Andritz Hydro Protection PDF

Calculation Note E1117 KDL
Reference:C:\Einheit.mcd
E1117 KDL
Electrical Protection
Settings Calculation
Related Document: Settings Protection 3-576 846 Rev. B
ANDRITZ HYDRO - PRT / Proschek 27.04.2012 Doc. No.: 3-576 850

3576850B_CalculationNote_Prt.mcd Rev.: B
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Introduction
Settings Overview
For an overview of the protection settings please refer to the following document:
Dwg. No.: 3-576 846, Revision B
DRS-COMPACT Digital Protection Relay
The digital and compact protection system DRS-COMPACT is a multifunctional

protection relay for protection of synchronous machines and transformers. All
components which are necessary for a complete protection system (interposing input
transformers, measuring channels, various matrices, trip and alarm outputs) are
installed in one case.
The signals generated in the plant (current, voltage, binary) are fed via appropriate
interposing transformers and transducers into the system. The further operation is
(except the methods of suppressing and filtering) fully digital. The advantages of this
digital processing are the extensive insensitivity of the system concerning aging,
temperature and also the possibility to reduce complex protection problems to
relative simple algorithms, which can be computed easily. Thereby the
characteristically computed values of the input signals can be used for further
protective functions. The protective functions which are implemented in the relay are
being processed sequentially by the software. In dependence of the working
condition the protection system gives out the equivalent alarm or trip signal.
The signals are being distributed via a software matrix to the trip devices which
corresponds to the tripping scheme. Optical indications signal the alarm and trip of a
protective function.
With the PC the user can read out, display and process further data about the fault
event like alarm protocol and fault recording.
Configuration and setting parameters are being saved in an E2 PROM. Each
modification is being recorded and can be printed out in a reference protocol.

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DRS-WIN Operation Software
The protection relay DRS-COMPACT is operated with WINDOWS based software,

DRS-WIN.
This software provides the following actions:

display and change of all settings: setpoints, output matrix, LED matrix
display of analog measurements
display of analog calculated values
display of digital inputs and outputs
simulation of digital inputs and outputs
display of event recording data
display of fault record
display of protective function status
display of DRS fault status
display and set of DRS system time
editing of plant specific designations
Additional Information
For additional information please refer to the following documents:
ELIN DRS-COMPACT2: Short Technical Description (DIC-018-1)

DRS-COMPACT2A: Technical Data Sheet (GIC-000-A)
ELIN DRS-COMPACT2: Local Operation via Keypad and Display
(DIC-006-1)
DRS-WIN4: Short Manual (SID-401-1)

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CT / VT Ratio
CT Busbar
CT Main Transformer HV
CT at HV side of main transformer
200A
CTMtHvSec  1A CTMtHv  CTMtHv  200
CTMtHvSec
CT Main Transformer Neutral 1
CT at star-point of main transformer
200A
CTMtNSec  1A CTMtN  CTMtN  200
CTMtNSec
CT Main Transformer Neutral 2
CT at star-point of main transformer
400A
CTMtN2Sec  1A CTMtN2  CTMtN2  400
CTMtN2Sec
CT Main Transformer LV
CT at LV side of main transformer
3000A
CTMtLvSec  1A CTMtLv  CTMtLv  3000
CTMtLvSec

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CT Generator Output
CT at output side of generator
3000A
CTGenOutSec  1A CTGenOut  CTGenOut  3000
CTGenOutSec
CT Generator Neutral-End
CT at neutral-end side of generator
3000A
CTGenNeSec  1A CTGenNe  CTGenNe  3000
CTGenNeSec
CT Generator Measure
CT at output side of generator
3000A
CTGenMeaSec  1A CTGenMea  CTGenMea  3000
CTGenMeaSec
CT Auxiliary Transformer HV
CT at HV side of auxiliary transformer
800A
CTAtHvSec  1A CTAtHv  CTAtHv  800
CTAtHvSec
CT Auxiliary Transformer Neutral
CT at star-point of auxiliary transformer
1000A
CTAtNSec  1A CTAtN  CTAtN  1000
CTAtNSec
CT Auxiliary Transformer LV
CT at LV side of auxiliary transformer
500A
CTAtLvSec  1A CTAtLv  CTAtLv  500
CTAtLvSec

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VT Generator Output
VT at output side of generator
11500V
VT GenOutSec  100V VT GenOut  VT GenOut  115
VT GenOutSec
VT Open Delta
VT open-delta-winding at output side of generator
11500V
VT OdSec  100V VT Od  VT Od  115
VTOdSec
VT Generator Neutral
VT at star-point of generator
12000V
VT GenNSec  240V VT GenN  VT GenN  50.00
VT GenNSec
Resistance
Secondary resistance at star-point of generator
RGenNSec  0.266
CT ground
Secondary CT at star-point of generator
250A
CTsecGenNSec  1A CTsecGenN  CTsecGenN  250
CTsecGenNSec

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Generator Data
Nominal apparent power SGenNom  44282kVA
Nominal voltage UGenNom  11.5kV
Nominal current calculated from apparent power and voltage

SGenNom
I GenNom  IGenNom  2223 A
3  UGenNom
Nominal frequency fGenNom  50 Hz
Power factor
cos  0.85  G  acos  cos  G  31.79 deg
Generator nominal impedance in primary value

2
UGenNom
XGprim  XGprim  2.99 
SGenNom
Secondary impedance calculated from primary impedance, CT and VT ratio
CTGenOut
XGsec  XGprim  XGsec  77.91 
VTGenOut

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Generator subtransient reactance in p.U. value xsubtrans  10.6%
Primary impedance calculated from primary nominal generator impedance
XsubtransPrim  xsubtrans  XGprim XsubtransPrim  0.32 
Secondary impedance calculated from secondary nominal generator impedance
XsubtransSec  xsubtrans  XGsec XsubtransSec  8.26 
Generator transient reactance in p.U. value xtrans  15 %
XtransPrim  xtrans  XGprim XtransPrim  0.45 
XtransSec  xtrans  XGsec XtransSec  11.69 
Generator synchronous reactance in p.U. value xsynch  160%
XsynchPrim  xsynch  XGprim XsynchPrim  4.78 
XsynchSec  xsynch  XGsec XsynchSec  124.66 
Negative phase sequence characteristic NPScharact  30.0s
Continuous negative phase sequence NPScont  15 %

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Main Transformer Data
Nominal HV apparent power SMtHvNom  46000kVA
UMtHvNom  150kV
Nominal HV voltage
Nominal HV current calculated from nominal apparent power and HV voltage

SMtHvNom
I MtHvNom  IMtHvNom  177 A
3  UMtHvNom
Transformer HV nominal impedance in primary value

2
UMtHvNom
XMtHvPrim  XMtHvPrim  489.13 
SMtHvNom
Nominal LV apparent power
SMtLvNom  SMtHvNom SMtLvNom  46000.00 kVA
Nominal LV voltage UMtLvNom  11.5kV
Nominal LV current calculated from nominal apparent power and LV voltage

SMtLvNom
I MtLvNom  IMtLvNom  2309 A
3  UMtLvNom
Transformer LV nominal impedance in primary value

2
UMtLvNom
XMtLvPrim  XMtLvPrim  2.88 
SMtLvNom

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Nominal LV2 apparent power
SMtLv2Nom  6.5MVA SMtLv2Nom  6500.00 kVA
Nominal LV2 voltage UMtLv2Nom  6.6kV
Nominal LV2 current calculated from nominal apparent power and LV voltage
SMtLv2Nom
I MtLv2Nom  IMtLv2Nom  569 A
3  UMtLv2Nom
Transformer LV2 nominal impedance in primary value

2
UMtLv2Nom
XMtLv2Prim  XMtLv2Prim  6.70 
SMtLv2Nom
Transformer impedance in p.U. value z MtBase  10 %
This impedance is based on the following apparent power:
SMtBase  SMtHvNom SMtBase  46000.00 kVA
The transformer impedance based on nominal power
SMtHvNom
z Mt  z MtBase  z Mt  10.00 %
SMtBase
Primary HV impedance calculated from HV nominal impedance
ZMtHvPrim  z Mt  XMtHvPrim ZMtHvPrim  48.91 
Primary LV impedance calculated from LV nominal impedance
ZMtLvPrim  z Mt  XMtLvPrim ZMtLvPrim  0.29 

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The system impedance is considered to be a percentage of the transformer impedance.

This value has to be confirmed by the customer.
Pickup  5%
PkpAngl  80 deg
2
UMtHvNom
ZSysHv  Pickup   exp ( j  PkpAngl )
SMtHvNom ZSysHv  4.25  24.08i 
SMtHvNom
z SysMt  ZSysHv  z SysMt  0.87  4.92i %
2
UMtHvNom
2
UMtLvNom
ZSysLv  Pickup   exp ( j  PkpAngl ) ZSysLv  0.02  0.14i 
SMtLvNom

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Auxiliary Transformer Data

Nominal apparent power SAtHvNom  5000kVA
Nominal HV voltage UAtHvNom  6.6kV
Nominal HV current calculated from nominal apparent power and HV voltage

SAtHvNom
I AtHvNom  IAtHvNom  437 A
3  UAtHvNom
Transformer HV nominal impedance in primary value

2
UAtHvNom
XAtHvPrim  XAtHvPrim  8.71 
SAtHvNom
Nominal LV voltage UAtLvNom  0.42kV
Nominal LV current calculated from nominal apparent power and LV voltage

SAtHvNom
I AtLvNom  IAtLvNom  6873 A
3  UAtLvNom
Transformer LV nominal impedance in primary value

2
UAtLvNom
XAtLvPrim  XAtLvPrim  0.04 
SAtHvNom

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Transformer impedance in p.U. value z AtBase  13.5%
This impedance is based on the following apparent power:
SAtBase  SAtHvNom SAtBase  5000 kVA
The transformer impedance based on nominal power
SAtHvNom
z At  z AtBase  z At  13.50 %
SAtBase
Primary HV impedance calculated from HV nominal impedance

2
UAtHvNom
ZAtHvPrim  z At  ZAtHvPrim  1.18 
SAtBase
Primary LV impedance calculated from LV nominal impedance

2
UAtLvNom
ZAtLvPrim  z At  ZAtLvPrim  0.00 
SAtBase

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General DRS Settings
CT/VT Settings
The CT/VT settings can be edited with DRS-WIN.

Menu: DRS Functions - CT/VT Ratios
CT Ratios
Output CTGenOut  CTGenOutSec  3000.00A
CTGenOutSec  1.00 A
IGenNom  2223.15A
NeutralEnd CTGenNe  CTGenNeSec  3000.00A
CTGenNeSec  1.00 A
Measurement CTGenMea  CTGenMeaSec  3000.00A
CTGenMeaSec  1.00 A
CTsecGenN  CTsecGenNSec
Gen.Neutral  5.00 A
VTGenN
CTsecGenNSec  1.00 A
UGenNom
 9.98 A
2
3  VT GenN  RGenNSec
MT.HV CTMtHv  CTMtHvSec  200.00 A
CTMtHvSec  1.00 A
IMtHvNom  177.05 A
MT.LV CTMtLv  CTMtLvSec  3000.00A
CTMtLvSec  1.00 A
IMtLvNom  2309.40A

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MT.Neutral.1 CTMtN  CTMtNSec  200.00 A
CTMtNSec  1.00 A
MT.Neutral.2 CTMtN2  CTMtN2Sec  400.00 A
CTMtN2Sec  1.00 A
AT.HV CTAtHv  CTAtHvSec  800.00 A
CTAtHvSec  1.00 A
IAtHvNom  437.39 A
AT.LV CTAtLv  CTAtLvSec  500.00 A
CTAtLvSec  1.00 A
IAtLvNom  6873.22A
AT.Neutral CTAtN  CTAtNSec  1000.00A
CTAtNSec  1.00 A
IAtHvNom  437.39 A
VT Ratios
Output VTGenOut  100V  11500.00 V

100.00 V
UGenNom  11500.00 V
OpenDelta VTOd  100V  11500.00 V

100.00 V
UGenNom  11500.00 V

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Fault Calculation
Short Circuit very close to the generator
The subtransient current is calculated with the generator nominal current and the
subtransient generator reactance as following:
I GenNom
I GenSubTrans  IGenSubTrans  20973 A
xsubtrans
The transient current is calculated with the generator nominal current and the transient
reactance as following:
IGenNom
I GenTrans  IGenTrans  14821 A
xtrans
Short Circuit very close to the HV side of the main transformer
Short Circuit Current calculated with transformer impedance only
I MtHvNom
I MtSc  IMtSc  1771 A
z Mt
Subtransient Current calculated with main transformer impedance and subtransient

generator reactance
IMtHvNom
I MtSubTrans  IMtSubTrans  843 A
SMtHvNom
z Mt  xsubtrans 
SGenNom
IMtHvNom
I MtTrans  IMtTrans  692 A
SMtHvNom
z Mt  xtrans 
SGenNom
Short Circuit very close to the HV side of the auxiliary transformer
Short Circuit Current calculated with transformer impedance only
I AtHvNom
I AtSc  IAtSc  3240 A
z At

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Generator Differential (87G)
Relay Characteristic
Relay Type: DRS-COMPACT

Protective Function: Gen. Diff. 3-ph
Pickup Level: 0.05 - 0.60 A in steps of 0.01
Time Delay: no
Operating Principle
Differential protective functions are a selective unit protection system against 2 phase
and 3 phase short circuits inside the protective area which is restricted by the CT's
involved.
Also winding short circuits and two point earth faults if one point is inside the
protective are are detected.
The measuring principle is based on the current vector differential computation within
the protected zone of the relevant sets of CT's.
The picture below shows the stabilizing of the function with the restraint current which
is computed from the 1st harmonic currents of system 1.
6,0 BIAS=60%
BIAS=50%
Diff. Curr./ Rated Curr..
TRIP
5,0
BIAS=40%
4,0
Set
Diff
BIAS=30%
3,0 0.6
0.5
2,0 0.4
0.3
1,0
0.2 NOTRIP
01
0,0
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0
Restraint Curr./ RatedCurr.

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Associated CT's
System 1 is connected to the following CT: CT Generator Output
CTsec  CTGenOutSec CTsec  1 A
CTprim  CTGenOut  CTsec CTprim  3000 A
CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec
System 2 is connected to the following CT: CT Generator Neutral-End
Nominal Current
Nominal current of the protected device: Generator

I nom  IGenNom
Inom  2223 A
I nom
I nomSec  InomSec  0.74 A
CT
Setting Calculation
Setpoint given as following: Pickup1  10 %
Primary current calculated from relative pickup value and nominal current
I prim  Pickup1  I nom Iprim  222 A
Relay pickup value (secondary current) calculated from primary current and CT ratio.
Iprim
I sec  Isec  0.07 A
CT
High set current is the subtransient generator current
I HighSet  IGenSubTrans IHighSet  20973 A
IHighSet
I HighSetSec  IHighSetSec  6.99 A
CT
Pickup of high set current calculated with nominal current
IHighSet
Pickup2  Pickup2  943.40 %
Inom

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Settings for Stabilizing Characteristic
Bias of Characteristic chosen as following: Bias  45 %
Stabilizing Characteristic (Differential Current - Restrained Current)
The diagram shows the differential current (pickup current) over the restrained
current.
4
I.diff / pU
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I.restrained / pU

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Explanation to the diagram Differential Current over Restrained Current:
current. Both values are pU based on generator nominal.
The trip area is above the curve.
The DRS calculates the restrained current as the summation of the absolute value
of both currents of system 1 and system 2.
On this diagram the restrained current is shown in case of same current in system 1
and system 2. Therefore for this diagram the restrained current is the absolute value
of system 1.
The curve consists of 3 areas:
Area 1 is from zero to DRS nominal current which is

CTsec  1.00 A
Based on generator nominal current the first knee point of the curve is
CTprim
 135 % .
Inom
In this area the differential pickup current is constant
I sec  0.07 A
or based on generator nominal current
I prim
 10 %
I nom
Area 2 reaches up to the second knee point which is 3 times DRS nominal current.
3  CTsec  3.00 A .
Based on generator nominal current the second knee point of the curve is
3  CTprim
 405 %
I nom
In this area the differential pickup current increases by 30% which is fixed and not
adjustable.
Area 3 reaches from the second knee point up to the infinite.

The differential current increases by the setting "Bias" which is adjustable between
30% and 60%.
In the actual calculation the setting is
Bias  45 %
DRS Settings
Gen Diff 3-ph (87G)
Operate Value Isec  0.07 A
Bias Bias  45.00 %
High Set OC IHighSetSec  6.99 A
Saturation Detection 5 Per

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Inadvertent Energization (50G/27)


Protective Function: Inadvertent Energization
Operate Value I: 0.10 - 5.00 A in steps of 0.05
Operate Value U: 10 - 120 V in steps of 5.
Operating Principle
Inadvertent Energization is provided to isolate the generator from the system if it is

connected to the system by mistake. Also a short circuit during start of excitation is
detected earlier than with other protections.
The function works with overcurrent detection and overvoltage blocking. The current
setting is below the nominal current. The function is blocked with the voltage level. If
the voltage is higher than the voltage setting, the function is blocked. That means
the function can only trip if the current is higher than the current setting and the
voltage is lower than the voltage setting.
Associated CT
The function is connected to the following CT: CT Generator Neutral-End

CTsec  CTGenNeSec CTsec  1 A
CTprim  CTGenNe  CTsec CTprim  3000 A
CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec
Nominal Current

Inom  2223 A
I nom
CT
Associated VT
The function is connected to the following VT: VT Generator Output

VT sec  VT GenOutSec VT sec  100 V
VT prim  VTGenOut  VTsec VT prim  11500 V
VT prim
VT  VT  115
VT sec

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Nominal Voltage
Nominal voltage of the protected device: Generator

Unom  UGenNom
Unom  11500 V
Unom
UnomSec  UnomSec  100.00 V
VT
Setting Calculation for Voltage
Setpoint of voltage given as following: Pickup  60 %
Primary voltage calculated from relative pickup value and nominal voltage
Uprim  Pickup  Unom Uprim  6900 V
Relay pickup level (secondary voltage) calculated from primary voltage and VT ratio
Uprim
Usec  Usec  60.0 V
VT
Setting Calculation for Current
Setpoint of current given as following: Pickup  33.7%
I prim  Pickup  Inom Iprim  749 A
Relay pickup level (secondary current) calculated from primary current and CT ratio
Iprim
CT
DRS Settings
Inadvert. Energizing (50G/27)

Operate Value I Isec  0.25 A
Operate Value U Usec  60.00 V
Pickup Delay 0.50 s
Drop-off Delay 3.00 s

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Generator Overcurrent Voltage Restrained (51V)


Protective Function: Voltage Restrained OC
Operate Value: 0.10 - 5.00 A in steps of 0.05
Nominal Voltage: 70.0 - 140.0 V in steps of 1.00
Time Delay: 0.00 - 30.00 s in steps of 0.05
Operating Principle
Generator overcurrent protection is used to protect the transformer against short

circuits and thermal overload.
Additional it is a backup feature for all other generator protective functions.
This overcurrent function works with a current setting which is dependent on the
actual voltage level. The picture below shows the current setting multiplier over the
actual voltage.
OPERATE VALUE MULTIPLIER
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
PHASE-PHASE VOLTAGE (ACTUAL)
RATED PHASE-PHASE VOLTAGE (SET VALUE)

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Associated CT

CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec
Nominal Current

Inom  2223 A
I nom
CT
Associated VT

VT prim
VT  VT  115
VT sec
Nominal Voltage

Unom  UGenNom
Unom  11500 V
Unom
VT

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Setting Calculation
Pickup chosen as following: Pickup  121.4%
Operating value (secondary current) calculated from relative pickup value, nominal
current and CT ratio
Inom
I s  Pickup  Is  0.90 A
CT
Time delay chosen as following: TD  6s
The pickup value of 51V has to be compared with the AVR stator current limiter.
The stator current limiter is set to IAvrLimit  105.0 % . The current pickup of function
51V at U51Vmin  90.00 % is calculated to I51Vmin  121.4 % .
This value is higher than the AVR limiter.
Setting Characteristic (Setting - Voltage)
The setting value depends on the voltage level.

The diagram shows the setting value (in pU) in relation to the voltage level
(in percent of the nominal voltage level).
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
Pickup / pU
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Voltage / pU

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DRS Settings
Voltage Restraint OC (51V)

Operate Value Is  0.90 A
Nominal Voltage VTsec  100.0 V
Time Delay TD  6.00 s

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Underimpedance (21G)

Protective Function: Impedance 3-ph.
Pickup Level: 0.1 - 20.0  in steps of 0.1
Operating Principle
Underimpedance protection is used as a backup protection for short circuit protection

in the zone restricted to generator winding up to the main transformer.
The vectors of the phase currents IL1 and IL2 are subtracted for measuring system 1
and the impedance of system 1 is determined using phase to phase voltage UL1L2 .
The same relationship applies to the other two measuring systems with the
corresponding CT and VT inputs.
Associated CT

CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec
Associated VT

VT sec  VT GenOutSec
VT sec  100 V
VT prim  VTGenOut  VTsec
VT prim  11500 V
VT prim
VT 
VT sec VT  115

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Transformer Impedance
Secondary Impedance of Main Transformer measured by this protective function
CT
ZTsec  ZMtLvPrim  ZTsec  7.50 
VT
Relative Impedance of Main Transformer based on Generator Power
SGenNom
z Tgen  z Mt  z Tgen  9.6 %
SMtHvNom
Setting Calculation for Impedance Stage 1 Reach  110%
The stage "Impedance" starts, if both impedance level and current level is above the
setpoint.
Pickup of impedance stage given as following (reach of impedance measuring starting
at neutral-end side of generator)
Relay pickup level (secondary impedance) calculated from relative pickup value and
secondary transformer impedance
Xsec1  Reach  ZTsec Xsec1  8.25 
VT SGenNom
Xpu1  Xsec1   Xpu1  10.6 %
CT U 2
GenNom
TD1  3s
Time delay given as following:
Setting Calculation for Impedance Stage 2 Reach  75 %
The stage "Impedance" starts, if both impedance level and current level is above the
setpoint.
Pickup of impedance stage given as following (reach of impedance measuring starting
at neutral-end side of generator)
Relay pickup level (secondary impedance) calculated from relative pickup value and
secondary transformer impedance
Xsec2  Reach  ZTsec Xsec2  5.63 
VT SGenNom
Xpu2  Xsec2   Xpu2  7.2 %
CT U 2
GenNom
TD2  3s

28 / 118
The stage "Current" starts, if the current level is above the setpoint. Additional this
stage is used for the stage "Impedance".
Pickup of current stage given as following: Pickup  120%
Primary current calculated from relative pickup value and generator nominal current
I prim  Pickup  IGenNom Iprim  2668 A
Iprim
CT
DRS Settings
Impedance 3-ph. (21G.1)

Operate Value Xsec1  8.25 
Current Interlock Isec  0.89 A
Time Delay Impedance TD1  3.00 s
Impedance 3-ph. (21G.2)

Operate Value Xsec2  5.63 
Current Interlock Isec  0.89 A
Time Delay Impedance TD2  3.00 s
Can't put exactly the settings values. Settings set as per these pictures above

29 / 118
Setting Characteristic
The diagram shows the setting value (in pU) as a green circle, the trip is inside.
The red characteristic shows the nominal generator load area
The black line shows the transformer impedance.
0.5
Imaginary part of Z / pU
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0.5
Real part of Z / pU

30 / 118
Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46G)

Protective Function: Neg.Ph.Sequ.2-st.
Pickup Level 1: 2.0 - 50.0 % in steps of 0.5
Time Delay 1: 0.00 - 30.00 s in steps of 0.05
Pickup Level 2: 2.0 - 50.0 % in steps of 0.5
Operating Principle
Two-phase short-circuits, conductor breakage on overhead lines or defective breaker

poles cause high asymmetrical loads on three-phase generators.
An asymmetrical rotating field may be divided into a positive and a negative
component by means of the "symmetrical components" method, where the negative
phase sequence component includes currents with double frequency in the rotor,
causing inadmissible temperature rises in the damper bars.
The unbalance protection system measures this dangerous situation and trips or
isolates the generator whenever an admissible unbalance load value is exceeded.
This function works with definite time characteristic.
Associated CT

CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec
Nominal Current

Inom  2223 A
I nom
CT

31 / 118
Compensation Factor
The protection pU system is based on the generator nominal current and the DRS
pU system is based on the CT current. Therefore a compensation factor is used to
convert between these two pu systems:
Inom
CompFact  CompFact  0.74
CTprim
Setting Calculation Stage 1

Pickup46G1  12.1%
Setpoint given as following:
This setpoint must be multiplied with the compensation factor CompFact to

convert to the DRS pU system:
PickupDRS1  Pickup46G1  CompFact PickupDRS1  9.0 %

TD46G1  3s
DRS Settings
Neg Ph Sequ 2-st (46G)

Operate Value St.1 PickupDRS1  8.97 %
Time Delay St.1 TD46G1  3.00 s

32 / 118
Negative Sequence Overcurrent Inverse (46Ginv)

Protective Function: Inverse Time Neg.Ph.Sequ.
CT Ratio Comp.: 0.40 - 2.00 in steps of 0.01
Cont. Unbal. Load: 2.0 - 25.0 % in steps of 0,5
Time Constant: 1 - 50 minutes in steps of 1
Neg.Ph.Sequ. Alarm: 5 - 100 % in steps of 1
Neg.Ph.Sequ. Trip: 5 - 100 % in steps of 1
Operating Principle
Two-phase short-circuits, conductor breakage on overhead lines or defective breaker

poles cause high asymmetrical loads on three-phase generators.
An asymmetrical rotating field may be divided into a positive and a negative
component by means of the "symmetrical components" method, where the negative
phase sequence component includes currents with double frequency in the rotor,
causing inadmissible temperature rises in the damper bars.
The unbalance protection system measures this dangerous situation and trips or
isolates the generator whenever an admissible unbalance load value is exceeded.
This function works with inverse time characteristic. the temperature rise of the rotor,
respectively the damper winding itself according to a simplified model is illustrated in
the following formula:
2
 NPS    1  exp  t  
 ( t) =  limit     
 NPScont     
For more details please refer to the DRS function library !
Associated CT

CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec

33 / 118
Nominal Current

Inom  2223 A
I nom
CT
Compensation Factor
The protection pU system is based on the generator nominal current and the DRS
pU system is based on the CT current. Therefore a compensation factor is used to
convert between these two pu systems:
Inom
CompFact  CompFact  0.74
CTprim
Setting Calculation
The time constant for the DRS function is calculated with the negative phase
sequence characteristic NPScharact  30.0 s and the continuous negative
phase sequence NPScont  15.0 % of the generator:
NPScharact
TimeConst  TimeConst  22.22 min
2
NPScont
Chosen value: TimeConst  22 min
The continuous negative phase sequence of the DRS function is chosen lower than the
value of the generator to keep the trip curve below the generator negative sequence
capability curve:
NPScontDRS  15 %
Pickup46GinvAlarm  80 %
The alarm of the function chosen as following:
Pickup46GinvTrip  100%
The trip of the function chosen as following:

34 / 118
The alarm curve of the DRS follows according the formula:
 2

Alarm ( NPS)  TimeConst  ln  
NPS
 NPS2  NPS 2
 Pickup 
 contDRS 46GinvAlarm 
The trip curve of the DRS follows according the formula:
 2

Trip ( NPS)  TimeConst  ln  NPS 
 NPS2  NPS 2 
 contDRS  Pickup46GinvTrip 
DRS Settings
Inv. Time Neg.Ph.Sequ (46Ginv)

CT Ratio Compensation CompFact  0.74
Continuous Unbalance Load NPScontDRS  15.00 %
Time Constant TimeConst  22 min
Negative Phase Sequence Alarm Pickup46GinvAlarm  80 %
Negative Phase Sequence Trip Pickup46GinvTrip  100 %

35 / 118
The following diagram shows the negative phase sequence over the time.
The generator negative phase sequence characteristic is shown as a blue curve.

The Alarm stage of the protective function is shown as a cyan curve.
The Trip stage of the protective function is shown as a red curve.
Additional the alarm definite stage (46G.1) is shown in cyan.
The tripping area is above the curves.
0.9
0.8
0.7
Negative Sequence Current / pU
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time / sec
generator
alarm
trip
definite 1

36 / 118
Generator Overvoltage (59G)


Protective Function: Voltage 3-ph.2-st.
Pickup Level 1: 2.0 - 200.0 V in steps of 0.2
Time Delay 1: 0.00 - 30.00 sec in steps of 0.05
Operating Principle
Generator overvoltage protection is used to detect dangerous conditions for the

winding and laminated iron insulation.
Associated VT

VT sec  VT GenOutSec
VT sec  100 V
VT prim  VTGenOut  VTsec
VT prim  11500 V
VT prim
VT 
VT sec VT  115
Nominal Voltage

Unom  UGenNom
Unom  11500 V
Unom
VT

37 / 118
Setpoint given as following: Pickup59G1  112%
Uprim  Pickup59G1  Unom Uprim  12880 V
Relay pickup level (secondary voltage) calculated from primary voltage and VT
ratio
Uprim
U59G1  U59G1  112.0 V
VT
TD59G1  10 s

Pickup59G2  120%
Uprim  Pickup59G2  Unom Uprim  13800 V
Uprim
U59G2  U59G2  120.0 V
VT
TD59G2  4s
DRS Settings
Voltage 3-ph 2-st (59G)

Operate Value St.1 U59G1  112.0 V
Operate Value St.2 U59G2  120.0 V
Type Overdetection

38 / 118
Generator Undervoltage (27G)


Operating Principle
Generator undervoltage protection is used to isolate the generator from the system
in case of an undervoltage condition.
Associated VT

VT prim
VT  VT  115
VT sec
Nominal Voltage

Unom  UGenNom
Unom  11500 V
Unom
VT

39 / 118
Setpoint given as following: Pickup  90 %
Uprim
Usec1  Usec1  90.0 V
VT
Time delay given as following: TD1  10 s
Uprim
Usec2  Usec2  70.0 V
VT
Time delay given as following: TD2  3s
DRS Settings
Voltage 3-ph 2-st (27G)

Operate Value St.1 Usec1  90.0 V
Time Delay St.1 TD1  10.00 s
Operate Value St.2 Usec2  70.0 V
Type Underdetection

40 / 118
Under - Frequency (81G.u)


Protective Function: Frequency 4-st.
Pickup Level: 10 - 65 Hz in steps of 0.01
Time Delay: 0.00 - 30.00 sec in steps of 0.05
Operating Principle
Underfrequency protection is used to protect gas turbine and generator against low
frequency. Auxiliary drives are protected against overload during low frequency.
Setting Calculation Underfrequency Stage 1
Relay pickup level (frequency) calculated from relative pickup value and generator
nominal frequency
f 1  Pickup  f GenNom f1  49.0 Hz

TD1  10 s
Setting Calculation Underfrequency Stage 2
nominal frequency

41 / 118
DRS Settings
Frequency 4-st (81G.u)

Minimum Voltage Setting 70 V
Maximum Voltage Setting 140 V
Operate Value St.1 f1  49.00 Hz
Type St.1 Underdetection
Type St.2 Underdetection

42 / 118
Over - Frequency (81G.o)


Protective Function: Frequency 4-st.
Pickup Level: 10 - 65 Hz in steps of 0.01
Operating Principle
Overfrequency protection is used to protect gas turbine and generator against high
frequency and Overspeed.
Setting Calculation Overfrequency Stage 1
Setpoint given as following: Pickup  103%
nominal frequency

TD1  10 s
nominal frequency

TD2  3s
Remark: This function is blocked, when generator is off-line !
nominal frequency
Time delay given as following: TD3  30 s

43 / 118
DRS Settings
Frequency 4-st (81G.o)

Minimum Voltage Setting 70 V
Maximum Voltage Setting 140 V
Type St.1 Overdetection

44 / 118
Reverse Power (32R)


Protective Function: Rev. Power 3-ph.1-st.
Pickup Level: -5.0 - -0.2 % Pn in steps of 0.1
Operating Principle
Reverse power protection prevents the generator of working as motor.
Associated CT

CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec
Associated VT

VT prim
VT  VT  115
VT sec

45 / 118
Setting Calculation
Pickup  5%
With the chosen relative pickup value the absolute generator power is calculated
Pprim  Pickup  SGenNom  cos Pprim  1882 kW
The next calculated value gives the nominal absolute protection power which is
based on CT and VT primary data.
PProtnom  3  CTprim  VT  100V PProtnom  59756 kW
With the absolute generator power and the nominal absolute protection power the
relative setpoint for the protection system is calculated.
Pprim
SetpointRelay  SetpointRelay  3.1 %
PProtnom
Time delay given as following: TD  3s
DRS Settings
Rev Power 3-ph 1-st (32R)

Operate Value SetpointRelay  3.1 %
Power Direction Direction 1
Phase Rotation Right
CT Error Compensation 0.0 deg

46 / 118
Low Forward Power (32L)


Protective Function: Dir. Power 3-ph.1-st.
Pickup Level: 2 - 150 % Pn in steps of 1
Operating Principle
Low forward power protection prevents the generator of working as motor.
Associated CT
The function is connected to the following CT: CT Generator Measure

CTsec  CTGenMeaSec CTsec  1 A
CTprim  CTGenMea  CTsec CTprim  3000 A
CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec
Associated VT

VT prim
VT  VT  115
VT sec

47 / 118
Setting Calculation
Setpoint given as following: Pickup  3.2%
With the chosen relative pickup value the absolute generator power is calculated
Pprim  Pickup  SGenNom  cos Pprim  1204 kW
The next calculated value gives the nominal absolute protection power which is
based on CT and VT primary data.
PProtnom  3  CTprim  VT  100V PProtnom  59756 kW
With the absolute generator power and the nominal absolute protection power the
relative setpoint for the protection system is calculated.
Pprim
SetpointRelay  SetpointRelay  2.0 %
PProtnom

TD  3s
DRS Settings
Dir. Power 3-ph.1-st. (32L)

Operate Value SetpointRelay  2 %
Power Direction Direction 2
Type Overdetection
CT Error Compensation 0.0 deg

48 / 118
Overfluxing (24G)

Protective Function: Overfluxing
Pickup Level 1: 0.80 - 1.50 pU in steps of 0.01
Operating Principle
Electrical Equipment is designed and dimensioned for a maximum magnetic flux

during operation. If this value is exceeded, the equipment may suffer direct or
indirect damage. The increased magnetizing current, with a higher harmonic content,
of a transformer for example, not only causes heating up of the transformer, but also
produces in inadmissible high voltage peaks in the field circuit.
The Overfluxing protection is a single phase system. The supplied voltage signal is
sampled 12 times per cycle. The value and frequency of the signal for each sample
are determined, using the Fourier transformation and subsequently the value V/f is
calculated. This value is then compared with the nominal value Vn /fn and the
saturation value S is derived.
Associated VT

VT prim
VT  VT  115
VT sec

49 / 118
Setpoint of stage 1 given as following: Pickup24G1  107%
Time delay given as following: TD24G1  5s
DRS Settings
Overfluxing (24G)
Operate Value St.1 Pickup24G1  1.07
Nominal Frequency fGenNom  50.0 Hz

50 / 118
The diagram compares the setting of 59G and 24G (at nominal frequency
f GenNom  50 Hz ).
1 10
3
100
Time / sec
10
1
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45
Voltage / pU
59G.1
59G.2
24G.1
24G.2

51 / 118
Underexcitation (40G)

Protective Function: Underexcitation 3-ph.
Quadr. axis react.: 0.50 - 5.00 pU in steps of 0.01
System reactance: 0.00 - 0.20 pU in steps of 0.01
Rotor Angle: 30 - 150 deg in steps of 1
Operating Principle
The underexcitation protection is used to detect failures in the excitation system of

synchronous generators to prevent damage to the equipment and power swings in
the system.
The rotor angle  is calculated with the measured current and voltage and the given
value for quadrature reactance.
This angle is compared with the setpoint.
Active Power (p.u.)
1,0
0,9 0,9
0,9
0,8 0,8
0,8
0,7 0,7
0,7
io n
0,6 0,6 0,6

Tr ip
pe rat
0,5 0,5 0,5

al O
0,4 0,4 0,4

Norm
0,3 0,3 0,3

0,2 0,2 0,2
0,1  0,1 0,1
-1,0 -0,9 -0,8 -0,6 -0,5 -0,4 -0,3 -0,2 -0,1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
Reactive Power (p.u.)

52 / 118
Associated CT

CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec
Nominal Current

Inom  2223 A
I nom
CT
Associated VT

VT prim
VT  VT  115
VT sec
Nominal Voltage

Unom  UGenNom
Unom  11500 V
Unom
VT

53 / 118
Setting Calculation
In protection calculation there are two different relative systems (pU systems). One
system is based on generator nominal data, the other is based on protection
nominal data, which is equal to CT and VT primary data. Therefore a
"Compensation factor" is used to convert between these two different systems.
Unom CTprim VTsec

CompFact    CompFact  1.35
VTprim Inom 100V
Stage 1
The quadrature reactance is calculated with the pickup level and the synchronous
generator reactance
xq  Pickup  xsynch xq  1.68
The base point in the generator load diagram is calculated with the quadrature
reactance and the generator nominal power
SGenNom
Basepoint  Basepoint  26358 kVAr
xq
The quadrature reactance is converted from generator nominal values to protection

nominal values with the compensation factor
xqProt1  xq  CompFact xqProt1  2.27
The system reactance is calculated from the transformer short circuit impedance.
The result is converted to relative values based on protection nominal data.
xs  0.0000001 xsProt1  xs  CompFact xsProt1  0.00
The rotor angle is measured from the generator load diagram.
 1  85 deg

54 / 118
For comparison the Excitation Limiter of the excitation system is also shown in the
diagram below. Therefore the settings of the excitation is given as following:
Pickupexc  115%
Quadrature and System Reactance from Underexcitation Limiter:
xqExc  Pickupexc  xsynch xqExc  1.84
xsExc  0.000000001
Rotor angle from static Underexcitation Limiter:  ExcStatic  75 deg
Rotor angle from differential Underexcitation Limiter:  ExcDiff  85 deg
The following diagram shows the tripping characteristic of the underexcitation

function in the power (P-Q) plane.
The capability curve (red) is shown only as a circle and does not represent the real
curve.
The underexcitation tripping line is shown in blue on the capacitive area.
The underexcitation Limiter in the excitation system is shown in green.
1.2
0.8
Active Power / pU
0.6
0.4
0.2
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Reactive Power / pU
Capability Curve
Underexcitation Limiter static
Underexcitation Limiter diff
40

55 / 118
The following diagram shows the tripping characteristic of the underexcitation function in the
impedance (R-X) plane.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Reactance / pU
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Resistance / pU
Capability Curve
40

56 / 118
DRS Settings
Underexcitation 3-ph (40G)

Quadrature Axis React xqProt1  2.27
System Reactance xsProt1  0.00
Voltage Direction Direction 1
Operate Value St.1  1  85.00 deg

57 / 118
Out of Step (78G)


Protective Function: Out of Step
Base Point (R1): -100.0 - 100.0  in steps of 0.1
Offset (R1-R2): 10.0 - 250.0  in steps of 0.1
Slope: 20.0 - 90.0 deg in steps of 0.1
Imp.Circle Diam.: 10.0 - 500.0  in steps of 0.1
Imp.Circle Cent.: -250.0 - 250.0  in steps of 0.1
Operating Principle
The out of step function is a 3-phase 1-stage relay with blocking at occurrence of
negative phase sequence currents and undervoltage.
It calculates the impedance vector with the positive sequence voltages and currents.
The relay supervises the movement of the vector and by detecting of a trigger
condition a trip will be initiated.
IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM
X [p.u.]
zS
2 xT ADAPT.
xT
p
 
R [p.u.]
-0.5 0.5
x d’
IMP. CIRCLE
BASE
CENTER
POINT
(R1)
IMP. CIRCLE DIAMETER
IMPEDANCE
3 xd’ ADAPTED
CIRCLE
-0.5
OFFSET (R1-R2)
-1.0
VERTICAL BLINDER R2
VERTICAL BLINDER R1
LEGEND
xd’ adapted transient generator reactance
xT adapted transformer reactance
zS adapted external system impedance (line)
 rotor angle (between E p and Uline): 120°/240°
p phase angle (between Ep-Uline and Igenerator)
R1 distance between coordinate zero-point and blinder R1
R1-R2 distance between blinder R1 and blinder R2
[p.u.] refered to RELAY NOM. VALUES/
all imp. set values to be adapted to RELAY NOM. VALUES

58 / 118
Associated CT
The function is connected to the following CT: CT Generator Output

CTsec  CTGenOutSec CTsec  1 A
CTprim  CTGenOut  CTsec CTprim  3000 A
CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec
Nominal Current

Inom  2223 A
I nom
CT
Associated VT

VT prim
VT  VT  115
VT sec
Nominal Voltage

Unom  UGenNom
Unom  11500 V
Unom
VT

59 / 118
Setting Calculation
The transformer reactance is the short circuit impedance from the main transformer:
SGenNom
xT  z Mt  xT  9.6 %
SMtHvNom
The system impedance is based on main transformer nominal power and must
be adapted to be based on generator nominal power
SGenNom
z SysGen  z SysMt  z SysGen  0.84  4.74i %
SMtHvNom
A compensation factor is used to convert between pU-values and secondary values in

Ohm:
2
UGenNom CT
F   F  77.91 
SGenNom VT
The locus is calculated according the drawing above with transient generator reactance
and transformer reactance:
 
z  j  xtrans  xT  z SysGen z  0.008  0.294i
With the result of the locus the two blinders R1 and R2 can be calculated.
The first blinder R1 crosses the real axis at the point calculated below. If the load point
moves over the blinder R1, the function initiates an alarm.
z
xtrans  tan ( 30 deg)
2
R1   R1  0.089
tan ( arg ( z ) ) sin ( arg ( z ) )
The offset shows the distance between the two blinders R1 and R2. If the load point
moves over the blinder R2 within a given time, the function initiates an alarm.
z tan ( 30 deg)
Offset  2   Offset  0.170
2 sin ( arg ( z ) )
The slope of the two blinders is calculated from the angle of the locus:
Slope  arg ( z ) Slope  88.370 deg

60 / 118
The base point R1 of the first blinder must be converted to a secondary value in ohm
by means of the compensation factor:
R1  8.91 % R1 sec  R1  F R1 sec  6.94 
The offset between the two blinders R1 and R2 must be converted to a secondary
value in ohm by means of the compensation factor:
Offset  16.97 % Offsetsec  Offset  F Offsetsec  13.22 
The slope of the blinders is already calculated and does not need to be converted:
Slope  88.4 deg
The load point must pass the two blinders R1 and R2 inside the impedance circle.
According the drawing above the diameter of the circle is calculated:
ImpCircDia  3  xtrans  2  xT ImpCircDia  0.643
The diameter of the circle must be multiplied with the compensation factor for
secondary values in ohm
ImpCircDia sec  ImpCircDia  F ImpCircDia sec  50.06 
The center of the impedance circle is also calculated according the drawing above:
 ImpCircDia  2  x 
ImpCircCent   T ImpCircCent  0.129
 2 
The center of the circle must be multiplied with the compensation factor for secondary
values in ohm
ImpCircCent sec  ImpCircCent  F ImpCircCent sec  10.03 
The number of slip pulses until a trip is initiated is chosen as following:

SlipPulses  2

61 / 118
The oscillation frequency of the generator is chosen as following:
fosc  2Hz
The time for the locus to move one cycle is calculated with the oscillation frequency
1
t cycle  tcycle  0.50 s
f osc
The time for the locus to move from R1 to R2 is calculated with the oscillation frequency and
the offset
 Offset 
asin  
1  2 
t R1R2   tR1R2  0.01 s
f osc 
The minimum time for the locus to move from R1 to R2 is calculated with t.R1R2 as
following (valid for the first slip):
Pickup  90 %
t1  Pickup  tR1R2 t1  12.17 ms
The maximum time for one complete slip is calculated with t.cycle as following (valid for
the first slip):
Pickup  200%
T1  Pickup  t cycle T1  1.00 s
The minimum time for the locus to move from R1 to R2 is calculated with t.R1R2 as
following (valid from slip 2 until last trip):
Pickup  80 %
t2  Pickup  tR1R2 t2  10.82 ms
The maximum time for one complete slip is calculated with t.cycle as following (valid
from slip 2 until last trip):
Pickup  200%

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T2  Pickup  t cycle T2  1.00 s
Total time for all slips together is calculated as following:
T3  T1  ( SlipPulses  1)  T2 T3  2.00 s
The maximum negative phase sequence is chosen as following (if the negative phase
sequence is higher, the out-of-step function is blocked):
NPS  10 %
The minimum current value is chosen as following (if the current is below the setting,
the out-of-step function is blocked):
CurrentInterlock  0A
DRS Settings
Out of Step (78G)

Base Point (R1) R1sec  6.94 
Offset (R1-R2) Offsetsec  13.22 
Slope Slope  88.4 deg
Impedance Circle Diameter ImpCircDia sec  50.06 
Impedance Circle Center ImpCircCent sec  10.03 
Slip Pulse Numbers SlipPulses  2
Time Slot t1 t1  0.01 s
Slip Cycle T1 T1  1.00 s
Time Slot t2 t2  0.01 s
Slip Cycle T2 T2  1.00 s
Look-up Time T3 T3  2.00 s
Negative Phase Sequence NPS  10.0 %
Current Interlock CurrentInterlock  0.00 A
Trip instantaneous
Current Direction Direction 1

63 / 118
The following diagram shows the impedance circle and the two locus R1 and R2
according calculation above.
The load point must cross the two locus R1 and R2 inside the circle within the given
time. Additional the number of slips must be fulfilled to initiate an alarm and a trip.
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Reactance / pU
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
Resistance / pU
Capability Curve
Impedance Circle
R1
R2
40

64 / 118
Stator Earth Fault (64G95/51GN)

Protective Function: Current 1-ph.1-st.
Associated CT: CT at star-point of generator
Operating Principle
During stator earth fault the current is limited by a resistor in the neutral circuit. The
earth fault current through the generator is measured by the "generator ground CT".
This CT is connected to a single phase Overcurrent function to detect a stator earth
fault.
Setting Calculation
In case of an earth fault at the setpoint level, the voltage at the star-point of the
generator is calculated from relative pickup value and the nominal star voltage
UGenNom
UG  Pickup  UG  332 V
3
The voltage at the secondary side of the grounding transformer is calculated from
primary voltage and grounding transformer ratio
UG
UGsec  UGsec  6.6 V
VTGenN
The zero sequence current on the secondary side of the grounding transformer, which
is also the current through the resistor, is calculated from the secondary voltage and
the resistor impedance
UGsec
I groundsec  Igroundsec  25.0 A
RGenNSec
The zero sequence current through the generator is calculated from the secondary
current value and the grounding transformer ratio
I groundsec
I ground  Iground  0.50 A
VTGenN

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Relay pickup level (secondary zero sequence current) calculated from secondary
resistance current and secondary grounding CT ratio
Igroundsec
I Relay  IRelay  0.10 A
CTsecGenN
Time delay given as following: TD  0.2s
DRS Settings
Current 1-ph 1-st (64G95/51GN)

Operate Value IRelay  0.10 A
Type Overdetection

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Stator Earth Fault 3rd Harmonics (64G100/27GN)

Protective Function: STE 3rd Harmonic
Operate Value: 0.2 - 5.0 V in steps of 0.1
Ratio: 0.20 - 5.00 in steps of 0.05
Associated VT: open delta VT and Star point VT
Operating Principle
The stator earth fault protection is used to detect earth faults in the stator winding by
evaluating the 3rd harmonic in the generator voltage.
The distribution of the 3rd harmonic over neutral and terminal side is taken for the
evaluation of earth faults close to the generator neutral. The 3rd harmonic is
measured in the generator neutral with the star point transformer and on the
generator terminals with the open delta VT.
In case of an earth fault, the 3rd harmonic in the neutral is shorted whereby the
value on the generator terminals is increased by the same value.

67 / 118
Setting Calculation
The correct settings have to be determined on site during earth fault tests. For this
purpose different measurements of the 3rd harmonic in the generator neutral and
on the generator terminals have to be done in dependence of different generator
loads for the healthy condition and for an earth fault.
There should be a difference between the measured values for the healthy
condition and for the case of an earth fault. The setting of the operate value has to
be chosen to be inside this gap. If this is not possible, also the ratio can be changed
to improve the situation.
Setpoint of chosen as following (must be adapted during commissioning):
Pickup  0.5%
Primary voltage calculated from relative pickup value and VT open-delta nominal
voltage
Uprim  Pickup  VTOd  VT OdSec Uprim  58 V
Relay pickup level (secondary voltage) calculated from primary voltage and VT
open-delta ratio
Uprim
VT Od
Ratio to adapt the open delta VT and star point VT ratio:

VT Od
Ratio  Ratio  1.33
3 VT GenN
DRS Settings
STE 3rd Harmonic (64G100)

Operate Value Usec  0.5 V
Ratio Ratio  1.33

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Cable Earth Fault (64B)

Pickup Level: 2.0 - 200.0 V in steps of 0.2
Associated VT: open delta VT
Operating Principle
The cable earth fault is detected by an open delta VT.

This signal is connected to a single phase voltage function to detect this kind of fault.
Associated VT
The function is connected to the following VT: VT Open Delta

VT sec  VT OdSec VT sec  100 V
VT prim  VTOd  VT sec VT prim  11500 V
VT prim
VT  VT  115
VT sec
Nominal Voltage

Unom  UGenNom
Unom  11500 V
Unom
VT

69 / 118
Setting Calculation
Uprim
VT
DRS Settings
Voltage 1-ph 1-st (64B)

Operate Value Usec  12.0 V
Type Overdetection

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Breaker Failure (50BF)


Operating Principle
The Breaker Failure Function detects the malfunction of 52G - opening. As a result,
the next breaker (52L) will be tripped. The malfunction is detected by supervision of
the generator current, that means after tripping of the breaker, the current must
decrease to a very low level. The function is realized by an overcurrent function
which is always blocked with the signal "Breaker Failure" and is only active during a
trip of the breaker 52G.
Additional to the current function which works only with current, a digital
signalfunction is added, which starts with the inverted "Breaker Failure" signal and
will stop with the "CB open" feedback from the breaker.
Associated CT

CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec
Nominal Current

Inom  2223 A
I nom
CT

71 / 118
Setting Calculation
Relay pickup value (secondary current) calculated from primary current and CT ratio
Iprim
CT
Time delay given as following: TD50BF  0.25s
DRS Settings
Current 1-ph 1-st (50BF)

Time Delay TD50BF  0.25 s
Type Overdetection

72 / 118
Voltage Balance (60)

Protective Function: Voltage Balance 2
Pickup Level I: 0.10 - 3.00 A in steps of 0.05
Pickup Level U: 5,0 - 100.0 V in steps of 0.5
Operating Principle
The Voltage Balance Function detects a fault at the voltage transformer or the
connection to the voltage transformer by comparing the three phases of the voltage
inputs.
The function calculates the negative phase sequence voltage and the output will be
active if this level is higher than the selected pickup level.
The function will be blocked if the negative phase sequence of the current input will
exceed the pickup level, to prevent a malfunction during a real short circuit in the
plant.
Associated CT

CTprim
CT  CT  3000
CTsec
Nominal Current

Inom  2223 A
I nom
CT

73 / 118
Associated VT

VT prim
VT  VT  115
VT sec
Nominal Voltage

Unom  UGenNom
Unom  11500 V
Unom
VT
Setting Calculation for Voltage
Setpoint of voltage given as following: Pickup  25 %
Uprim
VT
The following checks, that the function will become active if one phase is missing.
Therefore the 3 phase system calculated in phasor spelling with 80% voltage
UA  0V  exp ( 0  j )
UGenNom
UB  80 %  exp ( 120deg  j )
3
UGenNom
UC  80 %  exp ( 120deg  j )
3

74 / 118
The DRS input is the phase-phase voltage
UAB  UA  UB
UBC  UB  UC
UCA  UC  UA
The unity phasor given as following
 2  
a  exp  j
 3 
The negative sequence system calculated as following:
1
Uneg    UAB  a  UBC  a  UCA
2
3  
The negative sequence in absolute and secondary value:
Uneg
Unegsec 
VT Unegsec  26.7 V
The voltage pickup level ( Usec  25.0 V ) must be lower than the calculated
negative sequence value ( Unegsec  26.7 V ).
Setpoint of current given as following: Pickup  20.2%
I prim  Pickup  Inom

Iprim  449 A
Iprim
I sec 
CT Isec  0.15 A

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DRS Settings
Voltage Balance 2 (60)

Operate Value I Isec  0.15 A
Operate Value U Usec  25.0 V

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Block Differential (87B)

Protective Function: Transformer Diff. 3-ph 3-branch
Time Delay: no
Operating Principle
The connected CT's define the protective range.
The differential protection function is used as selective protection in case of
interwinding faults and in low impedance earthed systems in case of earth faults. The
measuring principle is to form the difference between the CT secondary currents at
either end of the protected zone.
All analog signals of the function are sampled 12 times per cycle. Vector group
compensation is traced digitally, according to the vector group set in the parameter
field. As a result, the currents from all sides of the protected object are available in
the proper phase angle for further processing. Any zero sequence currents that
possibly occur on the protected object are compensated by activating the zero
sequence filter.
The ratio settings "CT ratio compensation" take account of the transformer ratio and
the CT ratio.
The measured values are then added, phase by phase, to the differential current.
The fundamental wave as well as the 2nd harmonic and the 5th harmonic of the
differential current are then calculated, phase by phase.
All current inputs of the differential protection determine the restraint current, phase
by phase. It is the maximum value of the fundamental wave of the currents.
If the tripping condition is met within 24 consecutive samples, the signals "tripping"
and "differential current" in the trip matrix are activated.
The tripping of a phase is blocked whenever the ratio between 2nd harmonic or 5th
harmonic and fundamental wave of the differential current exceeds the values set in
the parameter filed. As a result any false tripping of the differential protection is
prevented when energizing a transformer.
In case of a system disturbance, currents with a higher harmonic contents can also
appear. Whenever the differential current exceeds the value set for parameter
"high-set overcurrent", the harmonic restraint is blocked, phase by phase,
irrespective of the higher harmonic contents; eventually tripping is enabled, phase by
phase. Function output "restraint" indicated the condition of the restraint feature.
The trip output is reset whenever the initiating signal has disappeared during 36
consecutive samples.

77 / 118
6,0 BIAS=60%
BIAS=50%
TRIP
5,0
BIAS=40%
4,0
Set
Diff
BIAS=30%
3,0 0.6
0.5
2,0 0.4
0.3
1,0
0.2 NOTRIP
01
0,0
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0

78 / 118
Associated CT's
System 1 is connected to the following CT: CT Main Transformer HV
CT1sec  CTMtHvSec
CT1sec  1 A
CT1prim  CTMtHv  CT1sec
CT1prim  200 A
CT1prim
CT1 
CT1sec CT1  200
System 2 is connected to the following CT: CT Main Transformer LV
CT2sec  CTMtLvSec
CT2sec  1 A
CT2prim  CTMtLv  CT2sec
CT2prim  3000 A
CT2prim
CT2 
CT2sec CT2  3000
System 3 is connected to the following CT: CT Auxiliary Transformer HV
CT3sec  CTAtHvSec
CT3sec  1 A
CT3prim  CTAtHv  CT3sec
CT3prim  800 A
CT3prim
CT3 
CT3sec CT3  800
Nominal Current
Nominal current of the protected device: Main Transformer
I nom  IMtHvNom Inom  177 A
I nom
CT1

79 / 118
Nominal Voltage
System 1: Main transformer nominal HV voltage
USys1  UMtHvNom
USys1  150000 V
System 2: Main transformer nominal LV voltage

USys2  UMtLvNom
USys2  11500 V
System 3: Auxiliary transformer nominal HV voltage

USys3  UAtHvNom
USys3  6600 V
Setting Calculation

Iprim  53 A
Relay pickup level (secondary current) calculated from primary current and CT1 ratio
Iprim
I sec 
CT1 Isec  0.27 A
High Set Overcurrent

The high set overcurrent is equal to the main transformer short circuit current
I High  IMtSc IHigh  1771 A
IHigh
I HighSec 
CT1 IHighSec  8.85 A
CT Compensation
The CT compensation is used to compensate the different CT ratio on the inputs of

the protection.
CT2prim USys2
CTcomp21   CTcomp21  1.15
CT1prim USys1
CT3prim USys3
CT1prim USys1

80 / 118
Bias of Characteristic chosen as following:

Bias  45 %
current.
4
I.diff / pU
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I.restrained / pU

81 / 118
of all currents of system 1 and system 2 (and system 3 if any).

CTsec  1.00 A
CT1prim
 113 % .
I nom
I sec  0.27 A
or based on transformer nominal current
I prim
 30 %
I nom
3  CT1sec  3.00 A .
3  CT1prim
 339 %
I nom
adjustable.

30% and 60%.
Bias  45 %

82 / 118
DRS Settings
Gen 3.inp.3-ph.-H (87B)
Vector Group 1-2 0
Vector Group 1-3 0
Zero Sequence Filter System 1 On
Zero Sequence Filter System 2 Off
2nd Harmonic 25 %
5th Harmonic 15 %
High Set Overcurrent IHighSec  8.9 A
CT Ratio Compensation 2-1 CTcomp21  1.15
Harmonic Bias cross blocking
Impotant Note !
The settings for 2nd Harmonic and 5th Harmonic must be adapted during commissioning.
Several tests (switch on of main transformer) must be done to find out the highest value of
inrush current.
The fault recording feature in DRS-WIN can be used to read out the inrush current and
measure the 2nd and 5th Harmonics. Therefore a not used logic function can be used to
trigger the fault recorder every time the circuit breaker closes.

83 / 118
Block & Main Transformer Inverse Time Overcurrent (51Binv & 51MTinv)

Protective Function: Inverse Time Overcurrent 3-ph, 2-st
Operating Value St.1: 0.05 - 2.00 A in steps of 0.01
Time Multiplier TMS: 0.05 - 1.00 in steps of 0.05
Time Delay St.2: 0.00 - 31.00 s in steps of 0.05
Operating Principle
Transformer overcurrent protection is used to protect the transformer against short

circuits.
The first stage of this function works with inverse time operating characteristic
according four standard curves: extremely, very, normal and long inverse.
The second stage of this function works with definite time characteristic.
Associated CT
The function is connected to the following CT: CT Main Transformer HV

CTsec  CTMtHvSec
CTsec  1 A
CTprim  CTMtHv  CTsec
CTprim  200 A
CTprim
CT 
CTsec CT  200
Nominal Current
I nom  IMtHvNom Inom  177 A

84 / 118
Setting Calculation
Characteristic chosen as following:

Characteristic  "Normal Inverse"
Pickup of stage 1 chosen as following:

Pickup  105%
Operating value of stage 1 (secondary current) calculated from relative pickup value,
transformer nominal current and CT ratio
I s1prim  Pickup  I nom
Is1prim  186 A
Is1prim
I s1sec 
CT Is1sec  0.93 A
I s1sec
I s1  Is1  0.93
CTsec
Time multiplier of stage 1 chosen as following:

TMS  0.1s
Operate value of stage 2 chosen equal to subtransient main transformer current:
Pickup  105%
I s2prim  Pickup  I MtSubTrans Is2prim  885 A
Is2prim
I s2sec  Is2sec  4.42 A
CT
I s2sec
I s2  Is2  4.42
CTsec
I s2prim
I s2pU  Is2pU  5.00
I nom
Time delay of stage 2 chosen as following: TD  0.000001s

85 / 118
Trip Characteristic (Time - Current)
Trip characteristic shown on double logarithm scale. The first part is the inverse
curve of stage 1, the second part is the definite characteristic of stage 2.
The x-axis shows the generator current in pU.
The y-axis shows the time delay of the protective function in sec.
1 10
3
100
10
Time / sec
0.1
0.01
1 10 100
Current / pU
inverse
definite.1
definite.2

86 / 118
DRS Settings
IDMT Overcurrent 3-ph.2-st. (51Binv & 51MTinv)

Operate Value St.1 Ph. ABC Is1  0.93
TMS St.1 Ph. ABC TMS  0.100 s
Characteristic Ph. ABC Characteristic  "Normal Inverse"
Time Delay St.2 Ph. ABC TD  0.00 s

87 / 118
Block & Main Transformer Overcurrent Stage 1 and 2 (50B & 50MT)

Pickup Level 1: 0.10 - 5.00 A in steps of 0.01
Operating Principle

circuits.
Associated CT
The function is connected to the following CT: CT Main Transformer HV

CTsec  CTMtHvSec
CTsec  1 A
CTprim  CTMtHv  CTsec
CTprim  200 A
CTprim
CT 
CTsec CT  200
Nominal Current
I nom  IMtHvNom
Inom  177 A

88 / 118
Setpoint given as following: Pickup50MT1  120%
I prim  Pickup50MT1  Inom

Iprim  212 A
I prim
I sec1 
CT Isec1  1.06 A

TD50MT1  6sec
Setpoint given as following: Pickup50MT2  200%

Iprim  354 A
I prim
I sec2 
CT Isec2  1.77 A

TD50MT2  1s
DRS Settings
Current 3-ph.2-st. (50B & 50MT)

Operate Value St.1 Isec1  1.06 A
Time Delay St.1 TD50MT1  6.00 s

89 / 118
Main Transformer Neutral Overcurrent 1 (51MT.N.1)

Operating Principle
Transformer neutral overcurrent protection is used to protect the solidly grounded

transformer against earth fault. The neutral sequence current is detected with a CT
in the neutral of the HV side of the transformer. A single phase overcurrent function
is connected to this CT.
Associated CT
The function is connected to the following CT: CT Main Transformer HV Neutral 1

CTsec  CTMtNSec
CTsec  1 A
CTprim  CTMtN  CTsec
CTprim  200 A
CTprim
CT 
CTsec CT  200
Nominal Current
Inom  177 A

Pickup  30 %

Iprim  53 A
I prim
I sec1 
CT Isec1  0.27 A

90 / 118

Pickup  30 %
I prim
I sec2  Isec2  0.27 A
CT
Time delay given as following: TD2  0.50s
DRS Settings
Current 3-ph.2-st. (51MT.N.1)


91 / 118
Main Transformer Neutral Overcurrent 2 (51MT.N.2)

Operating Principle

Associated CT
The function is connected to the following CT: CT Main Transformer HV Neutral 2

CTsec  CTMtN2Sec
CTsec  1 A
CTprim  CTMtN2  CTsec
CTprim  400 A
CTprim
CT 
CTsec CT  400
Nominal Current
Inom  177 A

Pickup  30 %

Iprim  53 A
I prim
I sec1 
CT Isec1  0.13 A

92 / 118

Pickup  30 %
I prim
I sec2  Isec2  0.13 A
CT
DRS Settings
Current 3-ph.2-st. (51MT.N.2)


93 / 118
Main Transformer Restricted Earth Fault (64T.REF)


Time Delay: no
Associated CT: Transformer HV CT (zero sequence system) and
Transformer neutral CT
Operating Principle
Transformer restricted earth fault protection detects an earth fault within the
protection range and is stable against faults outside this range. The function is
connected to the zero sequence system of the main transformer HV CT and the main
transformer neutral CT. These CT's cover the protection range. The protective
function is realized with a transformer differential function. The advantage is the bias
of this function, to make 64T.REF stable against errors of the CT 's.
The analog signals of the function are sampled 12 times per cycle. The
corresponding vectors (value and phase) for 1st harmonic (nominal frequency) are
calculated with Fourier analysis. For each sample the differential signals are
calculated for each phase and checked whether the setting value has been
exceeded.
If during 11 consecutive samples (0.9 cycles) the values are above the setting the trip
output in the trip matrix is active.
If during 36 consecutive samples (3 cycles) the initiating conditions are no longer
fulfilled the trip output in the trip matrix will reset.
Associated CT's
System 1 is connected to the following CT: CT Main Transformer HV
CT1sec  CTMtHvSec
CT1sec  1 A
CT1prim  CTMtHv  CTsec
CT1prim  200 A
CT1prim
CT1 
CT1sec CT1  200
System 2 is connected to the following CT: CT Main Transformer Neutral
CT2sec  CTMtNSec
CT2sec  1 A
CT2prim  CTMtN  CTsec
CT2prim  200 A
CT2prim
CT2 
CT2sec CT2  200

94 / 118
Nominal Voltage
System 1: Main transformer nominal HV voltage
USys1  UMtHvNom
USys1  150000 V
System 2: same voltage as System 1

USys2  USys1
USys2  150000 V
Setting Calculation

Pickup  30 %
Primary current calculated from relative pickup value and nominal HV current

Iprim  53 A
Iprim
I sec 
CT1 Isec  0.27 A
I High  IMtSc
IHigh  1771 A
IHigh
I HighSec 
CT Compensation

the protection.
CT2prim USys2
CT1prim USys1

95 / 118
Slope of Characteristic chosen as following:

Slope  45 %
DRS Settings
Gen 2.inp.3-ph.-H (64MT.REF)
Bias Slope  45.00 %
Vector Group 1-2 0
2nd Harmonic 25 %
5th Harmonic 15 %
Harmonic Bias phase blocking

96 / 118
Main Transformer Overfluxing (24T)


Protective Function: Overfluxing
Operating Principle
Electrical Equipment is designed and dimensioned for a maximum magnetic flux

during operation. If this value is exceeded, the equipment may suffer direct or
indirect damage. The increased magnetizing current, with a higher harmonic content,
of a transformer for example, not only causes heating up of the transformer, but also
produces in inadmissible high voltage peaks in the field circuit.
The Overfluxing protection is a single phase system. The supplied voltage signal is
sampled 12 times per cycle. The value and frequency of the signal for each sample
are determined, using the Fourier transformation and subsequently the value V/f is
calculated. This value is then compared with the nominal value Vn /fn and the
saturation value S is derived.
Associated VT

VT prim
VT  VT  115
VT sec

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DRS Settings
Overfluxing (24T)
Nominal Frequency fGenNom  50.0 Hz

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The diagram compares the setting of 59G and 24G (at nominal frequency
f GenNom  50 Hz ).
1 10
3
100
Time / sec
10
1
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45
Voltage / pU
59G.1
59G.2
24G.1
24G.2

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Auxiliary Transformer Differential (87AT)

Time Delay: no
Operating Principle
The connected CT's define the protective range.
The differential protection function is used as selective protection in case of
interwinding faults and in low impedance earthed systems in case of earth faults. The
measuring principle is to form the difference between the CT secondary currents at
either end of the protected zone.
All analog signals of the function are sampled 12 times per cycle. Vector group
compensation is traced digitally, according to the vector group set in the parameter
field. As a result, the currents from all sides of the protected object are available in
the proper phase angle for further processing. Any zero sequence currents that
possibly occur on the protected object are compensated by activating the zero
sequence filter.
The ratio settings "CT ratio compensation" take account of the transformer ratio and
the CT ratio.
The measured values are then added, phase by phase, to the differential current.
The fundamental wave as well as the 2nd harmonic and the 5th harmonic of the
differential current are then calculated, phase by phase.
All current inputs of the differential protection determine the restraint current, phase
by phase. It is the maximum value of the fundamental wave of the currents.
If the tripping condition is met within 24 consecutive samples, the signals "tripping"
and "differential current" in the trip matrix are activated.
The tripping of a phase is blocked whenever the ratio between 2nd harmonic or 5th
harmonic and fundamental wave of the differential current exceeds the values set in
the parameter filed. As a result any false tripping of the differential protection is
prevented when energizing a transformer.
In case of a system disturbance, currents with a higher harmonic contents can also
appear. Whenever the differential current exceeds the value set for parameter
"high-set overcurrent", the harmonic restraint is blocked, phase by phase,
irrespective of the higher harmonic contents; eventually tripping is enabled, phase by
phase. Function output "restraint" indicated the condition of the restraint feature.
The trip output is reset whenever the initiating signal has disappeared during 36
consecutive samples.

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6,0 BIAS=60%
BIAS=50%
TRIP
5,0
BIAS=40%
4,0
Set
Diff
BIAS=30%
3,0 0.6
0.5
2,0 0.4
0.3
1,0
0.2 NOTRIP
01
0,0
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0

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Associated CT's
System 1 is connected to the following CT: CT Auxiliary Transformer HV
CT1sec  CTAtHvSec
CT1sec  1 A
CT1prim  CTAtHv  CT1sec
CT1prim  800 A
CT1prim
CT1 
CT1sec CT1  800
System 2 is connected to the following CT: CT Auxiliary Transformer LV
CT2sec  CTAtLvSec
CT2sec  1 A
CT2prim  CTAtLv  CT2sec
CT2prim  500 A
CT2prim
CT2 
CT2sec CT2  500
Nominal Current
Nominal current of the protected device: Auxiliary Transformer
I nom  IAtHvNom Inom  437 A
I nom
CT1

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Calculation Note E1117
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Nominal Voltage
System 1: Auxiliary transformer nominal HV voltage
USys1  UAtHvNom
USys1  6600 V
System 2: Auxiliary transformer nominal LV voltage

USys2  UAtLvNom
USys2  420 V
Setting Calculation

Iprim  109 A
Iprim
I sec 
CT1 Isec  0.14 A

I High  IMtSc IHigh  1771 A
IHigh
I HighSec 
CT Compensation

the protection.
CT2prim USys2
CT1prim USys1

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Bias of Characteristic chosen as following:

Bias  45 %
current.
4
I.diff / pU
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I.restrained / pU

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of all currents of system 1 and system 2 (and system 3 if any).

CTsec  1.00 A
CT1prim
 183 % .
I nom
I sec  0.14 A
or based on transformer nominal current
I prim
 25 %
I nom
3  CT1sec  3.00 A .
3  CT1prim
 549 %
I nom
adjustable.

30% and 60%.
Bias  45 %

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DRS Settings
Gen 3.inp.3-ph.-H (87AT)
Vector Group 1-2 0
Vector Group 1-3 0
Zero Sequence Filter System 1 On
2nd Harmonic 25 %
5th Harmonic 15 %
Harmonic Bias cross blocking
Impotant Note !
The settings for 2nd Harmonic and 5th Harmonic must be adapted during commissioning.
Several tests (switch on of main transformer) must be done to find out the highest value of
inrush current.
The fault recording feature in DRS-WIN can be used to read out the inrush current and
measure the 2nd and 5th Harmonics. Therefore a not used logic function can be used to
trigger the fault recorder every time the circuit breaker closes.

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Auxiliary Transformer Inverse Time Overcurrent (51ATinv)

Protective Function: Inverse Time Overcurrent 3-ph, 2-st
Time Multiplier TMS: 0.05 - 1.00 in steps of 0.05
Time Delay St.2: 0.00 - 31.00 s in steps of 0.05
Operating Principle

circuits.
The first stage of this function works with inverse time operating characteristic
according four standard curves: extremely, very, normal and long inverse.
The second stage of this function works with definite time characteristic.
Associated CT
The function is connected to the following CT: CT Auxiliary Transformer HV

CTsec  CTAtHvSec
CTsec  1 A
CTprim  CTAtHv  CTsec
CTprim  800 A
CTprim
CT 
CTsec CT  800
Nominal Current
I nom  IAtHvNom Inom  437 A

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Setting Calculation
Characteristic chosen as following:

Characteristic  "Normal Inverse"
Pickup of stage 1 chosen as following:

Pickup  105%
Operating value of stage 1 (secondary current) calculated from relative pickup value,
transformer nominal current and CT ratio
I s1prim  Pickup  I nom
Is1prim  459 A
Is1prim
I s1sec 
CT Is1sec  0.57 A
I s1sec
I s1  Is1  0.57
CTsec
Time multiplier of stage 1 chosen as following:

TMS  0.1s
Operate value of stage 2 chosen equal to subtransient main transformer current:
Pickup  105%
I s2prim  Pickup  I MtSubTrans Is2prim  885 A
Is2prim
I s2sec  Is2sec  1.11 A
CT
I s2sec
I s2  Is2  1.11
CTsec
I s2prim
I s2pU  Is2pU  2.02
I nom
Time delay of stage 2 chosen as following: TD  0.000001s

108 / 118
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Trip Characteristic (Time - Current)
Trip characteristic shown on double logarithm scale. The first part is the inverse
curve of stage 1, the second part is the definite characteristic of stage 2.
The x-axis shows the generator current in pU.
The y-axis shows the time delay of the protective function in sec.
1 10
3
100
10
Time / sec
0.1
0.01
1 10 100
Current / pU
inverse
definite.1
definite.2

109 / 118
Not Used
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DRS Settings
IDMT Overcurrent 3-ph.2-st. (51ATinv)

TMS St.1 Ph. ABC TMS  0.100 s
Characteristic Ph. ABC Characteristic  "Normal Inverse"
Time Delay St.2 Ph. ABC TD  0.00 s

110 / 118
Not Used
Auxiliary Transformer Overcurrent Stage 1 and 2 (50AT)

Operating Principle

circuits.
Associated CT
The function is connected to the following CT: CT Auxiliary Transformer HV

CTsec  CTAtHvSec
CTsec  1 A
CTprim  CTAtHv  CTsec
CTprim  800 A
CTprim
CT 
CTsec CT  800
Nominal Current
I nom  IAtHvNom
Inom  437 A

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Not Used
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Setpoint given as following: Pickup50AT1  120%

Iprim  525 A
I prim
I sec1 
CT Isec1  0.66 A

TD50AT1  6sec
Setpoint given as following: Pickup50AT2  200%

Iprim  875 A
I prim
I sec2 
CT Isec2  1.09 A

TD50AT2  1s
DRS Settings
Current 3-ph.2-st. (50AT)


112 / 118
Not Used
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Auxliary Transformer Neutral Overcurrent (51AT.N)

Operating Principle

Associated CT
The function is connected to the following CT: CT Auxliary Transformer HV Neutral

CTsec  CTAtNSec
CTsec  1 A
CTprim  CTAtN  CTsec
CTprim  1000 A
CTprim
CT 
CTsec CT  1000
Nominal Current
Nominal current of the protected device: Auxliary Transformer
I nom  IAtHvNom
Inom  437 A

Pickup  30 %

Iprim  131 A
I prim
I sec1 
CT Isec1  0.13 A

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Pickup  30 %
I prim
I sec2  Isec2  0.13 A
CT
DRS Settings
Current 3-ph.2-st. (51AT.N)


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Breaker Opening Too Long (94GB)


Protective Function: Logic 2
Time Delay: 0.00 - 999.00 s in steps of 0.01 s
Operating Principle
The Logic function is primarily an OR gate of the four function inputs (In 1 to In 4).
Every function input is an AND gate of all selected inputs respectively outputs in the
selection mask.
Every input respectively output may be inverted by a the invert mask.
The function output is an OR function of all four function inputs and may be used directly
or inverted (if selected) with the parameterized time delay as input for the LED matrix or
the output matrix.,
The function output will be feed back to the binary inputs as per selected in the feedback
mask.
Specification
The Breaker Opening Too Long function is the logical part of the breaker failure function.
Both trip relays of the circuit breaker 52G.1 and 52G.2 are supervised and are the input
of the logic function called 52G.tripped.
If the breaker is tripped by any device the function is started. If the breaker opens the
function gets the feedback called 52G.open. If this input gets active within the
supervision time delay the function falls back without action. If the input does not get
active because the breaker did not open, after the time delay the function trips the next
breaker(s).
Logic 2
BI.01: 52G.open IN 1
NOT “94GB“
BI.05: 52G.tripped AND
IN 2
AND
Trip Matrix
OR
IN 3 Feedback
AND
IN 4
AND

115 / 118
Not Used
AT protections KDL
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Setting Calculation
The time delay is chosen to be the same as the function 50BF
TD  TD50BF TD  0.25 s
DRS Settings
Logic 2 (94GB)
In 1 Select BI 01: 52G.open
BI 05: 52G tripped
In 1 Invert BI 01: 52G.open
Function output normal

116 / 118
Not Used
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Excitation Trip (94Exc)


Protective Function: Logic 2
Time Delay: 0.00 - 999.00 s in steps of 0.01 s
Operating Principle
The Logic function is primarily an OR gate of the four function inputs (In 1 to In 4).
Every function input is an AND gate of all selected inputs respectively outputs in the
selection mask.
Every input respectively output may be inverted by a the invert mask.
The function output is an OR function of all four function inputs and may be used directly
or inverted (if selected) with the parameterized time delay as input for the LED matrix or
the output matrix.,
The function output will be feed back to the binary inputs as per selected in the feedback
mask.
Specification
The Excitation Trip function is a logical function which trips the generator breaker and the
field breaker in case of an excitation fault.
This functions works as a backup to the function of the excitation system
The input of the logic function is connected to the excitation trip signal which comes from
the excitation system. After a time delay the trips are issued.
Logic 2
BI.02: Excitation.Trip IN 1
“94Exc“
AND
IN 2
AND
Trip Matrix
OR
IN 3 Feedback
AND
IN 4
AND

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Not Used
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Setting Calculation
The time delay is chosen to be as following TD  0sec
DRS Settings
Logic 2 (94Exc)
In 1 Select BI 02: Excitation.Trip
Function output normal

118 / 118

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Calculation Note E1117 KDL

Related Document: Settings Protection 3-576 846 Rev. B

ANDRITZ HYDRO - PRT / Proschek 27.04.2012 Doc. No.: 3-576 850

DRS-COMPACT Digital Protection Relay

The digital and compact protection system DRS-COMPACT is a multifunctional

ANDRITZ HYDRO - PRT / Proschek 27.04.2012 Doc. No.: 3-576 850

DRS-WIN Operation Software

The protection relay DRS-COMPACT is operated with WINDOWS based software,

This software provides the following actions:

For additional information please refer to the following documents:

ELIN DRS-COMPACT2: Short Technical Description (DIC-018-1)

ANDRITZ HYDRO - PRT / Proschek 27.04.2012 Doc. No.: 3-576 850

CT at HV side of main transformer

CT Main Transformer Neutral 1

CT at star-point of main transformer

CT Main Transformer Neutral 2

CT at star-point of main transformer

CT at LV side of main transformer

ANDRITZ HYDRO - PRT / Proschek 27.04.2012 Doc. No.: 3-576 850

CT at output side of generator

CT at neutral-end side of generator

CT at output side of generator

CT at HV side of auxiliary transformer

CT Auxiliary Transformer Neutral

CT at star-point of auxiliary transformer

CT at LV side of auxiliary transformer

ANDRITZ HYDRO - PRT / Proschek 27.04.2012 Doc. No.: 3-576 850

VT at output side of generator

VT open-delta-winding at output side of generator

Secondary resistance at star-point of generator

Secondary CT at star-point of generator

ANDRITZ HYDRO - PRT / Proschek 27.04.2012 Doc. No.: 3-576 850

Nominal voltage UGenNom  11.5kV

Nominal current calculated from apparent power and voltage

Nominal frequency fGenNom  50 Hz

Generator nominal impedance in primary value

Secondary impedance calculated from primary impedance, CT and VT ratio

ANDRITZ HYDRO - PRT / Proschek 27.04.2012 Doc. No.: 3-576 850

Generator subtransient reactance in p.U. value xsubtrans  10.6%

Primary impedance calculated from primary nominal generator impedance

XsubtransPrim  xsubtrans  XGprim XsubtransPrim  0.32 

Secondary impedance calculated from secondary nominal generator impedance

XsubtransSec  xsubtrans  XGsec XsubtransSec  8.26 

Generator transient reactance in p.U. value xtrans  15 %

Primary impedance calculated from primary nominal generator impedance

XtransPrim  xtrans  XGprim XtransPrim  0.45 

Secondary impedance calculated from secondary nominal generator impedance

XtransSec  xtrans  XGsec XtransSec  11.69 

Generator synchronous reactance in p.U. value xsynch  160%

Primary impedance calculated from primary nominal generator impedance

XsynchPrim  xsynch  XGprim XsynchPrim  4.78 

Secondary impedance calculated from secondary nominal generator impedance

XsynchSec  xsynch  XGsec XsynchSec  124.66 

Negative phase sequence characteristic NPScharact  30.0s

Continuous negative phase sequence NPScont  15 %

ANDRITZ HYDRO - PRT / Proschek 27.04.2012 Doc. No.: 3-576 850

Main Transformer Data

Nominal HV apparent power SMtHvNom  46000kVA

Nominal HV current calculated from nominal apparent power and HV voltage

Transformer HV nominal impedance in primary value

Nominal LV apparent power

SMtLvNom  SMtHvNom SMtLvNom  46000.00 kVA

Nominal LV voltage UMtLvNom  11.5kV