Indian History - Revision PDF

Indian History - Revision
ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY
PRE-HISTORY
 It is believed that man evolved to present form around 3,00,000 BC somewhere in

Africa.
 Human species is known as Homo Sapiens Sapiens.
 Based on the type of the tools stone age is classified into 3 phases.
 Paleolithic or Old Stone age – 3 Lakh BC to 10000BC
 Mesolithic or Middle Stone age
age- 10000 BC to 6000BC
 Neolithic or New Stone age-
age 6000BC to 2500BC
 The technique of radio
radio-carbon
carbon dating is commonly used for finding approximate age.
Paleolithic or Old Stone age(5Lakh BC to

t 10000BC)
 These people were hunter-gatherers.

hunter gatherers. The stone used in earlier times were blunt and
hand sized.
 A few Old Stone Age paintings have been found on rocks at Bhimbetka, Madhya
Pradesh. It is the World Heritage Site identified by the UNESCO.
UNESCO
Mesolithic
ithic or Middle Stone Age(10000BC-
Age(10000BC 6000BC)
 Mesolithic remains are found in Langhanj in Gujarat, Adamgarh,in Madhya Pradesh,

Burbhanpur of West Bengal,Tunnuveli of Tamil Nadu and also in some places of
Rajasthan, UttarPradesh and Bihar.
 The stone tools they
ey used are known as Microlith.
 Narsinghgarh painting of Madhya Pradesh is important painting of Mesolithic age.
age
 Agriculture and Domestication of animal began in Mesolithic age. Sheeps and Goats
were first animals to be domesticated
Neolithic Age(6000BC-2500BC)
2500BC)
 Burzahom in Kashmir valley,Chirand in Bihar are impotant sites

sites.
 The chief characteristic features of the Neolithic culture are the improved practice of
agriculture, polishing of stone tools and the manufacture of pottery.
 The people of Neolithic Age
Age used clothes made of cotton and wool.
wool
Metal Age(3000 BC to 2500 BC)
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 In this Copper metal was discovered. So it is also known as Chalcolithic age.
 The people of this age started making pottery also. Earliest pottery is known as Black &
Red Pottery.
 Hindu religion started in Copper age. Hence copper is a respected metal in Hinduism.
 they developed a new alloy called Bronze. Bronze is alloy of copper(80%) and Tin(20%).
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION OR BRONZE AGE OR HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION(2500 BC TO 1700

BC)
 The three earliest civilization of the world:

 The Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia
 The Nile in Egypt
 The Indus in India
 It is called Indus Valley Civilization because it is settled around river Indus
 It is called
lled Harappa civilization because Harappa was the first site discovered.
 Harappa was discovered in 1921 by Dayaram Sahni.
 Mahenjodaro (in in Larkana district of Pakistan
Pakistan) was discovered in 1922 by R. D. Banerjee.
 Continuous sequence of strata named –
 Pre-harappan,
appan,
 Early Harappan,
 Mature Harappan
 Late Harappan.
 Important Cities of Harappa are are-
 Harappa(Punjab)
 Mohanjodaro(Sindh)
 Chuhanjodaro(Sindh)
 Banawali(Harayana)
 Kalibangan(Rajasthan)
 Lothal (Gujrat)
 Important features of town planning are following-
following
 Citadel- A citadel is an upraised or fortified part of the city. It is believed that it
must be inhabited by the ruling class.
 Grid Pattern of settlement-
settlement All Indus valley Settlement was having grid pattern of
roads.
 Great bath of Mohanjodaro
Mohanjodaro- The bath was made de up of burnt bricks. Harappan
people were first in the world to use burnt bricks at large scale.
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 Grannaries: Mohanjodaro had one big granary while in Harrappa we find total
12 grannaries
rannaries but of small sizes.
 Drainage system - It is considered to be their best engineering product.
 Agriculture:
 They produced wheat, rice, barley, seasum, mustard,peas.
 Indus people were earliest to produce cotton.
 Rice was produced at Lothal only.
 Domestication of animals
 Harappan people domesticated ox, goat, buffalo, and sheep. sheep
 They domesticated asses and camels as beasts of burden.
 They also acquainted with Rhinoceros and Elephant.
 There is some evidence of horse at Sukotada of Gujrat. But it is clear that horses
were not in regular use.
 Technology and craft of Harappan culture
 They produced Bronze by smelting of Copper with Tin.
 They also knew how to make boats. Lothalwas important port city.
 Harappan people also knew to make jewellery
jewellery of Silver, Gold and other precious
stones.
 Trade
 Foreign trade was mainly conducte
conductedd with Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, Greece
city states and Iran.
Iran
 Main imports - Gold, copper, tin and several semi-precious
precious stones.
stones
 Main exports - several agricultural products such as wheat, barley, peas, oil
seeds and a variety of finished products including cotton goods, pottery, beads,
terracotta figures and ivory products.
 Trade was of the barter type type.
 Mesopotanian texts mention Indus Valley as Meluha. It described about trade
with Meluha.
 Social Life
 Dressing style - The dress of both men and women consisted of two pieces of
cloth, one upper garment and the other lower garment. Jewellery Beads were
worn by men and women. Jewelleries such as bangles, bracelets, fillets, girdles,
anklets, ear-rings
rings and fingerings were worn by women. These ornaments were
made of gold, silver, copper, bronze and semi precious stones.
stones. The use of
cosmetics was common.
 Occupation
 Fishing was a regular occupation apart from agriculture. Huntingunting and bull fighting
were other pastimes.
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 Political Organisation
 There is no evidence of any type of ruling class of Harappan times. Perhaps
Perhap the
merchant class ruled the cities.
c
 Script
 The Harappan script has still to be fully deciphered. Thenumber of signs is
between 400 and 600. Mostly these scripts were written in pictographic form.
They are found mostly inscribed on the seals.
 Art of Harappan culture
 Seals- Seals were square or rectangular shape chips. Some seals are also circular
or triangular. They were mostly having pictures of animals but there is no
evidence of cow on seals.
seals Sealss were mostly created on a soft stone called
steatite. Some important seals are-
are Pashupati seals and Unicorn seals.
 Bronze figures-- Bronze statues were made using lost wax techinique or Cire
Perdue method. Bronze sculpture of Dancing Girl (standing in tribhaga dancing
posture) of Mohanjodaro is oldest bronze sculpture of the world. Another
example is bronze bull of Kalibangan.
 Terracotta figures-
figures Terracotta is fire baked clay. It was mainly made as toy or for
worship. Example-
Example Teracota of mother Godess.
 Pottery- Harappan pottery are of 2 types-Plain
types and Painted. They were mostly
wheel- made.
 Rock Sculpture-
Sculpture Important examples are-Bearded priest found at Mahenjodaro
and Red sandstone figure of male torso found at Harappa
Harappa.
 Some important sites of Indus valley civilization and their archaeological findings
 Harappa- 2 rows of 6 granaries, mother goddess,
god , red sandstone male torso
 Mohanjodaro - Great Bath, great granary, bearded priest
 Dholavira- Giant water reservoir, Advertisement boards
 Lothal- It is called Manchester
Manchester of Indus valley civilization(because of cotton),
double burial, modern day chess, Instruments for measuring angles
45,90,180degrees
 Kalibangan- Bangle Factory
 Surkotada- Horse bones
 Banawali- Radial streets
 Religion of Indus Valley Civilization
 They prayed mother goddess,
goddess Pashupati. They also worshiped female sex organ
and male sex organ(phallus).
 Weights and measure
 The Harappan people also used weights for measurement. It was in multiple of
16.
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 Decline of Indus valley civilization
 Harappan culture existed between 2500 BC to 1750 BC. Its mature phase(when
development was at its greatest height) was around 2200 BC to 2000 BC.
 According to historians reason for decline may be be-Invasion
Invasion of Aryan people,
peo
Change of course of Indus river, drying up of the river, climate change and
natural calamities like earthquake.
VEDIC AGE( 1500 BC TO 600BC)
 By 1700 BC group of people started coming to India through Hindukush mountain region
from south Russia region. These were Aryan people. Aryan is not a race but a linguistic
group. They first settled in Sapt Sindh region.
 Bala Gangadhara Tilak argues that the the Aryans came from the Arctic region.
 the theory of southern Russia appears to be more probable and widely accepted
by historians.
 We come
me to know about Aryan people through Rig veda.
 Rig Veda consists of 10 Mandals or Books. Book II and VII are earliest books while
book I and X seems to be latest addition.
 It isbelieved that Rig Veda was writt
written in 1200 BC.
 It consists of 1028 hymns.
 Vedic Age can be classified into 2 parts-
parts
 Early Vedic or Rig Vedic age(1500BC – 1000BC)
 Later Vedic age or Iron age (1000BC- 600BC)
Early Vedic or Rig Vedic age(1500

(1500 BC -1000BC)
 The basic unit of political organization was kula or family. Several families joined
together on the basis of their kinship to forma village or grama. The leader of
o grama was
known as gramani. A group of villages constituted a larger unit called visu. It was headed
he
by vishayapati. The highest political unit was called jana or tribe (The
The Rig veda mentions
the term Jana 275 times).
times
 The head of the kingdom was called as as rajan or king. The Rig Vedic polity was normally
monarchical and the succession waswa hereditary. There were two popular bodies called
the Sabha and Samiti.
 There was no formal system of tax collection. Kings received voluntary contributions
from the people known as bali.
 The Rig Vedic society was patriarchal. Institution of marriage was established in the
period. The head of the family was known asgrahapathi.
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 Women were given equal opportunities as men for their spiritual and intellectual
development.
 Wheat and barley, milk and its products like curd and ghee, vegetables and fruits
frui were
the chief articles of food. The eating of cow’s meat was prohibited since it was a sacred
animal.
 The Aryan people were of fair complexion while the indigenous people were dark.
Aryans came in conflict with indigenous people whom tthey hey mention Dasa and Dasayus
in Rig Veda.
 The Rig Vedic Aryans were pastoral people and their main occupation was cattle rearing.
Their wealth was estimated in terms of their cattle especially cow. Most of their battles
were for cow. War in Rig Veda is called Gavasthi or search for cows.
 Religion in Early Vedic age
 Indra was the most popular god. He was the rain God (also called Purandar and
breaker of forts)
forts). 250 hymns have been devoted to Indra out of 1028 hymns.
 Second position is accorded to Agni or the Fire God.
God 200 hymns are devoted to
him.
 Third was Varuna who personified water.water He was supposed to uphold the natural
order.
 Fourth h was Soma. He was god of plants.
plants
 There were also female gods like Aditi and Ushas.
Later Vedic Period (1000 – 600 B.C.)
 About 1000 BC Iron was discovered. This led to development of stronger tools for
clearing forests.
 In this period tribes developed allegiance to the land apart from the tribe.
Literature in later Vedic age
 Rig Veda was written in early Vedic age in about 1200 BC.
 For the purpose se of singing the hymns of Rig Veda a set of tune was created. It is known
as Sam Veda.
 Then Yajur Veda were written that had many rituals
rituals apart from hymns.
 Then Artharva
tharva veda was written that was full of charms and spells to ward off evil and
diseases. It is believed to be work of non
non- Aryans.
 Composition of Vedas –
 Samhita
 Brahmana
 Aranyakas (also known as Forest Books)
 Upanisads (also known as Vedantas)
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 The Rig Veda has two Brahmanas – Aitereya Brahmana and Shankhayana Brahmana.
 The Shat-Patha
Patha Brahmana of Yajur Veda is the largest of all the Brahmanas of all the
Vedas.
 Thus Aryanakas are considered as starting point of Indian philosophical system.
 Upanisads are fountain head of Indian Philosophical system
system.. There are total 108
Upnishads. It is believed that the Rig Veda has 10 Upanishads, Yajur Veda has 51, Sama
Veda has 16 and Atharva Veda has 31 Upanisha
Upanishads.
 Important Upnishads-Aiteriya
Upnishads Aiteriya Upanishad is associated with Rig Veda. Kena
Upanishad is associated with Sama Veda. Isha Upanishad is a part of Shukla Yajur
Veda. Katha Upanishad is associated with Krishna Yajur Veda. Prashna Upanishad
is associated with Atharva Veda.
 “Satya
Satya Mev Jayate”
Jayate is mentioned in Mundaka Upnishad.
 Katha Upnishad has conversation between young boy Nachiket and lord ofdeath
Yama.
Pottery of Later Vedic Age

 The pottery of later Vedic age is known as Painted Grey ware(PGW) pottery.
Political Organization
 Many jana or tribes were amalgamated to form janapadas
janapadas.
 The royal power had increased along with the increase in the size of kingdom.
 Many rituals or yagyaa were performed such as - Rajsuya yagya, Asvamedha yagya and
Vajpeya Yagya
Economic condition
 A class of hereditary merchants (vaishya) came into existence.

existence. Vaishyas also carried on
trade and commerce. They organized themselves into guilds knownas
kno shreni. Besides
nishka of the Rig Vedic period, gold and silvercoins like satamana and krishnala were
used as media of exchange.
Social Life
 The 10th mandala contains the purush Sukta hymn.It ex explains

plains the 4 Varnas were born
from the Mouth, arms, thighs and feet of the Purusha or God. Brahmanas were born of
mouth, Kshatriya born of arms, Vaishya born of thigh, Shudras were born out of
feet.This indicates society was developing caste consciousness rigidly.
Religion
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 Prajapathi (the creator), Vishnu (the protector) and Rudra (the destroyer) became
prominent
ominent during the Later Vedic period. Shudras had their own god called Pushan. He
was god of cattles.
JAINISM AND BUDDHISM
Cause of origin of new religions

 Strong reaction by Kshtriyas agains
against Brahmanas dominance
 Protest against animal sacrifice
 Resistance from Vaishya or trader class
 Private property-Some
Some people hated private property that led to inequality in the
society. The new religions believed in asceticism.
JAINISM
 Founded by Vardhamana Mahavira (539 (539- 467 B.C.)

 Vardhamana Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara of the Jain tradition. Rishab nath was
the first Tirthankar of Jainism. His symbol was bull.. Parsarvanath was 23rd Tirthankar his
symboll was snake. Mahavir
Mahavir’s symbol was Lion.
 born at Kundagrama, parents Siddhartha and Trisala
 He married Yasoda and gave birth to a daughter.
 At the age off thirty he became an ascetic and wandered for twelve years. In I the 13th
year of his penance, he attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kevala Gnana.
 He died at the age of 72 at atPava near Rajagriha
 Phiolosophy of Jainism
 The 2 most important philosophy of Jainism are are-
 Anekantvada
 Syatvada
 The three principles
inciples of Jainism, also known as Triratnas (three gems), are:
 right faith
 right knowledge
 right conduct.
 five great vows(Panch Mahavrat):
 not to injure life
 not to lie
 not to steal
 not to acquire property
 observe continence
contine or brahmcharya
 Sallekhana - It is a supplementary vow to the ethical code of conduct of Jainism. It is the
religious practice of voluntarily fasting to death by gradually reducing the intake of food
and liquids.
 Jainism was divided into 2 sects
sects- Swetambar( who put white dress) and Digambar(who
remained naked).
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 Chandragupta Maurya of Magadh, Kharavela of Kalinga(Orisssa)
(Orisssa) and the some royal
dynasties of south India such as the Gangas, the Kadambas, the Chalukyasand
Chal the
Rashtrakutas patronized Jainism.
 The first Jain Council was convened at Pataliputra by Sthulabahu in the beginning of the
3rdcentury B.C.
 The second Jain Council was held at Valabhi in 5thcentury A.D.
BUDDHISM
 Founded by Gautama Buddha (563 (563- 487 B.C.)

 Buddha was born in 567 B.C. in Lumbini Garden near Kapilavastu of Nepal. His father
was Suddodhana of the SakyaS clan and mother Mayadevi.
 At the age of sixteen he married Yasodhara and gave birth to a son, Rahula.
 The sight of an old man, a diseased man, a corpseand an ascetic turned him away from
worldly life.
 He left home at the age of twenty nine in search of Truth. He wandered for five years
and met several teachers but could not get enlightenment. At last, he sat under a bodhi
tree (pipal)at
at Bodh Gaya and did intense penance, after which he got Enlightenment
(Nirvana)
a) at the age of thirty five.
five
 He died at the ageof eighty at Kusinagara
Kusinagar in Deoria district of UttarPradesh.
UttarPradesh
 4 noble truths -
 The world is full of suffering.
 The cause of suffering is desire.
 If desires are get rid off, suffering can be removed.
 This can be done away by following the Eightfold Path.
 The Eightfold d Path consists of right view, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right
livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.
 Important Buddhist literature are are-
 Tripitaka- Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka. Pitaka
 Jatakas are folk literature and they contain the tales of previous births of Buddha
in poems.
 Milinda Panha - It contains the dialogue of Indo-GreekGreek king Meander and
Buddhist monk Nagasena
Nagasena.
 Buddhist Councils
 First Buddhist Council - It was held soon after the Mahaparinirvan of the Buddha,
around 483 BC under the patronage of King Ajatshatru. It was presided by
Mahakasyapa
 Second Buddhist Council - it was held at Vaisali (or Vaishali), in about 383 BC
under the patronage of of King Kalasoka while it was presided by Sabakami.
 Third Buddhist Council - It was held in 250 BC at Pataliputra under the patronage
of King Asoka. It was presided by Moggliputta Tissa.
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 Fourth Buddhist Council - it was held in 72 AD at Kashmir. It was presided by
Vasumitra, while Asvaghosa was his deputy. The council was held under the
patronage of King Kanishka
 The main difference between Mahayana and Hinayana is Mahayana Buddhists believe
that The Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) is a God but Hinayana Buddhists believe that
The Buddha was an ordinary Human. There is alsolso another difference between Hinayana
and Mahayana Buddhism this is that Mahayana
ahayana Buddhism followers
follower think that it is
better to help others reach Nirvana
na before you do. But Hinayana Buddhism followers
think that everyone needs to gain Nirvana by their own.
 Cause of decline of Buddhism
 Reformrm in Brahminism
 Corruption in Buddhist
B monks
 Attack by Turkish invaders
The age of mahajanpads
 The Buddhist literature Anguttara Nikaya gives a list of sixteen great kingdoms called
‘Sixteen Mahajanapadas’. They were Anga, Magadha, Kasi, Kosala, Vajji, Malla, Chedi,
Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, Asmaka, Avanti, Gandhara and Kambhoja.
 Out of these Magadh,Kosala, Vatsa and Avan
Avanti emerged powerful.
Rise of Magadh empire
 Some of the prominent reason behind the rise of Magadh empire-

 Large
arge Iron ore deposits near Rajgir(first capital of Magadh) Mag
Magadh empire
 Strategic location of the capitals
 Fertile tract of Gangetic plain
 Use of elephants
 Unorthodox character of Magadh society

MODERN INDIAN KINGDOM
Haryanka Dynasty
 Bimbisara (Shronika) (544BC

(544BC-492BC)
 Capital at Rajgir (first capital of Magadh)
 He married – Kosaladevi (siste
(sisterr of Kosala king Prasenjit), Chellana (daughter of
Licchavi chief Chetaka) and Khema (daughter of Madra King)
 Received a part of Kashi as dowry
 Conquered Anga by defeating Brahmadatta.
 Sent his royal physician – Jivaka, to Avanti for the treatment of Avanti Avant king
Pradyuta.
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 The first Indian king to have a regular and standing army known as “Sheniya”.
 He was killed by his son Ajatsatru.
 Ajatsatru (Kunika) (492BC – 460BC)
 Captured Kashi
 Captured Vajji with the help of - Sunidha and Vatsakar (his deplomats),
Rathamusala
thamusala (his chariot) and Mahasilakantaka (his war engine).
 First Buddhist Council was held during his reign.
 Udayin (460 BC – 440 BC)
 Founded the city of Pataliputra and shifted his capital from Rajgir to Pataliputra
 Udayin was succeeded by Anuruddhra, Mudra and Naga-Desak.
Shishunaga Dynasty (412 BC – 344 BC)
 Shishunaga
 He was the minister of Naga Desak.
 He annexed Avanti to Magadh by defeating Pradyota dynasty
 Kalasoka (Kakavarna)
 Second Buddhist Council was held during his reign.
reign
Nanda Dynasty (344 BC – 322 BC)
 Mahapadmananda established Nanda Dynasty

 He is known as ‘Sarvakshatranatak’ (Puranas), Ugrasena (Pali text) and Ekrat
(Purana)
 He is often described as “the first empire builder of Indian History”
 Hatigumpha inscription of Kharavela mentions abo aboutut conquest of Kalinga by a
Nanda ruler which is believed to be Mahapadmananda.
Mahapadmananda
 He was succeeded by his eight sons;; the last son was Dhanananda.
 Dhanananda
 During Dhanananda’s reign, Alexender invaded India.
India
 The oppressive way of tax collection by Dhana Nanda Nanda was resented by the
people.
Foreign Invasions
Persian/Iranian invasions:
 Cyprus (558 BC – 530 BC)

 He belonged to the Achaemenian Empire
 Darius – I (522 BC – 486 BC)
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 Annexed Punjab, west of Indus and Sindh. This area was known as 20th Kshatrap
(province)) of Iran.
 Xerxes (485 BC – 456 BC)
 He deployed Indian infantry and cavalry to Greece to fight his opponents. But
they retreated after Xerxes faced a defeat in Greece.
 Effects of Persian invasion
 Growth of Indo-Iranian
Indo trade
 Use of Kharoshti script.
Alexender’s
nder’s invasion (Greek invasion)
 Alexender
 Son of Philip – king of Macedonia
 Succeeded his father at the age of 20.
 Invasion of India in 326 BC
 Ambhi, the ruler of Taxasila, submitted to him first.
 Defeated Porus, king of Paurava
Paurava,, in the battle of Hydespas
Hydespa (Jhelum) fought on
the banks of Karri
 Impressed with Porus’s courage, Alexander reinstated Porus on his throne.
 Alexander wanted to proceed further but his soldiers refused as they were tired.
 On his return journey, Alexander fell seriously ill and died in Babylonia in 323
B.C.
Mauryan Empire (322 BC – 185 BC)
 Literary Sources
 Kautilya’s Arthashastra - The Arthasastra contains 15 books and 180 chapters.
 Visakhdatta’s Mudraraksasa
Mudraraksasa- a drama written in Gupta perion
 Megasthenes’ Indica. Megasthenes was a greek greek ambassador to the court of
Chandragupta Maurya.
 Puranas, Buddhist literature such as Jataka, Ceylonese chronicles – Dipavamsa
and Mahavamsa
 Archaeological sources
 Edicts of Asoka - The inscriptions of Asoka were first deciphered by James
Princep in 1837. Written in Pali and in some places in Prakrit. Brahmi script was
used in general. Kharoshti script was used in North-Western
North Western India. Edicts are of
two types – Rock Edicts (there are 14 major rock edicts) and Pillar edicts.
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 Rock Edict V – Appointment of Dhamma mma Mahamattas and their duties, Rock
Edict VII – Need for tolerance among all religious sects, Edict X – conquest
through Dhamma instead of war, Rock Edict XIII – Kalinga war.
 Chandragupta Maurya (322 BC – 298 BC)
 Assisted by Kautilya – also known as Chanakya
anakya or Vishnugupta..
 In 305 BC Chandragupta Maurya defeated Seleucus.
 He embraced Jainism in later years of his life.
 He went to Sravanbelgola with Jain monk Bhadrabahu.
 Chandragupta Maurya died by slow startvation (Salekhana)
 Bindusara (298 BC – 273 BC)
BC
 Also known as Amitraghata.
 Ashoka the Great (269 BC – 232 BC)
 Also known as Devanampiya Piyadasi
 According to Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa, Ashoka killed his ninety nine brothers
to usurp the throne including his elder brother Susima.
 261 BC – Kalinga war.
 Ashoka
shoka embraced Buddhism under the influence of Upagupta.
 He sent a mission to Sri Lanka under his son Mahendra and daughter
Sanghamitra.
 Third Buddhist Council was convened under Ashoka.
 Ashoka started Dhamma policy. Dhamma was not a religion but a way of life.
 Because of his pacifist policy and conquest through ideology not war, Asoka is
considered as the greatest emperor ever.
 Mauryan empire got divided into two parts after Ashoka – Western part (Ruled by his
son Kunala) and eastern part (ruled by one of his grandsons Dasaratha).
 The last Mauryan king was Brihadratha who was assassinated by Pushyamitra Sunga in
185 BC.
 Mauryan administration:
 Kautilya supported monarchial form of Government but not royal absolutism.
 Council of ministers (Mantriparisad) assisted
assisted the king. It included – Purohita,
Mahamantri, Senapati and Yuvraja.
 There were civil officers known as Amatyas to look after day-to-day day
administrations
administrations.
 Dhamma Mahamattas were appointed to supervise and spread Dhamma policy.
 Causes of decline of Mauryan
Mau Empire
 Weak successors
 Partition of the empire
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 Some say that Ashoka’s pacifist policy is one of the reason for decline of
Mauryan Empire, but it may not be completely correct.
 Mauryan Art and Architecture
 Use of stone started from Ashoka. Earlier monu
monuments
ments were made of Wood.
 Both Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka built their palace at Kumarharar.
 Asokan pillars with inscriptions were found in places like Delhi, Allahabad,
Rummindei, Sanchi and Saranath. Sarnath Capital has been adopted as National
emblem with some modifications.
 Stupas
 The only remaining stupa is Sanchi stupai.
 According to Mahaparinirvana Sutra, after the death of Buddha, his cremated
remains were divided into eighty parts and a stupa was built to house the
remains in each kingdom where Buddha
B had lived.
 Piprahwa stupa (UP) is the oldest stupa created
 Earliest surviving stupa is the Sanchi stupa built by Ashoka.
 Caves
 During Mauryan period caves are generally used as Viharas.
 The caves at Barabar hills and Nagarjuni hills near Bodh Gaya are a the earliest
caves of Mauryan architecture.
 Sculpture
 Two of the famous sculptures of the Mauryans period are those of Yaksh and
Yakshni.
 Pottery
 Pottery of Mauryan period is known as Northern Black Polished Ware. They were
characterized by Black paint and highly lustrous finish.
Sunga Dynasty (185 BC – 75 BC)
 Pushyamitra Sunga, the commander-in-chief

commander chief of last Mauryan ruler, assassinated
Brihadratha, usurped the throne and founded Sunga Dynasty.
 Pushyamitra Sunga was a staunch supporter of Brahmanism. During
During Sunga period there
was a revival of Brahmanism in India.
 Pushyamitra Sunga was succeeded by his son Agnimitra.
 Last Sunga ruler Devabhuti was murdered by his minister Vasudeva Kanva.
 Sunga dynasty defended the Gangatic Valley from foreign invasion.
 Theyy promoted the growth of Vaishnavism and Sanskrit language.
Kanva Dynasty
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 Kanva dynasty ruled for 45 years.
Satavahana Dynasty (1st century BC – 3rd century AD)
 They were also known as Andhras.

 They were the first native Indians who issued the coins with portraits of their kings.
 The founder of Satavahana dynasty was Simuka.
 The seventeenth ruler of Satavahana dynasty was Hala. He wrote Gathasaptasati (or
Sattasai)
 Greatest ruler – Gautamiputra Satakarni.
 There was a remarkable progress in the fields of ttrade rade and industry during the
Satavahana rule. Silver coins called Karshapanas were used for trade.
trade
 Greatest ports – Kalyani (West Deccan), Gandakasela and Ganjam (East Coast).
 Art and Culture –
 Amravati school of art developed on the bank of the river Krishna
K
Foreign invasions on the north west
Indo-Greek / Indo-Bactrian
Bactrian invasion
 Bactrian empire replaced Seleucid empire

 Demetrius invaded Afghanistan and Punjab
 Demetrius sent Menandar and Appolodotus for further conquest.
 Menander conquered upto Mathura (His His expansion in Pataliputra was resisted by
Vasumitra),, Appolodotus conquered up to Ujjain.
 Capital of the kingdom of Menander (Millinda) was at Sakala (Sialcot). Buddhist (Pali)
work Millindapanho is the conversation between Menander and Nagasena.
Sakas
 The founder of Saka rule in India in the first century BC was Maues.
 His son and successor was Azes
Azes-I
 Azes-II was defeated by the king of Ujjain – Vikramaditya in 56 BC. Vikramadity started a
new calendar known as Vikram Samvat from 56 BC.
 Capital of Sakas were at Taxila.
Parthians:
 The most famous king of Parthians were Gondapharnes.
Kushans:
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 Kushans were a branch of Yuchi tribe of Central Asia.
 Kanishka (78 AD – 120 AD)
 Founder of Saka era which started from 78 AD.
 His capital was at Purushpura (Peshawar)
 He embraced Mahayana Buddhism (during Kanishka’s reign Mahayana Buddhism
came into vogue)
 Fourth Buddhist council was convened at Kashmir under his reign
 Kanishka patronized Gandhar School of Art and Mathura school of art and
sculpture.
 Huvishka was the son
n of Kanishka. Last important Kushan ruler was Vasudeva.
School of Area/ Nature Patrons Medium Themes

Art Region
Gandhara N. W. India Hybrid; Indo

Indo- Indo- Black Stone Mahayana
Greek Greeks & Buddhism
Kushans
Mathura Agra & Indigenous Kushans Red Sandstone

dstone Hinduism,
Mathura Buddhism &
Jainism
Amravati Lower Indigenous Satavahas Marble & Mahayana

Krishna Limestone Buddhism
Valley
Gupta Empire
 Guptas were initially landlords

 Founder of Gupta Empire was Srigupta
 Srigupta was succeeded by Ghatotkacha Gupta and Chandragupta – I
 Chandragupta – I (320 AD-
AD 330AD)
 He married Kumaradevi – a Licchavi prince.
 Founder of Gupta Era that started in 320 AD.
 Samudragupta (330 AD – 380 AD)
 Greatest ruler of Gupta dynasty. Also called Napoleon of India – V.A. Smith
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 Allahabad pillar (originally an Ashokan Pillar) – eulogy written by his court poet
Harisena.
 He was a great poet and musician.
 Chandragupta – II (380 AD – 415 AD)
 Also known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya
 He married Kuberanaga, a Naga princes.
 He gave his daughter Pravabati
Pravabati in marriage to Vakataka ruler Rudrasena – II
 He killed the last Saka ruler Rudrasinha – III and assumed the title Sakari
(destroyer of Sakas).
 Fahein visited India during the rule of Chandragupta
Chandragupta-II
 Delhi Iron Pillar gives information about Chandragupta-II.
Chandrag II. Iron Pillar of Delhi is
called mysterious pillar because even after so many years, there is no rusting in
the pillar.
 Kumaragupta
 He laid the foundation of Nalanda University.
 Skandagupta
 During his rule, the Huns, a tribe of central Asia broke into
into India.
 Skandagupta’s successors could not save their kingdom from the Huns.
 The Huna power was soon overthrown by Yashodharman of Malwa.
 Social life during Guptas
 Caste system became rigid, Brahmin’s dominance started again, again women’s
position degraded and Untouchability slowly began.
 Manusmriti was written during this period
 Manu in Hindu tradition is considered to be the first of Brahma's sons and a
progenitor of human race
Art and culture of Gupta period
 The Gupta age is known as known as “Golden period

period of art and architecture”
 Mainly three deities were worshiped - Vishnu in the North and Central India, Shiva in the
souther India and Shakti in the eastern part of India.
 Ajanta paintings – mainly Buddhist paintings. Technique used in Fresco.
 Ellora caves – There are 32 caves. Some important caves are – Cave dedicated to
Viswakarma (Cave no. – 10), Ravan ki Khai (Cave no. 14), Kailash temple (Cave no. 16)
 Temple architecture of Gupta Period
 First Stage - flat roof, square in shape, shallow pillars, low platforms,
pl No
ambulatory-Garbgriha
Garbgriha in portico. Example-
Example Temple no 17 at Sanchi.
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 Second stage - Raised platform, ambulatory connected to the gate through
passageway. Example Parbati temple,Nachana Kuthara in Madhya Pradesh.
 Third Stage - Shikhara in place of flat roofs, Panchayatan style of temple making.
Example - Dasavatar temple,Deogarh
 Fourth stage – Shrine is rectangular. Example – Ter Temple at Solapur
 Fifth stage – Circular temple with conical roofs. Example – Maniyar Math at
Rajgir.
Literature of Gupta Period:
 Sanskrit language became prominent. Nagari script evolved from Brahmi script.
 Navaratna in the court of Chandragupta – II
 Kalidasa – Abhigyanam Shakuntalam, Malvikagnimitram, Vikramorvasiya, Raghuvamsa,
Kumarsambhava, Ritusamhara, Meghaduta.
 Visakhdatta – Mudraraksasa, Devichandraguptam
 Sudraka – Mrichchakatikam
 Kritarjuniya by Bharavi, Kavyadarsa and Dasakumaracharita by Dandin, Vasabhadatta by
Subhandhu, Panchatantra stories composed by Vishnusarma, Amarakosa by Buddhist
author Amarsimha.
 Puranas
nas in present form composed in this period. Ramayana and Mahabharata were
given final touch during Gupta Period.
Science during Gupta period:
 Aryabhatta – First to declare that the earth is spherical and it rotates around its own
axis.
 Varahmihira composee Pancha Sidhdhantika, Brihadsamhita, Brihadjataka.
 Bhagabdatta – the last of the great medical trio, wrote Ashtangsamgraha. Other two of
the great medical trio were Charaka (wrote - Charaksamhita) and Sushruta
Sus (Wrote –
Sushrutasamhita) (They lived before Gupta age).
ANCIENT HISTORY OF SOUTH INDIA (SANGAM AGE)
 The period between 3rd Century BC – 3rd Century AD is known as Sangam Age because
Sangam literatures were composed during this period.
Sangam Cheras:
 Ruled over modern Karela region. Capital – Vanji. Important port – Tondi and Musiri.
 Famous ruler – Senguttuvam.
 Had trade relations with the Roman Empire
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Sangam Cholas
 Ruled over southern part of modern day Andhra Pradesh. Capital – Puhar.
 Famous ruler – Karikala. His early life and conquests were desc
described
ribed in Pattinappalai. In
battle of Venni, he defeated confederacy of Cheras and Pandyas.
Sangam Pandyas:
 Ruled over present day southern Tamil Nadu. Capital – Madurai.
Sangam literature:
 Composition – Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Padinelkinkanakku and three epics e –

Silapaddikaram, Manimegalai and Sivaga Sindamani.
 Tolkappiyam – written by Tolkappiyar. A work on Tamil Grammar.
 Silapaddikaram – Ilango Adigal
 Manimegalai - Sittalai Sattanar
 Sivaga Sindamani – Tiruttakatevar.
 Tirukkural – Thiruvalluvar.
 Overall theme of Sangam literature can be divided into 2 parts – Aham (Love) and
Puram (Valour)
Socity, religion economy and decline of Sangam Age
 Castes were – Arasar (ruling class), Anthanar (engaged in religious activities), vanigar
(related with trade and commerce)
comme and vellalar (agriculturist).
 Overall position of women was good in the society. Some of the woman poets of
Sangam period were - Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar.
 Primary deity was Murugan – The Tamil God.
 Agriculture was the chief occup
occupation
ation and rice was the main crop. External trade got
st
promoted after 1 Century AD after the discovery of Monsoon wind (Monsoon sea-rout
sea
to India was discovered by Hippalus).
 Towards the end of 3rd Century AD, Sangam period witnessed its decline. After that tha
th
Tamil country was occupied by the Kalabhras till 6 Century AD. We have little
information about them.
Era of Harshavardhan (606 AD – 647 AD)
 He belonged to Pushyabhuti dynasty. Initial capital was at Thaneswar, later it was

shifted to Kannauj.
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 Harshavardhan
rdhan was son of Prabhakar Vardhan. Prabhakar Vardhan was succeeded by
his elder son Rajya Vardhan. Rajya Vardhan was killed by Sasanka of Gauda. Later,
Harshavardhan disposed Sasanka from Kannauj and became the ruler of Kannauj.
 Before Harsha, Kannauj was ruled by Makhauris.
 Harsha was defeated by Chalukya ruler Pulkesin – II (mentioned in Aihole inscription).
Pulkesin-IIII assumed the title Parameswara after this victory.
 Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese traveler,, visited India during the rule of Harshavardhan.
 Harshavardhan
avardhan had a good relation with Kamrupa king Bhaskarvarman.
 Harshavardhan was initially a Hinayana Buddhist, but later converted to Mahayana
Buddhist.
 Once in five years he convened a gathering of representatives of all religions.
Struggle for Kannauj:
 Yashovarman,
ashovarman, a descendent of Maukharis, rules over Kannauj. He tried to consolidate
the northern India after Harsha but was defeated by Kashmir king Lalitaditya Muktapida,
the mention of which is found in Rajtarangini by Kalhana.
 In the later parth Ayudha rulers
rulers came in power in Kannauj. Vajrayudh was succeeded by
his sons Chakrayudh and Indrayudh and there was a continuous struggle between these
two.
 Tripartite struggle (8th Century BC – 10th Century BC).
 A struggle for power over Kannauj between – Gurjara Pratiharas of Rajasthan,
Rashtrakutas of Maharashtra and Palas of Bengal
 Finally Gurjara-
Gurjara Pratihara ruler Nagabhata II founded the Gurjara-Pratihara
Gurjara
kingdom at Kannauj.
Kannauj
Rajput Kingdoms
 Gurjara-Pratiharas
 First great ruler was Harishchandra
 Capital at Bhinmal,
nmal, Rajasthan
 Chauhans
 Ruled over Ajmer
 Most important ruler – Vigraharaja.
 Paramaras
 Most important king was Bhoja.
Muslim Invasion – Mahmud of Ghazni
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 Mahmud of Ghazni made seventeen raids into India between 1005 AD to 1030 AD with
an intention to plunder
nder the wealth of its temples and cities.
cities
 In 1027, Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed Somnath Temple of Gujrat.
 Firdausi was court poet of Babur. Firdausi wrote Shahnama.
 Alberuni, also was in the court of Mahmud. Alberuni wrote Kitab
Kitab--i-Hind, an account on
India.
Muhammad Ghori
 Unlike Mahmud of Ghazni, he wanted to conquer India and extend his empire in this
direction
 The Battle of Tarain (1191-1192)
(1191
 Prithviraj defeated Ghori in the 1st battle of Tarain near Delhi in 1191 AD.
Prithwiraj Chauhan in the 2nd Battle of
 Muhammad Ghori defeated and killed Prithwiraj
Tarain in 1192 AD.
 Muhammad Ghori returned to Ghazni leaving behind his favourite general Qutb-uddin
Qutb
Aibak to administer in India.
 After death of Ghori Qutubdin Aibak set up Slave dynasty in india with capital at Delhi
Delh in
1206
South indian kingdom after kalbhras

Pallavas
 Pallavas established their kingdom with its capital at Kanchipuram

 Mahendravarman I (600 – 630 AD)
 Mahendravarman I was a follower of Jainism.He was converted to Saivism by the
influence of the Saiva saint,
saint, Thirunavukkarasar alias Appar.
 He built temple for Brahma, Vishnu and Siva without the use of bricks, timber,
metal and mortar
 Pulakesin II marched against the Pallavas and captured the northern part of their
kingdom.
 Narasimhavarman I (630
(630-668 AD)
 also known as Mamalla.
 He defeated Pulakesin II in the Battle of Manimangalam near Kanchi. Captured
Vatapi and assumed the title ‘Vatapiconda’.
 During his reign, Hiuen Tsang visited the Pallava capital Kanchipuram.
 Narasimhavarman II or Rajasimha (695 -722 A.D.)
 He started building real structure temples in South India.
 Temple building
 Pallavas began new style in South known as Dravida style
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 First stage under Mahendravarman-
Mahendravarman Rock cut temples were built known as
Mandaps.
 Second stage under Narsimhavarman-I
Narsimhavarman Mandapandap was divided into many
Rathas(small temples). For example-
example Panchratha temple at Mahabalipuram. The
biggest one is Dharmraj Ratha while smallest one is Draupadi Ratha.
 Third stage under Rajsimha-
Rajsimha He led to formation of real structure temples like
Shore temple at Mahabalipuram and the Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.
 Society under the Pallavas
 The caste system became rigid.
 rise of Saivism and Vaishnavism and also the decline of Buddhism and Jainism.
 The Saivaites were known as Nayanmars and the Vaishnavanites
Vaishnavanites were known as
Alwars
Chalukyas (543 – 755 AD)

 Pulakesin I was the founder of the Chalukya dynasty.
 Capital – Vatapi or Badami
 Pulakesin II (608-642
642 AD)
 The Aihole inscription issued by him.
him
 Pulakesin II defeated Harshavardhana on the banks of thethe river Narmada.
 He also defeated Mahendravarman of Pallavas.
 He suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of Narasimhavarman I near Kanchi.
 Art and Culture of Chalukyas
 They developed the vesara style in the building of structural temples.
 Most important
important temples of Chalukyas are Cave temple at Badami and Virupaksha
temple at Pattadakal (Karnataka).
Rashtrakutas (755 – 975 AD)
 Dantidurga was the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.

 He annexed the Chalukya kingdom by defeating Kirtivarman II.
 His successor Krishna I. He built the magnificent rock
rock-cut
cut monolithic Kailasa temple at
Ellora (cave no 16).
 They also developed Elephanta caves. The most imposing figure of this temple is
Trimurthi.
Imperial Cholas
 The founder of the Imperial Chola line was Vijayalaya
Vijayalaya in 846AD. Capital – Tanjore
 His son Aditya put an end to the Pallava kingdom.
 Rajaraja I (985 – 1014 A.D.)
 He defeated Chera ruler Bhaskarravivarman, Pandya ruler Amarbhijanga. He also
invaded Chalukyans and he also conquered Maldive islands.
 Rajendra I (1014-1044
1044 A.D.)
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 He defeated Mahinda V, the king of Sri Lanka
 He defeated Jayasimha II, the Chalukya king
 His most famous military enterprise was his expedition to north India. India He
founded the city of Gangaikondacholapuram and constructed
construct the famous
Rajesvaram temple in that city. He assumed title of Gangaikonda.
 He excavated a large irrigation tank called Cholagangam.
Cholagangam
 Administration of Cholas
 The Chola Empire was divided into mandalams and each mandalam into
valanadus and nadus
nadus. In each nadu there were a number of autonomous villages
known as Kurrams and the villages had some village assembly or councils known
as Urs or Sabha. The royal princes or officers were in charge of mandalams. The
valanadu was under periyanattar and nadu under under nattar. The town was known
as nagaram and it was under the administration of a council called nagarattar
 Art and Architecture of Cholas
 Complete development of Dravida style of temple building
 The chief feature of the Chola temple is the vimana
 Importantt examples of Chola temple are Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjore (built
by Raja Raja I) and Gangaikondacholapuram temple at Gangaikondacholapuram(
built by Rajendra Chola)
 Chola Sculpture
 Most important - Natraja in Tandava dance pose. It is also known as sculpture
sc of
Ardhnareshwar.
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MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY
DELHI SULTANATE
Mamluk dynasty or Slave Dynasty (1206

(1206–90)
 Qutub-ud-dindin Aibak (1206-1210)

(1206
 He was called Lakha Baksh Sultan
 He laid the foundation of Qutub Minar, Minar named after Sufi saint Qutb-ud-din
Qutb
Bakhtiyar Kaki.. (Its
(Its ground floor has been done by Qutub din Aibak,next three
storiess by Iltutmish,5th storey was completed by Feroze Shah Tughlaq).
Tughlaq
 Also built Quvvat-ul-Islam
Quvvat mosque.
 died in 1210 due to falling from horse while playing Chaugan.
Chaugan
 Iltutmish (1211-1234)
 He was son-in--law of Qutub-ud-din
 He belonged to Ilabari tribe.tribe
 During Iltutumish reign, Mongols attacked under Chengez Khan
 He organized iqta system of land revenue on salary basis.
basis
 He introduced two coins viz. Silver Tanka and Copper Jital
Jital.
 First ruler
uler to issue Arabic coins in India.
 First Sultan to receive the investiture of “Sovereign Sultan of Delhi” from the
Caliph of Baghdad.
 He introduced Chahalgani or Chalisa system.
 Raziya Sultan(1136-1140)1140)
 First women ruler of India.
 Bahram Shah (1240-46) 46)
 Nasirudding
asirudding Mohammad (1246 (1246-66)
 Known as Darvesh King.
 Balban (1266-1287)
 He executed the other slaves of Chalisa
Chalisa.
 He introduced practice of Zaminbosi (to kiss the earth) and Paibosi (kiss the feet
of Sultan)as per the Iranian theory of divine rights which believed that Sultan is
God’s representative on Earth.
 Amir Khusro, known as parrot of India, was in court of Balban
 Kaiqubad (1287-90)
The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)

1320)
 Jalal-ud-Din Khilji
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 He was killed by Alauddin Khalji
 Allaudding Khalji
 The
he first Muslim invader to cross Vindhyas, Satpuras and Narmada River to
conquer Deccan
 Conquered Ranthanbore in 1301
 Conquered Chittor in 1303. (Raja Ratan Sing, Rani Padmavati. “Padmavat” was
written by Jayasi)
 Chittor was renamed as Khijrabad after Alauddin’s son KhijKhijra
ra Khan
 Sent Malik Kafur (also known as Hazar Dinari) to win over Deccan.
 Reform in army – “Dagh” and “Chehra”
 Introduced market control economy.
 He built “Alai
Alai Darwaza”
Darwaza .
 Khusrao Khan was the last ruler. He was killed by Ghaji Mallik (Ghiyaj Uddin Tughlaque)
Tughla
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 – 1413)
 Ghiyaj-ud-dinTughlaq
dinTughlaq (1321-25)
(1321
 He founded the city of Tughluqabad near Delhi
 Mohammad bin Tughlaq (1325 – 51)
 expedition of Khurasan
Khurasan. The project was abandoned.
 Enhanced land tax at Ganga Yamuna doab which led to wide spread
s discontent.
 Shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in order to ensure better
administration and also because of Mongol threat.
 Introduction of token currency of Bronz coins.
 Established a separate department of agriculture called Diwan-i-Kohi
Diw
 Tughluq died on March 20, 1351. Badauni observed: “And so the king was freed
from his people and they from the king.”
 Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351 – 88)
 He was first cousin of Firoz Shah Tughlaq
 He abolished the taxes other than those which were allowed
allowed by the quran
 Last ruler Nasirudding Muhammad Shah(1394
Shah(1394-1413)
1413) faced the invasion of Timur in
1398.
Sayyid Dynasty (1414-51)
 Khizr Khan established the Sayyid Dynasty.

 Last ruler was Alauddin Alam Shah
Lodhi Dynasty (1451 – 1527))
 Bahlol Lodhi (1451 – 88)

 Sikandar Lodhi (1489 – 1517)
 He founded Agra city and shifted the capital to Agra
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 Sikandar broke the sacred images of the Jwalamukhi Temple at Nagar Kot of
Himachal Pradesh and ordered the temples of Mathura to be destroyed.
destroyed
 He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari
Gaz Sikandari (Sikandar's yard) for measuring cultivated
fields.
 He was first sultan to break temples out of religious purposes.
 He composed poems in Persian with the penpen-name
name “Gulrukhi”
 Ibrahim Lodhi (1517 – 27)
 Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of Punab invited
invited Babur from Central Asia to
overthrow Ibrahim Lodhi
Lodhi.
Causes of decline of Delhi Sultanate
 Despositic and military type of government

 Degeneration of Delhi Sultans (especially the wild projects of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq,
Muhammad
Incompetence of Firoz Tughlaq).
 War of succession
 Invasion of Timur
Art and Architecture during Delhi Sultanate
 Persian and Indian style of art and architecture began in India, known as Indo-
Indo Islamic
architecture or Indo-Sarcenic
Sarcenic architecture.
 Arcuade style
 Use of lot of Minars in mosques
mosques.
 Arabesque method was used for decoration
 Extensive Jali work was used
 Extensive use of water
water- like pools, fountains etc.
 Charbagh style garden.
garden
 Pietra dura technique
 Tughlaq dynasty started a new style of architecture known as Battar system. It had
sloping
ing walls to give more strength to the buildings
 Most important feature introduced by Lodhis were double domes
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW KINGDOMS IN SOUTH INDIA
 Rashtrakutas who had replaced Chalukyans in 755AD became weak by 975 AD and were
replaced by Hoysalas.
 Hoysala were replaced by Alaudin Khilji.
 During
uring regime of Mohammad Bin Tughlaq two new important kindoms-Vijaynagar
kindoms and
Bahamani Kingdoms in the deccan and peninsular India
Vijayanagar Kingdom
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 Sources of knowledge of Vijaynagar empire
 The Moroccan traveler,
traveler, Ibn Battuta, Persian traveler Abdur Razzak and the
Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes came to empire of Vijaynagar empire and
wrote about it.
 Vijayanagar was founded in 1336 by Harihara and Bukka.
Bukka
 Vijayanagar was mailnly ruled by four dynasties
 Sangamam Dynasty
 Saluva Dynasty
 Tuluva Dynasty
 Aravidu Dynasty.
 Krishna Deva Raya (1509 – 1530)
 Krishna Deva Raya belonged to the Tuluva dynasty.
dynasty
 He built VijayaMahal, Hazara Rama temple and Vithal Swami temple.
 He authored a Telugu book on polity “Amuktamalyada”
“Amuktamalyada
 His court was adorned by the “Ashtadiggajas” (The eight celebrated poets of
Telugu).
Bahamani kingdom
 The founder of the Bahmani kingdom was Alauddin Bahman Shah also known as
Hasan Gangu in 1347
 Reason for conflict
onflict between Vijaynagar empire and Bahamani
Bahamani kingdom
 Vijaynagar was Hindu empire while Bahamani was Muslim Kingdom.
 Both fought for rich fertile Raichur doab(Krishna and Tungbhadra river).
India under Mughals
 Babur (1526-1530)
 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 AD.
A
 He was related to Timur from his father’s side and to Chengiz Khan(from
Mongolia) through his mother.
 Defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar in Battle of Khanwa in 1527.
 Babur died in the year 1530 and he was succededby his son Humayun.
 Tuzuk-i- Babari was autobiography
autobi of Babar.
 Humayun(1530-1540 / 1555-56)
1555
 Humayun was eldest son of Babur.
Babur
 Humayun was defeated by Sher Shah in battle of Chausa in 1539 and in battle of
Biligram near Kannauj in 1540.
1540
 Humayun died within 6 months after coming back from exile, when he fell from
staircase of his library.
library
Sher Shah Suri(1540-1545)

1545)
 He defeated Humayun and usurped the throne of Delhi.
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 Sher Shah built Grand Trunk Road and set up postal service similar to modern times.
times
 Akbar(1556-1605)
 Akbar acquired the throne at the age of 13 years.
 he was under guardianship of his chief minister Bairam Khan. Khan
 Hemu was defeated in the second battle ofPanipat in 1556.
 He married the Rajput princess Haraka Bai, the daughter of Raja Bharamal of
Amber.
 Raja Bhagawan Das and Raja Man Singh were given senior positions in the
administration by Akbar.
Akbar
 In the Battle of Haldighati, Rana Pratap Singh was severely defeated by the
Mughal army led by Man Singh in 1576.
 He abolished the pilgrim tax and the jiziya in 1562.
 In 1575, he ordered for the construction
construction of Ibadat Khana (House of worship
for all religion) at his new capital Fatepur Sikri near Agra.
 In 1582, he promulgated a new religion called Din Ilahi or Divine Faith.
 Akbar made some experiments in the land revenue administration with the
help of Raja Todar Mal. It was known as Dahsala System.
 The land was also divided into four categories – Polaj (cultivated every year),
Parauti (once in two years), Chachar (once in three or four years) and Banjar
(once in five or more years)
 Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in his administration.
 Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, Lahore Fort, Allahabad Fort and
Humayun’s Tomb.
 Abu Fazl was in his court, who wrote - Ain-i-Akbari
Akbari and Akabar Nama.
Nama
 Jehangir(1605-1627)
1627)
 Akbar was succeeded in 1605 by his eldest eldest and only surviving son, Jahangir.
 Jahangir’s wife was Nurjahaan or Mihrunissa.
 Under him art and culture was highly promoted. Mughal court promoted
miniature painting of nature under him.
 He wrote TuzukTuzuk-i-Jahangiri.
 Shahjahan(1627-1658)
1658)
 He built Taj Mahal
M in memory of Mumtaj Mahal (Arzumand Banu)
 He also built Red Fort and Jama Masjid.
 Aurangazeb (1658--1707)
 He assumed the title Alamgir.
 Under his rule Confrontation with Marathas slowly weakened the Mughals.
 Aurangazeb was a staunch and orthodox Muslim in his personal life. His ideal
was to transform India into an Islamic state.
 During his rule drinking
drinking was prohibited. Cultivation and use of bhang and
other drugs were banned. Aurangazeb forbade music in the Mughal court.
He also discontinued the celebration
celebr of Dasarah.
 In 1679, he reimposed jiziya and pilgrim tax.
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 and he executed the ninth Sikh Guru Tej Bahadur.
The Maraths
 Shivaji(1627-1680)
 Shivaji was born at Shivner in 1627
1627.
 His father was Shahji Bhonsle and mother Jija Bai
 He was under the guardianship
guardi of Dadaji Kondadev.
 Aurangzeb sent Raja Jai Singh of Amber to fight against Shivaji. Then treaty of
Purandar was signed between Shivaji and Mughals in 1665.
 Shivaji died in 1680.
 There was a council of 8 ministers known as Ashtpradhan –
 Peshwa – thee prime minister.
 Senapati – Military commander.
 Amatya – Accountant General.
 Waqenavis – Intelligence, posts and household affairs.
 Sachiv – Correspondence.
 Sumanta – Master of ceremonies.
 Nyayadish – Justice.
 Panditarao – Charities and religious administration.
administ
 Chauth and sardeshmukhi were the taxes collected in the neighbouring territories of the
Mughal empire or Deccan sultanates
 Balaji Viswanath (1713-1720)
(1713
 became Peshwa in 1713. he made his position the most important and powerful
as well as hereditary.
hereditar
 Baji Rao I (1720-1740)
1740)
 The Maratha power reached its zenith under him.
 During his rule many Maratha families became prominent and established their
authority in different parts of India. They were the Gaekwad at Baroda,
Baroda the
Bhonsle at Nagpur
Nagpur, the Holkars at Indore, the Scindias at Gwalior,
Gwalior and the
Peshwas at Poona
Poona.
 Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761)
1761)
 Maratha forces clashed with Ahmad Shah Abdali in third battle of Panipat in
1761, where Marathas were badly crushed
crushed.
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MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
ADVENT
ENT OF THE EUROPEANS:
EUROPEANS
Portugese:
 Vasco da Gama reached Calicut in 1498. Received by Zamorin rulers

 Vasco da Gama made second voyage with traders in 1502
 Established trade stations at Calicut, Cannanore and Cochin(first
Cochin(first capital) in 1505
 Francisco de Almeida became the first Portugese governor (1505-09)
(1505 09)
 Albequerque became the second Potugese Governor in 1509
 Albequerque captured Goa from Bijapur ruler (Ismail Adil Shah) in 1510
 Capital shifted from Cochin to Goa by Governor Nuno Da Cunha in 1530.
 Portugese driven out from Hugli in 1631 by Qasim Khan.
 Jesuit Saint Fransisco Xavier arrived India with Governor Martin Alfonso de Souza (1542-
(1542
45)
 King of Portugal gifted Bombay to Charles-II
Charles as dowry in 1661.
 Lost Salsette and Bassein to Maratha in 1739.
Dutch:
 Dutch
ch East India Company was established in 1602.
 Set up their first factory at Masulipattam in 1605.
 Battle of Bedarara 1759 (aka Battle of Chinsurah/Hoogly) – the Dutch were defeated by
the English.
English:
 English East India Company was formed in 1600.

 Original name – “The Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the
East Indies”.
 Received Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth – I on 31st December, 1600
 Captain William Hawkins came to the court of Jahangir in 1609 for permission to
establish factory.
 Jahangir initially refused under Portugese insistence. Later granted permission in 1612
 First factory in Surat in 1613.
 Sir Thomas Roe (ambassador of James-I)
James I) came in 1615 to request for permission to
establish more factories.
 Francis Day founded the city of Madras in 1639.
 The company acquired Bombay from Charles-II
Charles in 1668.
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 In 1690, a factory was established at Sutanuti. It was fortified in 1696.
1696 This fortified
settlement came to be known as Fort William in 1700.
 A new rival company “the English Company
Company of Merchants Trading to the East Indies”
was formed in 1698.
 The two companies amalgamated under the name “The united company of Merchants
of England Trading to the East Indies” in 1708.
Danes (Denmark):
 Established their first factory in Tranquebar ((Tamil Nadu) in 1620.

 The Danish Headquarter in India was in Serampore (Bengal)
 They sold all their settlement in India to the British in 1845.
French
 French East India Company was founded by Colbert in 1664.

 Established their first factory in India in Surat
Sur in 1668.
 First Governor – Francois Martin, founded Pondicherry in 1673.
CARNATIC WARS (ANGLO – FRENCH CONFLICT)
First Carnatic War (1745 – 1748):
 War of the Austrian Succession broke out in Europe in 1740.

 The English under Barnett captured a French ship
shi in 1745.
 The French under Dupleix retaliated by capturing Madras.
 The English appealed to Carnatic Nawab, Anwar
Anwar-ud-Din,
Din, to restore Madras from French.
 Battle at St. Thome.. Nawab’s army was defeated by the French army.
 War of Austrian Succession
uccession ended in Europe and the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Aix was
signed in 1748.
 The French restored Madras to the English.
Second Carnatic War (1749 – 1754):
 French supported Muzaffar Jung (Hyderabad) and Chanda Sahib (Carnatic)

 British supported Nasir Lung (Hyderabad) and A
Anwar-ud-din
din (Carnatic)
 French placed their supporters on the thrones (in 1749) in both the places by killing the
opponents.
 The English under Robert Clive captured Arcot (1751).
 Chanda Sahib was captured and executed by general Tanjore (an ally of the British)
Brit in
1752.
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 Dupleix was recalled by French government and succeeded by Godehu in 1754.
 Treaty of Pondicherry (Treaty by Godehu) was signed.
Third Carnatic war (1758 – 1763):
 Battle of Wandiwash (1760) – the French army under Count de Lally was defeated by
the English army under Eyrecoot. French lost all possessions to the English.
 Replacement of the French by the English as the Nizam’s protector in Hyderabad (1760).
 Treaty of Paris signed in 1763.. Pondicherry was returned to the French.
EXPANSION OF BRITISH
ISH POWER
Establishment of British Power in Bengal:
 Murshid Quli Khan (1717-1727)

(1717
 He was made Subedar (Governor) of Bengal in 1717 by Farukh Siyar.
 He was granted the governorship of Odisha in 1719.
 Transferred capital from Dacca to Murshidabad.
 Shujaudding (1727-39)
39)
 Son-in-law
law of Murshid Quli Khan
 He was granted the governorship of Bihar in 1733 by Muhammad Shah
 Sarfaraj Khan (1739-40)
40)
 Son of Shujauddin.
 He was killed by Alwardi Khan – Deputy governor of Bihar.
 Alvardi Khan (1740-56)
56)
 Legalized his usurp
usurpation
ation by receiving a farman from Muhammad Shah after
paying him Rs. 2 Crore.
 Prevented the English and the French from fortifying their factories in Calcutta
and Chandernagar respectively.
 Refused to pay tribute to Mugha
Mughal emperor (1746)
 Siraj-ud-Daula (1756-57)
57)
 Grandson of Alvardi Khan.
 Captured the English factory at Kasimbazar and Calcutta in 1756.
 Black hole episode (June 20, 1756). 123 out of 146 English prisoners died due to
suffocation when they were captured in a room.
 Defeated by the English army un under
der Robert Clive and Treaty of Alinagar was
signed in 1757.
 British captured the French settlement at Chandranagar
Chandranagar in 1757.
 Battle of Plassey (23 June, 1757)
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 Siraj-ud-Daula
Daula was defeated by the English Army.
 Siraj-ud-Daula
Daula escaped and later executed by Mira
Miran
n (Son of Mir Jafar).
 Siraj-ud-Daula was betrayed by - Mir Jafar, Manikchand, Omichand, Jagat Seth
and Khadim Khan.
 Mohanlal amd Mir Madan fought bravely.
 Rober Clive forged the signature of Watson to please Omichand who wanted a
bigger share.
 Mir Jafar (1757 – 60)
 Granted right to free trade to the company in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
 Granted the Zamidari of 24 Pargana to the company.
 Battle of Bedara (1759) – futile attempt of Mir Jafar to replace the English with
the Dutch.
 Forced to abdicate the throne in favour of his son-in-law
law Mir Qasim.
 Mir Qasim (1760-1764)
1764)
 Granted Zamidari of Burdwan, Mindapore and Chittagong to the British.
British
 Shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Monghyr (1762).
 Protested against the misuse of Dastak (free passes issued to the company
co by
Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar).
 Battle of Buxar (1764)
 Combined army of Mir Qasim, Shujauddaula (Awadh) and Shah Alam – II (Mughal
emperor) was defeated by the English army under Major Hector Munro in 1764.
 Clive concluded two separate treaties of Allahabad with Shah Alam II (12 August
1765) and with Shujauddaula (16 August 1765).
 British received Diwani rights. Beginning of Dual Government.
 Rober Clive became the Governor of Bengal (1765)
 Mir Qasim was succeeded by
 Mir Jafar (1764-65)
(1764
 Nazmuddaula (1764-65)
(1764
 Sifuddaula (1766 – 1770)
 Mubaraquddaula (1770 (1770-72)
 End of Dual Government by Warren Hastings in 1772.
Expansion in Mysore:
 After the fall of Vijayanagar Empire, Mysore was under the Hindu Woodeyar Dynasty
from 1565.
 Haidar Ali was a soldier of Woo
Woodeyar
deyar Dynasty (Krishna Raja I). Later became the fauzdar
in Dindigul, where he built a modern arsenal (1755) with the help of French.
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 In 1761, Haidar Ali overthrew Nanjaraja (Prime minister of Krishna Raja-I,
Raja and de facto
ruler of Mysore)
 First Anglo-Mysoree war (1766-69)
(1766
 Haidar Ali defeated the British
 Treaty of Madras signed in 1769
 Second Anglo-Mysore
Mysore war
 British under Warren Hastings captured Mahe.
 Haidar Ali (jointly with Nizam and Maratha) captured Capital of Carnatic state –
Arcot)
 Haidar Ali was defeated
defeated in Porto Novo by Eyrecoot in 1781.
 Haidar Ali died due to cancer in 1782
 Tipu Sultan (Son of Haidar Ali) succeeded him in 1782.
 Treaty of Mangalore between Tipu Sultan and Lord Macartney (Governor of
Madras) 1784. End of Second Anglo-Mysore
Anglo war.
 Third Anglo – Mysore war (1790
(1790-92)
 Cornwallis, with the help of Nizam and Marathas, captured Bangalore.
 Treaty of Seirngapattnam signed in 1792.
 Fourth Anglo-Mysore
Mysore war (1799)
 Lord Wellsley attacked Mysore and Tipu Sultan died on 4th May, 1799
 Arthur Wellsley, brother of Lord Wellsley, who defeated Napoleon in the battle
of waterloo also took part in this battle.
 Restoration of a small part to Krishna Raja-III
Raja III (a five year old successor of
Woodeyar dynasty).
 Subsidiary alliance signed in 1799.
 Tipu Sultan (1782-99)
 Sent ambassadors to France, Turkey, Iran and Pegu to develop foreign trade.
 Abolished Jagir system.
 Organized the infantry on the European line.
 Planted ‘Tree
Tree of Liberty’ in Seringpattanam (thus became a member of Jacobian
Club).
Anglo-Maratha wars:
 First Anglo-Maratha
Maratha war (1775 – 1782)
 Raghunath Rao signed Treaty of Surat with the British – 1775
 The Maratha defeated the British.
 Treaty of Wadgaon - 1779
 Treaty of Salbai -1782. End of First Anglo-Maratha war.
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 Second Anglo-Maratha
Maratha War (180
(1802 – 1805)
 Treaty
ty of Bassein – 1802 (Subsidiary alliance) between Peshwa Baji Rao-II
Rao and
the British
 Combined force of Maratha chiefs was defeated by the British.
 Third Anglo-Maratha
Maratha War
 Treaty of Poona signed – 1817
 The British abolished Peshwaship and dissolved Maratha confederacy.
Expansion in Punjab:
 Maharaja Ranjit Sing (1792 – 1839)

 Founder of Sikh rule in Punjab
 Born in 1780 at Gurjanwala
 Occupied Lahore in 1799 and made it his capital.
 Conquered Amritsar in 1802.
 Died in 1839.
 First Anglo-Sikh
Sikh war (1845
(1845-1846)
 Treatyty of Lahore – 1846.
 Sir Henry Lawrence – the first resident of Punjab
 Second Anglo-Sikh
Sikh war (1848-49)
(1848
 Delhousie annexed Punjab in 1849
 Sir John Lawrence became the first chief commissioner of Punjab.
ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN DIRECT RULE BY EAST INDIA COMPANY (1772 – 1857):
Regulating Act – 1773:
 Governor of Bengal was made Governor General of Bengal.

 Warren Hastings became the first Governor General of Bengal
 Executive Council of the Governor-General
Governor General was established (Four members)
 It subordinated the Governors of Bombay and Madras to the Governor-General
Governor of
Bengal.
 The Supreme Court was established at Fort William (Calcutta) as the Apex Court in 1774.
 It prohibited servants of the company from engaging in any private trade or accepting
bribes from the natives.
 Court of Directors (the governing body of the company) should report its revenue.
Pitt’s India Act – 1784:
 It Distinguished between commercial and political functions of the company.
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 Court of Directors for Commercial functions and Board of Control for political affairs.
 The companies territories in India were called “the British possession in India”.
 Governor’s councils were established in Madras and Bombay.
Charter Act – 1813
 EIC monopoly abolished except tea and trade with China.

 Christian Missionaries
naries were allowed to propagate, profess Christianity in India.
 A sum of Rs.1 Lakh was set aside for promotion of education.
 Governor-General
General (of Bengal) became as the GovernorGeneral of India. William Bentick
was first governor general of India.
 Beginning of a Central legislature for India as the act took away legislative powers of
Bombay and Madras provinces.
 The legislative and executive functions of the Governor General’s Council were
separated.
 It brought additional
al 6 members in Central legislative council. Four out of six members
were appointed by the provisional governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal and Agra.
 It introduced a system of open competition as the basis for the recruitment of civil
servants of the Company
any (on recommendation of McCulay Committee).
 The Act ended the activities of the East India Company as a commercial body and it
became a purely administrative body.
REVOLT OF 1857
 Immediate Cause - Introduction of Enfield Riffle-

Riffle The cartridge of the new rifle had to be
bitten off before loading and the grease was reportedly made of beef and pig fat.
 29 March 1857:: Mangal Pandey (a sepoy of 34th Native Infantry) refused to use the
greased cartridges and single
single-handedly attacked his officer – Hugeson and Baugh Ba at
Barrackpore. He was overpowered and executed on 6th April.
 12 May 1857,, the city of Delhi fell into the hands of the rebellious soldiers who
proclaimed the aged nominal king, Bahadur Shah II of the
Mughal dynasty as the Emperor of India
 Centres of the
he revolt, Indian leaders, British suppressors and outcome –Delhi:
Leaders – Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah – II and General Bakht Khan
British suppressor – Nicolson and Wilson
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Emperor Bahadur Shah II was arrested and deported to Rangoon, where he remained in
exile till he died in 1862.
Kanpur:
Leaders – Nana Saheb (Dhundhu Pant) and his lieutenant Tantia Tope
British suppressor – Sir Colin Campbell
Nana Saheb escaped to Nepal; Tantiya Tope was captured and executed
Lucknow
Leader – Begum Hazrat Mahal
British suppressor – Sir Colin Campbell
Begum Hazrat Mahal escaped to Nepal
Jhansi:
Leaders – Rani Laxmibai
British suppressor – Huge Rose
Rani Laxmibai died a soldier’s death on 17 June, 1858
Bihar:
Leaders – Kuer Sing and Amar Sing
British suppressor – William
W Taylore and Vincent Eyre
Kuer Sing was wounded and died on 26 April 1858
Allahabad:
Leaders – Liyaqat Ali
British suppressor – Colonel Neil
Liyaqat Ali died in captivity in Rangoon on 17 May 1892.
Causes of failure:
 The Indian soldiers were poorly equipped materially.
 Revolt limited to Central and North India.
 No proper coordination among the leaders of revolt.
 There was no all India cause for revolt. All leaders were fighting for their own cause.
 Some big Zamindars and rulers like Scindia’s supported
supported the British.
GOVERNOR – GENERALS OF INDIA (1773 – 1857)
Warren Hastings (1773 – 1785)

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 Abolished Dual Government in Bengal 1772
 First Anglo-Maratha
Maratha War (1775-1782)
(1775
 Second Anglo-Mysore
Mysore War (1780-84)
(1780
 Foundation of Asiatic Society of Bengal (with Sir William
William Jones) in 1784
 The Rohilla War (1773-74)
(1773
 Campaign by Shuja-ud-Daula,
Shuja Daula, Nawab of Awadh, against the Rohillas, Afghan
highlanders settled in Rohilkhand.
John Mcpherson (Acting)) (1785-86)

(1785
Charles Cornwallis (1786 – 93)

 Introduced Permanent Settlement in Bengal and Bihari in 1793
 (Ownership to the landholders or Zamidars)
 John Shore played an important role as the president of the Board of Revenue.
 Bengal, Bihar, Odisha
rd
 3 Anglo-Mysore
Mysore War (1790
(1790-92)
 Introduction of Civil Services in India
John Shore (1793-98)

 Policy of Non-intervention
intervention
Alured Clarke (Acting)) (1798)
Richard Wellesley (1798-1805)

1805)
 Subsidiary Alliance
 Hyderabad (1798), Mysore (1799), Maratha (1802)
 Fourth Anglo-Mysore
Mysore War (1799)
 Second Anglo-Maratha
Maratha War (1803
(1803-1805)
 Establishment of Fort William
Wi College at Calcutta – 1800
Charles Cornwallis (1805)
Sir George Burlow (Acting) (1805-07)

(1805
 Sepoy Mutiny at Vellore – 1806
 Bank of Calcutta (Later Imperial Bank of India) – 1806
Lord Minto (1807 – 1813)

 Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with Maharaja Ranj
Ranjit Sing
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Lord Hastings (1813 – 1823)

 Ended the policy of Non-intervention
Non
 Third Anglo-Maratha
Maratha War (1817-18)
(1817
 Establishment of Ryotwari System
 Ownership to the Peasants
 Introduce by Sir Thomas Munro in 1820.
 Madras, Bombay, Parts of Assam
John Adam (Acting) (1823)
Lord Amherst (1823-28)

 First Anglo-Burmese
Burmese War (1824-26)
(1824
 Treaty of Yandaboo 1826
William Bayley (Acting) (1828)
Lord William Bentinck (1828--35)

 Abolition of Sati,1829
 Medical College and Hospital, Calcutta – 1835
Charles Metcalfe (Acting) (1835-36)

(183
 Known as ‘Liberator of Indian Press’.
Lord Auckland (1836-42)

 First Anglo-Afghan
Afghan War, 1840-42
1840
 Established Bank of Bombay , 1840
W.W. Bird (Acting) (1844)
Henry Hardinge (1844-48)

 First Anglo-Sikh
Sikh War, (1845
(1845-46)
 Treaty of Lahore 1846
Lord Dalhousie (1848-56)

 Doctrine of Lapse
 Wood’s Despatch
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 Second Anglo-Burmese
Burmese war , 1852
 First Passenger Train between Bombay and Thane, 1853
 First Telegraph line between Diamond Harbour to Calcutta, 1851
 Post Office Act, 1854
 Established Public Works Department
 Engineering
gineering College at Roorkee,
 Santhal Rebellion, 1855
Lord Canning (1856-58)

 Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, 1856
 Sepoy Mutiny, 1857
SOCIO RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
Year Organization Founder
1815 Atmiya Sabha Rammohan Roy
1828 Brahmo Samaj Rammohan Roy
1829 Dharma Samaj Radhakanta Dev
1826-31 Young Bengal Movement Henry Vivian Derozio
1839 Tattvabodhini Sabha Devendranath Tegore
1840 Nirankaris Dayal Das, Darbara Sing, etc.
1844 Manav Dharma Sabha Durgaram Mancharam
1849 Paramhans Mandali Dadoba Pandurang

Pandura
1857 Namdharis Ram Sing
1861 Radha Swami Satsang Tulsi Ram
1866 Brahmo Samaj of India Keshab Chandra Sen
1866 Dar-ul-ulum Maulana Hussain Ahmed
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1867 Prarthana Samaj Atmaram Pandurang
1875 Arya Samaj Dayananda Saraswati
1875 Theosophical Society Blavatsky

lavatsky and Olcott
1878 Sadharan Brahmo Samaj Anand Mohan Bose
1884 Deccan Education Society G. G. Agarkar
1886 Mohammedan Educational Conference Syed Ahmen Khan
1887 Deva Samaj Shivnaraya Agnihotri
1894 Nadwah-ul-Ulam
Ulam Maulana Shibli Numani
1897 Ramkrishna
krishna Mission Swami Vivekananda
1905 Servants of India Society Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Mrs. Ramabai Ranade, G. K.
1909 Poona Seva Sadan
Devdhar
1911 Social Service League N.M. Joshi
1914 Seva Samiti H.N. Kunzru
CAST MOVEMENTS
1873 Satya Shodhak Samaj Jyotiba Phule
1888 Aravippuram Movement Shri Narayan Guru

Shri Narayan Dharma Paripalana Yogam Shri Narayan Guru, Dr. Palpu and
1902-03
(S.N.D.P.) Movement Kumaran Asan
1906 The Depressed Class Mission Society V.R. Shinde
1910 Bahujan Samaj Mukund Rao Patil

C.N. Mudaliar, T.M.Nair and T.
1915-16 Justice (Party) Movement
Tyagaraja Chetti
Depressed Class Welfare Institute
1924 B.R. Ambedkar
(Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha)
1925 Self Respect Movement E.V. Ramaswami Naiker ‘Periyar’
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1932 Harijan Sevak Sangh Mahatma Gandhi
Some leaders of Socio Religious Movement
 Rammohan Roy (1772-1833)

(1772
 Born in 1772 at Radhanagar in Burdwan district in West Bengal
 Established Atmiya Sabha in 1815
 Founded Brahmo Samaj in 1828
 Books –Gift
Gift to monotheists, Percept of Jesus
 Founded Hindu College with David Hare in 1817
 Abolition of Sati in 1829
 News papers – Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali weekly), Mirat-ul-Akhbar
Mirat (editor,
Persian weekly)
 Sent to England by Akbar Shah – II in 1830
 Died in Bristol in 1833
 Gopal Hari Deshmukh

 Also
so known as Lokhitwadi.
 Devendra Nath Tegore:

 Formed Tattvabodhini Sabha in 1839
 Became Acharya of Brahmo Samaj in 1842
 Brahma Dharma
 Kesab Chandra Sen:

 Succeeded Devendra Nath Tegore in 1858
 Formed Brahmo Samaj of India in 1866
 Formed Indian Reform Association in 1870
 Contribution towards Native Marriage Act of 1872
 Swami Vivekanand (1863 – 1902)

 Original name – Narendranath Dutta
 Parliament of Religion, Chicago, 1893
 Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar

 Woman empowerment
 Founded first girls’ school with JED Bethune - 1849
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 Became principal of Sanskrit College – 1850
 Dayanand Saraswati (1824-83)

(1824
 Original Name – Mula Shankar
 Suddhi movement
 Gave the slogan “Go back to Vedas”
 Book – Satyartha Prakash
Islamist Social Reform Movements:
 Wahabi Movement
 starteded around 1800
 wanted to harmonise all sects of Muslims
 It was based on the teaching of Waliullah(a saint of Iran)
 It was later politicized by Shah Abdul Aziz and Barelvi
 Ahmadiya Movement
 Started by Mirza Ghulam Ahamad.
 He called himself incarnation of Krishna
Kr
 Believed in one god and called for Hindu-Muslim
Hindu unity
 Aligarh Movement
 Started by Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan
 He was a Judicial member of Imperial Legislative council
 He was also given Knighthood in 1888
 He founded Aligarh Muslim University in 1875
 Established
shed two organizations-
organizations Anglo Oriental education Institution and United
India Patriotic Association.
 Journal Tahdib ul Aklaq
 Deoband Movement
 It claimed to be based on pure teachings of Quran and Haddis
Parsi Reform Movement
 Rehnumai Mazdanyan sabha (1851)

 established by Dada Bhai Naroji and Furdonji
 They published Raft Goftar(The Truth Teller) - a Gujrati fortnightly newspaper
Sikh Movement
 Singh Sabha Movement(1873)

 Akali Movement(1921)
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 There was conflict between Mahants and common people for the keys of
treasury (ToshakKhana). It is known as Keys affair in Sikh history.
 Sikh Gurudwara Act 1922 was passed and SGPC(Sri Gurudwara Prabandhan
Commiitee) took over the control from Mahants according to the act.
Theosophical society
 Madam HP Blavatsky and Sir Olcott

Olcott began this movement in 1875 in America.
 Shifted to Adyar, Madras in 1882.
 Annie Besant became president in 1907
 Came to India in 1893
 Established Hindu College at Benaras in 1898
 First woman president of INC (Calcutta session, 1917)
British Acts related

d to social reforms
 Abolishment of Infanticide(1796)
 Abolishment of Sati(1829)
 Widow Remarriage Act(1856)
 Native Marriage Act(1872)
 Sarda Act in 1930
Important reformers for woman empowerment
 Vishnu Shastri Pandit- Established Woman Remarriage Association

 Karson Das Mulji- He Published Satya Prakash in Gujrati to aware people for women
empowerment.
 Dhondu Kishan Karve-- He opened first Indian Woman University in 1916.
NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Moderate Phase (1885 – 1905)
Some organizations before Congress
Year Organization Founder
1837 Landholders Society Dwarka Nath Tegore
1839 British India Society William Adam
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1851 British India Association Devendra Nath Tegore
1852 Madras Native Association C.Y. Mudaliar
1852 Bombay Association Jagannath Shankar Seth
1866 East India Association Dadabhai Naoroji
1872 Indian Society Anand Mohan Bose
1875 Indian League Sisir Kumar Ghosh
Surendra Nath Bannerji, Anand

1876 Indian Association
Mohan Bose
Surendra Nath Bannerji, Anand
1883 Indian National Conference
Mohan Bose
Feroz Shah Mehta, K.T. Tailang,
1885 Bombay Presidency Association
Badarudding Tayabji
“Drain of Wealth”
 Dadabhai Naoroji – The person to draw attention to this theory

 Described in the book – “Poverty and Un-British
British Rule in India” by Dadabhai Naoroji.
Naoroj
 Means of drain of wealth
 Remittances to England for support of family
 Remittances of savings by employees of the company
 Remittances for purchase of British goods
 Interest charges on public debt held in Britain
 Home Charges
Indian National Congress
 Founded
ded in 1885 by A.O. Hume (a retired Civil Servant)
 First conference was decided to be organized in Pune, but due to outbreak of Cholera in
Pune, the venue was shifted to Bombay.
 First session at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay in December, 1885.
 First President – W.C. Banerjee (A lawyer of Calcutta)
 Number of delegates – 72
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 Viceroy of India during the formation of INC – Lord Dufferein.
“INC represents only a microscopic minority” – Lord Dufferin
“The congress is tottering to its fall, and one of my great ambitions, while in India, is to assist it
to a peaceful demise” – Lord Curzon.
Bengal Partition and Swadeshi Movement
 Lord Curzon announced partition of Bengal in 1903.

 Partition of Bengal too place on 16 October – 1905
 16 October – Observed as the “Day of mourning”
 The song ‘Vande Mataram’ became popular
 Written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
 From his novel – Ananda Math
 First sung by Rabindra Nath Tegore in INC session 1896, Calcutta
 Originally written in Sanskrit
 Rabindra Nath Tegore wrote “Amar Sonar Sonar Bangla” which later became the national
anthem of Bangladesh.
 Anti partition movement took the shape of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement (1905-08)
 INC Benaras session, 1905 (President – Gopal Krishna Gokhale)
Gokhale – INC took up the
Swadeshi call.
 INC Calcutta session, 1906 (President – Dadabhai Naoroji) – adopted ‘Swaraj’ as the goal
of Indian people.
Muslim league:
 In 1906, All India Muslim League was set up in Dacca under the leadership of Nawab
Salimullah.
Surat split:
 In INC Surat session,1907, INC was split

spli into two groups – Moderates and Extremists.
Morley Minto reforms:
1. This Act is also known as the Morley-

Morley Minto Reforms.
2. Direct elections to legislative councils; first attempt at introducing a representative and
popular element.
3. It changed the name of the Central Legislative Council to the Imperial Legislative
Council.
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4. The member of Central Legislative Council was increased to 60 from 16.
5. Introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept
of ‘separate electorate’. Lord Minto o came to be known as the “Father of communal
electorate”.
6. Indians for the first time in Viceroys executive council. (Satyendra Prasad Sinha, as the
law member)
Home Rule Movement (1915-16):

(1915
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak founded Indian Home Rule League at Pune on 28 April, 1916.
 Annie Besant, inspired by the Irish rebellion, started Home Rule Movement in India in
September, 1916.
Lucknow Pact, 1916:
 Congress and Muslim League held session at Lucknow in 1916 and concluded the
famous Lucknow pact.
 Congress accepted sep
separate electorate.
 Both the parties jointly demanded ‘dominion status’ for the country.
August declaration 1917:
 Also called Montague declaration.

 Control over the Indian government would be transferred gradually to the Indian
people.
MAHATMA GANDHI
Introduction:
 Original name – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

 Born on 2nd October, 1869 in Porbandar, Gujrat
 Father’s name – Karamchand Gandhi, Mother’s name – Putli Bai, Wife – Kasturba
Gandhi (Marriage in May, 1883).
1883)
 Political guru – Gopal Krishna Gokhle, Private secretary
s – Mahadev Desai
 Literary influence – Johm Ruskin’s “Unto this Last”,Emerson, Thoreau, Leo Tolostoy, the
Bible and the Gita.
 Literary works – Sarvoday (1908) – translation of ‘Unto this last’ in Gujrati, Hind Swaraj
(1909), My Experiment with truth (Autobiography,, events upto 1922),
1922 1927
 Editor – Indian Opinion, Harijan, Young India.
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 Other names: Mahatma – by Rabindranath Tegore (1917), Half naked Saint – by
Winston Churchil, 1931, Rashtrapita – by Subhash Chandra Bose, 1944.
Life in South Africa
 Gandhi
andhi went to South Africa in 1893.. The incident when he was thrown off the first class
compartment happened on 7th June.
 He founded Natal Indian Congress (NIC) in 1894. It aimed to fight
fight discrimination against
Indians in South Africa.
 Founded Indian Ambulance
Ambulance Core in 1899. For which he was awarded Kaisar-i-Hind
Kaisar in
1914.
 His first Civil Disobedience Movement against Asiatic Ordinance in Transvaal in 1906.
 First Jail term in Johannesburg in 1908.
 He founded Tolstoy Farm in 1910 which later came to be known as as Gandhi Ashram
 His satyagrah against de-recognition
de of non-Christian
Christian marriages in Cape Town in 1913.
 In 1914, he quits South Africa and returned to India.
Life in India: THE GANDHIAN ERA (1917- 47)
 Arrived Bombay on 9th January, 1915. (9th January is celebrated

ebrated as “Pravasi Bharatiya
Divas” or “National NRI day” in India to commemorate the arrival of Gandhi)
 Foundation of Satyagraha Ashram at Kocharab, near Ahmedabad on 20th May, 1915. In
1917, the Ashram was shifted to the bank of Sabarmati River.
eech in Benaras Hindu University in on 4th Feb, 1916.
 Gave speech
 Attended the INC Lucknow session in 1916.
 Raj Kumar Shukla invited Gandhiji to Champaran
 Champaran Satyagrah in Champaran (Bihar) - April, 1917
 His first Civil Disobedience Movement in India.
 It was to o redress grievances of the cultivators oppressed by indigo planters of
Bihar.
 Other leaders – Rajendra Prasad, Brajkishore Prasad, J. B. Kripalini etc.
 British accepted the demand and abolished Tinkathia system.
 Ahmedabad Mill Satyagraha
 Workers Satyagraha
Satyagra in 1918.
 The plague bonus was not given to the workers
 Hunger strike was used for the first time as a weapon.
 Kheda movement in Gujrat in 1918.
 First non-cooperation
cooperation movement by Gandhi
 No-tax if 1/4th of the crops were damaged.
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 Other leader – Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
 Gandhi’s first all India Political movement –against Rowlatt Act,, 1919.
 Sedition committee under justice Rowlatt was made during the viceroyalty of
Lord Chelmsford.
 Rowlatt act gave power to the government to arrest and imprison suspects,
without trial.
 Gandhiji was arrested in April, 1919.
 Gandhi returned ‘Kaisar
‘Kaisar-i-Hind’ as a protest against Jallianwala Bagh massacre (April 13,
1919)
 Arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919 under Rowlatt
act.
 A public meeting was held on 13 April, 1919 in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
 Indiscriminate firing on the mass ordered by General R.E. R.E.H.. Dyer
 At that time the lieutenant governor of Punjab was Michel O’Dwyer, who was
later shot down in London by Sardar Uddham Singh in 1940.
 Tagore re renounced his Knighthood after Jallianwala massacre.
 In Nov, 1919, Gandhi was elected the president of All India Khilafat Conference in Delhi.
 Gandhi led Khilafat Movement (1920-22)
(1920
 The position of the Caliph of Turkey was weakened by the British.
 The Ali brothers – Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali launched Khilafat Movement
in 1920.b
 It was supported by Gandhi and INC.
 Gandhi led Non-cooperation
cooperation Movement (1920 (1920-22)
 INC in its Calcutta session in September 1920, resolved in favour of Non- Non
cooperation movement.
movement
 INC defined Swaraj as its ultimate aim.
 The Prince of Wales landed in Bombay on November 17, 1921, he was greeted
with empty streets and downed shutters wherever he went.
 Chauri Chaura (in Gorakhpur, UP) incident on 5th February, 1922.
 Gandhi called off the movement on 12th February, 1922.
 Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das and N.C. Kelkar organized the Congress Khilafat-Swaraj
Khilafat Party on
st
1 January 1923.
 INC Belgum (Karnataka) Session, 1924 – for the first and the last time Gandhi became
the president of INC.
 Simon Commission – 1927
 Simon commission was set up to review the working of Montague-Chelmsford
Montague
reforms of 1919
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 It was a group of 7 MPs from Britain with Sir John Simon as Chairaman.
 Indian leaders boycotted the Simon Commission as no Indians were included in
this
his commission.
 Lala Lajpat Rai, who was leading the demonstration against the Simon
Commission, was brutally lathi-charged.
lathi charged. He died later that year due to injuries
sustained then.
 Gandhi launched Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34)
 Gandhi (along with 78 followers) marched from Sabarmati Ashram (12th March,
1930) to Dandi (5th April).
 Gandhi broke the salt law and launched Civil Disobedience movement on 6th
April, 1930.
 Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed in 1931. Congress called off the Civil Disobedience
movement
ent and agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference.
Conference
 First Round Table conference (Nov 1930 – Jan 1931) was held in 1930 to discuss
the Simon Commission recommendations. INC Boycotted it (Viceroy – Lord
Irwin).
 Second Round Table Conference ( Sep – Dec, 1931). Gandhi attended the
conference on behalf of INC. (Viceroy – Lord Willingdon).. Gandhi couldn’t agree
with Mac Donald’s communal representation policy.
 Third Round Table conference (Nov – Dec, 1932)
 Gandhi-Ambedkar
Ambedkar Pact / Poona Pact – 1932.
 Britishsh PM Ramsey Mac Donald announced Award on communal representation
in August 16, 1932.
 Gandhi underwent fast in protest.
 Gandhi and Ambedkar signed a pact in Poona. Separate electorate for
depressed class was abandoned. Seats reserved for depressed class in the
provincial legislatures were increased from 71 to 148 and in the central
legislature to 18% of the total.
 Congress ministries everywhere resigned on December 22, 1939.
 Viceroy declared India also as a belligerent country in the world war.
 Congress protested and demanded that India should be declared independent.
Viceroy rejected the demand
 Jinnah called upon the Indian Muslims to celebrate the resigning day of Congress
ministries as ‘the day of deliverance’.
 Pakistan resolution / Lahore resolution ((1940)
 Iqbal was the first to suggest a separate Muslim state within the federation in
1930.
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 Chaudhry Rehmat Ali first invented the term ‘Pakistan’ in 1935.
 Lahore session of Muslim league (24th March, 1940) passed the ‘Pakistan
Resolution’
 Viceroy Linglithgow
gow declared that the goal of British Government was to establish
Dominion Status in India. This is known as August Offer (8th August, 1940)
 Gandhi launched Individual Satyagraha Movement (1940-41)
 First satyagrahi – Vinoba Bhave, followed by Jawaharlal Nehru
Ne and Vallabh Bhai
Patel.
 Cripps Mission (March-April,
(March 1942)
 Cripps proposed dominion status to India after the world war.
 “A post dated cheque on a crumbling bank” – Gandhi on Cripps proposal.
 Members – Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexend
Alexender.
 Quit India Movement (1942)
 Quit India resolution was passed in a meeting of INC in Bombay on 8th August,
1942.
 Gandhi gave the slogan – “Do or Die”.
 Prominent leaders of INC were arrested on 9th August, 1942.
 Leaders who continued the movement – Aruna Ashaf Ali, J.P. Lohiya, Usha
Mehta etc.
 First parallel government in Balia (UP) by Chittu Pandeya. Other places – Tamluk,
Satara and Talchar.
 1942 – 44: Gandhi’s last prison term
 Gandhi was kept in detention in Aga Khan Palace.
 Death of Kasturba Gandhi and mahadev Desai.
 Gandhi
andhi took 21 days fast in Jail.
Jail
 CR formula (1944) – C.C. Ranagopalachri proposed to appoint a commission to demarcate
the districts in North West and East where Muslims were in majority.
 Wavell Plan (1945)
 Lord Wavell proposed some certain changes in the structure of the council.
 22 prominent Indian leaders were called to Shimla (Shimla conference, 1945) to
discuss the Wavell plan.
 INA Trial (November, 1945)
 P. K. Sehgal, Shah Nawaj Khan and Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon were put on trial at
the Red Fort in Nov, 1945.
 Chief defense advocate – Bhulabhai Desai. Other lawyers – Tej Bahadur Sapru,
Jawaharlal Nehru, Asaf Ali and Md. Ali Jinnah.
 Royal Indian Navy (RIN)/ Ratings Mutiny (Feb. 18, 1946)
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 Vallbh Bhai Patel and Md. Ali Jinnah jointly persuaded
persuaded the ratings to surrender.
 Cabinet Mission Plan (March – June, 1946)
 Members – Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexender.
 Envisaged the establishment of a constituent assembly and an interim
government.
 Direct Action Campaign launched by Md. Ali Jinnah on 16th August, 1946.
 Gandhi travelled to Naukhali and later to Calcutta to restore communal peace.
 Interim government was formed under Jawaharlal Nehru on 2nd September, 1946.
 Constituent Assembly
 First meeting on 9th December, 1946
 First president
ent - Sachidananda Sinha. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the
president.
 British PM Attlee announced on 20th February, 1947 that the British would withdraw
from India by June 30, 1948.
 The Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947) was introduced in the parliament and a passed as
the Indian Independence Act, 1947.
 Gandhi deeply distressed by the Partition Plan (Mountbatten Plan), while staying
in Calcutta, observe complete silence on the dawn of India’s independence on
15th August, 1947.
 The Maharaja of Kashmir acceded to India in October 1947.
 Through a referendum the people of Junagadh decided to join India in February, 1948.
 The Nizam of Hyderabad was forced to accede to the Indian Union through military
action against him in September, 1948.
 Mahatma Gandhi was shot dead by Nathu Ram Godse on 30th January, 1948.
 Nathuram Godse was a member of RSS.
 Gandhi was on his way to evening prayer meeting at Birla House, New Delhi.
 Gandhi died with “Hey Ram” on his lips.
Development of Education in India

 1781- Calcutta Madarsa set up by Warren Hastings.
 1791- Sanskrit College by Jonathan Duncan
 1800- Lord Wellesely set up training centre for Civil Servants in Fort William, Calcutta.
Closed in 1802.
 1813- Charter Act of 1813. Rs1 Lakh given for education.
 In 1835 General Committee on Public Instruction was set up. It was chaired by Lord Mc
Culay. The decision of the committee is known as Mc Culay minute.
 Mc Culay Minute,1835-
Minute,1835 Education should be imparted in English language. Slowly these
English learned Indians will teach other Indians English.(Down Filtration theory).
 1853- Woods Despatch-
Despatch Magna Carta of Education in India
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- Rejected Down filtration policy
- Primary
mary education be given in Vernacular language
- Higher education in either Vernacular or English Language.
- Opened university at Bombay, Calcutta, Madras
-
 1882 Hunter commission-
commission It emphasized on Vocational education
 1902- Rayleigh Commission-
Commission For universities and Higher education. Accordingly Indian
Universities Act was brought. 5 lac/year was given for education.
 1917- Saddler Commision gave 10+2+3 system
 1929- Hartog committee – Emphasised on strengthening Primary education.
 1937- Wardha Scheme of of Gandhiji published in Harijan. He emphasized on learning
through activity(vocational education).
 1944- Seargent plan- Made education compulsory forchildren aged 6 to 11 years.
Development of Civil services in India

 Lord Cornwallis is known as Father of Police services reforms.
 Charter Act,1853- Open Competition
 1886- Aitchison Committee-
Committee Increased age limit from 19 to 23
 1919, Montford reforms-
reforms Simultaneous exam in India and Europe.
 Lee Commission – 50:50 should be the ratio of Indians and Europeans in Civil Services.
NORTH-EASTEAST FRONTIER TRIBAL MOVEMENTS YEAR, REGION, MAJOR CAUSES

 Ahoms' Revolt (1828-33; 33; Assam); against the non-fulfilment
non fulfilment of the pledges of the
Company after the Burmese War; the uprising was suppressed by the Company by
dividing the kingdom.
 2. Khasis' Revolt (1830s; hilly region between Jaintia and Garo Hills); led by the Nunklow
ruler, Tirath Singh; against the occupation of the hilly region.
 3. Singphos' Rebellion (1830s; Assam); led to murder of British
political agent of Assam by Singphos in 1839; was ultimately suppressed.
 4. Kukis' Revolt (1917--19; Manipur); against British policies of
recruiting labour during the first World War.
 5. Zeliangsong Movement (1920s; Manipur); led by the Zemi, Liangmei and Rongmei
tribes; against the failure of British to protect them during the Kuki violence in 1917-19.
1917
 Naga movement (1905-31;
(1905 31; Manipur); led by Jadonang; against British rule and for
setting up of a Naga raj.
 Heraka Cult (1930s; Manipur); led by Gaidinliu; the movement was suppressed
suppres but
Kabui Naga Association was formed in 1946.
OTHER TRIBAL MOVEMENTS: PERIOD, REGION, CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
@ 8822384440/ 8822201804
 Chuar Uprisings by the Chuar aboriginal tribesmen (1776); against rise in demands and
economic privation by the British.
 2. Kol Uprisings by the Kols of Chottanagpur led by Buddho Bhagat (1831); against
expansion of British rule on their lands and transfer of their lands to outsiders; the
revolt was suppressed.
 3. Ho and Munda Uprisings
 by Ho tribals by led of Raja Parahat (182
(1827; Singhbhum and
Chottanagpur); against occupation of Singhbhum by British.
 by Ho tribals and the Mundas (1831); against the newly introduced farming
revenue policy.
 by the Mundas led by Birsa Munda (1899 (1899-1900;
1900; south of Ranchi); Birsa was
captured and imprisoned.
 the Ulgulan uprising, supported by Birsa Munda (1860-1920); (1860 against
introduction of feudal, zamindari tenures and exploitation by moneylenders and
forest contractors.
 Santhal Rebellion by the Santhals led by Sido and Kanhu (1855-56;
(1855 56; Bihar); against the
practices of zamindars and moneylenders; the rebellion later turned anti-British
anti and was
suppressed.
 Kandh uprisings led by Chakra Bisoi (1837-56
(1837 56 and later in 1914; hilly region extending
from Tamil Nadu to Bengal; in Orissa in 1914);
1914); against interference in tribal customs and
imposition of new taxes.
 Bhil Revolts (1817-19
19 and 1913; region of against Company Rule (in 1817-19)
1817 and to Mill
Hal.
 Koya Revolts by the Koyas and the led by Tomma Sora in 1879-80 1879 — led by Raja
Anantayyar in region Andhra Pradesh); against moneylenders; new regulations AM sir
theft rights over forest areas.
 Tana Bhagat Movements among tribes led by Jatra Bhagat, (1914-1915;
(1914 1915; Chottanagpore),
against of outsiders; began as
 Rampa Revolts led by Aluri sittharamanin against British interference; and in 1924.
 Gond Uprising (1940s) to bring the of Gond
Gond-dharma.
@ 8822384440/ 8822201804

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ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY

 It is believed that man evolved to present form around 3,00,000 BC somewhere in

Paleolithic or Old Stone age(5Lakh BC to

 These people were hunter-gatherers.

 Mesolithic remains are found in Langhanj in Gujarat, Adamgarh,in Madhya Pradesh,

 Burzahom in Kashmir valley,Chirand in Bihar are impotant sites

Metal Age(3000 BC to 2500 BC)

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION OR BRONZE AGE OR HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION(2500 BC TO 1700

 The three earliest civilization of the world:

VEDIC AGE( 1500 BC TO 600BC)

Early Vedic or Rig Vedic age(1500

Later Vedic Period (1000 – 600 B.C.)

Literature in later Vedic age

Pottery of Later Vedic Age

 A class of hereditary merchants (vaishya) came into existence.

 The 10th mandala contains the purush Sukta hymn.It ex explains

JAINISM AND BUDDHISM

Cause of origin of new religions

 Founded by Vardhamana Mahavira (539 (539- 467 B.C.)

 Founded by Gautama Buddha (563 (563- 487 B.C.)

The age of mahajanpads

Rise of Magadh empire

 Some of the prominent reason behind the rise of Magadh empire-

 Bimbisara (Shronika) (544BC

Shishunaga Dynasty (412 BC – 344 BC)

Nanda Dynasty (344 BC – 322 BC)

 Mahapadmananda established Nanda Dynasty

 Cyprus (558 BC – 530 BC)

Mauryan Empire (322 BC – 185 BC)

Sunga Dynasty (185 BC – 75 BC)

 Pushyamitra Sunga, the commander-in-chief

Satavahana Dynasty (1st century BC – 3rd century AD)

 They were also known as Andhras.

Foreign invasions on the north west

 Bactrian empire replaced Seleucid empire

 The most famous king of Parthians were Gondapharnes.

School of Area/ Nature Patrons Medium Themes

Gandhara N. W. India Hybrid; Indo

Mathura Agra & Indigenous Kushans Red Sandstone

Amravati Lower Indigenous Satavahas Marble & Mahayana

 Guptas were initially landlords

Art and culture of Gupta period

 The Gupta age is known as known as “Golden period

Literature of Gupta Period:

Science during Gupta period:

ANCIENT HISTORY OF SOUTH INDIA (SANGAM AGE)

 Ruled over present day southern Tamil Nadu. Capital – Madurai.

 Composition – Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Padinelkinkanakku and three epics e –

Socity, religion economy and decline of Sangam Age

Era of Harshavardhan (606 AD – 647 AD)

 He belonged to Pushyabhuti dynasty. Initial capital was at Thaneswar, later it was

Struggle for Kannauj:

Muslim Invasion – Mahmud of Ghazni

South indian kingdom after kalbhras

 Pallavas established their kingdom with its capital at Kanchipuram

Chalukyas (543 – 755 AD)

Rashtrakutas (755 – 975 AD)

 Dantidurga was the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.

Mamluk dynasty or Slave Dynasty (1206

 Qutub-ud-dindin Aibak (1206-1210)

The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)

Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 – 1413)