Unit 6 Assignment

Chapter 11, Problem 5

A crossover study was conducted to investigate whether oat bran cereal helps to lower
cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic males. Fourteen such individuals were randomly
placed on a diet that included either oat bran or corn flakes; after two weeks, their low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were recorded. Each man was then switched to the
alternative diet. After a second two-week period, the LDL cholesterol level of each individual
was again recorded. The data from this study are shown below:

corn oat
subject flakes bran Difference
LDL LDL

1 4.61 3.84 0.77

2 6.42 5.57 0.85

3 5.40 5.85 -0.45

4 4.54 4.80 -0.26

5 3.98 3.68 0.3

6 3.82 2.96 0.86

7 5.01 4.41 0.6

8 4.34 3.72 0.62

9 3.80 3.49 0.31

10 4.56 3.84 0.72

11 5.35 5.26 0.09

12 3.89 3.73 0.16

13 2.25 1.84 0.41

 14 4.24 4.14 0.1

a. Are the two samples paired or independent? Paired.

b. What are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses for a two-sided test? Is the mean
difference equal to 0. Is the mean difference not 0. Null and alternative respectively.
c. Conduct the test at the 0.05 level of significance. What is the p-value? p=0.0053
d. What do you conclude? There is a difference between the two diets.

Chapter 11, Problem 8

A study was conducted to determine whether an expectant mother's cigarette smoking has any
effect on the bone mineral content of her otherwise healthy child. A sample of 77 newborns
whose mothers smoked during pregnancy has mean bone mineral content x-bar1 = 0.098 g/cm
and standard deviation s1 = 0.026 g/cm; a sample of 161 infants whose mothers did not smoke
has mean x-bar2 = 0.095 g/cm and standard deviation s2 = 0.025 g/cm. Assume that the
underlying population variances are equal.
a. Are the two samples paired or independent? These are independent samples.
b. State the null and alternative hypotheses of the two-sided test. Is the mean bone density
between the groups the same (null; i.e. is the mean difference equal to 0) or different
(alternative; i.e. is the mean difference not equal to 0).
c. Conduct the test at the 0.05 level of significance. What do you conclude? p=0.3935; the
mean difference is 0; i.e. we fail to reject that the mean difference is 0.

Chapter 11, Problem 15 +

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development yield scores on two indices--the Psychomotor
Development Index (PDI) and the Mental Development Index (MDI)--which can be use to
assess a child's level of functioning in each of these areas at approximately one year of age.
Among normal healthy infants, both indices have a mean value of 100. As part of a study
assessing the development and neurologic status of children who have undergone reparative
heart surgery during the first three months of life, the Bayley Scales were administered to a
sample of one-year-old infants with congenital heart disease. The children had been
randomized to one of two different treatment groups, known as "circulatory arrest" and "low-flow
bypass." The groups differed in the specific way in which the reparative surgery was performed.
Unlike circulatory arrest, low-flow bypass maintains continuous circulation through the brain;
although it is felt to be preferable by some physicians, it also has its own risk of brain injury. The
data contained in the data set heart. PDI scores are saved under the variable name pdi while
MDI scores are saved under mdi and indicators of treatment group under trtment. For this
variable, 0 represents circulatory arrest and 1 is for low-flow bypass.
a. For PDI, perform the group variance test to determine if the variances are similar for the two
treatment groups. What do you conclude? p-value is equal to 0.17, thus we conclude that
these distributions have the same variance.
b. At the 0.05 level of significance, test the null hypothesis that the mean PDI score at one year
of age for the circulatory arrest treatment group is equal to the mean PDI score for the low-flow
group. What is the p-value for this test? 0.0268, the means are not equal.
c. For MDI, perform the group variance test to determine if the variances are similar for the two
treatment groups. What do you conclude? p-value is equal to 0.14, thus we conclude that
these distributions have the same variance.
d. Test the null hypothesis that the mean MDI scores are identical for the two treatment groups.
What is the p-value? 0.2063; we fail to reject that the means could be equal.
e. What do these tests suggest about the relationship between a child's surgical treatment
group during the first three months of life and his/her subsequent developmental status at one
year of age? The tests suggest that there is a noticeable effect on the development of
psychomotor skills, but that mental development is not noticeably impaired.