wind 6173 - 3527 - 6018 453
W6 FWT/H-B + FWT/V-B Wind 3944 - -2277 - -6279 453
NOTE : Loads are applied at the origin of the coordinate system (X,Y,Z) figure 5

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5.3 Combinations of loads
Foundation loads are calculated with Loads Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) combinations according to ASCE 7-
10:

N°
State ASCE 7-10 Combination
combination
1 1D
2 1D+0.31S
3a 1D+1S+0.31W1
Serviceability state 3b 1D+1S+0.31W3
4a 1D+0.31S+0.63W1
4b 1D+0.31S+0.63W3
6a 1D+0.63W2
6b 1D+0.63W4
4c 1D+0.63W5
6c 1D+0.63W6
1 1.4D
2 1.2D+0.5S
3a 1D+1.6S+0.5W1
Strength design state

3b 1D+1.6S+0.5W3
4a 1D+0.5S+1W1
4b 1D+0.5S+0.1W3
6a 0.9D+1W2
6b 0.9D+1W4
4c 1.2D+1W5
6c 0.9D+1W6
5 1.4D+1E+0.2S
7 0.7D+1E

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5.4 Foundation loads on end pile
According to nominal loads of section 5.1 and combinations of section 5.3 of this document, loads on the end
pile are the following. All loads are factored by the combination factors of section 5.3.

Combination
State Fx(N) Fy (N) Fz(N) Mx(N.m) My(N.m)
N°
1 - - 2564 - -
2 - - 2564 - -
3a 1016 - 4468 - 1931
Serviceability state

3b - 245 3726 466 -

4a 2049 - 6402 - 3893
4b - 494 4908 939 -
6a 2049 - -3185 - 3893
6b - 494 219 939 -
4c 2633 - 4773 - 5003
6c 2719 - 282 - 5167
1 - - 3589 - -
2 - - 3076 - -
3a 1639 - 6147 - 3114
Strength design state

3b - 396 4952 752 -

4a 3278 - 9218 - 6228
4b - 791 6827 1503 -
6a 3278 - -6890 - 6228
6b - 791 -1443 1503 -
4c 4213 - 3535 - 8005
6c 4351 - -1344 - 8267
5 692 - 4040 - 1315
7 692 - 2035 - 1315

NOTE : Loads are applied at the origin of the coordinate system (X,Y,Z) figure 4

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5.5 Foundation loads on central pile
According to nominal loads of section 5.2 and combinations of section 5.3 of this document, loads on the end
pile are the following. All loads are factored by the combination factors of section 5.3.

Combination
State Fx(N) Fy (N) Fz(N) Mx(N.m) My(N.m) Mz(N.m)
N°
1 - - 2705 - - -
2 - - 2705 - - -
3a -3091 - 4605 - 6032 944
Serviceability state

3b - 245 3865 465 - -

4a -6232 - 4044 - 12160 1904
4b - 493 5044 937 - -
6a -6232 - -3030 - 12160 1904
6b - 493 366 937 - -
4c 3858 - 4909 - 3761 283
6c 2465 - 1282 - -3924 283
1 - - 3787 - - -
2 - - 3246 - - -
3a -4986 - 6310 - 9728 1523
Strength design state

3b - 395 5117 750 - -

4a -9972 - 9374 - 19457 3046
4b - 789 6988 1500 - -
6a -9972 - -6742 - 19457 3046
6b - 789 -1308 1500 - -
4c 6173 - 3527 - 6018 453
6c 3944 - 158 - -6279 453
5 691 - 4223 - 1312 -
7 691 - 2148 - 1312 -

NOTE : Loads are applied at the origin of the coordinate system (X,Y,Z) figure 5

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6 Loads calculation on the motor support

6.1 Loads application

Loads on the motor support are applied in accordance with the figure below. The horizontal loads FH can be
applied along the X axis (East/West) or the Y axis (North/South). The foundation is considered to be line up with
the ground (cf. Figure 4).

FW/NS FD / FSS/V
FW/EO

X
Y
Y Z
Z
Figure 4: Load directions on the motor support

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6.2 Dead load
FD = 368 N

6.3 Snow load

FSS/V = 49 N

6.4 Wind load

FW/H = 699 N

6.5 Foundations loads

The following foundations loads are applied at the bottom of the motor support (Coordinate system origin
[x,y,z])

My or Mx
Vertical Horizontal (N.m)
State Case Description
Load FV (N) Load FH (N)

1 1FD 368 - -
2 1 FD + 0.31 FSS/V 383 - -
ELS
3a 1 FD + 1 FSS/V + 0.31 FW/H 417 216 195
4a 1 FD + 0.31 FSS/V 0.63 FW/H 383 440 396
1 1.4 FD 515 - -
2 1.2 FD + 0.5 FSS/V 466 - -
ELU
3a 1.2 FD + 1.6 FSS/V + 0.5 FW/H 520 350 315
4a 1.2 FD + 0.5 FSS/V + 1FW/H 466 699 629

6.1 Distance between fixing point of the motor support

The motor support foundation has 4 fixing points spaced as below:

360mm

Fixing 210mm
point

Foundation

North/South

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7 Appendix
Foundation loads on end pile in Imperial Units

State Combination
Fx(lb) Fy (lb) Fz(lb) Mx(lb.ft) My(lb.ft)
N°
1 - - 576 - -
2 - - 576 - -
3a 228 - 1004 - 1424
Serviceability state

3b - 55 838 344 -
4a 461 - 1439 - 2871
4b - 111 1103 693 -
6a 461 - -716 - 2871
6b - 111 49 693 -
4c 592 - 1073 - 3690
6c 611 - 63 - 3811
1 - - 807 - -
2 - - 692 - -
3a 368 - 1382 - 2297
Strength design state

3b - 396 1113 554 -

4a 737 - 2072 - 4594
4b - 178 1535 1109 -
6a 737 - -1549 - 4594
6b - 178 -324 1109 -
4c 947 - 795 - 5904
6c 978 - -302 - 6097
5 156 - 908 - 970
7 156 - 458 - 970

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Foundation loads on central pile in Imperial Units

State Combination
Fx(lb) Fy (lb) Fz(lb) Mx(lb.ft) My(lb.ft) Mz(lb.ft)
N°
1 - - 608 - - -
2 - - 608 - - -
3a -695 - 1035 - 4449 696
Serviceability state

3b - 55 869 343 - -
4a -1401 - 909 - 8969 1404
4b - 111 1134 691 - -
6a -1401 - -681 - 8969 1404
6b - 111 82 691 - -
4c 867 - 1104 - 2774 209
6c 554 - 288 - -2895 209
1 - - 851 - - -
2 - - 730 - - -
3a -1121 - 1419 - 7175 1123
Strength design state

3b - 89 1150 553 - -
4a -2242 - 2107 - 14350 2246
4b - 177 1571 1106 - -
6a -2242 - -1516 - 14350 2246
6b - 177 -294 1106 - -
4c 1388 - 793 - 4438 334
6c 887 - 35 - -4631 334
5 155 - 949 - 968 -
7 155 - 483 - 968 -

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