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APILE 2018 – User’s Manual

A Program for the Study


of Driven Piles
under Axial Loads

by

Shin Tower Wang


Jose A. Arrellaga
Luis G. Vasquez

for

ENSOFT, INC.
3003 W. Howard Lane
Austin, Texas 78728
United States of America

(Release Date: June 2018)


ii

SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT & DISCLAIMER


IMPORTANT NOTICE: Please carefully read the terms of the license
agreement and disclaimer at the end of this book. Usage of this software
signifies acceptance with those terms.

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 General Description ................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.2 Features of the Program ............................................................................................................ 1-2
1.3 History of Development ............................................................................................................. 1-3
1.3.1 APILE1 (1987) ..................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.3.2 APILE Plus, Data Format 1 (1989)....................................................................................... 1-3
1.3.3 APILE Plus, Data Format 2 (1995)....................................................................................... 1-3
1.3.4 APILE Plus, Data Format 3 (1998)....................................................................................... 1-4
1.3.5 APILE Plus, Data Format 4 (2004)....................................................................................... 1-4
1.3.6 APILE Plus, Data Format 5 (2007)....................................................................................... 1-4
1.3.7 APILE 2014, Data Format 6 (2014) ..................................................................................... 1-4
1.3.8 APILE 2015, Data Format 7 (2015) ..................................................................................... 1-5
1.3.9 APILE 2018, Data Format 8 (2018) ..................................................................................... 1-5
1.4 Organization of APILE Manuals .................................................................................................. 1-5
1.5 Typographical Conventions........................................................................................................ 1-6
1.6 Contents of the APILE Package .................................................................................................. 1-6
1.7 Hardware Requirements ............................................................................................................ 1-6
1.8 Technical Support ...................................................................................................................... 1-7
1.8.1 Preferred Methods of Software Support ........................................................................... 1-7
1.8.2 Upgrade Verification and Internet Site .............................................................................. 1-7
1.8.3 Renewal of Program Maintenance .................................................................................... 1-8
1.8.4 Changes of Support Policy ................................................................................................. 1-8
CHAPTER 2. Installation and Getting Started ................................................................................ 2-1
2.1 Installation Procedures .............................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1.1 Installation of Single-User Version ..................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.2 Introduction of Network Version ....................................................................................... 2-6
2.1.2.1 Installation of Network Version ..................................................................................... 2-7
2.1.2.2 Silent Installations on Client Computers ........................................................................ 2-7
2.1.3 Backup of Original Software .............................................................................................. 2-7
2.1.4 Software Updates on the Internet ..................................................................................... 2-7
2.2 Getting Started........................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.2.1 Starting the Program .......................................................................................................... 2-8
2.2.2 File Management ............................................................................................................... 2-9
2.2.3 Data Menu ....................................................................................................................... 2-10
2.2.4 Options Menu .................................................................................................................. 2-11
2.2.5 Computation Menu .......................................................................................................... 2-12
2.2.6 Graphics Menu ................................................................................................................. 2-13
2.2.7 Arrangement of Windows ................................................................................................ 2-15
2.2.8 Help Files .......................................................................................................................... 2-16

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CHAPTER 3. References for Data Input ......................................................................................... 3-1


3.1 File Menu ................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.1 File Menu Speed Buttons ................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.2 File > New ........................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.3 File > Open ......................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.4 File > Save........................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.1.5 File > Save As ...................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.1.6 File > Exit ............................................................................................................................ 3-4
3.2 Data Menu ................................................................................................................................. 3-4
3.2.1 Numeric Data Entries ......................................................................................................... 3-5
3.2.2 Data Menu Speed Buttons ................................................................................................. 3-6
3.2.3 Data > Title ......................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.4 Data > Computational Methods......................................................................................... 3-7
3.2.4.1 Method for Load-vs-Settlement .................................................................................... 3-7
3.2.4.2 Method for Pile Capacity ............................................................................................... 3-9
3.2.5 Data > Pile Material.......................................................................................................... 3-13
3.2.5.1 Select Pile Type ............................................................................................................ 3-14
3.2.5.2 Data for Axial Stiffness ................................................................................................. 3-16
3.2.5.3 Self Weight of Piles ...................................................................................................... 3-17
3.2.6 Data > Circular-Section Pile .............................................................................................. 3-17
3.2.7 Data > Noncircular Section Pile ........................................................................................ 3-19
3.2.8 Data > Soil Layers ............................................................................................................. 3-21
3.2.8.1 Soil Data for Sand Layers.............................................................................................. 3-23
3.2.8.2 Soil Data for Clay Layers ............................................................................................... 3-27
3.2.8.3 Soil Data for Silt Layers................................................................................................. 3-29
3.2.9 Data > CPT Data File (Optional for Cone-Based Method)) ............................................... 3-31
3.3 Options Menu .......................................................................................................................... 3-33
3.3.1 Options > Units................................................................................................................. 3-33
3.3.2 Options > Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths .............................................................. 3-33
3.3.3 Options > Control Options ............................................................................................... 3-34
3.4 Help Menu................................................................................................................................ 3-35
CHAPTER 4. References for Program Execution and Output Reviews .......................................... 4-1
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2 Computation Menu .................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.1 Computation Menu Speed Buttons ................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.2 Computation > Run Analysis .............................................................................................. 4-2
4.2.3 Computation > Edit Input Text ........................................................................................... 4-3
4.2.4 Computation > Edit Processor Run Notes .......................................................................... 4-4
4.2.5 Computation > Edit Output Text ........................................................................................ 4-5
4.2.6 Computation > View Soil Layer Coordinates...................................................................... 4-6
4.2.7 Computation > 3D View ..................................................................................................... 4-7

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4.2.8 3D View Speed Buttons...................................................................................................... 4-8


4.2.9 Show 3D View Menu .......................................................................................................... 4-8
4.2.10 Computation > Edit GRLWeap Data File ............................................................................ 4-9
4.3 Graphics Menu ......................................................................................................................... 4-10
4.3.1 Mouse Commands in the Graphics Mode ....................................................................... 4-11
4.3.2 Graphics Menu Speed Buttons ........................................................................................ 4-11
4.3.3 Graphics > Unit Skin Friction vs Depth ............................................................................. 4-12
4.3.4 Graphics > Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth .............................................................. 4-14
4.3.5 Graphics > Tip Resistance vs Depth ................................................................................. 4-15
4.3.6 Graphics > Total Capacity vs Depth.................................................................................. 4-16
4.3.7 Graphics > Load Distribution ............................................................................................ 4-17
4.3.8 Graphics > Combined Plots vs Depth ............................................................................... 4-18
4.3.9 Graphics > Axial Load vs Settlement ................................................................................ 4-19
4.3.10 Graphics > Internally-Generated t-z Curves ..................................................................... 4-20
4.3.11 Graphics > Extra t-z Curves at User Specified Depths ...................................................... 4-21
4.3.12 Graphics > Internally-Generated Q-w Curve .................................................................... 4-22
4.3.13 Graphics > Neutral Plane Analysis (Downdrag – FHWA).................................................. 4-22
4.3.14 Graphics > Export Plots to Excel....................................................................................... 4-23
4.4 Plot Menu................................................................................................................................. 4-24
CHAPTER 5. Example Problems ..................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5-2
5.2 Example Problem 1 – Steel Pipe Pile in Sand and Clay .............................................................. 5-1
5.2.1 Comparison of APILE Results with Hand Computations .................................................... 5-1
5.2.1.1 FHWA Method ............................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2.1.2 USACE Method ............................................................................................................... 5-2
5.2.1.3 API Method .................................................................................................................... 5-3
5.2.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis ............................................................................ 5-5
5.2.3 Output Data ....................................................................................................................... 5-8
5.3 Example Problem 2 – Offshore Steel-Pipe Pile in Sand ........................................................... 5-17
5.3.1 Hand Computations for API Method ............................................................................... 5-17
5.3.1.1 Skin Friction .................................................................................................................. 5-17
5.3.1.2 Base Resistance ............................................................................................................ 5-19
5.3.1.3 Plugged Case ................................................................................................................ 5-20
5.3.1.4 Unplugged Case ........................................................................................................... 5-21
5.3.1.5 Total Resistance ........................................................................................................... 5-23
5.3.2 Comparison of APILE Results with Hand Computations .................................................. 5-23
5.3.3 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-24
5.3.4 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-27
5.4 Example Problem 3 – Steel Pipe Pile in Clay ............................................................................ 5-39
5.4.1 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-39
5.4.2 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-41

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5.5 Example Problem 4 – Prestressed Concrete Pile for Bridge Foundation ................................. 5-51
5.5.1 Hand Computations and Comparisons with APILE .......................................................... 5-52
5.5.1.1 API Method – Skin Friction........................................................................................... 5-52
5.5.1.2 API Method – End Bearing ........................................................................................... 5-53
5.5.1.3 API Method – Comparisons of APILE Results with Hand Computations ..................... 5-53
5.5.1.4 FHWA Method – Skin Friction ...................................................................................... 5-53
5.5.1.5 FHWA Method – End Bearing ...................................................................................... 5-54
5.5.1.6 FHWA Method – Comparisons of APILE Results with Hand Computations ................. 5-54
5.5.1.7 USACE Method – Skin Friction ..................................................................................... 5-55
5.5.1.8 USACE Method – End Bearing ...................................................................................... 5-55
5.5.1.9 USACE Method – Comparisons of APILE Results with Hand Computations ................ 5-56
5.5.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-56
5.5.3 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-57
5.6 Example Problem 5 – Tapered Pile Capacity............................................................................ 5-65
5.6.1 Hand Computations and Comparisons with APILE .......................................................... 5-66
5.6.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-69
5.6.3 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-70
5.7 Example Problem 6 – Uplift Pile Capacity ................................................................................ 5-76
5.7.1 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-77
5.7.2 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-78
5.8 Example Problem 7 (Offshore Version) – CPT Based Methods for Close-Ended Pile .............. 5-90
5.8.1 Comparison of APILE Results with Hand Computations .................................................. 5-90
5.8.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-91
5.8.3 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-93
5.9 Example Problem 8 (Offshore Version) – CPT Based Method for Open-Ended Pile ............. 5-110
5.9.1 Comparison of APILE Results with Hand Computations ................................................ 5-111
5.9.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis ........................................................................ 5-112
5.9.3 Output Data ................................................................................................................... 5-113
5.10 Example Problem 9 – LRFD Method on Closed Pipe Pile ....................................................... 5-130
5.10.1 Soil Profile and Properties.............................................................................................. 5-130
5.10.2 Loading Computations ................................................................................................... 5-131
5.10.3 APILE Estimated Axial Capacity of Single Pile from N60 SPT ........................................... 5-133
5.10.4 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis ........................................................................ 5-134
5.10.5 Output Data ................................................................................................................... 5-135
5.11 Example Problem 10 – Battered Pile ..................................................................................... 5-146
5.11.1 Soil Profile and Pile Properties ....................................................................................... 5-146
5.11.2 Hand Computations and Comparisons with APILE ........................................................ 5-147
5.11.2.1 API Method – Skin Friction......................................................................................... 5-147
5.11.2.2 API Method – End Bearing ......................................................................................... 5-148
5.11.2.3 API Method – Comparisons of APILE Results with Hand Computations ................... 5-148
5.11.3 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis ........................................................................ 5-148
5.11.4 Output Data ................................................................................................................... 5-149

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List of Technical References .......................................................................................................................... 1


License Agreement & Disclaimer .................................................................................................................. 1

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List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Main CD-ROM installation screen for ENSOFT software (may change with time) ................. 2-3
Figure 2.2 Installation screen with License Agreement (may change with time) .................................... 2-4
Figure 2.3 Selection of Single-User License (may change with time) ...................................................... 2-4
Figure 2.4 Default Installation Directory for Program Files (may change with time) .............................. 2-5
Figure 2.5 File Extension Association for APILE 2018 Data Files (may change with time) ....................... 2-5
Figure 2.6 Default Shortcut Folder in Windows Start Menu (may change with time) ............................ 2-6
Figure 2.7 Sample organization and operational flow chart .................................................................... 2-8
Figure 2.8 Options contained in the File menu ........................................................................................ 2-9
Figure 2.9 Options contained in the Data menu .................................................................................... 2-11
Figure 2.10 Options contained in the Program-Control Options menu................................................. 2-12
Figure 2.11 Options contained in the Computation menu .................................................................... 2-13
Figure 2.12 Options contained in the Graphics menu ........................................................................... 2-15
Figure 2.13 Sample options contained in the Window menu................................................................ 2-16
Figure 2.14 Options contained in the Help menu .................................................................................. 2-17
Figure 3.1 Speed Buttons for the File Menu (within rounded rectangle) ................................................ 3-2
Figure 3.2 Window screen for the File – Open dialog .............................................................................. 3-3
Figure 3.3 Sample message for incomplete or invalid file ....................................................................... 3-3
Figure 3.4 Message window advising that changes were not saved to disk............................................ 3-4
Figure 3.5 Options contained under the Data menu ............................................................................... 3-5
Figure 3.6 Speed Buttons for the Data Menu (within rounded rectangle) .............................................. 3-6
Figure 3.7 Window screen for sample Data > Title .................................................................................. 3-7
Figure 3.8 Window screens for Data Menu > Computational Methods > Method for Load vs Settlement
...................................................................................................................................... 3-11
Figure 3.9 Window screens for Data Menu > Computational Methods > Method for Pile Capacity .... 3-12
Figure 3.10 Window screens for Data Menu > Pile Material ................................................................. 3-15
Figure 3.11 Window screen for sample Data > Circular-Section Pile..................................................... 3-19
Figure 3.12 Window screen for sample Data > Noncircular Pile Section ............................................... 3-21
Figure 3.13 Window screen for sample Data – Soil Layers .................................................................... 3-23
Figure 3.14 Soil data for sand layers ...................................................................................................... 3-24
Figure 3.15 Soil data for clay layers ....................................................................................................... 3-28
Figure 3.16 Soil data for silt layers ......................................................................................................... 3-30
Figure 3.17 Entries for reading and plotting of CPT Data File ................................................................ 3-33
Figure 3.18 Options for units selection .................................................................................................. 3-33
Figure 3.19 Options > Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths ................................................................. 3-34
Figure 3.20 Options – Control Options .................................................................................................. 3-35
Figure 4.1 Speed Buttons for the Computation Menu (within rounded rectangle) ................................ 4-2
Figure 4.2 Command options contained in the Computation menu. ...................................................... 4-3

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Figure 4.3 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad© for editing input text of Example Problem 1 (may change
with time). ...................................................................................................................... 4-4
Figure 4.4 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad © for editing the output-text file of Example Problem 1
(may change with time). ................................................................................................ 4-6
Figure 4.5 Sample View Soil Layer Coordinates command option. ......................................................... 4-7
Figure 4.6 Sample 3D View command option. ......................................................................................... 4-8
Figure 4.7 Speed Buttons for 3D View (within rounded rectangle) ......................................................... 4-8
Figure 4.8 Command options contained in the Show 3D View menu. .................................................... 4-9
Figure 4.9 Command option contained in the Graphics menu. ............................................................. 4-11
Figure 4.10 Speed Buttons for the Graphics Menu (within rounded rectangle) ................................... 4-12
Figure 4.11 Sample Unit Skin Friction vs Depth Graphics. ..................................................................... 4-13
Figure 4.12 Sample Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth Graphics. ....................................................... 4-14
Figure 4.13 Sample Tip Resistance vs Depth Graphics........................................................................... 4-15
Figure 4.14 Sample Total Capacity vs Depth Graphics. .......................................................................... 4-16
Figure 4.15 Sample Load distribution curves. ........................................................................................ 4-17
Figure 4.16 Sample Combined Plots vs Depth Graphics. ....................................................................... 4-18
Figure 4.17 Sample Axial Load vs Settlement Graphics. ........................................................................ 4-19
Figure 4.18 Sample of internally-generated t-z curves. ......................................................................... 4-20
Figure 4.19 Sample of extra t-z curves at user specified depths. .......................................................... 4-21
Figure 4.20 Sample of internally-generated Q-w Curve. ....................................................................... 4-22
Figure 4.21 Sample Curves of Neutral Plane Analysis. ........................................................................... 4-23
Figure 4.22 Export to Excel Window. ..................................................................................................... 4-24
Figure 4.23 Command options contained in the Plot menu. ................................................................. 4-26
Figure 5.1 General soil description of Example Problem 1. ..................................................................... 5-1
Figure 5.2 Curves of Unit Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1. ............................................... 5-5
Figure 5.3 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1. ................................. 5-6
Figure 5.4 Curves of Tip Resistance vs Depth or Example Problem 1. ..................................................... 5-6
Figure 5.5 Curves of Total Capacity vs Depth or Example Problem 1. ..................................................... 5-7
Figure 5.6 Combined Plots vs Depth based on API method for Example Problem 1. .............................. 5-7
Figure 5.7 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 2. ............................... 5-24
Figure 5.8 Curves of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 2.................................... 5-25
Figure 5.9 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 2. ................................... 5-25
Figure 5.10 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 2. ................................................ 5-26
Figure 5.11 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) for Example Problem 3. .............................. 5-40
Figure 5.12 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 3. ................................................ 5-40
Figure 5.13 Pile layout and soil conditions of Example Problem 4. ....................................................... 5-51
Figure 5.14 Curve of Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 4. ..................................... 5-56
Figure 5.15 Curve of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 4. .................................. 5-57
Figure 5.16 Pile layout and soil conditions of Example Problem 5. ....................................................... 5-65
Figure 5.17 Curve of Combined Plots (Ultimate Total Capacity) vs Depth for Example Problem 5. ..... 5-69
Figure 5.18 Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 5. .............................................................. 5-70
Figure 5.19 Curve of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 6 . .............................. 5-77

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Figure 5.20 Curve of Axial Load vs Movement for Example Problem 6. ................................................ 5-78
Figure 5.21 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 7. ................................. 5-92
Figure 5.22 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 7. ................................................ 5-92
Figure 5.23 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 8. ............................... 5-112
Figure 5.24 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 8. .............................................. 5-113
Figure 5.25 Bridge substructures configuration and loading for Example Problem 9. ........................ 5-130
Figure 5.26 General soil description of Example Problem 8 ................................................................ 5-132
Figure 5.27 Curve of LRFD Geotechnical Capacity (Factored Capacity) vs Depth for Example Problem 9
(FHWA Method). ........................................................................................................ 5-134
Figure 5.28 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 8. .............................................. 5-135
Figure 5.29 General soil description of Example Problem 10 .............................................................. 5-147
Figure 5.30 Curve of Combined Plots (Ultimate Total Capacity) vs Battered Depth for Example Problem
10. .............................................................................................................................. 5-148
Figure 5.31 Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 10. .......................................................... 5-149

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List of Tables
Table 2.1 Files created in APILE runs...................................................................................................... 2-10
Table 3.1 Supported mathematical operations and constants ................................................................ 3-5
Table 3.2 Shape of Nonlinear Load-Transfer Curves from Reese/Mosher/Skempton ............................ 3-7
Table 3.3 Notes about Self Weight for Uplift Capacity .......................................................................... 3-17
Table 3.4 Correlation between SPT N and  (AASHTO, 2012) ............................................................... 3-25
Table 3.5 Relationship between N and  (after Gibbs and Holtz, 1957) ................................................ 3-26
Table 3.6 Guidelines for tip resistance in siliceous soil .......................................................................... 3-27
Table 4.1 Mouse commands in the graphics mode ................................................................................ 4-11
Table 5.1 Soil Data for Example Problem 2 ............................................................................................ 5-17
Table 5.2 Hand Computations of Side Resistances for Example Problem 2 .......................................... 5-19
Table 5.3 Hand Computations of Plugged End Bearing for Example Problem 2 ................................... 5-21
Table 5.4 Hand Computations of Unplugged End Bearing for Example Problem 2 ............................... 5-22
Table 5.5 Comparison of Total Resistances for Example Problem 2 ...................................................... 5-23
Table 5.6 Soil Data for Example Problem 3 ............................................................................................ 5-39
Table 5.7 Soil data for Example Problem 6 ............................................................................................ 5-76
Table 5.8 Soil data for Example Problem 6 ............................................................................................ 5-90
Table 5.9 Comparison of results for NGI Method in Example Problem 7 .............................................. 5-91
Table 5.10 Comparison of results for MTD Method in Example Problem 7 .......................................... 5-91
Table 5.11 Soil data for Example Problem 8 ........................................................................................ 5-111
Table 5.12 Comparison of results for NGI Method in Example Problem 8 .......................................... 5-111
Table 5.13 Comparison of results for MTD Method in Example Problem 8 ........................................ 5-112
Table 5.14 Summary of factored loads on the 8-ft OD drilled APILE for Example Problem 8 ............. 5-131
Table 5.15 Initial calculations of ultimate axial compressive capacity for Example 9 ......................... 5-133
Table 5.16 Final calculations of factored axial compressive capacity for Example 9........................... 5-134

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CHAPTER 1. Introduction
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction – 1-2

1.1 General Description


The interaction among the piles and the surrounding soil are complex. Pile driving generally alters
the character of the soil and intense strains are set up locally near the piles. The load transfer mechanics
(side friction and tip resistance from soils) vary with many factors such as the types of soils, the
installation method, the pile material, the pile geometry and others. Because of the inherent complexities
of pile behavior, it is necessary to use practical semi-empirical methods of design, and to focus attention
on significant factors rather than minor or peripheral details. APILE utilizes two related codes to provide
the user with information on the behavior of driven piles under axial loading.
The first of these codes makes use of four different sets of established empirical methods for
computing the axial capacity of piles as a function of depth. Those methods include: API method
(established by American Petroleum Institute), USACE method (published by U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers), FHWA method (published by U.S. Federal Highway Administration), and Lambda method
(with the effective-stress contribution). Most of the semi-empirical design methods for prediction of axial
capacity of piles require internal friction angles () for calculating the side friction in sand layers, and the
undrained cohesive strength for calculating the side friction in clay layers. The design engineers should
gather all the necessary soil parameters based on the geotechnical investigation report prepared for the
application site. The subsurface can be divided into sub-layers based on the soil properties (cohesive or
non-cohesive) with the associated layer depth and soil parameters.
Recently, the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in subsurface explorations
worldwide. Four empirical methods for prediction of the axial capacity of driven piles based on CPT data
have been recommended by the offshore industry and are included in APILE Offshore Version. Those
four coned-based empirical methods include: NGI-99 method (published by Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute), ICP/MTD method (published by Richard Jardine et al from Imperial College in London in
2005), Fugro method (published by Fugro in 2005), and UWA method (published by the University of
Western Australia in 2005).
The second of the two codes employs t-z curves to compute the load versus settlement of the pile at
the greatest length that is specified in the input. If these results fail to satisfy the requirements of a
particular application, the user may refer to the results of load versus depth and select a revised length.
Each of these codes is described in detail in the following sections and example computations are also
presented.
APILE is a special-purpose program based on rational procedures for analyzing a driven pile under
axial loading. The program computes settlement of the top and base of the driven pile as a function of
axial loading, along with the distribution of axial load along the length of the pile.

1.2 Features of the Program


Program APILE has the following features that are designed to enhance the ability of the engineer
to obtain usable results.
1. Unit load transfer in side resistance (skin friction) and end bearing are computed, along with the
capacity of a pile to sustain axial loading.

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CHAPTER 1 – Introduction – 1-3

2. Results from four different analytical methods are provided in the basic version for comparison
and/or code compliance. Additional results from four cone-based analytical methods are available in
the special Offshore version of APILE.
3. The APILE program makes internal computations of the development of a plug in an open-ended
pile as it is driven into the ground.
4. At the user’s discretion, the values of unit load transfer computed by the program or those provided
by the user (externally from APILE) can be used to estimate load versus settlement.
5. Graphical output of load-distribution curves, load-settlement curves, and bearing capacity as a
function of depth are provided.
6. APILE has options for computation of pile capacity under tension (uplift loads) with considerations
for buoyancy effects where necessary.
7. Option for applying reduction factors for each soil layer, such as strength reduction during pile
driving, pile-group reduction factor, or LRFD strength reduction factor.
8. Tthe cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in subsurface explorations worldwide. The
latest APILE has an option to read a CPT data via an external file, and then convert the CPT data to
equivalent SPT-N values and equivalent cohesive strength internally for the user.

1.3 History of Development


1.3.1 APILE1 (1987)
With the advent of wide-spread availability of personal computers, the founder of ENSOFT, Inc.,
had a vision to improve the engineering capability for analysis and design of deep foundations by
providing useful software tools. The development of APILE1 was completed under the direction of Dr.
Lymon C. Reese and was first commercially distributed in 1987. While based on an earlier mainframe
program, APILE1 was developed to use an interactive input method.

1.3.2 APILE Plus, Data Format 1 (1989)


APILE Plus was released in 1989. This version incorporated the program APILE2 (Portion of
TZPILE), which was developed as a subroutine for computing the load-vs-settlement at the pile head
based on the t-z curve method. Therefore, Program APILE Plus is a complete program for analyzing the
behavior of driven piles under axial loading. It not only calculates the ultimate skin friction and tip
resistance at each depth, but also computes the load-vs.-settlement relationship at the pile head. In
addition, a menu-based DOS interface was introduced.

1.3.3 APILE Plus, Data Format 2 (1995)


The success of Windows 3.1 from Microsoft, Inc., as the dominant platform for personal computers
pushed software development to adopt a standard, graphical-user interface. This version of APILE Plus
utilized Windows-based pre- and post-processors, while retaining the original computing engine from
Version 1.

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CHAPTER 1 – Introduction – 1-4

1.3.4 APILE Plus, Data Format 3 (1998)


This version of APILE Plus was a complete recoding of both the pre-and post-processing programs
running under Windows 95/NT and the computing engine. The graphical-user interface was recoded to
provide a more intuitive process for data input and to enhance the graphical capabilities.
In addition, in the technical side, Version3 includes two new methods for computing the axial
capacity of driven piles. One is the FHWA method recommended by the Federal Highway and Works
Administration (FHWA). The other one is the USACE method recommended by the US Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE).
The program presents the computed results for all four different methods and the user can make a
selection based on the site condition and the application.

1.3.5 APILE Plus, Data Format 4 (2004)


This version of APILE Plus is upgraded for the requirement under Windows 2000/XP and the later
system. The most recent files of the input data will be listed under File Menu for users to load or retrieve
quickly and conveniently.
APILE Plus Version 4 now has an option to generate compatible data file used by GRLWEAP for
pile driving analyses. The program also provides the user with an option to generate t-z curves at depths
specified by the user. Furthermore, the program prints and plots the unit side friction and accumulated
side friction as a function of depth for comparison.

1.3.6 APILE Plus, Data Format 5 (2007)


APILE Plus Version 5 added an option for computation of pile capacity under tension (uplift
loads). Another new feature in Version 5 is to allow the user entering the variation of cross-sectional area
as a function of depth. This feature is particularly useful for tapered piles or long pipe piles with sections
using different inside diameters (ID). Recently the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in
subsurface explorations worldwide. APILE Plus Version 5 now has an option to read the CPT data via
an external file, and then convert the CPT data to equivalent SPT-N values and equivalent cohesive
strength internally for the user.
Two empirical methods for prediction of the axial capacity of driven piles based on the CPT data
have been evaluated by API. The first one is NGI-99 method published by Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute and the other one is MTD method published by Richard Jardine et al (2005) from Imperial
College in London. Several uncommon soil parameters particularly are required for MTD method, which
may not be of interest to driven piles installed onshore. APILE Plus provides the user with the basic
version and an offshore version. The difference between these two versions is that the offshore version
includes the predicted pile capacity based on NGI-99 and MTD methods for offshore applications.

1.3.7 APILE 2014, Data Format 6 (2014)


Program APILE uses the year number as the version sequence starting in 2014, while keeping the
second number of the release equal to the input data format (input data format 6). The major
improvements in v2014.6 were a complete rewrite for a more intuitive interface and to provide options for
specifying the reduction factors on side friction and tip resistance for each soil/rock layer if the user
selects the LRFD method.

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The new release also introduces the ability to compute elastic shortening for pile portions above
ground level (either in air or water), which is useful for many offshore applications.
Two more cone-based empirical methods, including Fugro method (published by Fugro in 2005),
and UWA method (published by the University of Western Australia in 2005), were added into the
APILE 2014 Offshore version.
The new program allows the user to change the line width and font sizes in the generated plots. In
addition, v2014 introduces compatibility to Windows 8 and 8.1. The program text book was updated and
released in separate User’s and Technical Manuals, both improved plus released electronically in
protected PDF format.

1.3.8 APILE 2015, Data Format 7 (2015)


Improvements in v2015 (data format 7) included an extended set of user-selectable parameters for
the FHWA criteria (users can now select a desired adhesion factor in each CLAY layer), introduced a
SILT criteria for USACE computations, improved computational options for SAND criteria, added a new
feature for export of any output plot into a new Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (created by APILE) to help
users in presentation graphics for reports and also added new sets of speed buttons.

1.3.9 APILE 2018, Data Format 8 (2018)


This new full version introduces data format 8 with four new main features: i) the ability to analyze
batter piles (installed at an angle from vertical), ii) new 3D graphics for display of the pile, soils and load
transfers, iii) ability to specify the use of long-pile factors for USACE method, and iv) introduction of the
FHWA 2016 method of neutral plane method for estimations of downdrag forces. All new features are
described in more details in associated sections of the new User’s and Technical Manuals.

1.4 Organization of APILE Manuals


The documentation provided with the computer program APILE consists of two volumes. The
User’s Manual contains full documentation about the operation of the program on personal computers.
The User’s Manual covers the areas of installation, preparation of input data, program execution, view of
computational results, and example applications. The distribution of the User’s Manual is made via
standard Adobe© PDF file format.
The Technical Manual provides information about the theory of pile behavior under axial loading,
all the semi-empirical equations for pile-capacity computation, the concept of load-transfer, and load-vs.-
settlement of piles in different types of soil strata. The Technical Manual includes other helpful
references related to concepts utilized in program APILE. ENSOFT holds a copyright of the Technical
Manual so it is distributed in protected form that can only be opened by licensed users of the APILE
program.
Both Manuals are installed with the APILE program and accessible via any one of the following
three methods: i) from the Windows Start Menu, ii) from the Ensoft tile in Windows 8 and 10, or iii) from
the Help menu within the APILE program.

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1.5 Typographical Conventions


To orient the user to different software features, certain terms are set in typefaces that distinguish
them from the body text. The following formatting conventions are used throughout the Manual:
 Commands that are typed directly on the keyboard: “Enter” ; “F1” ; “Esc”
 Commands with keys simultaneously pressed in the keyboard: “Alt+F” ; “Ctr+O”
 Menu items and other text displayed on the screen are in sans serif:
From the File menu choose Open
 File names and names of directories and folder and icon names are in italics:
Open the example file example1.sfd
 Internet and electronic mail addresses are underlined:
Send email to support@ensoftinc.com

1.6 Contents of the APILE Package


The standard package sent with APILE consists of the following items:
 One USB Key (sometimes known as hardware key or dongle),
 One USB Memory Stick with installation programs for all Ensoft software products (this may
be missing in future releases, since the full program is available for downloading from the
www.ensoftinc.com website).
The user-selected installation directory (default directory is Program Files (x86)\Ensoft\Apile2018)
contains the main Windows-program module (winapile2018.exe), the program engine for direct
computations (APILE2018_DLL.dll), and other support files. The User’s and Technical Manuals are also
included in the installation directory. Several modeling examples with input files (files with
name/extension of the type filename.ap8d) are installed on a separate (Root Drive)\Ensoft/Apile2018-
Examples subdirectory in the root Windows drive (usually c:\). The installation directory for Example
files can also be changed by the user if desired.

1.7 Hardware Requirements


To use APILE, the user needs the following minimum hardware configuration:
 Any personal computer with an Intel® Pentium® or newer processor.
 A hard disk with at least 50 MB of free space.
 Microsoft Windows™ 2000, XP, VISTA, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1 or Windows
10 in either 32-bit or 64-bit releases. A release of the Microsoft Windows™ system that is
newer than those listed will need a new update of the software.
 Minimum of 640 KB of free RAM memory.
 Open (available) USB port (v2 or newer).
 Graphics card compatible to the Microsoft Windows™ operating system that is being used and
also compatible with OpenGL.
 A mouse or similar pointing device.
 Optional: Any windows-compatible printer.

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1.8 Technical Support


Although computer program APILE was designed to be distinguished by its ease of use and by its
helpful User’s Manual, some users may still have questions. The technical staff at ENSOFT strongly
supports all registered users with questions related to the installation or use of APILE, according to the
stipulations presented below. The software is provided with free maintenance service for the first year.
After the first year the user is encouraged to purchase the yearly maintenance services. The yearly
maintenance services include free download of the latest version and free technical support as described
below.

1.8.1 Preferred Methods of Software Support


Software support is given, in order of preference, by the following methods:
 Electronic mail to: support@ensoftinc.com
 Fax to: (512) 244-6067
 Telephone call to: (512) 244-6464, extension 2
Users are strongly encouraged to utilize electronic means of support via email. In all technical
support requests via email, please include the following information:
 full software version/release/update (obtained from the Help > About dialog),
 a description of the user’s problem or concern,
 attach a copy of the input-data file that is associated with the issue/concern (files with
name/extension of the type filename.ap8d), and
 name and telephone number of the contact person and of the licensed user (or name and office
location of the licensed company site and/or serial number of the USB Key).
Although immediate answers are offered on most technical support requests, please allow up to two
business days for a resolution in case of difficulties or schedule conflicts.
Technical help by means of direct calls to our local telephone number, (512) 244-6464, is
available, but is limited to the business hours of 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. (US central time zone, UTC −6:00). The
current policy of Ensoft is that all telephone calls for software support will be answered free of charge if
the user has a valid maintenance contract.

1.8.2 Upgrade Verification and Internet Site


APILE v2018 provides options for the user to check the most recent maintenance release through
an internet connection by selecting Help > Check for Updates from within the software. This
command starts the default internet browser and will display the user’s maintenance expiration date, the
user’s software release number and the most recent release number that is available for downloading.
If the user’s version is not the latest version and the maintenance has not been expired, the user can
download the latest version from our web server directly (www.ensoftinc.com). Users may also consult
our internet site for additional information on software updates, demos, and new applications; technical
news; and company information.

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1.8.3 Renewal of Program Maintenance


The cost to renew program maintenance will depend on the length of time for which the program
maintenance has been expired. There are small price increases with time after expiration. The pricing
policy for renewing a program maintenance that has not expired can be found on the Ensoft website at
http://www.ensoftinc.com

1.8.4 Changes of Support Policy


The software support policy and associated expenses are subject to change at ENSOFT’s discretion
and without specific mailed notices to the users. However, any change of rules will be verbally provided
during telephone calls for software support.

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CHAPTER 2. Installation and Getting
Started
CHAPTER 2 – Installation and Getting Started – 2-2

2.1 Installation Procedures


Program APILE is distributed with an associated USB Key (hardware key or dongle). The USB
Key consists of a device that is attached to a working USB port (or USB hub) of the computer in use (or
in the designated software server in the case of local network licenses). This method of software
protection has been found to provide compatibility with existing operating systems, better stability than
other alternatives, and allows users to obtain software updates or replacements via downloads from the
internet.
Users with standard single-user licenses can check the following link to a PDF with Installation
Notes: https://www.ensoftinc.com/doc/Ensoft_Single-User_License_Installation_Booklet.pdf
Users with local network licenses can check the following link to a PDF with Network Installation
Notes: https://www.ensoftinc.com/doc/Ensoft_Network_License_Installation_Booklet.pdf

2.1.1 Installation of Single-User Version


This version of APILE has been tested to be compatible with the following versions of the
Microsoft Windows® operating systems: 2000, XP, Vista, Windows 7, 8, 8.1 and 10 in 32 and 64-bit
releases.
The following guidelines are recommended during the installation process of APILE for single-
user licenses.
1. Plug the supplied USB Key into one of the available USB ports in your computer. The USB Key is
plug-and-play compatible so the operating system will recognize the USB Key automatically and a
small but solid green light should appear at the end of the USB Key (a flickering green light or no
light indicate problems with the standard windows driver or with the USB Key).
2. If the user installs from a distribution USB Memory Stick and the main installation program does not
start automatically upon insertion of the Memory Stick then click on the Windows Start Menu
button and select Run. On the command line, type d:\setup.exe or e:\setup.exe, where d: or e:
represents the drive that contains the distribution Memory Stick. Click OK to execute the command
and start the main installation program for ENSOFT’s software. A screen similar to the one in
Figure 2.1 should appear.
3. If the user installs from a downloaded file then please run the downloaded file (double click) and go
to instruction #5.
4. Click anywhere on the APILE 2018 icon and then click on the Install Standard button to start the
installation of APILE.
5. The user should read the license agreement shown in Figure 2.2. Please click Yes if you agree and
would like to proceed.
6. Select Single-User License in Figure 2.3 then click Next. For network installations please contact
Ensoft support (support@ensoftinc.com).
7. The user will be provided with an option to select a drive and directory for the installation of APILE
(see Figure 2.4); the default is c:\Program Files (x86)\Ensoft\Apile2018. If the desired directory
does not exist, the installation program will automatically create a new directory in the chosen hard
drive.

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Most distribution files will be copied to the installation directory (either the default or the one
selected by the user).
Example files are copied to the following subdirectory under the root Windows drive (unless
selected differently by the user during installation):
(Root Drive)\Ensoft\Apile2018-Examples
8. During the installation the user will be asked to set the file extension association for opening APILE
2018 input data files (see Figure 2.5). If the user agrees (leaves the default check mark) then double
clicking (or running) any input data file with extensions of the type filename.ap8d will start the
installed APILE 2018 software.
9. The user will be prompted to confirm the shortcut directory name that will be created in the
Windows Start Menu (See Figure 2.6). The default is Start Menu/Programs/Ensoft/Apile2018.
Windows 8 and 10 will automatically create an Ensoft tile with the same shortcuts.

Figure 2.1 Main CD-ROM installation screen for ENSOFT software (may change with
time)

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CHAPTER 2 – Installation and Getting Started – 2-4

After the installation is finished, it is not necessary to reboot Windows for the program to run. The
user may run the program by selecting APILE v2018 from the standard links installed in the Microsoft
Windows® Start Menu: Start Menu > All Programs > Ensoft > Apile2018

Figure 2.2 Installation screen with License Agreement (may change with time)

Figure 2.3 Selection of Single-User License (may change with time)

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CHAPTER 2 – Installation and Getting Started – 2-5

Figure 2.4 Default Installation Directory for Program Files (may change with time)

Figure 2.5 File Extension Association for APILE 2018 Data Files (may change with time)

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CHAPTER 2 – Installation and Getting Started – 2-6

Figure 2.6 Default Shortcut Folder in Windows Start Menu (may change with time)

2.1.2 Introduction of Network Version


Special network licenses and USB hardware keys (network keys) are available for users who desire
to operate APILE on a Windows network. The network version is limited to users with two or more
licenses at the same physical site. Discounted rates apply for users purchasing multiple licenses for the
same site.
Network versions of APILE have special subroutines written for installations in “software servers”
and for installations of “individual clients”. The “software server” or “license server” is the computer that
will be carrying the Net USB Key provided by ENSOFT, INC. The software server is not necessarily the
same as the existing network server. Any computer in the existing Windows network may be designated
software server for APILE as long as the network key is attached to an available USB port (or through an
USB hub) and the “server” version of the software is installed on its local drive. Software “clients” may
be all computers of the licensed site that have the program installed as client. Software clients do not
need any hardware key attached to their local ports. The program installed in software clients will be
allowed to run if their IP are within the allowable (licensed) IP ranges and if the computer designated as
software server is accessible on the network with the proper operating system and with its network key
secured in place.
Users of the network version of APILE are allowed to have the software installed in as many
computers as desired within the licensed IP ranges of their local Windows network. However, only a
number of users equal to the total number of purchased licenses will be able to operate the program at the
same time.

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2.1.2.1 Installation of Network Version


Installers of network licenses should refer to a separate booklet with installation instructions for the
Network version of this product. The document can be downloaded from the Ensoft web site:
https://www.ensoftinc.com/doc/Ensoft_Network_License_Installation_Booklet.pdf
Alternatively, the document can be requested via email to support@ensoftinc.com

2.1.2.2 Silent Installations on Client Computers


For installation of network licenses on local client computers there is an option for command-based
installations that are completely silent (performed without other user input). Instructions for silent
installations on client computers can be downloaded from the Ensoft web site using the following link:
https://www.ensoftinc.com/doc/Silent%20Install%20on%20Client%20Computers.pdf
Alternatively, the document can be requested via email to support@ensoftinc.com

2.1.3 Backup of Original Software


The distributed software may be copied for backup purposes. The program may be installed in
several computers at the same time. However, unless network licenses are purchased, the program will
only operate in the computer that carries the appropriate USB Key.

2.1.4 Software Updates on the Internet


Occasionally, ENSOFT will produce software improvements and/or fixes and place the latest
software programs on ENSOFT’s internet site. Users can check for available updates by selecting Help >
Check for Updates from the APILE menu. Software users may freely download the latest program
update from the PRODUCTS > Downloads link in the following site: http://www.ensoftinc.com

2.2 Getting Started


A general diagram showing the menu choices and operational flow chart of program APILE is
presented in Figure 2.7. The following paragraphs provide a short description of the operational features
of APILE and should quickly enable the user to get started with the program.

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CHAPTER 2 – Installation and Getting Started – 2-8

Figure 2.7 Sample organization and operational flow chart

2.2.1 Starting the Program


The program is started by double clicking the left mouse button anywhere in the APILE icon. A
new window will appear on the screen, with the following top-menu choices: File, Data, Options,
Computation, Graphics, Window, and Help.

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2.2.2 File Management


The File menu option contains five submenus, as shown in Figure 2.8; they are:
 New to create a new data file.
 Open… to open an existing data file.
 Save to save input data under the current file name.
 Save As… to save input data under a different file name.
 Exit to exit program APILE.
 Other entries include quick access to a history of recently-opened files.

Figure 2.8 Options contained in the File menu

Several additional files are created in every new APILE run. A general description of these files is
presented in Table 2.1. Every run of APILE thus generates four text files in the same drive and directory
where the input-data file was saved or opened. Any of these files may be opened with standard text
editors or word processing programs.

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File Name Usage File Example


Extension Description Format Files
*.ap8d Input-data file Text file example1.ap8d
example2.ap8d
*.ap8o Output-data file Text file example1.ap8o
example2.ap8o
*.ap8p Plot-data file Text file example1.ap8p
example2.ap8p
*.gwi GRLWEAP-data file Text file example1.gwi
example2.gwi
Table 2.1 Files created in APILE runs

2.2.3 Data Menu


The Data menu contains several choices of submenus, as shown in Figure 2.9. The choices are
listed below, along with a general description of their use. Some options may be disabled since they
depend on other input selections specified under the Data menu.
Title .................. to enter a single line of text with a general description for the project.
Computational Method . ..the user may select any one of the four (regular version) to eight (offshore
version) methods of internal computation of load-vs-settlement and one or more methods
of pile capacity, or the user may choose to input specific values of unit load transfers.
The user can also specify in this menu the usage of reduction factors for LRFD analyses.
Pile Material.. . used to enter the material type of piles such as steel piles, prestressed concrete piles,
timber piles, etc. This selection also provides control for values that are used in
computations of elastic deformation of the pile.
Circular-Section Pile ..... to describe dimensions and material properties of piles with circular sections.
This menu also provides a selection of computations of pile plugging.
Noncircular-Section Pile…to describe dimensions and material properties of piles that are not circular.
Soil Layers ...... this is used to define the type and depth of each soil layer and to enter the associated soil
parameters.
CPT Data File ….this submenu is optional and is used to read an external data file, which contains data
from the cone penetration test (CPT).

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CHAPTER 2 – Installation and Getting Started – 2-11

Figure 2.9 Options contained in the Data menu

2.2.4 Options Menu


The Options menu is provided for the control of program variables and preferences. The listing of
menu options is shown in Figure 2.10 and the different submenu choices are briefly described below. The
user may select any of the options without concern for the sequential order.
Units ................ the user may select either English Units (using kips, feet and inches) or S.I. Units (using
kN, meters and millimeters). English units are enabled, as a default, for all new runs.
The user may change the system of units as many times as desired and values that were
previously input will be automatically converted by the program to the new selection of
units.
Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths…Although the program generates t-z curves at the top, the
middle, and the bottom of each soil layer, the user may ask the program for printing of
additional t-z curves at user-specified depths. The depth of t-z curves is zero at the
ground surface and it cannot exceed the tip of the pile.
Control Options .............. the user may select the length of each computation increment and also how
often to print results. The observation of text files associated with APILE (input, output
or processor notes) is done using the text editor that is here selected by the user. The user
should input in this box the complete path and command line for the preferred text editor
or word processor that will be used to examine and print the input, output and processor
plain text files created by the program. As a default, the command line
c:\windows\notepad.exe is used to operate the standard text editor Microsoft Notepad that
is normally included with all Windows installations.

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Figure 2.10 Options contained in the Program-Control Options menu

2.2.5 Computation Menu


The Computation menu is provided to run the analytical computations after all data are entered
and saved. After the computation is executed successfully this menu also provides options for the
reviews of plain-text input data, notes produced during computation, and output data. It also provides an
option for the graphical observation of the modeled pile and soil layers. Submenu choices, shown in
Figure 2.11, are briefly described below.
Run Analysis .. ............... this option is chosen to run the analytical computations. This option should be
selected after all data have been entered and saved.
Edit Input Text ............... this option calls the chosen Text Editor (selected under Options > Text
Editor) to observe and/or edit the analytical input data in plain-text format. The option
becomes available after the input data has been saved to disk, or when opening an
existing input-data file.
Edit Processor-Run Notes ...............this option calls the chosen Text Editor (selected under Options >
Text Editor) to observe, format, and/or print the notes provided during processing. The
option becomes available (or modified) after a run attempt has been made. The user is
encouraged to read the processor-run notes if the program is not running successfully.
The processor-run notes may provide the user with some additional information about
possible causes of the problem.
Edit Output Text............. this option calls the chosen Text Editor (selected under Options > Text
Editor) to observe, format, and/or print the analytical-output data. The option becomes
available only after a successful run has been made. Certain output files may be too large
for the Microsoft Notepad editor, so other text editors would have to be used (Microsoft
Word Pad should be able to open most text files).

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View Soil Layer Coordinates ...........provides a graphical representation of the elevation of the modeled
pile and the location of the specified soil layers.
3D View........... for a three-dimensional representation of the modeled pile, soil layers, layer depths, and
graphical plots of axial capacity vs. pile penetration.
Edit GRLWEAP Data File ................calls the previously chosen Text Editor (selected under Options >
Text Editor) to display the internally-generated data which are needed for pile-drivability
study with the separate GRLWEAP software. The program prints and saves the
distribution of the side friction based on the format requested by GRLWEAP software.
The user is encouraged to verify the pile dimension/property data and to select the proper
driving hammer after the data file is accepted by GRLWEAP.

Figure 2.11 Options contained in the Computation menu

2.2.6 Graphics Menu


The Graphics menu is used to observe plots of output data provided by a successful program run.
Options for the observation of output curves under this menu are only enabled after a successful run has
been made. Even after performing successful runs, some options may still be disabled since the amount
of output data depends on specifications provided in the input file of each program run. Submenu
choices, shown in Figure 2.12, are briefly described below.
Unit Skin Friction vs Depth ..............provides a plot of unit load transfers in side resistance (skin
friction) versus depth of the modeled pile according to computational methods for pile
capacity that were selected by the user.

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CHAPTER 2 – Installation and Getting Started – 2-14

Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth…provides a plot of accumulated load transfers in side resistance
(skin friction) versus depth of the modeled pile according to computational methods for
pile capacity that were selected by the user.
Tip Resistance vs Depth…. provides a plot of ultimate end bearing (tip resistance) versus depth of the
modeled pile according to computational methods for pile capacity that were selected by
the user.
Total Capacity vs Depth…. provides a plot of the ultimate total capacity (skin friction plus tip
resistance) versus depth of the modeled pile according to computational methods for pile
capacity that were selected by the user.
Load Distribution…. provides a plot of distributions of axial loads versus depth for the modeled pile
according to the computational method for load-vs-settlement that was selected by the
user.
Combined Plot…. provides a plot of ultimate skin friction, ultimate tip resistance, and the ultimate total
capacity versus depth on a single graph, according to the computational method for load-
vs-settlement that was selected by the user.
Axial Load vs Settlement….this option provides a plot of the axial loads versus settlement at the pile
head based on t-z curves and Q-w curves, according to the computational method for
load-vs-settlement that was selected by the user.
Internally-Generated t-z Curves….this option provides a plot of the t-z curves generated by the
program at the top, the middle, and the bottom of each soil layer, according to the
computational method for load-vs-settlement that was selected by the user..
Extra t-z Curves at User-Specified Depths….this option provides a plot of the t-z curves generated by
the program at user-specified depths.
Internally Generated Q-w Curve….this option provides a plot of the Q-w (tip resistance vs. movement)
that was generated according to the computational method for load-vs-settlement that was
selected by the user.
Neutral Plane Analysis (Downdrag – FHWA)….this provides an option to determine the FHWA 2016
approximate method for downdrag design.
Exports Plots to Excel….this option allows the user to export some (or all) of the above plots to an
excel file. Each plot will be exported to two sheets, one contains the data and the second
the chart.

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Figure 2.12 Options contained in the Graphics menu

2.2.7 Arrangement of Windows


The Window menu provides two standard functions for organizing opened windows and/or
minimized window icons. Submenu options, shown in Figure 2.13, are briefly described below.
Cascade .......... this option organizes all open-windowed menus so that all become visible with their tops
cascading from the top left portion of the screen.
Arrange Icons. ............... this option organizes the icons of all minimized windowed menus so that all
become visible and aligned at the bottom portion of the screen.
Other entries under the Window menu are names of any open windows or plot file, that the user
may select to navigate between open windows.

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Figure 2.13 Sample options contained in the Window menu

2.2.8 Help Files


The Help menu provides an online help reference on topics such as: using the program, entering
data, information about variables used in the program and methods of analyses. Submenu options, shown
in Figure 2.14, are briefly described below. The menu may be accessed at any time while in APILE.
Contents ......... the main reference files for help are accessed through this submenu option. The Help
files usually do not provide as much information as the electronic manuals that are also
accessible from the Help menu.
User’s Manual ............... this selection calls the installed version of Adobe Acrobat or Acrobat Reader to
open the User’s Manual. This document is formatted as an Adobe PDF file.
Technical Manual .......... this selection calls the viewer of the Technical Manual. This is a protected file
(copyright document) that can only be opened with this viewer and by user’s that are
running the program in full mode.
About ............... this provides a screen describing the program version, date, maintenance expiration date,
USB serial number and methods for accessing technical support.

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Check for Updates ........ starts the default Internet browser and sends the user to a page that describes
information about the user’s license (release and maintenance expiration date) as well as
the latest release that is available for downloading at the Ensoft site. Users may only run
in full mode maintenance updates that were released before the expiration date of the
user’s license.

Figure 2.14 Options contained in the Help menu

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CHAPTER 3 –References for Data Input – 3-2

3.1 File Menu


This menu contains options related to the management of input-data files and to exit the program.
Input-data files created for APILE are provided with a standard file-name extension in the form of
*filename*.ap8d (where *filename* represents any allowable file name). All input data files are standard
text files and may be edited with any text editor or word-processing program.

3.1.1 File Menu Speed Buttons


The first group of three speed buttons at the left side of the button bar (shown in Figure 3.1)
provides access to the following commands (from left to right): File > New, File > Open, and File >
Save.

Figure 3.1 Speed Buttons for the File Menu (within rounded rectangle)

3.1.2 File > New


Once the program is started, default values are used for certain operating parameters and a blank
input-data file is created. Selecting New under the File menu resets all APILE variables to
either default or blank values, as appropriate. This option should be selected when a new data
file is desired to be created from a blank form. This menu option may also be accessed with the Ctrl+N
keyboard combination.

3.1.3 File > Open


This is used to open a file that has been previously prepared and saved to disk. The File >
Open window dialog, shown in Figure 3.2, is used to search and open an existing input-data
file. By default, the file is initially searched in the directory where APILE was installed.
Standard windows-navigation procedures may be used to locate the name and directory of the desired
project file. This menu option may be accessed with the Ctrl+O keyboard combination.
Every analytical run of APILE produces several additional files (previously described in Table 2.1
of this manual). The name of the input-data file indicates the names of all related files produced by a
successful program run (output, graphics, and processor text files). All the additional program files will
be created in the same directory as the input data file. Input-data files that are partially completed may be
saved and later opened for completion, run, and observation of results.

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Opening some partially-completed APILE input files or invalid data files (or files with incorrect
data formats) may produce an information window reporting that an “invalid or incomplete” file is being
opened (Figure 3.3). The user should click the OK button and all partial-input data that was previously
prepared should become available.
The program allows users to read input-data files created by previous APILE versions (*.apd,
*.ap6d and *.ap7d file extensions) by selecting the drop-down arrow at the bottom right corner of the File
> Open window screen. The program will automatically convert the opened previous APILE input file
to the current version of APILE when the user saves the opened file.

Figure 3.2 Window screen for the File – Open dialog

Figure 3.3 Sample message for incomplete or invalid file

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3.1.4 File > Save


This selection is used to save input data under the current file name. With this method of
storing data to disk, any input data that was previously saved with the same file name is
replaced with the current parameters. Input-data files should be saved every time before
proceeding with runs for analytical computation. This menu option may also be accessed with the Ctrl+S
keyboard combination.

3.1.5 File > Save As


This selection allows the user to save any opened or new input data file under a different file name
or different directory. Any input data file saved under an existing file name will replace the contents of
the existing file.

3.1.6 File > Exit


This is selected to exit APILE. Any input-data file that was modified and not yet saved to disk will
produce a confirmation window before exiting the program (see Figure 3.4).

Figure 3.4 Message window advising that changes were not saved to disk

3.2 Data Menu


The input of specific parameters for an application is controlled under options contained within this
menu (shown in Figure 3.5). It is recommended that the user choose each submenu and enter parameters
in a consecutive manner starting from the top.
Selecting or clicking any of the submenu choices contained in the Data menu produces various
types of windows. As a reminder of standard commands of Microsoft Windows®, open windows may be
closed by all or some of the following methods:
 clicking the OK button (if available),or
 clicking the X-box on the upper-right corner of the window, or
 pressing the “Ctrl+F4” keyboard combination, or
 double-clicking the APILE icon on the upper-left corner of the window, or
 clicking once on the APILE icon on the upper-left corner of the window and then choosing
Close.
Open windows may optionally be left open on the screen. The selection of other menu options will
then produce new windows on top of those that were previously left open.

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Many sub-windows of the Data menu will show an Add Row, Insert Row and/or Delete Row
buttons. The Add Row button always adds new rows at the end after all existing rows. The Insert Row
button always inserts a new row right after an existing row highlighted by the mouse. Clicking on the
Delete Row button deletes the row where the cursor is located.

Figure 3.5 Options contained under the Data menu

3.2.1 Numeric Data Entries


Cells that require numeric data may accept entries of mathematical expressions in addition to
simple numeric entries. Entering a mathematical expression works similarly to normal numeric data. The
user types the expression that represents the data and presses the Return key to calculate the entered
expression and to display the numeric result in the same cell.
Table 3.1 below shows the list of supported operations and constants. The order of operations
follows the order in the list of Table 3.1. Note that implicit multiplication (i.e. 2(4+6)) is not supported
(instead, use 2*(4+6) for the previous example).

OPERATORS
Symbol Description
() Parenthesis (may be nested)
^ Exponentiation
* Multiplication
/ Division
+ Addition
- Subtraction
- Negation (same as subtraction)

CONSTANTS
Symbol Value
PI (or pi) 3.1415927
e (or E) 2.7182818
Table 3.1 Supported mathematical operations and constants

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The two constants that are currently supported are PI and e. Implicit multiplications using
constants is not supported (use 2*e instead of 2e). Negation of the constants PI or e is not allowed. For
instance, instead of entering -PI the user must enter - (PI).
Scientific notation (i.e. 1.65e8 or 1.65e-8) may be used to input very large or very small numbers.
After an expression is calculated, very large or very small numbers will be displayed using scientific
notation.

3.2.2 Data Menu Speed Buttons


The second group of six speed buttons at the left side of the button bar (shown in Figure 3.6)
provides access to the following commands (from left to right): Data > Title, Data > Computation
Method, Data > Pile Material, Data > Circular-Section Pile, Data > NonCircular-Section Pile, and
Data > Soil Layers.

Figure 3.6 Speed Buttons for the Data Menu (within rounded rectangle)

3.2.3 Data > Title


This selection activates the window shown in Figure 3.7, where the user can enter a line of text
containing a general description for the application problem. Any combination of characters
may be entered in the text box in order to describe a particular application. The user input will
be restrained automatically once the maximum length of text is reached. This is done to prevent the user
from going beyond the maximum permissible length of characters allowed for the title line.

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Figure 3.7 Window screen for sample Data > Title

3.2.4 Data > Computational Methods


The selection provides a dialog box window with two tabs, shown in Figure 3.8 and Figure 3.9
(some options in these tabs may be grayed out since they are only available for the APILE
Offshore Version): Method for Load Settlement and Method for Pile Capacity. Within
these tabs, the user can respectively select the preferred method for computation of load-vs-settlement
curves (instructions for generation of t-z and Q-w curves) and for computations of pile capacity.

3.2.4.1 Method for Load-vs-Settlement


The computations of load-vs-settlement involves two procedures: i) computation of the unit-load
transfers, and ii) computation of the shape of the nonlinear, load-transfer curves (t-z and Q-w).
The APILE program automatically selects the nonlinear shape of the load-transfer curves (t-z and
Q-w) based on two methods, as indicated in the notes of Figure 3.8. Method (*) for USACE is based on
the theories of Reese/Mosher/Skempton referenced in Table 3.2 which are also described in Chapter 4 of
the APILE Technical Manual (Section 4.4 through Section 4.7).
All other methods (FHWA, Revised Lambda, API, etc) are based on the recommendations from the
American Petroleum Institute (API RP-2A, 2007) which are also described in Section 4.8 of the APILE
Technical Manual.
Type of Load Method for Shape of Load-
Type of Soil
Transfer Transfer Curve
Cohesive Coyle & Reese (1966)
Side Resistance
Cohesionless Mosher (1984)
Cohesive Skempton (1951)
End Bearing
Cohesionless Vijayvergiya & Mosher (1984)
Table 3.2 Shape of Nonlinear Load-Transfer Curves from Reese/Mosher/Skempton

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For computations of unit load transfers, the APILE program offers four (regular version) and four
(offshore version) methods for computing pile response under axial loads. Alternatively to those
embedded methods, the user may also select to input any arbitrary unit load transfers in skin friction and
end bearing at top and bottom of each soil layer in the model.
The automated computation methods for unit load transfers in APILE are the following:
FHWA.............. uses recommendations from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the United
States. The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.5 of the
APILE Technical Manual. When the user selects this method of computation for unit-
load transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the API RP 2A (Section 4.8 of the
APILE Technical Manual) for computations of the shape of the load-transfer curves.
USACE .......... uses recommendations from the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The theoretical
background of this method is included in Section 3.4 of the APILE Technical Manual.
When the user selects this method of computation for unit-load transfers, the APILE
program automatically uses the Method (*) (Reese/Mosher/Skempton in Table 3.2) for
computations of the shape of the load-transfer curves.
Revised Lambda............ uses recommendations from Vijayvergiya and Focht (1972), also known as the
“Lambda method.” The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.3
of the APILE Technical Manual. When the user selects this method of computation for
unit-load transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the API RP 2A (Section 4.8 of
the APILE Technical Manual) for computations of the shape of the load-transfer curves.
API RP 2A ..... uses Recommended Practice 2A of the American Petroleum Institute, also known as the
“revised API method” (2007). The theoretical background of this method is included in
Section 3.2 of the APILE Technical Manual. When the user selects this method of
computation for unit-load transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the API RP
2A (Section 4.8 of the APILE Technical Manual) for computations of the shape of the
load-transfer curves.
Load Transfers Specified by User…in addition to the internal methods of computations provided by
the program, the user also has the option to specify any values of load transfers by
selecting this method of computation. When the user selects this method of computation
for unit-load transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the API RP 2A (Section
4.8 of the APILE Technical Manual) for computations of the shape of the load-transfer
curves.
NGI .................. (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute in 1999. The
theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.6 of the APILE Technical
Manual. When the user selects this method of computation for unit-load transfers, the
APILE program automatically uses the API RP 2A (Section 4.8 of the APILE Technical
Manual) for computations of the shape of the load-transfer curves.
ICP/MTD ....... (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the Imperial College in 2005. The theoretical background
of this method is included in Section 3.7 of the APILE Technical Manual. When the user

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CHAPTER 3 –References for Data Input – 3-9

selects this method of computation for unit-load transfers, the APILE program
automatically uses the API RP 2A (Section 4.8 of the APILE Technical Manual) for
computations of the shape of the load-transfer curves.
FUGRO ........... (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by Fugro in 2004. The theoretical background of this method
is included Section 3.8 of the APILE Technical Manual. When the user selects this
method of computation for unit-load transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the
API RP 2A (Section 4.8 of the APILE Technical Manual) for computations of the shape
of the load-transfer curves.
UWA ............. (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth in
2005. The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.9 of the APILE
Technical Manual. When the user selects this method of computation for unit-load
transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the API RP 2A (Section 4.8 of the
APILE Technical Manual) for computations of the shape of the load-transfer curves.
Factors for t-z and Q-w Curves
Unfactored ...... the selection of this radio button will use the LRFD factors (on Side Friction and End
Bearing) that are inputted by the user for each soil layer under Data – Soil Layers
(entries in the last two columns) and apply them only to pile capacity and not to t-z nor
Q-w curves. This is the default and expected selection for most applications, even for
users of the LRFD method from AASHTO. This is because LRFD resistance factors are
only applicable to pile capacity and not to load-vs-settlement.
Reduced ......... the selection of this radio button will use the LRFD factors (as t-multipliers for t-z curves
and Q-multipliers for Q-w curves) that are inputted by the user for each soil layer under
Data – Soil Layers (entries in the last two columns). This selection may be preferred by
users for special analytical cases, such as hypothetical computations of load-vs-settlement
for evaluations of losses of strength during pile driving or to match measured load-test
data.

3.2.4.2 Method for Pile Capacity


For computations of axial pile capacity, the APILE program offers four (regular version) and four
(offshore version) methods. Alternatively to those embedded methods, the user may also select to input
any arbitrary unit load transfers in skin friction and end bearing at top and bottom of each soil layer in the
model. The user may select a single method, several or all methods to compare results from various
recommendations. As a minimum, the APILE program automatically selects the method that was
selected by the user for computations of load-vs-settlement (the method preceded by the words LS in the
Pile Capacity tab).
The automated computation methods for pile capacity in APILE are the following:

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FHWA.............. uses recommendations from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the United
States. The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.5 of the
APILE Technical Manual.
USACE .......... uses recommendations from the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The theoretical
background of this method is included in Section 3.4 of the APILE Technical Manual.
For this particular method, the user is offered an additional control regarding the critical
depth that should be used in sand layers (see Section 3.4 of the APILE Technical
Manual):
Critical Depth Method for Sand .......For design purposes, USACE established that the skin friction of
piles in sand increases linearly to an assumed critical depth (Dc) and then remains
constant below that depth. APILE provides the users with some control regarding this
limitation to increases in load transfers of side resistance in sand.
Original Recommendations With this selection, APILE will use the original USACE
code with a critical depth (Dc) that depends on sand density, which is equal to 10 pile
diameters in loose sand, 15 pile diameters in medium sand and 20 pile diameters in dense
sand. For multiple layers, the criteria that is used depends on the soil layer at the pile tip
and the computations of depth always starts from ground surface.
At Effective Stress Reaching 3,500 psi (185 kPa)…With this selection, APILE will
use a critical depth equal to the one where the effective stress (’z) reach 3,500 lb/in2
(185 kPa). This criteria has been opted for practical reasons by some engineers when
modeling multiple soil layers.
At User-Specified Critical Depth…With this selection, APILE will use a critical depth
that is here entered by the user, in ft or meter. This option is provided by APILE since
some engineers that employ the USACE method may not want to limit the increases of
transfers in side resistances in sand (thus entering a depth that is equal to the pile length)
or want to see the effects of entering a different depth than those from the original
USACE method.
Use Long-Pile Option (for Alpha)…A check mark on this selection box instructs APILE to calculate
values of  (alpha) for side resistance in cohesive soils that correspond to long piles. If
this box has no check mark the program will calculate regular alpha values as defined in
Figure 3.5 of the Technical Manual. If this box has a check mark then the program will
calculate long-pile alpha ( and ) values as defined in Figure 3.6 of the Technical
Manual.
Revised Lambda............ uses recommendations from Vijayvergiya and Focht (1972), also known as the
“Lambda method.” The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.3
of the APILE Technical Manual.

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Figure 3.8 Window screens for Data Menu > Computational Methods > Method for
Load vs Settlement

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CHAPTER 3 –References for Data Input – 3-12

Figure 3.9 Window screens for Data Menu > Computational Methods > Method for Pile
Capacity

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API RP 2A ..... uses Recommended Practice 2A of the American Petroleum Institute, also known as the
“revised API method” (2007). The theoretical background of this method is included in
Section 3.2 of the APILE Technical Manual.
Load Transfers Specified by User…in addition to the internal methods of computations provided by
the program, the user also has the option to specify any values of load transfers by
selecting this method of computation. With a check mark here the user can enter unit
load transfers in skin friction and end bearing for top and bottom of each soil layer under
Data > Soil Layers > Edit Layer x.
NGI .................. (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute in 1999. The
theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.6 of the APILE Technical
Manual.
ICP/MTD ....... (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the Imperial College in 2005. The theoretical background
of this method is included in Section 3.7 of the APILE Technical Manual.
For this particular method, the user must also select whether the loading produces drained
or undrained conditions for end bearing in clay layers (see Section 3.7.3.2 of the APILE
Technical Manual):
Use Drained Condition for Clay some users tend to evaluate long-term behavior
by the assumption of drained conditions in the cohesive soil.
Use Undrained Condition for Clay this is the default and most common condition,
though some users relate this condition to short-term responses.
FUGRO ........... (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by Fugro in 2004. The theoretical background of this method
is included Section 3.8 of the APILE Technical Manual.
UWA ............. (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth in
2005. The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.9 of the APILE
Technical Manual.
Type of Loading - Compression or Tension
The user may specify either compressive loading or tensile loading with these radio buttons. If the
tensile loading is selected, the user may enter a reduction factor on side friction which is applicable only
with the API method. For other methods (outside API) this tensile reduction factor is not taken into
account since the APILE program will follow the recommendations from each theory (see Chapter 3 of
the APILE Technical Manual).

3.2.5 Data > Pile Material


This selection allows the user to select the pile type and pile material that are used for the driven
pile. An illustration of the Pile Material window for an example application is shown in Figure
3.12. A general description for the data needed in the Data > Pile Material submenu option is

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CHAPTER 3 –References for Data Input – 3-14

listed below.

3.2.5.1 Select Pile Type


The user may select one of the following pile types:
Steel pipe piles and non-tapered portion of monotube piles… includes any steel pile with circular
section or for circular tubing. Piles with a taper (changing diameter) can be considered
here but the extra load transfer from the tapered portion will be ignored when using this
selection.
Open-Ended Pile…specifies that the pipe pile is driven open ended. With an Open-
Ended Pile the user will have the option to select a method to calculate the internal pile
plug (under Data > Circular-Section Pile). In the FHWA method (see Section 3.5 of
the APILE Technical Manual) this entry also determines the influence in pile capacity
due to the displaced volume.
Close-Ended Pile… specifies that the pipe pile is driven close ended. With a Close-
Ended Pile the user will not have any option for the internal pile plug (under Data >
Circular-Section Pile). In the FHWA method (see Section 3.5 of the APILE Technical
Manual) this entry also determines the influence in pile capacity due to the displaced
volume.
H-Piles/Steel Shapes…this selection includes any steel pile that is not circular in section, such as H-
piles or wide flanges that are used as driven piles.
Precast concrete piles…this is for any type of concrete pile, where the user also selects if the pile
section is circular or not. If circular pile then the user may also select if Open-Ended
Pile or Close-Ended Pile (see comments above).
Tapered portion of monotube piles…this selection is for steel piles with varying circular section. The
theory for extra load transfer from the angle of pile taper is only applicable to the FHWA
method (see Section 3.5 of the APILE Technical Manual). For this pile type, the angle of
pile taper should be entered by the user in degrees and is measured from the vertical (less
than 90 degrees), where an entry of 0 indicates a straight pile.
Raymond step-taper piles…this selection is for specialized steel piles that are composed of several
short sections of varying diameters that are joined together to form the pile, that is
normally referred as “step taper.” The theory for extra load transfer from Raymond step-
taper piles is only applicable to the FHWA method (see Section 3.5 of the APILE
Technical Manual).
Raymond uniform-taper piles…this selection is for Raymond steel piles with uniformly varying
circular section. The theory for extra load transfer from the angle of pile taper is only
applicable to the FHWA method (see Section 3.5 of the APILE Technical Manual). For
this pile type, the angle of pile taper should be entered by the user in degrees and is
measured from the vertical (less than 90 degrees), where an entry of 0 indicates a straight
pile.

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Timber piles…this selection is for timber piles with uniformly varying circular section (more common)
or even applicable to straight timber (not used often). The theory for extra load transfer
from the angle of pile taper is only applicable to the FHWA method (see Section 3.5 of
the APILE Technical Manual). In addition to elastic deformation, a distinction for the
response of timber piles (based on pile material) is also provided by the USACE method
(see Section 3.4 of the APILE Technical Manual).

Figure 3.10 Window screens for Data Menu > Pile Material

Angle of taper for a tapered pile…For any pile type selected as tapered, the angle of pile taper should
be entered by the user in degrees and is measured from the vertical (less than 90 degrees),

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where an entry of 0 indicates a non-tapered (straight) pile. For capacity computations on


all piles with a taper angle (other than FHWA), the APILE software will use the reduced
end bearing that corresponds to the area at the tip of the pile. However, for side
resistance the program will use for the complete pile length the surface area that
corresponds to the top diameter.

3.2.5.2 Data for Axial Stiffness


The entries in this section are only used to calculate the elastic deformation of the pile (which has a
direct effect on load-vs-settlement) and thus do not have any effect in computations of pile capacity.
Modulus of Elasticity, E…this number (always positive) represents the elastic modulus of the pile. The
elastic modulus of the pile is used for load-vs-settlement analysis to calculate the elastic
deformation of the pile. The English unit for this variable is “psi” or “lb/in2“ while “kPa”
or “kN/m2“ is used for SI units.
Cross Section Area
Calculate from Pile Section…the selection of this radio button instructs APILE to calculate a cross-
sectional area of the pile automatically based on input from the user under Data >
Circular-Section Pile (Outer Diameter and Inner Diameter) or under Data >
Noncircular-Section Pile (Tip Area for Noncircular Section). Notice that for H piles
and pipe piles the user may select a close-ended section for capacity analysis but should
use only the metal (steel) area for elastic deformation. For those cases the user may need
to enter a different area using the next option below. The automatically calculated entry
in this radio button is provided in units of “in2“ when using English units or in “m2“
when using SI units.
Constant Cross Section Area…the selection of this radio button instructs APILE to use any cross-
sectional area that is here entered by the user. This is particularly important for pipe piles
and H piles (or wide flanges) since the value that is here entered is normally only the
metal (steel) area, even if the pile is closed ended for capacity calculations. For solid
piles (concrete/timber) the value that is here entered is the gross cross-sectional area. The
entry in this radio button shall be provided in units of “in2“ when using English units or
in “m2“ when using SI units.
Non-Constant Cross Section Area…the selection of this radio button instructs APILE to use the
variations of cross-sectional areas that are here entered by the user. For proper
computations of elastic deformation with any type of taper pile the user must select this
option and enter the cross sectional areas. A minimum of two entries (top and bottom of
section or pile) must be specified and APILE interpolates linearly between entries.
Data Button ..............The entries of Distance from pile head in this table shall be
provided in units of “ft“ when using English units or in “m“ when using SI units. The
entries of Cross section area in this table shall be provided in units of “in2“ when using
English units or in “m2“ when using SI units.

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3.2.5.3 Self Weight of Piles


The self weight of the modeled pile is automatically calculated by APILE and added to the uplift
capacity. Internal self-weight calculcations are based on the reference values shown in Table 3.3. Weight
of water is subtracted when the pile is below the water table. Calcualted self weight is printed in output
text when analyzing for uplift.

Pile Self Weight


3 Pile Types
Material (lb/ft ) (kN/m3)
Steel Pipe Piles, H-
Piles, Steel Piles,
Steel 490 77
Tapered Monotube,
Raymond
Concrete 150 23.6 Precast Concrete Piles
Timber 50 7.9 Timber Piles
Table 3.3 Notes about Self Weight for Uplift Capacity

Self weight of the modeled pile is not taken into account for compression loads since the influence
is minimal and often ignored. If needed, users can subtract a calculated weight (submerged in soil as
appropriate) from the compression capacity provided by APILE.

3.2.6 Data > Circular-Section Pile


This selection is automatically enabled if the user selected to analyze a pile type with a circular
cross section (under Data > Pile Material). This submenu option allows the user to input
dimensions and section properties for piles with circular cross sections. A general description
for the data needed under each entry of the Data > Circular-Section Pile submenu option is listed below
and shown in Figure 3.11.
Outer Diameter, OD
This is the outside diameter that will be used in the computations. The English unit for this
variable is “inch”, while “millimeter” is for the SI unit.
Inner Diameter, ID
This is the inside diameter that will be used in the computations. The English unit for this variable
is “inch”, while “millimeter” is for the SI unit.
This entry is disabled for pile types where it is not applicable, such as concrete, Raymond, timber
or tapered monotube piles. For close-ended pipe piles, the inner diameter can be entered as zero or the
user may enter an inner diameter and select “plugged” condition at the bottom of this window screen.
However, the inner diameter entry for close-ended piles is used to calculate the Cross Section Area
(when selecting Data > Pile Material > Calculate from Pile Section). User must enter valid Inner
Diameter for those cases.
The APILE program computes skin friction on both outside and inside area for pipe piles. In clay
layers, the user-specified remolded shear strength is used to compute the inside skin friction.
Total Length, TL

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This is equal to the summation of the stickup length (if any) plus maximum pile penetration that is
expected for the pile. The program will compute side resistance and end bearing at every depth interval
until reaching the specified total length.
The load-vs-settlement curve will also be computed based on the total length. For the final design,
the user may need to enter the exact total length in order to generate proper load-vs-settlement data. The
English unit for this variable is “ft”, while “meter” is for the SI unit.
Batter Angle
This is the batter angle that should be entered by the user in degrees and measured as deviation
from the vertical (less than 90 degrees), where an entry of 0 indicates a vertical/straight pile.
Pile Stickup Length, PSL
This input represents the length of pile that is sticking up above ground level. This length is only
used in computations of elastic shortening since no axial load transfer occurs above ground. The English
unit for this variable is “ft” while “meter” is for the SI unit.
Zero-Friction Length from Ground, ZFL
This number (always positive) represents the length of pile immediately below ground level that is
declared noncontributing to side resistance. The English unit for this variable is “ft” while “meter” is for
the SI unit.
Inner Diameter of Lower-End Section, EID
In open-ended pipe piles, occasionally, a thick-walled section is used in the lower end of the piles
to prevent damage during driving. This enlarged-end section is usually referred to as “driving shoe.”
The user may specify in this entry a value for the inner diameter of a thick-walled end section. The
inner diameter of the end section must be entered in inches when using English units or millimeters when
using SI units.
This value can be left as zero when the pile section is uniform along the complete length. This
entry is disabled for close-ended piles.
Lower End Section Length, ESL
In direct relationship to the previous entry (EID), the user here specifies the length of the thick-
walled end section of the pile. Again, this length is specified to be zero if a driving shoe is not used
during pile driving (for uniform piles). The English unit for this variable is “ft”, while “meter” is for the
SI unit. This entry is disabled for close-ended piles.
Internal load transfers in side resistance (on open-ended piles) are ignored after (above) this Lower
End Section Length (ESL). This is because the soil is highly disturbed after the change in pile diameter
(from a smaller to a larger inner diameter, or after an internal stiffener). If the user wants to keep
considering internal side resistances even after the change in diameter (from the driving shoe) then the
user could enter a fictitiously long value for Lower End Section Length (ESL).
Plugged/Unplugged Conditions

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This entry is only shown for pipe piles, where the user is provided with controls for the load
transfers from the internal pile plug. This entry is not shown in pile types where it is not applicable, such
as concrete, Raymond, timber or tapered monotube piles.
For close-ended pipe piles, the user may enter an inner diameter of zero or the user may enter a
value for inner diameter and select the radio button for “plugged” condition. Both methods provide the
same results for close-ended pipe piles.
For practical reasons, in open-ended piles with Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program the
internal side friction is added to the end bearing. This is partly because in the APILE program the end
bearing plus internal side friction are added together until a plug forms (until it reaches the equivalent end
bearing of a close-ended pipe).
In the CPT-based methods (NGI 99, ICP/MTD, FUGRO and UWA) for APILE Offshore the user
is required to specify either plugged or unplugged condition for computations of static capacity on open-
ended pipe piles. APILE will determine the plugged or unplugged conditions for the CPT-based methods
based on the internal computations of pile plug (when users select Internal Pile Plug Calculated by
Program).

Figure 3.11 Window screen for sample Data > Circular-Section Pile

3.2.7 Data > Noncircular Section Pile


This selection is automatically enabled if the user selected to analyze a pile type with a
noncircular cross section (under Data > Pile Material). This submenu option allows the user

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to input dimensions and section properties for piles with noncircular cross sections. A general description
for the data needed under each entry of the Data > Noncircular-Section Pile submenu option is listed
below and shown in Figure 3.12
Total Length, TL
This is equal to the summation of the stickup length (if any) plus maximum pile penetration that is
expected for the pile. The program will compute side resistance and end bearing at every depth interval
until reaching the specified total length.
The load-vs-settlement curve will also be computed based on the total length. For the final design,
the user may need to enter the exact total length in order to generate proper load-vs-settlement data. The
English unit for this variable is “ft”, while “meter” is for the SI unit.
Batter Angle
This is the batter angle that should be entered by the user in degrees and measured as deviation
from the vertical (less than 90 degrees), where an entry of 0 indicates a vertical/straight pile.
Pile Stickup Length, PSL
This input represents the length of pile that is sticking up above ground level. This length is only
used in computations of elastic shortening since no axial load transfer occurs above ground. The English
unit for this variable is “ft” while “meter” is for the SI unit.
Zero-Friction Length from Ground, ZFL
This number (always positive) represents the length of pile immediately below ground level that is
declared noncontributing to side resistance. The English unit for this variable is “ft” while “meter” is for
the SI unit.
Perimeter for Noncircular Section
The perimeter is used by the program for computations of skin friction. For H-piles, most users
would conservatively input the perimeter of the rectangular box formed between the flanges. The English
unit for this variable is “inch”, while “millimeter” is for the SI unit.
Tip Area for Noncircular Section
The tip area for the noncircular section is needed by the program for computations of tip resistance
(resistance in end bearing). For H-piles, most users would input the area of the rectangular box formed
between the flanges. However, in very soft clay the soil between the flanges will probably not plug the
H-pile and it is recommended to be more conservative using only the cross-sectional area of the metal.
The English unit for this variable is “inch”, while “millimeter” is for the SI unit. This entry is used to
calculate the Cross Section Area (when selecting Data > Pile Material > Calculate from Pile
Section) for elastic deformations of the pile.

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Figure 3.12 Window screen for sample Data > Noncircular Pile Section

3.2.8 Data > Soil Layers


This selection allows the user to enter a layering system and to specify the different types of
soil and material properties to be used for the computations. An illustration of the Soil Layers
window for an example application is shown in Figure 3.14.
In general, each sub-window that comes up under the Layer button consists of entry fields for the
top and bottom of the soil layer. The user may enter different parameters for the top and the bottom of
each layer. The program will linearly interpolate the data for any point between those two depths. The
following sections will provide general description on data needed for each soil type.
Layer
This is a sequential number and button that is provided to each soil layer. This number is
computed automatically by the program as new layers are added using the Add Layer or Insert Layer
buttons at the lower part of Figure 3.14. The maximum number of soil layers that may be used in each
data file is limited to 40.
Inputs of mechanical properties for the different types of soil layers are explained in Sections
3.2.8.1 and 3.2.8.2 of this Manual.
The Add Layer button inserts a new soil layer at the bottom of the profile that is already defined.
The Insert Layer button inserts a new soil layer immediately below the layer where the cursor is located.
The Delete Layer deletes the soil layer where the cursor is located.

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Soil Type
There are two internal types of soils that may be specified for program APILE. The user specifies
the desired soil type using a dropdown list with the following choices:
Code Number Internal Soil Type
1 Sand
2 Clay
3 Silt*

Inputs of mechanical properties for the different types of soil layers are explained in Sections
3.2.8.1 and 3.2.8.2 of this Manual.
Silt is available only if USACE method is selected.
Depth at Bottom of Each Layer
Values for the bottom of each soil layer are entered with respect to an origin of coordinates set at
the ground surface. As a minimum, the bottom of the last soil layer must be two pile diameters deeper
than the depth of the modeled pile. This is because the APILE program, for computations of end bearing,
uses an average of soil properties within 1.5 pile diameters above and below the pile tip.
Max. Side Friction
In this entry the user may specify the maximum value of skin-friction transfer that is permissible
for a given stratum. The APILE program will compare its internally-computed value (according to the
selected design method) with the maximum provided by the user in this entry and use the smaller of these
two values for the final computation. If the user does not want to add any restriction on the computed
value from APILE, simply enter 0 to suppress this option and always use the internally-computed values.
Max. End Bearing
In this entry the user may specify the maximum value of transfer in end bearing that is permissible
for a given stratum. The APILE program will compare its internally-computed value (according to the
selected design method) with the maximum provided by the user in this entry and use the smaller of these
two values for the final computation. If the user does not want to add any restriction on the computed
value from APILE, simply enter 0 to suppress this option and always use the internally-computed values.
Reduction/Resistance Factor (Side Friction)
The column is provided for entering a factor or multiplier that applies to one of the following
conditions:
 An LRFD resistance factor on side friction (if the user selected the radio button
Data>Computational Method>Method for Load Settlement>Factors for t-z and Q-w
Curves>Use Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Tip Resistance), or
 A t-multiplier/factor in the t-z curves (if the user selected the radio button Data>Computational
Method>Method for Load Settlement>Factors for t-z and Q-w Curves>Use Reduced Unit
Side Friction and Unit Tip Resistance).
Enter 1.0 for no reductions on the computed values of side friction.
Reduction/Resistance Factor (End Bearing)

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The column is provided for entering a factor or multiplier that applies to one of the following
conditions:
 An LRFD resistance factor on tip resistance (if the user selected the radio button
Data>Computational Method>Method for Load Settlement>Factors for t-z and Q-w
Curves>Use Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Tip Resistance), or
 A Q-multiplier/factor in the Q-w curves (if the user selected the radio button
Data>Computational Method>Method for Load Settlement>Factors for t-z and Q-w
Curves>Use Reduced Unit Side Friction and Unit Tip Resistance).
Enter 1.0 for no reductions on the computed values of tip resistance.

Figure 3.13 Window screen for sample Data – Soil Layers

3.2.8.1 Soil Data for Sand Layers


A sample window for this soil option is shown in Figure 3.14. The required properties for sand
layers are explained below. Values are entered for top and bottom of each layer, the APILE program
automatically interpolates linearly for intermediate values between those entries. Notice that for
computations of end bearing, APILE uses an average of soil properties within 1.5 pile diameters above
and below the pile tip.

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Figure 3.14 Soil data for sand layers

Effective Unit Weight


This column entry corresponds to values of the effective (submerged) unit weight (not total unit
weight). Values for the top and bottom of the sand layer are entered in standard units of force per unit
volume (either lb/ft3 or kN/m3).
Friction Angle
This column entry corresponds to values of the internal angle of friction (also known as friction
angle or  angle) for the top and bottom of the sand layer. The values of Friction Angle are preferably
entered in standard units of degrees.

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If the Friction Angle values are not available the user may alternatively enter Blow Counts from
SPT (Standard Penetration Test). For friction transfers (transfers in side resistance) the computer
program APILE converts internally between the provided values of Blow Counts from SPT entries to
equivalent Friction Angle using the general relationship reported by AASHTO 2012 (modified after
Bowles, 1977) included in Table 3.4.
Please notice that previous releases of APILE used the older correlation in Table 3.5 after Gibbs
and Holtz, 1957. Properties estimated from these correlations tend to have greater variability than actual
laboratory measurements. Some geotechnical manuals recommend that properties estimated from
correlation to in-situ field tests or to laboaratory tests should be based on multiple measurements within
the geologic unit. Users should consult the accompanying Technical Manual for other comments of side
resistance in sand layers (for each method).
When the user provides values of Blow Counts from SPT the computer program APILE uses
those values for computations of end bearing following equations and limits specified in the Technical
Manual (comments of end bearing in sand layers).

Overburden Stress
N60 from SPT
0 lb/in2 20 lb/in2 40 lb/in2
(blows/ft)
Friction Angle  (degrees)
<4 25 27.5 30
4 27 29.5 32
10 30 32.5 35
30 35 37.5 40
50 38 40.5 43
Table 3.4 Correlation between SPT N and  (AASHTO, 2012)

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Table 3.5 Relationship between N and  (after Gibbs and Holtz, 1957)

Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure, Ko (API and Lamda Methods)


This column reflect values of the lateral earth pressure coefficient for the top and bottom of the
sand layer. Values for Ko depend on the relative density of the sand and the process by which the sand
deposits were formed. If the sand deposits did not receive any artificial compaction, values of Ko range
from about 0.40 for loose to 0.50 for dense sand. Artificial compaction or tamping may increase Ko
values to 0.80.
The earth pressure coefficient, Ko, is used to calculate the skin friction in granular soils. A Ko of
0.8 is recommended for open-ended pipe piles that are driven unplugged for loadings in both tension and
compression. A Ko of 1.0 is recommended for full-displacement piles. Ko is used by the API and the
Lambda methods and is disabled if those were not selected by the user. Ko is assigned internally based on
the recommendation when other methods are employed.
Bearing Capacity Factor, Nq (API only)
This factor is used to calculate the end-bearing capacity of piles in granular soils. Recommended
values of Nq and maximum ending bearing are provided in Table 3.6. Nq is only used by the API
method and is disabled if API was not selected by the user. Nq is assigned internally based on the
recommendation when other methods are employed.

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Data for User-Specified Load Transfers


These entries are enabled if the user selects to enter specific load transfers (under the
Data/Computational Method/Method for Pile Capacity). The user-specified values in these entries
are not used for any other method. Values are entered in standard units of force per unit area (either lb/ft2
or kN/m2).
Cone Penetration Data, Qc
The user can enter Qc values for the top and bottom of each sand layer. Qc is used by the CPT-
based methods such as NGI 99 and MTD methods available in the APILE Offshore version. Qc is not
enabled if CPT-based methods were not selected by the user.

Limiting q ,
Soil Nq kips/ft2 (MPa)
Very loose to medium,
sand to silt 8 40 (1.9)
Loose to dense,
sand to silt 12 60 (2.9)
Medium to dense,
sand to sand-silt 20 100 (4.8)
Dense to very dense,
sand to sand-silt 40 200 (9.6)
Dense to very dense,
gravel to sand 50 250 (12.0)

Table 3.6 Guidelines for tip resistance in siliceous soil

3.2.8.2 Soil Data for Clay Layers


A sample window for this soil option is shown in Figure 3.15. The required properties for clay
layers are explained below. Values are entered for top and bottom of each layer, the APILE program
automatically interpolates linearly for intermediate values between those entries. Notice that for
computations of end bearing, APILE uses an average of soil properties within 1.5 pile diameters above
and below the pile tip.

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Figure 3.15 Soil data for clay layers

Effective Unit Weight


This column entry corresponds to values of the effective (submerged) unit weight (not total unit
weight). Values for the top and bottom of the sand layer are entered in standard units of force per unit
volume (either lb/ft3 or kN/m3).
Undrained Shear Strength
This column represents the input values for the undrained shear strength at the top and bottom of
the clay layer. Ordinarily, these values are taken as one half of the compression strength of samples
obtained from unconsolidated-unconfined triaxial tests.

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Remolded Shear Strength


When a pipe pile is driven into clay soils, the clay inside the pipe forms a plug. The plugged clay
may be remolded during the driving process. This entry variable represents the values for the shear
strength that will be used for computing the side friction from the remolded soil plug inside a steel pipe.
This variable is disabled if the user selected a Data/Pile Material that is not a pipe pile.
Data for User-Specified Load Transfers
These entries are enabled if the user selects to enter specific load transfers (under the
Data/Computational Method/Method for Pile Capacity). The user-specified values in these entries
are not used for any other method. Values are entered in standard units of force per unit area (either lb/ft2
or kN/m2).
Qc from Cone Penetration Data
The user can enter Qc values for the top and bottom of each clay layer. Qc is used by the CPT-
based methods such as NGI 99 and MTD methods available in the APILE Offshore version. Qc is
disabled if CPT-based methods were not selected by the user.
Plasticity Index (PI)
PI is used by the ICP/MTD method only, which is available in the APILE Offshore version. PI is
not enabled if the ICP/MTD method was not selected by the user.
Yield Stress Ratio (YSR)
Yield Stress Ratio (YSR) is used by the ICP/MTD method only, which is available in the APILE
Offshore version. YSR is defined as the effective vertical yield stress (’vy) to the vertical in situ effective
stress (’vo). OCR (over-consolidation ratio) is defined as the vertical maximum pre-consolidation
effective stress (’vc) to the vertical in situ effective stress (’vo). YSR is also named as apparent OCR in
some literature, but generally YSR is greater than OCR. YSR is not enabled if the ICP/MTD method was
not selected by the user.
Estimation of Adhesion Factor (Only for FHWA Method)
The select can select the graph to estimate the adhesion factor. The options available are:
Default. Program will choose the method based on soil layer layout.
Using Tomlinson Graph A.
Using Tomlinson Graph B.
Using Tomlinson Graph C.
Please see Item 3.5.3 of the Technical Manual for a further description.

3.2.8.3 Soil Data for Silt Layers


This material is only available if USACE method has been selected. A sample window for this soil
option is shown in Figure 3.17. The required properties for sand layers are explained below. Values are
entered for top and bottom of each layer, the APILE program automatically interpolates linearly for

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intermediate values between those entries. Notice that for computations of end bearing, APILE uses an
average of soil properties within 1.5 pile diameters above and below the pile tip.

Figure 3.16 Soil data for silt layers

Effective Unit Weight


This column entry corresponds to values of the effective (submerged) unit weight (not total unit
weight). Values for the top and bottom of the sand layer are entered in standard units of force per unit
volume (either lb/ft3 or kN/m3).
Friction Angle

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This column entry corresponds to values of the internal angle of friction (also known as friction
angle or  angle) for the top and bottom of the silt layer. The values of Friction Angle are preferably
entered in standard units of degrees.
If the Friction Angle values are not available the user may alternatively enter Blow Counts from
SPT (Standard Penetration Test). For friction transfers (transfers in side resistance) the computer
program APILE converts internally between the provided values of Blow Counts from SPT entries to
equivalent Friction Angle using the general relationship in Table 3.5

Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure, Ko


This column reflect values of the lateral earth pressure coefficient for the top and bottom of the silt
layer.
The earth pressure coefficient, Ko, is used to calculate the skin friction. USACE recommends a Ko
value of 1.25.8 for compression and a value from 0.5 to 0.7 for tension..
Undrained Shear Strength
This column represents the input values for the undrained shear strength at the top and bottom of
the silt layer. Ordinarily, these values are taken as one half of the compression strength of samples
obtained from unconsolidated-unconfined triaxial tests.

3.2.9 Data > CPT Data File (Optional for Cone-Based Method))
This selection allows the user to specify an external file that contains cone penetration data (Figure
3.17). The user can plot functions such as Qc vs. depth, Converted SPT vs. depth, and Converted Su vs.
depth shown in the windows screen as a convenient tool to read the equivalent design parameters that are
needed for each soil layer if the cone data are the only geotechnical data available from the project site.
The APILE program is not currently able to read CPT data files to automatically determine soil
layering and associated properties. This is complex though it may be incorporated in future versions.
The user is responsible to determine the layering and associated properties based on the curves and data
presented by APILE after reading and plotting the CPT file.
The relationship between converted SPT (NSPTcorr) and Qc is
NSPTcorr = Qc / (2.8*atm)
Where atm is the atmospheric reference pressure (100 kPa).
The relationship between the undrained shear strength (Su) and Qc is
Su = Qc / Nk
Where Nk is a dimensionless coefficient, ranging from 15 to 20, reflecting local experience. The
program uses Nk = 15 for the conversion.
Name of File for the Input Cone Data
This is the complete path and file name for the selected cone data file, it can be filled out by using
the browse tool. The user can click the Edit File button to review the contents of the selected file.
Number of data lines to be read from the file

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The data file may contain hundreds of data lines and the user should specify how many lines to be
used for plots or interpretation. This number should not include the header lines, it represents the total
number of data lines to be read after header lines.
Number of header lines in file containing cone data
The user should enter in this variable the number of lines used as header or information text before
reading the numerical number for cone resistance.
Number of data columns per line to be read from the data file
The CPT data file may use different formats to store the data. Some cone data file may contain 4
columns or more and some may contain only 2 columns of data. The user needs to specify the correct
number of columns for the program to read through each line orderly. However, the first two columns in
the CPT data file must be reserved for Depth (first column) and Qc (second column).
Unit conversion factor for stress, Ua
The CPT data file may use different units for Qc. The APILE program assumes that unit for Qc are
ksf for English units and kPa for S.I. units. If the CPT data file that is being read has units of Qc in tsf
(case of English units), then the conversion factor is equal to 2. If the CPT data file that is being read has
units of Qc in MPa (case of S.I. units), then the conversion factor is equal to 1000.

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Figure 3.17 Entries for reading and plotting of CPT Data File

3.3 Options Menu


3.3.1 Options > Units
This selection provides the user with a choice of input data in English Units, and S.I. Units
(international units) as shown in Figure 3.18. In general, the following specific units of measurements are
used frequently in the program:
Units Length Force Stress/Modulus
English foot (ft) pounds (lbs) psf or psi
International meters (m) kiloNewtons (kN) kPa
The user should always check the unit descriptions which are associated to each variable in the
program interface. For instance, psi instead of psf is used for the elastic modulus of pile material (Data >
Pile Material > Modulus of Elasticity).
The user may change from one system of units to the other as many times as desired. The program
will automatically convert all the appropriate input that was already specified by the user before the time
of selection of a different system of units. Small conversion errors may appear if multiple changes of
units are performed. The user must always check that input data have been converted appropriately.

Figure 3.18 Options for units selection

3.3.2 Options > Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths


The user can ask the program to generate t-z curves at user-specified depths. The windows dialog
screen that comes up under this menu option is shown in Figure 3.19. The APILE program automatically
generates t-z curves at the top, middle, and bottom of each soil layer. The user can enter up to 50 other
depths for printing of additional t-z curves.

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3.3.3 Options > Control Options


This selection allows the user to enter certain control parameters for program performance and
output. An illustration of the Control Options window for an example application is shown in Figure
3.20.
Length of each computation increment
This entry represents the length, in ft or m, of each element into which the pile is divided. A
default of 1 ft (0.3048 m) is provided by the program. This entry may produce a difference in the results
of the computations. Users should not use a length of computation increment that is larger than half the
width of the smallest soil layer.

Figure 3.19 Options > Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths

Print increment
The user may select how often results are plotted (outputted) according to the number that is
provided in this entry. The length of each “computation increment” is defined in the previous entry.
The number used for print increment will not produce any effect in the internal computations used by the
program.
Text Editor

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The user should input in this box the complete path and command line for the preferred-text editor
or word processor that will be used to examine and print the input, output, and the processor run notes
files created by the APILE program.
As a default, the command line c:\windows\notepad.exe is used to operate a standard text editor.
Microsoft Notepad is included with Microsoft Windows XP, VISTA and Windows 7,8, 10. However, the
path to the directory where notepad.exe is installed varies in different versions of the Microsoft Windows
operating system.
There may be some instances when the output files are too large for Notepad and a different text
editor or word processor should be used. In those cases it is suggested to use Microsoft WordPad
(c:\windows\wordpad.exe).

Figure 3.20 Options – Control Options

3.4 Help Menu


The Help > Contents selection starts the standard help interface for guidelines on data input of the
APILE program. The Help > Contents submenu is limited in this program release since better formatted
data is available in the electronic User’s Manual.
The Help > User’s Manual will start up the default installed version of Adobe Acrobat or Adobe
Reader and open the installed PDF version of the standard User’s Manual. The Adobe Reader program is
freely distributed by Adobe Systems Inc. at www.adobe.com
The Help > Technical Manual will start up a viewer of a protected file for the electronic version
of this manual. The Technical Manual is copyrighted and only works when the proper USB dongle is
connected to the computer in use.
If the Technical Manual is not opening with Acrobat or Reader (while having the proper USB key
connected to the computer in use) then perhaps the Adobe software is not configured correctly. Start

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Adobe Reader (or full Adobe Acrobat) then click on "Edit/Preferences" and "Internet" under
"Categories". Please make sure that a check mark is placed under "Display PDF in Browser" then click
OK and exit Reader. You can then try to run the Technical Manual once again.
The Help > About… selection provides general references about the program (program version,
date, maintenance expiration date, USB serial number) and how to reach Ensoft, Inc. for technical support
or sales.
The Help > Check for Updates will start up the default Internet browser and report the user of the
current program version and maintenance expiration date as well as any new update that is available for
downloading from Ensoft’s website (www.ensoftinc.com). Users will be able to download, install and run
in full mode any APILE program release that is older than their maintenance expiration date.

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CHAPTER 4. References for Program
Execution and Output
Reviews
CHAPTER 4 –References for Program Execution and Output Reviews – 4-2

4.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 4 presents options related to execution of the program and includes methods of
addressing run-time errors. This Chapter also includes suggestions for reviewing input, output, and
processor text files. The final section of this Chapter includes descriptions about all the output curves that
may be observed in graphical form. The commands covered in this chapter are contained in the top menu,
under the Computation and the Graphics titles.

4.2 Computation Menu


This menu option is selected to execute the program using the parameters that were saved in the
input-data file. Within the options contained under this menu, shown in Figure 4.2, there are commands
that facilitate the reviews of the text files produced for storing input data, output results, and processor
notes. In addition, the user may select an option to observe a graphical representation of the modeled pile
and soil layers. Detailed description of the submenu options contained under the Computation menu are
explained in the following topics.

4.2.1 Computation Menu Speed Buttons


The third group of four speed buttons at the left side of the button bar (shown in Figure 4.1)
provides access to the following commands (from left to right): Computation > Run Analysis,
Computation > Edit Output Text, Computation > View Soil Layer Coordinates, and Computation
> 3D View.

Figure 4.1 Speed Buttons for the Computation Menu (within rounded rectangle)

4.2.2 Computation > Run Analysis


The input-data file will be first saved to disk after selecting the Computation > Run Analysis
submenu option, which executes the analytical portion of program APILE.
The user should remember to save the input data under an user-specified name before
executing the analytical module. When saving data to disk, APILE will automatically add an extension of
the type *.ap8d to the name of the input file.

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Figure 4.2 Command options contained in the Computation menu.

When the execution process is finished the active command is returned to the main APILE program
with a screen indicating that computations are completed. The user should always check the output
text file for any error messages that were produced during computations.
At the beginning of the run, the analytical module will read the saved input data progressively. If
an input-data format is incorrect during reading, the analytical module may stop and display an error
message along with a status report in a file with the same name as the input and with the extension
*.ap8r. This file may be accessed by selecting Edit Processor-Run Notes in the Computation menu.
Within the processor-run notes, if all input data was read correctly, the analytical module will show the
message THE EXECUTION IS IN PROGRESS.
The analytical module automatically creates an output file with the same name as the input and
with the extension *.ap8o. This file may be accessed by selecting Edit Output Text in the Computation
menu. Once a successful run is produced, the user may proceed to the next items for observation of
results.

4.2.3 Computation > Edit Input Text


This submenu option is used to edit the input-data file in plain text mode. This command becomes
active after new data files have been saved to disk or when opening existing data files. The command is
helpful for experienced users who may want to change one or two parameters quickly using the text
editor, or for those users wishing to observe the prepared input data in text mode.
This submenu automatically invokes the word processor or text editor specified under
Options/Control Options/Text Editor. The default setting is to use the utility program named
notepad.exe provided by Microsoft Windows©.
Input-data files are automatically saved to disk with the user-specified file name and the extension
of *.ap8d by program APILE. Use of the notepad program for editing the input data is shown in Figure
4.3.

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Figure 4.3 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad© for editing input text of Example
Problem 1 (may change with time).

4.2.4 Computation > Edit Processor Run Notes


This submenu option is used to edit an intermediate text file that may be produced during each
analytical run. This feature is not used in early editions of APILE but in the future it will include notes
produced during the processing of the input data.
This submenu will automatically invoke the word processor or text editor specified under
Options/Control Options/Text Editor. The default setting is to use the utility program named
notepad.exe provided by Microsoft Windows©.
Files containing processor-run notes will be automatically saved to disk with the same file name as
the input-data file but with the extension *.ap8r.

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4.2.5 Computation > Edit Output Text


This selection option is used to edit the output-text file that is automatically produced during
each analytical run. This command becomes active after new data files have been saved to disk
and successfully executed, or when opening previously-executed data files.
This submenu will automatically invoke the word processor or text editor specified under
Options/Control Options/Text Editor. The default setting is to use the utility program named
notepad.exe provided by Microsoft Windows©.
Output files are automatically saved to disk with the same file name as the input-data file but with
the extension *.ap8o. Use of Microsoft Notepad© for editing the output file for Example Problem 1 is
shown in Figure 4.4.

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Figure 4.4 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad © for editing the output-text file of
Example Problem 1 (may change with time).

4.2.6 Computation > View Soil Layer Coordinates


The Computation > View Soil Layer Coordinates submenu option will provide a graphical
screen that displays an elevation view of the pile and soil layers along with their various depths.
This command option becomes active after data of Pile Properties and Soil Layer Data have

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been entered under the Data menu, or when opening previously-executed data files. A sample graphics
of this command option is shown in Figure 4.5.
The vertical position of the cursor in the screen will indicate an approximate indication of the depth
from ground surface to the cursor position. Stickups above ground line are indicated with negative
numbers for depth.

Figure 4.5 Sample View Soil Layer Coordinates command option.

4.2.7 Computation > 3D View


The Computation > 3D View provides a graphical screen that displays a three-dimensional
view of the pile and soil layers along with their various depths and other user-selected elements.
This command option becomes active after data of Pile Properties and Soil Layer Data have
been entered under the Data menu, or when opening previously-executed data files. A sample graphics
of this command option is shown in Figure 4.6.
Selection of the Computation > 3D View automatically generates a new menu labeled Show 3D
View and also new speed buttons with various additional parameters for the graphical display.
This selection can be useful to quickly visualize the results of pile capacity for skin friction, end
bearing and total capacity for various shaft penetrations. The observation can also be helpful to determine
the impact of certain soil layers in the contribution to total capacity.

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Figure 4.6 Sample 3D View command option.

4.2.8 3D View Speed Buttons


A new group of seven speed buttons at the right side of the button bar (shown in Figure 4.7)
provides access to the following commands (from left to right): Panning (to pan click and hold anywhere
in 3D graphics plus drag mouse up, down or sideways), Zooming (to zoom click and hold anywhere in
3D graphics plus drag mouse up to enlarge graphics or drag mouse down to reduce graphics), Rotating
(to rotate click and hold anywhere in 3D graphics plus drag in any desired direction), Zoom Windows (to
zoom into a windows click on top left of desired window to be zoomed in 3D graphics and drag mouse to
bottom right), Zoom In (to zoom in click anywhere in 3D graphics), Zoom Out (to zoom out click
anywhere in 3D graphics), Restart View (restarts the original 3D graphics before any pan, rotate or zoom
operations).

Figure 4.7 Speed Buttons for 3D View (within rounded rectangle)

4.2.9 Show 3D View Menu


This menu command only appears in the top-menu bar while in the 3D View mode (when selecting
Computation > 3D View). Command options contained in this menu, shown in Figure 4.8, are
explained below. Notice that none of the parameters in this menu command may be grayed out.

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Show Legend
This activates or deactivates the floating legend included in the graphics mode. The legend box
can be moved with click-and-drag operations of the mouse to any position in the graphics screen. Despite
its location in the screen, the legend is always located at the right-bottom corner on the printouts.

Figure 4.8 Command options contained in the Show 3D View menu.

4.2.10 Computation > Edit GRLWeap Data File


APILE has an option to generate compatible input-data file used by GRLWEAP for pile driving
analyses. This submenu option is used to edit the GRLWeap data file that is automatically produced
during each analytical run. This command becomes active after new data files have been saved to disk
and successfully executed, or when opening previously-executed data files.
This submenu will automatically invoke the word processor or text editor specified under
Options/Control Options/Text Editor. The default setting is to use the utility program named
notepad.exe provided by Microsoft Windows©.
Output files are automatically saved to disk with the same file name as the input-data file but with
the extension *.gwi. The user is encouraged to verify the pile dimension/property data and to select the
proper driving hammer after the gwi data file is read by GRLWEAP software.
GRLWEAP 2010 changed the tip resistance from total load (kips) at tip to unit tip resistance
(kip/sq ft). However, GRLWEAP does not provide options for outside programs to specify the tip area
and instead defaults to 144 in2. Therefore, in order to be consistent GRLWEAP forces the tip area equal
to 1 sq ft when GRLWEAP reads any .gwi data created by external programs like APILE. In general, the
wave model is looking for the top tip resistance. Therefore, it does not matter as long as the total tip load
is correct.
If users prefer to use the true tip area (which may differ from 1 sq ft) then they should change the
tip area in the GRLWEAP input. BUT, if the user changes the tip area from the default of 1 sq ft then the
user also needs to change the read-in tip data from APILE (.gwi file) by a proportional ratio. Either case,
the results will be the same.
The toe quake in GRLWEAP can be greater than shaft quake (0.1 inch). APILE uses by default 0.6
inch for toe quake. If users prefer other values then they have to change the .gwi data file manually. In

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the future, APILE may have other options for users who would like to enter the preferable data for the
GRLWEAP application.

4.3 Graphics Menu


This menu option is selected to observe the different graphical representations of the program
results contained in the output file. Submenu options contained under this menu are shown in Figure 4.9.
Not all of the graphics may be enabled for observation, active curves depend on specifications contained
in the input.

Notes Regarding Computation Methods


1. Some graphics and output data will be generated for all four methods of computations, regardless
of the internal method that the user selects. Data and plots that will always be generated for all
methods of computations (under Data/Computational Method/Method for Pile Capacity) are
the following:
Unit Skin Friction vs. Depth
Accumulated Skin Friction vs. Depth
Tip Resistance vs. Depth
Total Capacity vs. Depth
2. The following graphics will only be generated using the selected method of computation (under
Data/Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement):
Load Distribution
Combined Plot
Axial load vs. Settlement
Internally-Generated t-z Curves
All of the graphical representation of output data that may be produced by the program are
contained in the following commands of the Graphics menu:
Unit Skin Friction vs Depth
Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth
Tip Resistance vs Depth
Total Capacity vs Depth
Load Distribution Curves
Combined Plots vs Depth
Axial Load vs Settlement
Internally Generated t-z Curves
Extra t-z Curves at User Specified Depths
Internally Generated Q-w Curves
The observation of any of the above-listed curves will activate the graphics mode of APILE.
Several changes occur during use of the graphics mode: new mouse commands are enabled and a new
top-menu option becomes available.

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Figure 4.9 Command option contained in the Graphics menu.

4.3.1 Mouse Commands in the Graphics Mode


Table 4.1 describes mouse commands that become enabled automatically during all graphical
observations of output curves.
Event Description
Mouse Left Click Zooms in on the graphics at the clicked position (up to five zoom levels)
Mouse Right Click Zooms out from the graphics
Mouse Double Click on Legend Turns the selected curve on/off at every click
Table 4.1 Mouse commands in the graphics mode

4.3.2 Graphics Menu Speed Buttons


The fourth group of four speed buttons at the left side of the button bar (shown in Figure 4.10)
provides access to the following commands (from left to right): Graphics > Total Capacity vs Depth,
Graphics > Combined Plot, Graphics > Extra t-z Curves at User-Specified Depths, and Graphics
> Axial Load vs Settlement.

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Figure 4.10 Speed Buttons for the Graphics Menu (within rounded rectangle)

4.3.3 Graphics > Unit Skin Friction vs Depth


The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the unit load
transfers in side resistance (skin friction) versus depth for the modeled pile according to various
computational methods. Unit load transfers in side resistance are presented in units of axial force per area
(lateral area) of the modeled pile. The data value at each depth represents the unit side resistance that was
used during internal capacity computations.
For vertical piles (no batter) the vertical axis represents depth or actual pile penetration below
ground line (stickup length, if any in the model, is not shown). When the model has batter piles, the
vertical axis represents length of pile along the batter line (titled “Battered Length”). If needed, the
output text file for models with batter piles also include an extra column with corresponding vertical
depth below ground.
A sample graphics screen of the Unit Skin Friction vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
4.11. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
Notice that the values of unit skin friction represented in these graphics are shown after
modifications from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the
Data > Soil Layers menu).

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Figure 4.11 Sample Unit Skin Friction vs Depth Graphics.

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4.3.4 Graphics > Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth


The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the accumulated
load transfers in side resistance (skin friction) versus depth for the modeled pile according to various
computational methods. Accumulated load transfers in side resistance are presented in units of axial
force. The data values represent the total axial load that is transferred to the soil in side resistance at each
depth.
For vertical piles (no batter) the vertical axis represents depth or actual pile penetration below
ground line (stickup length, if any in the model, is not shown). When the model has batter piles, the
vertical axis represents length of pile along the batter line (titled “Battered Length”). If needed, the
output text file for models with batter piles also include an extra column with corresponding vertical
depth below ground.
A sample graphics screen of the Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth command option is shown
in Figure 4.12. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
Notice that the values of accumulated skin friction represented in these graphics are shown after
modifications from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the
Data > Soil Layers menu).

Figure 4.12 Sample Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth Graphics.

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4.3.5 Graphics > Tip Resistance vs Depth


The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the tip resistance
(end bearing) versus depth for the modeled pile according to various computational methods. Tip
resistance is presented in units of axial force. The data values represent the total axial load that is
transferred to the soil in end bearing for each depth (starting from ground surface).
For practical reasons, in open-ended piles with Internal Pile Plus Calculated by Program the
internal side friction is added to the end bearing. This is partly because in the APILE program the end
bearing plus internal side friction are added together until a plug forms (until it reaches the equivalent end
bearing of a close-ended pipe).
For vertical piles (no batter) the vertical axis represents depth or actual pile penetration below
ground line (stickup length, if any in the model, is not shown). When the model has batter piles, the
vertical axis represents length of pile along the batter line (titled “Battered Length”). If needed, the
output text file for models with batter piles also include an extra column with corresponding vertical
depth below ground.
A sample graphics screen of the Tip Resistance vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
4.13. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile that is
subjected to compression loads (under the Data > Computation Method menu). This command option
is grayed out for tension loads.
Notice that the values of tip resistance represented in these graphics are shown after modifications
from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the Data > Soil
Layers menu).

Figure 4.13 Sample Tip Resistance vs Depth Graphics.

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4.3.6 Graphics > Total Capacity vs Depth


The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the ultimate
total capacity versus depth for the modeled pile according to various computational methods.
Total capacity is presented in units of axial force. The data values represent the total axial load
that is transferred to the soil in end bearing plus side resistance for each depth (starting from ground
surface). Values of total capacity are equal to skin friction plus tip resistance for compressive loads.
Total capacity is equal to skin friction plus self-weight of piles for uplift loads (self-weight is estimated
internally according to user selections on Data > Pile Material and Data > Circular-Section Pile or
Data > Noncircular-Section Pile).
For vertical piles (no batter) the vertical axis represents depth or actual pile penetration below
ground line (stickup length, if any in the model, is not shown). When the model has batter piles, the
vertical axis represents length of pile along the batter line (titled “Battered Length”). If needed, the
output text file for models with batter piles also include an extra column with corresponding vertical
depth below ground.
A sample graphics screen of the Total Capacity vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
4.14. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
Notice that the values of tip resistance represented in these graphics are shown after modifications
from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the Data > Soil
Layers menu).

Figure 4.14 Sample Total Capacity vs Depth Graphics.

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4.3.7 Graphics > Load Distribution


The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of distributions of
axial loads versus depth for the modeled pile. From this presentation the user can identify the side
friction contributed by each soil layer based on the strength parameters. The plotted curves of load
distributions correspond to the particular criteria selected by the user (under the Data > Computational
Method > Method for Load Settlement menu).
For vertical piles (no batter) the vertical axis represents depth or actual pile penetration below
ground line (stickup length, if any in the model, is not shown). When the model has batter piles, the
vertical axis represents length of pile along the batter line (titled “Battered Length”). If needed, the
output text file for models with batter piles also include an extra column with corresponding vertical
depth below ground.
A sample graphics screen of the Axial Load vs Load Distribution command option is shown in
Figure 4.15. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.

Figure 4.15 Sample Load distribution curves.

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4.3.8 Graphics > Combined Plots vs Depth


The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the curves of
skin friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth for the modeled pile on a single
graph. The plotted curves of load transfers correspond to the particular criteria selected by the
user (under the Data > Computational Method > Method for Load Settlement menu).
For vertical piles (no batter) the vertical axis represents depth or actual pile penetration below
ground line (stickup length, if any in the model, is not shown). When the model has batter piles, the
vertical axis represents length of pile along the batter line (titled “Battered Length”). If needed, the
output text file for models with batter piles also include an extra column with corresponding vertical
depth below ground.
A sample graphics screen of the Combined Plots vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
4.16. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.

Figure 4.16 Sample Combined Plots vs Depth Graphics.

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4.3.9 Graphics > Axial Load vs Settlement


The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the curves of
axial load versus settlement for the modeled pile based on the t-z/Q-w curves generated based
on the specified computation method (under the Data > Computational Method > Method
for Load Settlement menu). For tension loads the settlement curve goes up in the graph to represent
pile pullouts.
A sample graphics screen of the Axial Load vs Settlement command option is shown in Figure
4.17. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.

Figure 4.17 Sample Axial Load vs Settlement Graphics.

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4.3.10 Graphics > Internally-Generated t-z Curves


The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the t-z curves
that were generated based on the specified computation method (under the Data >
Computational Method > Method for Load Settlement menu). The program automatically
generates three t-z curves for each soil layer (top, middle, and bottom).
A sample graphics screen of the Internally Generated t-z Curves command option is shown in
Figure 4.18. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.

Figure 4.18 Sample of internally-generated t-z curves.

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4.3.11 Graphics > Extra t-z Curves at User Specified Depths


The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of extra t-z curves
specified by the user to print out at specified depths (under the Options > Print t-z Curves at Additional
Depths menu) that were generated based on the specified computation method (under the Data >
Computational Method > Method for Load Settlement menu). These curves will be in addition to the
t-z curves that are automatically generated at the top, middle, and bottom of each layer.
This command option is grayed out if the user did not select to the option to print extra t-z curves
(no check mark under the Options > Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths menu).
A sample graphics screen of the Extra t-z Curves at User Specified Depths command option is
shown in Figure 4.19.

Figure 4.19 Sample of extra t-z curves at user specified depths.

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4.3.12 Graphics > Internally-Generated Q-w Curve


The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the Q-w curve
(tip resistance vs. movement) that was generated based on the specified computation method (under the
Data > Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement menu). The tip resistance is represented
as Q in units of axial force representing total tip resistance from the pile tip, not the unit tip resistance.
This curve is automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile that is
subjected to compression loads (under the Data > Computation Method > Method for Pile Capacity
menu). This command option is grayed out for tension loads.
A sample graphics screen of the Internally Generated Q-w Curve command option is shown in
Figure 4.20.

Figure 4.20 Sample of internally-generated Q-w Curve.

4.3.13 Graphics > Neutral Plane Analysis (Downdrag – FHWA)


Models selecting the FHWA Method for pile capacity will provide the curves for Neutral Plane
Analysis following FHWA (2016) recommendations. Please see Section 3.5.4 of the APILE Technical
Manual for notes and further references on this method.
A sample output of these curves is provided in Figure 4.21. The APILE program allows the users
to select the curves of total mobilized resistance based on the shaft resistance plus a mobilized toe

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resistance of 100%, 50%, and 0% of the nominal toe resistance. Users may change the Pile Penetration
at Toe and/or the Permanent Load as desired. Graphics will change according to the values entered by
the user. A tabulated display is provided with resulting values of Axial Load and Drag Force.
For ease of reference, the selection (check mark) of the Show Resistance Curves will replace the
Neutral Axis curves with the calculated curves (from APILE using FHWA Method) of transfers in side
resistance, end bearing and total resistance versus depth.
Any of the charts observed under this display can be printed with the Print Chart button or
exported (along with data points) to a pre-formatted excel spreadsheet with the Export Chart to Excel
button.

Figure 4.21 Sample Curves of Neutral Plane Analysis.

4.3.14 Graphics > Export Plots to Excel


This command is selected to export some (or all) of the output plots to a pre-formatted spreadsheet
file for Microsoft Excel©. Each check-marked plot will be exported to two spreadsheet tabs, one contains
the data points and the second the plotted chart. A sample graphics screen of the Graphics > Export
Plots to Excel dialog box is shown in Figure 4.22.

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Figure 4.22 Export to Excel Window.

Options contained in this dialog box are explained below.


Select All
Marks all available plots for export to an Excel file.
Unselect All
Unselect all available plots so none will be exported.
Generate Excel File
After clicking this button the Microsoft Excel software will be started (only if available in the
computer in use). The user must wait until all the data has been exported to the file. User must save the
generated excel file before closing.
Close Window
Click this button to close the Export to Excel dialog box.

4.4 Plot Menu


This menu command only appears in the top-menu bar while in the graphics mode (when observing
any output graphics). Command options contained in this menu, shown in Figure 4.23, are explained

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below. Notice that none of the parameters selected in this menu command are not saved with the output
file and must be changed each time the file is opened.
Show Legend
This activates or deactivates the floating legend included in the graphics mode. The legend box
can be moved with click-and-drag operations of the mouse to any position in the graphics screen. Despite
its location in the screen, the legend is always located at the right-bottom corner on the printouts.
Show Soil Layers
Click this menu-item to activate or deactivate a soil profile plotted at the right side of the graphics.
This option is not available in some plots (where not applicable).
Show Markers
This menu provides the option to activate or deactivate the markers for each point of all the curves
displayed in the active screen of the graphics mode. By default, the program automatically plots at every
foot of penetration, or every 30 cm when using metric units. The user may optionally select to show
markers every 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10 increments of unit. The type of markers used in each curve is
automatically selected by the program. Once activated, the markers are enabled for all visible curves of
the active graphics screen.

Font Sizes
This menu provides the option to enlarge the default size of fonts used in plots. The user may
optionally select to enlarge the font by 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, or 4 times of the default size.

Line Width
This menu provides the option to enlarge the default width of lines used in plots. The user may
optionally select to enlarge the width by 2, 4, 6, or 10 times of the default width.

Graph Title
The user may optionally add a title to the active graphics using this command. However, the
parameters selected here are not saved with the output file and must be changed each time the file is
opened.

Edit Legend
The user may change the text of the legend in the active graphics using this command. However,
the modified names are not saved with the output file and must be changed each time the file is opened.

Print...
This command is used to produce a hard copy of the active graphics screen. The Print dialog box
includes a drop-down menu that allows the user to select any of the installed Windows printers, allows for
change of printer properties, and allows the selection of the total number of copies to be printed. The
printed graphics is sized according to the margins that the user specifies in the Plot > Page Setup menu.

Page Setup

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The user can here specify the printed size of the active-graphics screen. The size of the plot is
based on the specified margins and selection of paper orientation. The parameters selected here are not
saved with the output file and must be changed each time that the graphics is plotted.
Active Graphs...
This command is used to activate or de-activate the graphs that are displayed on the screen.

Save to Disk...
This command is used to save the active-graphics screen to disk. The format of the saved file is as
bmp graphics (bitmap file), which is the internal-file format used in Microsoft Windows©.

Figure 4.23 Command options contained in the Plot menu.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5. Example Problems
CHAPTER 5 – Example Problems – 5-2

5.1 Introduction
This chapter presents several examples that were solved using APILE. In order to assure accuracy
from the computer results, some examples have been compared with the results from hand calculations.
The step-by-step hand calculations were carried out based on the procedures described in the
accompanying APILE Technical Manual. The users can have confidence in their results if limited
amounts of hand calculations can be done for comparisons. The studies in this chapter also provide
guidance for the analysis of axially loaded piles with APILE.
There are three types of output data provided by the computer. The first type is the output file
which contains formatted text that consists of an echo-print of the input data; the distribution of skin
friction, end bearing, and total capacity; and the final load-settlement curve. The second type of output
presents the data for a graphics file that allows the code to produce plots. All of the data are saved with
ASCII format and the user may access the files with any text editor.
Several problems are provided herein as examples of different applications that may be solved
using our computer program APILE. Each example focuses on a particular computational feature of the
program. Input files for each example are automatically copied to the APILE data directory during
installation (<Root Drive>\Ensoft\APILE2018-Examples).
Example problems provide the user information on input and output of various cases, and present a
quick tutorial for real-world applications. The user is encouraged to study these examples and, with
modifications, may even use them to solve similar problems. However, by no means can these limited
examples explore the full functions and features provided by APILE.
The main features of each example included with APILE are summarized as follows.
Example Problem 1 – Steel Pipe Pile
 non-uniform soil deposit, two layers of sand and two layers of clay,
 open-ended steel pipe pile, and
 example with English units.
Example Problem 2 – Offshore Steel Pipe Pile in Sand
 sand layers with varied soil parameters,
 open-ended steel pipe pile,
 example with S.I. units, and
 Hand-calculation for verification.
Example Problem 3 – Open-Ended Steel-Pipe Pile in Clay
 clay layers with varied soil parameters,
 open-ended steel pipe pile,
 example with S.I. units
Example Problem 4 – Prestressed Concrete Pile for Bridge Foundation
 non-uniform soil deposit, one layers of stiff clay and one layer of sand,
 prestressed concrete pile, and

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problems – 5-3

 example with S.I. units.


Example Problem 5 – Uplift Pile Capacity
 non-uniform soil layers, and
 study uplift (tension) capacity of pile.
Example Problem 6 – CPT Based Method for Close-Ended Pile
 non-uniform soil layers,
 steel-pipe pile with closed end ,
 hand-calculation for verification, and
 example with S.I. units.
Example Problem 7 – CPT Based Method for Open-Ended Pile
 non-uniform soil layers,
 steel pipe pile with open end,
 hand-calculation for verification, and
 example with S.I. units.
Example Problem 8 – LRFD Based Method
 non-uniform sandy layers,
 steel pipe pile with closed end,
 LRFD load factors and reduction factors, and
 example with S.I. units.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-1

5.2 Example Problem 1 – Steel Pipe Pile in Sand and Clay


This example is included to illustrate a common case in which a 10 in. diameter steel pile is
subjected to a vertical load. The soil deposit is not uniform as shown in Figure 5.1. It is assumed that the
pile is not plugged.
The computational results from APILE for various methods in this example are compared with
approximated hand computations performed using a spreadsheet. Selected graphics outputted by APILE
are also presented along with the output text file. The user may select to eliminate the printing of capacity
for each increment length to shorten the length of the output text.

Figure 5.1 General soil description of Example Problem 1.

5.2.1 Comparison of APILE Results with Hand Computations


This section contains some comparisons of the results obtained from hand computations against
those from the computer run in APILE for three different methods.

5.2.1.1 FHWA Method


a. Sand layer from 0 to 10 ft

Avg. Surface Coefficient Incremental


Correction Unit Side
Depth Inc. Effect. Friction of Lateral Side
Factor Friction
(ft) (ft) Stress Angle Stress Friction
(Cf) (ksf)
(psf) deg (k (lbs)
2 2 60 11.9 1.15 0.56 7.968 41.72 0(1)
4 2 180 11.9 1.15 0.56 23.903 125.16 0(1)

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-2

6 2 300 11.9 1.15 0.56 39.839 208.60


8 2 420 11.9 1.15 0.56 55.774 292.03
10 2 540 11.9 1.15 0.56 71.710 375.47
Summation: 876.1
(1)
APILE model is specified to ignore top 5 ft

b. Clay layer from 10 to 20 ft


Avg Incremental
Length/ Adhesion Unit Side
Depth Inc. Shear Side
Diameter Coefficient Friction
(ft) (ft) Stress Friction
Ratio () (ksf)
(psf) (lbs)
12 2 1000 12 1 1000 5236
14 2 1000 12 1 1000 5236
16 2 1000 12 1 1000 5236
18 2 1000 12 1 1000 5236
20 2 1000 12 1 1000 5236
Summation: 26180

c. Sand layer from 20 to 30 ft

Avg. Surface Coefficient Incremental


Correction Unit Side
Depth Inc. Effect. Friction of Lateral Side
Factor Friction
(ft) (ft) Stress Angle Stress Friction
(Cf) (ksf)
(psf) deg (k (lbs)
22 2 1160 11.9 1.15 0.56 154.043 806.57
24 2 1280 11.9 1.15 0.56 169.979 890.01
26 2 1400 11.9 1.15 0.56 185.914 973.45
28 2 1520 11.9 1.15 0.56 201.850 1056.88
30 2 1640 11.9 1.15 0.56 217.785 1140.32
Summation: 4867.23

d. Summary and Comparison with FHWA Method


Total side friction = 876+26,180+4,867 = 31,923 lbs vs. 31,900 lbs (from APILE)
Total tip resistance = Ap v  Nq = (0.104) (1700) (0.67) (64) = 7,582 vs. 7,700 lbs (from APILE)

5.2.1.2 USACE Method


a. Sand layer from 0 to 10 ft
Avg. Surface Coefficient Correction Unit Side Incremental
Depth Inc.
Effect. Friction of Lateral Factor Friction Side
(ft) (ft)
Stress Angle Stress (Cf) (ksf) Friction

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-3

(psf) deg (k (lbs)


2 2 60 26.3 1.25 1 37.067 194.08 0(1)
4 2 180 26.3 1.25 1 99.691 521.98 0(1)
6 2 300 26.3 1.25 1 166.152 869.97
8 2 420 26.3 1.25 1 232.613 1217.96
10 2 540 26.3 1.25 1 299.074 1565.95
Summation: 3653.88
(1)
APILE model is specified to ignore top 5 ft

b. Clay layer from 10 to 20 ft


Avg Incremental
Length/ Adhesion Unit Side
Depth Inc. Shear Side
Diameter Coefficient Friction
(ft) (ft) Stress Friction
Ratio () (ksf)
(psf) (lbs)
12 2 1000 12 0.75 750 3927
14 2 1000 12 0.75 750 3927
16 2 1000 12 0.75 750 3927
18 2 1000 12 0.75 750 3927
20 2 1000 12 0.75 750 3927
Summation: 19635

c. Sand layer from 20 to 30 ft

Avg. Surface Coefficient Incremental


Correction Unit Side
Depth Inc. Effect. Friction of Lateral Side
Factor Friction
(ft) (ft) Stress Angle Stress Friction
(Cf) (ksf)
(psf) deg (k (lbs)
22 2 750 26.3 1.25 1 463.343 2426.06
24 2 750 26.3 1.25 1 463.343 2426.06
26 2 750 26.3 1.25 1 463.343 2426.06
28 2 750 26.3 1.25 1 463.343 2426.06
30 2 750 26.3 1.25 1 463.343 2426.06
Summation: 12130.31

d. Summary and Comparison with USACE Method


Total side friction = 3,654+19,635+12,130 = 35,419 lbs vs. 35,100 lbs (from APILE)
Total tip resistance = Ap v Nq = (0.104) (750) (47) = 3,666 vs. 3,700 lbs (from APILE)

5.2.1.3 API Method


a. Sand layer from 0 to 10 ft

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-4

Avg. Surface Coefficient Incremental


Correction Unit Side
Depth Inc. Effect. Friction of Lateral Side
Factor Friction
(ft) (ft) Stress Angle Stress Friction
(Cf) (ksf)
(psf) deg (k (lbs)
2 2 60 30 0.8 1 27.713 145.10 0(1)
4 2 180 30 0.8 1 72.000 376.99 0(1)
6 2 300 30 0.8 1 120.000 628.32
8 2 420 30 0.8 1 168.000 879.65
10 2 540 30 0.8 1 216.000 1130.98
Summation: 2638.95
(1)
APILE model is specified to ignore top 5 ft

b. Clay layer from 10 to 20 ft


Avg Incremental
Length/ Adhesion Unit Side
Depth Inc. Shear Side
Diameter Coefficient Friction
(ft) (ft) Stress Friction
Ratio () (ksf)
(psf) (lbs)
12 2 1000 12 0.45 448.95 2350.70
14 2 1000 12 0.47 465.30 2436.32
16 2 1000 12 0.48 480.09 2513.76
18 2 1000 12 0.49 493.63 2584.64
20 2 1000 12 0.51 512.35 2682.65
Summation: 12568

c. Sand layer from 20 to 30 ft


Avg. Surface Coefficient Incremental
Correction Unit Side
Depth Inc. Effect. Friction of Lateral Side
Factor Friction
(ft) (ft) Stress Angle Stress Friction
(Cf) (ksf)
(psf) deg (k (lbs)
22 2 1160 30 0.8 1 535.783 2805.36
24 2 1280 30 0.8 1 591.208 3095.57
26 2 1400 30 0.8 1 646.634 3385.78
28 2 1520 30 0.8 1 702.060 3675.99
30 2 1640 30 0.8 1 757.486 3966.20
Summation: 16928.88

d. Summary and Comparison with API Method


Total side friction = 2,639+12,568+16,928 = 32,136 lbs vs. 32,200 lbs (from APILE)
Total tip resistance = Ap v Nq = (0.104) (1700) (40) = 7,072 vs. 7,000 lbs (from APILE)

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-5

5.2.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis


The resulting plots of unit skin friction, accumulated skin friction, tip resistance, and total capacity
versus depth provided by the computer program based on different methods, may be seen in Figure 5.2,
Figure 5.3, Figure 5.4 and Figure 5.5 respectively.
Results of combined plots versus depth, shown in Figure 5.6, only contains the curves of skin
friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth for the API RP 2A method specified under Data >
Computational Method > Method for Load Settlement.

Figure 5.2 Curves of Unit Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-6

Figure 5.3 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1.

Figure 5.4 Curves of Tip Resistance vs Depth or Example Problem 1.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-7

Figure 5.5 Curves of Total Capacity vs Depth or Example Problem 1.

Figure 5.6 Combined Plots vs Depth based on API method for Example Problem 1.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-8

5.2.3 Output Data


Contents of the output-data file for Example Problem 1 is reproduced below in courier typeface, for
distinction.

=========================================================================

APILE for Windows, Version 2018.8.1

Serial Number : 158112091

A Program for Analyzing the Axial Capacity


and Short-term Settlement of Driven Piles
under Axial Loading.
(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2015
All Rights Reserved

=========================================================================

This program is licensed to :

Ensoft, Inc.
,

Path to file locations : C:\Ensoft\Apile2018-Examples\


Name of input data file : Example 1 - Steel Pipe Pile in Sand and Clay.ap8d
Name of output file : Example 1 - Steel Pipe Pile in Sand and Clay.ap8o
Name of plot output file : Example 1 - Steel Pipe Pile in Sand and Clay.ap8p

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and Date of Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: June 05, 2018 Time: 16:26:17

1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************

Example 1 - Steel Pipe Pile in Sand and Clay

DESIGNER : Ensoft

JOB NUMBER : 05-01-2018

METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :

- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)


Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.

COMPUTATION METHOD(S) FOR PILE CAPACITY :

- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-9

- USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)


# Critical Depth Method for Sand:
10 to 20 Pile Diameter based on the Density
Use Long Pile Option
- Revised Lambda
- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)

TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION

PILE TYPE :

Steel pipe pile or non-tapered portion of monotube pile


- Open-Ended Pile

DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :

- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.290E+08 PSI


- CROSS SECTION AREA = 14.92 IN2

CIRCULAR PILE PROPERTIES :

- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 10.00 IN.


- INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID = 9.00 IN.
- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 30.00 FT.
- BATTER ANGLE = 0.00 DEG
- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 FT.
- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 5.00 FT.
- INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION = 1.00 FT.
- LENGTH OF ENHANCED
END SECTION = 30.00 FT.
- INTERNAL DIAMETER OF
ENHANCED END SECTION = 9.00 IN.

PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Unplugged for open-ended pile

SOIL INFORMATIONS :

LATERAL EFFECTIVE FRICTION BEARING


SOIL EARTH UNIT ANGLE CAPACITY
DEPTH TYPE PRESSURE WEIGHT DEGREES FACTOR
FT. LB/CF
0.00 SAND 0.80 60.00 35.00 40.00
10.00 SAND 0.80 60.00 35.00 40.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00
20.00 SAND 0.80 60.00 35.00 40.00
30.00 SAND 0.80 60.00 35.00 40.00
30.00 CLAY 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00
40.00 CLAY 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-10

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM UNDISTURB REMOLDED


UNIT UNIT SHEAR SHEAR BLOW UNIT SKIN UNIT END
FRICTION BEARING STRENGTH STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION BEARING
KSF KSF KSF KSF KSF KSF
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00

* MAXIMUM UNIT FRICTION AND/OR MAXIMUM UNIT BEARING


WERE SET TO BE 0.10E+08 BECAUSE THE USER DOES NOT
PLAN TO LIMIT THE COMPUTED DATA.

LRFD FACTOR LRFD FACTOR


ON UNIT ON UNIT
DEPTH FRICTION BEARING
FT.
0.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000

1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************

**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
FT. KIP KIP KIP
0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
1.00 0.0 0.3* 0.3
2.00 0.0 0.5* 0.5
3.00 0.0 0.8* 0.8
4.00 0.0 1.1* 1.1
5.00 0.1 1.4* 1.4
6.00 0.2 1.6* 1.8
7.00 0.3 1.9* 2.2
8.00 0.5 2.2* 2.6
9.00 0.7 2.4* 3.1
10.00 0.9 2.7* 3.6
11.00 2.3 0.9* 3.2
12.00 4.9 0.9* 5.8
13.00 7.5 0.9* 8.4

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-11

14.00 10.1 0.9* 11.1


15.00 12.8 0.9* 13.7
16.00 15.4 0.9* 16.3
17.00 18.0 0.9* 18.9
18.00 20.6 0.9* 21.5
19.00 23.2 0.9* 24.2
20.00 25.8 0.9* 26.7
21.00 27.3 5.2* 32.5
22.00 27.7 5.5* 33.2
23.00 28.2 5.8* 34.0
24.00 28.7 6.0* 34.7
25.00 29.1 6.3* 35.5
26.00 29.7 6.6* 36.2
27.00 30.2 6.9* 37.0
28.00 30.8 7.1* 37.9
29.00 31.3 7.4* 38.7
30.00 31.9 7.7* 39.6

**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
FT. KIP KIP KIP
0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
1.00 0.0 0.3* 0.3
2.00 0.0 0.6* 0.6
3.00 0.0 0.9* 0.9
4.00 0.0 1.2* 1.2
5.00 0.2 1.5* 1.8
6.00 0.8 1.8* 2.6
7.00 1.4 2.2* 3.6
8.00 2.1 2.5* 4.6
9.00 3.0 2.8* 5.7
10.00 3.9 3.1* 7.0
11.00 5.3 0.9* 6.3
12.00 7.3 0.9* 8.2
13.00 9.3 0.9* 10.2
14.00 11.2 0.9* 12.2
15.00 13.2 0.9* 14.1
16.00 15.2 0.9* 16.1
17.00 17.1 0.9* 18.1
18.00 19.1 0.9* 20.0
19.00 21.0 0.9* 22.0
20.00 23.0 0.9* 23.9
21.00 24.6 3.7* 28.3
22.00 25.7 3.7* 29.5
23.00 26.9 3.7* 30.6
24.00 28.1 3.7* 31.8
25.00 29.3 3.7* 33.0
26.00 30.4 3.7* 34.1
27.00 31.6 3.7* 35.3
28.00 32.8 3.7* 36.5
29.00 33.9 3.7* 37.7
30.00 35.1 3.7* 38.8

**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-12

**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
FT. KIP KIP KIP
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.00 0.0 0.2 0.2
2.00 0.0 0.5 0.5
3.00 0.0 0.7 0.7
4.00 0.0 1.0 1.0
5.00 0.0 1.2 1.2
6.00 1.1 1.5 2.6
7.00 1.7 1.7 3.4
8.00 2.3 2.0 4.2
9.00 2.9 2.2 5.2
10.00 5.5 2.5 8.0
11.00 7.7 0.9 8.6
12.00 9.8 0.9 10.7
13.00 11.9 0.9 12.8
14.00 13.9 0.9 14.8
15.00 15.9 0.9 16.9
16.00 17.9 0.9 18.9
17.00 19.9 0.9 20.9
18.00 21.9 0.9 22.8
19.00 23.9 0.9 24.8
20.00 25.8 0.9 26.8
21.00 27.3 4.8 32.1
22.00 28.9 5.1 33.9
23.00 30.5 5.3 35.8
24.00 32.2 5.6 37.7
25.00 33.9 5.8 39.7
26.00 35.7 6.1 41.8
27.00 37.6 6.3 43.9
28.00 39.4 6.5 46.0
29.00 41.4 6.8 48.2
30.00 43.4 7.0 50.4

**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
FT. KIP KIP KIP
0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
1.00 0.0 0.2* 0.2
2.00 0.0 0.5* 0.5
3.00 0.0 0.7* 0.7
4.00 0.0 1.0* 1.0
5.00 0.2 1.2* 1.4
6.00 0.6 1.5* 2.1
7.00 1.1 1.7* 2.8
8.00 1.6 2.0* 3.6
9.00 2.2 2.2* 4.5
10.00 2.9 2.5* 5.4
11.00 3.9 0.9* 4.8
12.00 5.0 0.9* 6.0
13.00 6.2 0.9* 7.2
14.00 7.5 0.9* 8.4
15.00 8.7 0.9* 9.7
16.00 10.0 0.9* 10.9

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-13

17.00 11.3 0.9* 12.2


18.00 12.6 0.9* 13.5
19.00 13.9 0.9* 14.8
20.00 15.3 0.9* 16.2
21.00 16.6 4.8* 21.5
22.00 18.1 5.1* 23.1
23.00 19.6 5.3* 24.9
24.00 21.2 5.6* 26.7
25.00 22.8 5.8* 28.6
26.00 24.6 6.1* 30.6
27.00 26.4 6.3* 32.7
28.00 28.2 6.5* 34.8
29.00 30.2 6.8* 37.0
30.00 32.2 7.0* 39.3

NOTES:
- AN ASTERISK IS PLACED IN THE END-BEARING COLUMN
IF THE TIP RESISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE FRICTION
OF SOIL PLUG INSIDE AN OPEN-ENDED PIPE PILE.

*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT


NO. POINTS FT. PSI IN.

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.1000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.2000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.4000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.6000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.8000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.9000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.5000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.2000E+01
2 10 0.5025E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1155E+00 0.1000E-01
0.2309E+00 0.2000E-01
0.4619E+00 0.4000E-01
0.6928E+00 0.6000E-01
0.9238E+00 0.8000E-01
0.1039E+01 0.9000E-01
0.1155E+01 0.1000E+00
0.1155E+01 0.5000E+00
0.1155E+01 0.2000E+01
3 10 0.9958E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2175E+00 0.1000E-01
0.4349E+00 0.2000E-01
0.8699E+00 0.4000E-01
0.1305E+01 0.6000E-01
0.1740E+01 0.8000E-01
0.1957E+01 0.9000E-01
0.2175E+01 0.1000E+00

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-14

0.2175E+01 0.5000E+00
0.2175E+01 0.2000E+01
4 10 0.1000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8502E+00 0.1600E-01
0.1417E+01 0.3100E-01
0.2125E+01 0.5700E-01
0.2551E+01 0.8000E-01
0.2834E+01 0.1000E+00
0.2551E+01 0.2000E+00
0.2551E+01 0.3000E+00
0.2551E+01 0.5000E+00
0.2551E+01 0.2000E+01
5 10 0.1503E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1014E+01 0.1600E-01
0.1691E+01 0.3100E-01
0.2536E+01 0.5700E-01
0.3043E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3381E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.2000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.3000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.5000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.2000E+01
6 10 0.1996E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1092E+01 0.1600E-01
0.1820E+01 0.3100E-01
0.2730E+01 0.5700E-01
0.3276E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3641E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3276E+01 0.2000E+00
0.3276E+01 0.3000E+00
0.3276E+01 0.5000E+00
0.3276E+01 0.2000E+01
7 10 0.2000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3749E+00 0.1000E-01
0.7498E+00 0.2000E-01
0.1500E+01 0.4000E-01
0.2249E+01 0.6000E-01
0.2999E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3374E+01 0.9000E-01
0.3749E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3749E+01 0.5000E+00
0.3749E+01 0.2000E+01
8 10 0.2503E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4683E+00 0.1000E-01
0.9366E+00 0.2000E-01
0.1873E+01 0.4000E-01
0.2810E+01 0.6000E-01
0.3746E+01 0.8000E-01
0.4215E+01 0.9000E-01
0.4683E+01 0.1000E+00
0.4683E+01 0.5000E+00
0.4683E+01 0.2000E+01
9 10 0.2996E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5357E+00 0.1000E-01
0.1071E+01 0.2000E-01
0.2143E+01 0.4000E-01
0.3214E+01 0.6000E-01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-15

0.4285E+01 0.8000E-01
0.4821E+01 0.9000E-01
0.5357E+01 0.1000E+00
0.5357E+01 0.5000E+00
0.5357E+01 0.2000E+01
10 10 0.3000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1607E+01 0.1600E-01
0.2678E+01 0.3100E-01
0.4017E+01 0.5700E-01
0.4821E+01 0.8000E-01
0.5357E+01 0.1000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.2000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.3000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.5000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.2000E+01
11 10 0.3503E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1607E+01 0.1600E-01
0.2678E+01 0.3100E-01
0.4017E+01 0.5700E-01
0.4821E+01 0.8000E-01
0.5357E+01 0.1000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.2000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.3000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.5000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.2000E+01
12 10 0.3996E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1607E+01 0.1600E-01
0.2678E+01 0.3100E-01
0.4017E+01 0.5700E-01
0.4821E+01 0.8000E-01
0.5357E+01 0.1000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.2000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.3000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.5000E+00
0.4821E+01 0.2000E+01

TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KIP IN.

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4404E+00 0.5000E-02
0.8808E+00 0.1000E-01
0.1762E+01 0.2000E-01
0.3523E+01 0.1300E+00
0.5285E+01 0.4200E+00
0.6342E+01 0.7300E+00
0.7047E+01 0.1000E+01
0.7047E+01 0.1500E+01
0.7047E+01 0.2000E+01

LOAD VERSUS SETTLEMENT CURVE


****************************

TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-16

KIP IN. KIP IN.


0.4786E-01 0.1274E-03 0.8808E-02 0.1000E-03
0.4786E+00 0.1274E-02 0.8808E-01 0.1000E-02
0.2393E+01 0.6371E-02 0.4404E+00 0.5000E-02
0.4786E+01 0.1274E-01 0.8808E+00 0.1000E-01
0.2053E+02 0.6155E-01 0.2242E+01 0.5000E-01
0.3670E+02 0.1209E+00 0.3043E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3892E+02 0.5230E+00 0.5558E+01 0.5000E+00
0.4041E+02 0.1024E+01 0.7047E+01 0.1000E+01
0.4041E+02 0.2024E+01 0.7047E+01 0.2000E+01

*************************************************
* COMPUTE INTERNALLY-GENERATED LOAD-TRANSFER *
* (t-z) CURVES FOR VERIFICATION *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT


NO. POINTS FT. PSI IN.

1 10 0.1000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2834E+00 0.1000E-01
0.5668E+00 0.2000E-01
0.1134E+01 0.4000E-01
0.1700E+01 0.6000E-01
0.2267E+01 0.8000E-01
0.2551E+01 0.9000E-01
0.2834E+01 0.1000E+00
0.2834E+01 0.5000E+00
0.2834E+01 0.2000E+01
2 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1014E+01 0.1600E-01
0.1691E+01 0.3100E-01
0.2536E+01 0.5700E-01
0.3043E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3381E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.2000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.3000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.5000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.2000E+01
3 10 0.2000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1125E+01 0.1600E-01
0.1875E+01 0.3100E-01
0.2812E+01 0.5700E-01
0.3374E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3749E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3374E+01 0.2000E+00
0.3374E+01 0.3000E+00
0.3374E+01 0.5000E+00
0.3374E+01 0.2000E+01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-17

5.3 Example Problem 2 – Offshore Steel-Pipe Pile in Sand


This example is included to illustrate a case of a pile on an offshore structure. The pile is a steel
pipe and in this example with on outside diameter of 1000 mm and inside diameter of 860 mm. The
subsurface condition mainly consists of cohesionless soils and the pile was driven to a depth of 33.3
meters. The computer program APILE calculated 8,004 KN for the total bearing capacity (API RP-2A),
which is similar to the value of 8,175 KN that is obtained from simplified hand calculations. Pile and soil
data are given in Table 5.1.

Depth Soil Type '  Ko Nq


Layer 3
(m) (kN/m ) (Deg.)
0 sand 18.1 33 0.46 32
1
2 sand 19 37.5 0.39 40
2 sand 9.2 37.5 0.39 40
2
3 sand 10.2 39 0.37 40
3 sand 10.2 39 0.37 40
3
5 sand 5.7 30 0.5 20
5 sand 5.7 30 0.5 20
4
25 sand 5.7 30 0.5 20
25 sand 5.7 30 0.5 20
5
30.5 sand 11.2 40.5 0.35 40
30.5 sand 11.2 40.5 0.35 40
6
36 sand 11.2 40.5 0.35 40
Table 5.1 Soil Data for Example Problem 2

5.3.1 Hand Computations for API Method


The program output will be compared to the results from the following hand calculations.

5.3.1.1 Skin Friction


The general equation for skin friction is:

L
Q f   f x dAs
o

(5.1)

where
Qf = axial load capacity in skin friction, lb (kN);
L = penetration of pile below ground surface, ft (m);
fx = unit resistance at depth x, measured from ground surface, lb/ft2 (kPa); and
As = side surface area of pile, ft2 (m2).

At each increment,

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-18

f x As  (k (tan  ) po ) As

f x As  k (tan(  5))( ( h))( Dh)

(5.2)

Or,

f x As  (Max Skin Friction)( Dh)

(5.3)

where
k = coefficient of lateral earth (ratio of horizontal to vertical normal effective stress), a value
of k = 0.8 was recommended for open-ended pipe piles, that are driven unplugged, for
loadings in both tension and compression. A value of k = 1.0 was recommended for full
displacement piles.
p  effective overburden pressure at the point in question;
o
 = the friction angle between the soil and the pile wall. In the absence of data on , APILE
computes     5o (in degrees) based on user’s inputted value of friction angle ().
The limiting f is interpolated linearly within APILE for intermediate values of .
D = outside pile diameter.
Combining Eq. (5.1) and Eq. (5.2):

(5.4)

where k, and γ are averaged values.


Using the values from Table 5.1 we can make computations of at various sample depths:
at 2m: kN/m2

At 3m:

At 5m: kN/m2

Values of unit side resistance (fx) at various sample depths can be computed as follows:

At 2m,

At 3m: kN/m2

At 5m: kN/m2

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-19

We can now solve Eq. (5.4) at the various sample depths:


At depth of 2m:

kN
At depth of 3m:

kN
At depth of 5m:

kN

Following similar computations methods used in the sample depths above we can now compute
values for the remaining depths, with the results included in Table 5.2.

Depth  - 5 (h) S (h) f Qf


tan ( -5) 2 2
 (d)(h)  (d)(h)f
(m) (deg) (kN/m ) (kN/m ) (kPa) (kN)

2 30.25 0.58318 37.1 37.10 9.20 6.28 28.89 28.89

3 33.25 0.65563 9.7 46.80 11.66 3.14 32.76 61.65

5 29.5 0.56577 15.9 62.70 15.43 6.28 85.11 146.76

25 25 0.46631 114 176.70 41.20 62.83 1779.07 1925.82

30.5 30.25 0.58318 46.475 223.18 55.31 17.28 833.81 2759.63

33 35.5 0.71329 28 251.18 62.71 7.85 463.47 3223.10


Table 5.2 Hand Computations of Side Resistances for Example Problem 2

 In table above the calculated f values were compared with the limiting values in the Technical
Manual. For each depth, the lower of the two values was used.
 For this example the program has produced output at a 0.5 meter increments. Changing the depth
increment of the hand calculations to the 0.5 meter increment of depth will produce a more
accurate final result (thus with exact match to the results from the computer program).

5.3.1.2 Base Resistance


The general equation for end bearing in Sands is:

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-20

Qp  qAp

(5.5)

and

q  po N q

(5.6)

Where
Qp = axial load capacity in end bearing;
q = unit end bearing resistance;
Ap = cross-sectional area of tip of pile.

p  effective overburden pressure at the pile tip; and


o
Nq = bearing capacity factor.

To check soil plugging, calculate the average end bearing value from depth H to (H+2D) as
follows:

H 1.5 D


H 1.5 D
Qp ( x)dx

3D

(5.7)

Qp  (Max.Unit End Bearing ) Ap

(5.8)

For an open-ended pipe pile for end bearing we must consider both a plugged and unplugged case.
The plugged and unplugged values are computed in the following sub sections.

5.3.1.3 Plugged Case


For a plugged case the area is computed as follows:

Combining Eq. (5.5) and (5.6):

(5.9)

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-21

where γ is an averaged value and the calculated q values are compared with the limiting values
in the Technical Manual. For each depth, the lower of the two values is used.
Using the values from Table 5.1 and Eq. (5.9) we calculate the following:
At depth 0m:
(
At depth 2m:

At depth 3m:

At depth 5m:

Following similar computations methods used in the sample depths above we can now compute
values for the remaining depths, with the results included in Table 5.3.

Depth (h) S (h) Qp (plugged


(m) 2 2
(kN/m ) (kN/m ) (kN)
0 0 0 0
2 37.1 37.1 1165.53
3 14.6 51.7 1624.2
5 15.9 67.6 1061.86
25 114 181.6 2852.57
30.5 46.475 228.075 7165.19
33 28 256.075 7539.82
Table 5.3 Hand Computations of Plugged End Bearing for Example Problem 2

 In table above the calculated q values were compared with the limiting values in the Technical
Manual. For each depth, the lower of the two values was used (this is the case at the 33-m depth).
 For this example the program has produced output at a 0.5 meter increments. Changing the depth
increment of the hand calculations to the 0.5 meter increment of depth will produce a more
accurate final result (thus with exact match to the results from the computer program).
 The APILE program uses averaged values of Q over a length of 1.5 pile diameter above and
below the pile depth. This is done following Eq. (5.7).

5.3.1.4 Unplugged Case


For the unplugged case the area is computed as follows:

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-22

Adding effect of side friction from the inner wall of the pile, the previous Eq. (5.10) is now
calculated as follows:

(5.10)

where γ is an averaged value and the calculated q values are compared with the limiting values
in the Technical Manual. For each depth, the lower of the two values is used.
Using the values from Table 5.1 and Eq. (5.10) we calculate the following:
At depth 0m:
(
At depth 2m:

At depth 3m:

At depth 5m:

Following similar computations methods used in the sample depths above we can now compute
values for the remaining depths, with the results included in Table 5.5.

Depth (h) S (h) Qp (unplugged)


(m) 2 2
(kN/m ) (kN/m ) (kN)
0 0 0 0
2 37.1 37.1 328.35
3 14.6 51.7 477.61
5 15.9 67.6 410.92
25 114 181.6 2470.67
30.5 46.475 228.075 4328.26
33 28 256.075 4964.14
Table 5.4 Hand Computations of Unplugged End Bearing for Example Problem 2

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-23

 In table above the calculated q values were compared with the limiting values in the Technical
Manual. For each depth, the lower of the two values was used.
 For this example the program has produced output at a 0.5 meter increments. Changing the depth
increment of the hand calculations to the 0.5 meter increment of depth will produce a more
accurate final result (thus with exact match to the results from the computer program).
 The APILE program uses averaged values of Q over a length of 1.5 pile diameter above and
below the pile depth. This is done following Eq. (5.7).

5.3.1.5 Total Resistance


The total bearing capacity of the pile is given in Eq. (5.11). To determine the total bearing capacity
of the pile, the smallest value from the skin friction equations in Eq. (5.2) and Eq. (5.3) and the end
bearing equations in Eq. (5.7) and Eq. (5.8) must be used in Eq. (5.11).

QTotal  Q f  Qp

(5.11)

5.3.2 Comparison of APILE Results with Hand Computations


Table 5.5 contains a comparison of the results obtained from hand computations against those from
the computer run in APILE (for API Method).
Since Qp,unplugged < Qp,plugged at all depths then the values in Table 5.4 control the end bearing
capacity. Using the computed values from Table 5.2 and Table 5.4 we can find the total resistance
displayed in Table 5.5 along with comparisons against the computer run in APILE (API Method).

Depth Qf Qp QT(Hand) QT(APILE)


(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)

2 28.89 328.35 357.24 349.30

3 61.65 477.61 539.26 497.10

5 146.76 410.92 557.68 561.70

25 1925.82 2470.67 4396.49 4257.70

30.5 2759.63 4328.26 7087.89 6877.90

33 3223.10 4964.14 8187.24 8003.90


Table 5.5 Comparison of Total Resistances for Example Problem 2

 Some discrepancies are noticed between the rough hand calculations and the computed results
from APILE. If the user refines the computational depths to match the more accurate 0.5-meter
increments used by APILE, the hand computed values should then be much closer to the APILE
software calculations.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-24

5.3.3 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis


Resulting plots of accumulated skin friction, ultimate tip resistance, and ultimate total capacity
versus depth provided by the computer program may be observed in Figure 5.7, Figure 5.8 and Figure 5.9
respectively. Results of axial load versus short-term settlement are included in Figure 5.10.

Figure 5.7 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 2.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-25

Figure 5.8 Curves of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 2.

Figure 5.9 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 2.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-26

Figure 5.10 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 2.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-27

5.3.4 Output Data


The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem2 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.

=========================================================================

APILE for Windows, Version 2018.8.1

Serial Number : 158112091

A Program for Analyzing the Axial Capacity


and Short-term Settlement of Driven Piles
under Axial Loading.
(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2015
All Rights Reserved

=========================================================================

This program is licensed to :

Ensoft, Inc.
,

Path to file locations : C:\Ensoft\Apile2018-Examples\


Name of input data file : Example 2 - Large Steel Pipe Pile in Sand.ap8d
Name of output file : Example 2 - Large Steel Pipe Pile in Sand.ap8o
Name of plot output file : Example 2 - Large Steel Pipe Pile in Sand.ap8p

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and Date of Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: June 05, 2018 Time: 16:31:29

1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************

Example 2 - Large Steel Pipe Pile in Sand

DESIGNER : Ensoft

JOB NUMBER : 05-01-2018

METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :

- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)


Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.

COMPUTATION METHOD(S) FOR PILE CAPACITY :

- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-28

- USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)


# Critical Depth Method for Sand:
10 to 20 Pile Diameter based on the Density
- Revised Lambda
- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)

TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION

PILE TYPE :

Steel pipe pile or non-tapered portion of monotube pile


- Open-Ended Pile

DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :

- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.200E+09 KPA


- CROSS SECTION AREA = 0.20 M2

CIRCULAR PILE PROPERTIES :

- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 1000.00 MM.


- INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID = 860.00 MM.
- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 33.30 M.
- BATTER ANGLE = 0.00 DEG
- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 M.
- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 0.00 M.
- INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION = 0.50 M.

PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program

SOIL INFORMATIONS :

LATERAL EFFECTIVE FRICTION BEARING


SOIL EARTH UNIT ANGLE CAPACITY
DEPTH TYPE PRESSURE WEIGHT DEGREES FACTOR
M. KN/CM
0.00 SAND 0.46 18.10 33.00 32.00
2.00 SAND 0.39 19.00 37.50 40.00
2.00 SAND 0.39 9.20 37.50 40.00
3.00 SAND 0.37 10.20 39.00 40.00
3.00 SAND 0.37 10.20 39.00 40.00
5.00 SAND 0.50 5.70 30.00 20.00
5.00 SAND 0.50 5.70 30.00 20.00
25.00 SAND 0.50 5.70 30.00 20.00
25.00 SAND 0.50 5.70 30.00 20.00
30.50 SAND 0.35 11.20 40.50 40.00
30.50 SAND 0.35 11.20 40.50 40.00
36.00 SAND 0.35 11.20 40.50 40.00

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-29

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM UNDISTURB REMOLDED


UNIT UNIT SHEAR SHEAR BLOW UNIT SKIN UNIT END
FRICTION BEARING STRENGTH STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION BEARING
KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.91E+02 0.54E+04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.91E+02 0.54E+04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.91E+02 0.54E+04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.91E+02 0.54E+04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

LRFD FACTOR LRFD FACTOR


ON UNIT ON UNIT
DEPTH FRICTION BEARING
M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
2.00 1.000 1.000
2.00 1.000 1.000
3.00 1.000 1.000
3.00 1.000 1.000
5.00 1.000 1.000
5.00 1.000 1.000
25.00 1.000 1.000
25.00 1.000 1.000
30.50 1.000 1.000
30.50 1.000 1.000
36.00 1.000 1.000

1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************

**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
0.50 4.9 67.6* 72.5
1.00 20.7 173.5* 194.2
1.50 51.0 339.2* 390.3
2.00 100.8 576.1* 676.9
2.50 170.0 815.5* 985.5
3.00 255.8 1111.9* 1367.7
3.50 350.8 1125.5* 1476.2
4.00 436.5 942.7* 1379.2
4.50 505.8 824.7* 1330.5
5.00 563.0 679.2* 1242.2

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-30

5.50 612.0 637.6* 1249.6


6.00 659.7 552.7 1212.4
6.50 709.5 500.9 1210.4
7.00 761.2 500.9 1262.1
7.50 815.0 500.9 1315.9
8.00 870.8 500.9 1371.7
8.50 928.6 500.9 1429.5
9.00 988.5 500.9 1489.4
9.50 1050.4 500.9 1551.3
10.00 1114.3 500.9 1615.2
10.50 1180.3 500.9 1681.2
11.00 1248.3 500.9 1749.2
11.50 1318.3 500.9 1819.2
12.00 1390.4 500.9 1891.3
12.50 1464.4 500.9 1965.3
13.00 1540.5 500.9 2041.4
13.50 1618.7 500.9 2119.6
14.00 1698.8 500.9 2199.7
14.50 1781.0 500.9 2281.9
15.00 1865.3 500.9 2366.2
15.50 1951.5 500.9 2452.4
16.00 2039.8 500.9 2540.7
16.50 2130.1 500.9 2631.0
17.00 2222.5 500.9 2723.4
17.50 2316.8 500.9 2817.7
18.00 2413.2 500.9 2914.1
18.50 2511.7 500.9 3012.6
19.00 2612.1 500.9 3113.0
19.50 2714.6 500.9 3215.5
20.00 2819.1 500.9 3320.0
20.50 2925.7 500.9 3426.6
21.00 3034.3 500.9 3535.2
21.50 3144.9 500.9 3645.8
22.00 3257.5 500.9 3758.4
22.50 3372.2 500.9 3873.1
23.00 3488.9 500.9 3989.8
23.50 3607.6 500.9 4108.5
24.00 3728.4 522.9 4251.2
24.50 3851.1 596.4 4447.5
25.00 3976.0 753.6 4729.6
25.50 4107.0 1026.2 5133.2
26.00 4253.0 1466.6 5719.6
26.50 4419.3 2126.5 6545.8
27.00 4587.4 3027.6 7615.0
27.50 4755.4 4179.6 8935.0
28.00 4923.5 5247.9 10171.4
28.50 5091.6 6200.8 11292.4
29.00 5259.7 6975.3* 12235.0
29.50 5427.7 7319.0* 12746.7
30.00 5595.8 7710.4* 13306.2
30.50 5763.9 7854.0 13617.9
31.00 5932.0 7854.0 13785.9
31.50 6100.0 7854.0 13954.0
32.00 6268.1 7854.0 14122.1
32.50 6436.2 7854.0 14290.2
33.00 6604.3 7854.0 14458.2

**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-31

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
0.50 8.8 78.4* 87.2
1.00 26.3 189.1* 215.4
1.50 48.9 332.8* 381.7
2.00 81.7 507.0* 588.8
2.50 123.1 633.8* 756.9
3.00 170.7 797.1* 967.8
3.50 223.6 813.9* 1037.5
4.00 278.6 739.8* 1018.4
4.50 333.5 625.6* 959.1
5.00 387.4 519.5* 906.9
5.50 440.6 505.3* 945.9
6.00 495.1 542.7* 1037.7
6.50 551.9 581.0* 1132.8
7.00 611.0 620.3* 1231.3
7.50 672.4 660.6* 1333.0
8.00 736.1 701.9* 1438.1
8.50 802.2 744.2* 1546.4
9.00 870.6 787.5* 1658.1
9.50 941.3 831.8* 1773.1
10.00 1014.3 877.1* 1891.4
10.50 1088.5 922.5* 2010.9
11.00 1162.6 967.8* 2130.4
11.50 1236.8 1013.1* 2249.9
12.00 1311.0 1004.7* 2315.7
12.50 1385.2 1036.6* 2421.8
13.00 1459.3 1068.5* 2527.8
13.50 1533.5 1100.4* 2633.9
14.00 1607.7 1132.3* 2740.0
14.50 1681.9 1164.2* 2846.1
15.00 1756.0 1196.1* 2952.1
15.50 1830.2 1228.0* 3058.2
16.00 1904.4 1259.9* 3164.3
16.50 1978.5 1291.8* 3270.3
17.00 2052.7 1323.7* 3376.4
17.50 2126.9 1355.6* 3482.5
18.00 2201.1 1387.5* 3588.5
18.50 2275.2 1419.4* 3694.6
19.00 2349.4 1451.3* 3800.7
19.50 2423.6 1483.1* 3906.7
20.00 2497.8 1515.0* 4012.8
20.50 2571.9 1546.9* 4118.9
21.00 2646.1 1578.8* 4224.9
21.50 2720.3 1610.7* 4331.0
22.00 2794.5 1642.6* 4437.1
22.50 2868.6 1647.4 4516.1
23.00 2942.8 1647.4 4590.2
23.50 3017.0 1647.4 4664.4
24.00 3091.1 1667.4 4758.5
24.50 3165.3 1727.2 4892.5
25.00 3239.5 1834.0* 5073.5
25.50 3314.3 1897.6* 5211.9
26.00 3391.1 1993.5* 5384.7
26.50 3470.6 2112.2* 5582.8
27.00 3565.8 2500.7* 6066.6
27.50 3677.3 2701.3* 6378.6
28.00 3792.3 2903.5* 6695.7
28.50 3925.4 3450.6* 7375.9
29.00 4076.9 3690.3* 7767.3
29.50 4233.1 3895.6* 8128.7

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-32

30.00 4394.1 3965.8* 8359.8


30.50 4559.8 4038.1* 8597.8
31.00 4727.8 4111.4* 8839.3
31.50 4895.9 4184.8* 9080.7
32.00 5064.0 4258.1* 9322.1
32.50 5232.1 4331.4* 9563.5
33.00 5400.1 4404.8* 9804.9

**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.50 4.1 63.0 67.1
1.00 15.1 137.3 152.3
1.50 32.0 223.1 255.1
2.00 54.6 320.6 375.2
2.50 80.9 380.1 461.0
3.00 109.3 435.7 545.0
3.50 139.9 465.3 605.3
4.00 172.5 458.9 631.4
4.50 206.6 441.5 648.1
5.00 241.7 414.6 656.3
5.50 277.7 414.4 692.1
6.00 314.7 447.1 761.8
6.50 352.6 480.8 833.4
7.00 391.5 515.3 906.8
7.50 431.3 550.8 982.1
8.00 472.1 587.1 1059.3
8.50 513.9 624.4 1138.3
9.00 556.7 662.5 1219.2
9.50 600.4 701.5 1301.9
10.00 645.0 741.5 1386.5
10.50 690.6 782.3 1472.9
11.00 737.1 824.0 1561.2
11.50 784.6 866.7 1651.3
12.00 833.0 910.2 1743.2
12.50 882.4 954.6 1837.0
13.00 932.6 999.9 1932.5
13.50 983.8 1046.1 2029.9
14.00 1035.9 1093.2 2129.1
14.50 1088.8 1141.3 2230.1
15.00 1142.7 1190.2 2332.9
15.50 1197.4 1240.0 2437.4
16.00 1253.1 1290.7 2543.8
16.50 1309.6 1342.3 2651.9
17.00 1366.9 1394.8 2761.7
17.50 1425.2 1448.2 2873.4
18.00 1484.3 1502.5 2986.7
18.50 1544.2 1557.7 3101.9
19.00 1605.0 1613.8 3218.7
19.50 1666.6 1670.8 3337.3
20.00 1729.0 1728.6 3457.7
20.50 1792.3 1787.4 3579.7
21.00 1856.4 1847.1 3703.5
21.50 1921.3 1907.7 3829.0
22.00 1987.0 1969.2 3956.2
22.50 2053.5 2031.5 4085.0

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-33

23.00 2120.8 2094.8 4215.6


23.50 2188.9 2159.0 4347.9
24.00 2257.8 2224.0 4481.9
24.50 2327.5 2290.0 4617.5
25.00 2397.9 2356.9 4754.8
25.50 2469.3 2459.0 4928.3
26.00 2541.8 2599.2 5141.0
26.50 2615.4 2744.9 5360.3
27.00 2690.3 2896.3 5586.5
27.50 2766.5 3053.7 5820.2
28.00 2844.0 3217.5 6061.5
28.50 2923.0 3387.9 6310.8
29.00 3003.4 3565.1 6568.5
29.50 3085.3 3749.4 6834.7
30.00 3168.9 3941.0 7109.9
30.50 3254.0 4140.2 7394.2
31.00 3340.8 4303.7 7644.5
31.50 3429.4 4427.6 7857.0
32.00 3519.7 4553.4 8073.1
32.50 3611.8 4681.1 8292.9
33.00 3705.6 4801.1 8506.6

**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
0.50 1.8 63.0* 64.7
1.00 7.1 137.3* 144.3
1.50 16.0 223.1* 239.1
2.00 28.7 320.6* 349.3
2.50 44.1 380.1* 424.2
3.00 61.4 435.7* 497.1
3.50 80.7 465.3* 546.1
4.00 101.7 458.9* 560.6
4.50 124.0 441.5* 565.5
5.00 147.1 414.6* 561.7
5.50 170.8 414.4* 585.1
6.00 195.3 447.1* 642.4
6.50 220.9 480.8* 701.6
7.00 247.5 515.3* 762.8
7.50 275.1 550.8* 825.9
8.00 303.8 587.1* 891.0
8.50 333.6 624.4* 957.9
9.00 364.4 662.5* 1026.9
9.50 396.2 701.5* 1097.7
10.00 429.1 741.5* 1170.6
10.50 463.0 782.3* 1245.3
11.00 498.0 824.0* 1322.0
11.50 534.0 866.7* 1400.6
12.00 571.0 910.2* 1481.2
12.50 609.1 954.6* 1563.7
13.00 648.3 999.9* 1648.2
13.50 688.5 1046.1* 1734.6
14.00 729.7 1093.2* 1822.9
14.50 772.0 1141.3* 1913.2
15.00 815.3 1190.2* 2005.5
15.50 859.6 1240.0* 2099.6

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-34

16.00 905.1 1290.7* 2195.7


16.50 951.5 1342.3* 2293.8
17.00 999.0 1394.8* 2393.8
17.50 1047.5 1448.2* 2495.7
18.00 1097.1 1502.5* 2599.6
18.50 1147.7 1557.7* 2705.4
19.00 1199.4 1613.8* 2813.2
19.50 1252.1 1670.8* 2922.9
20.00 1305.9 1728.6* 3034.5
20.50 1360.7 1787.4* 3148.1
21.00 1416.5 1847.1* 3263.6
21.50 1473.4 1907.7* 3381.1
22.00 1531.3 1969.2* 3500.5
22.50 1590.3 2031.5* 3621.8
23.00 1650.3 2094.8* 3745.1
23.50 1711.4 2159.0* 3870.3
24.00 1773.5 2224.0* 3997.5
24.50 1836.6 2290.0* 4126.6
25.00 1900.8 2356.9* 4257.7
25.50 1966.3 2459.0* 4425.3
26.00 2033.7 2599.2* 4632.9
26.50 2103.3 2744.9* 4848.2
27.00 2175.1 2896.3* 5071.3
27.50 2249.0 3053.7* 5302.7
28.00 2325.1 3217.5* 5542.6
28.50 2403.4 3387.9* 5791.3
29.00 2483.8 3565.1* 6048.9
29.50 2566.4 3749.4* 6315.8
30.00 2651.0 3941.0* 6592.0
30.50 2737.7 4140.2* 6877.9
31.00 2826.4 4303.7* 7130.1
31.50 2917.2 4427.6* 7344.8
32.00 3010.2 4553.4* 7563.6
32.50 3105.4 4681.1* 7786.5
33.00 3202.8 4801.1* 8003.9

NOTES:
- AN ASTERISK IS PLACED IN THE END-BEARING COLUMN
IF THE TIP RESISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE FRICTION
OF SOIL PLUG INSIDE AN OPEN-ENDED PIPE PILE.

*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT


NO. POINTS M. KPA M.

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3384E+00 0.2513E-03
0.6768E+00 0.5026E-03
0.1354E+01 0.1005E-02
0.2030E+01 0.1508E-02
0.2707E+01 0.2011E-02
0.3046E+01 0.2262E-02
0.3384E+01 0.2513E-02
0.3384E+01 0.1257E-01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-35

0.3384E+01 0.5026E-01
2 10 0.1000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6871E+00 0.2513E-03
0.1374E+01 0.5026E-03
0.2748E+01 0.1005E-02
0.4123E+01 0.1508E-02
0.5497E+01 0.2011E-02
0.6184E+01 0.2262E-02
0.6871E+01 0.2513E-02
0.6871E+01 0.1257E-01
0.6871E+01 0.5026E-01
3 10 0.1900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8929E+00 0.2513E-03
0.1786E+01 0.5026E-03
0.3572E+01 0.1005E-02
0.5357E+01 0.1508E-02
0.7143E+01 0.2011E-02
0.8036E+01 0.2262E-02
0.8929E+01 0.2513E-02
0.8929E+01 0.1257E-01
0.8929E+01 0.5026E-01
4 10 0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1043E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2085E+01 0.5026E-03
0.4171E+01 0.1005E-02
0.6256E+01 0.1508E-02
0.8341E+01 0.2011E-02
0.9384E+01 0.2262E-02
0.1043E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1043E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1043E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.2500E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1166E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2332E+01 0.5026E-03
0.4664E+01 0.1005E-02
0.6995E+01 0.1508E-02
0.9327E+01 0.2011E-02
0.1049E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1166E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1166E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1166E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.2900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1166E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2332E+01 0.5026E-03
0.4664E+01 0.1005E-02
0.6995E+01 0.1508E-02
0.9327E+01 0.2011E-02
0.1049E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1166E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1166E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1166E+02 0.5026E-01
7 10 0.3000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1282E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2565E+01 0.5026E-03
0.5129E+01 0.1005E-02
0.7694E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1026E+02 0.2011E-02

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-36

0.1154E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1282E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1282E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1282E+02 0.5026E-01
8 10 0.4000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1444E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2888E+01 0.5026E-03
0.5776E+01 0.1005E-02
0.8665E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1155E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1300E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1444E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1444E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1444E+02 0.5026E-01
9 10 0.4900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1489E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2978E+01 0.5026E-03
0.5955E+01 0.1005E-02
0.8933E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1191E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1340E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1489E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1489E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1489E+02 0.5026E-01
10 10 0.5000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1535E+01 0.2513E-03
0.3069E+01 0.5026E-03
0.6139E+01 0.1005E-02
0.9208E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1228E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1381E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1535E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1535E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1535E+02 0.5026E-01
11 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2857E+01 0.2513E-03
0.5715E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1143E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1714E+02 0.1508E-02
0.2286E+02 0.2011E-02
0.2572E+02 0.2262E-02
0.2857E+02 0.2513E-02
0.2857E+02 0.1257E-01
0.2857E+02 0.5026E-01
12 10 0.2490E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4129E+01 0.2513E-03
0.8258E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1652E+02 0.1005E-02
0.2477E+02 0.1508E-02
0.3303E+02 0.2011E-02
0.3716E+02 0.2262E-02
0.4129E+02 0.2513E-02
0.4129E+02 0.1257E-01
0.4129E+02 0.5026E-01
13 10 0.2500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4231E+01 0.2513E-03
0.8462E+01 0.5026E-03

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-37

0.1692E+02 0.1005E-02
0.2539E+02 0.1508E-02
0.3385E+02 0.2011E-02
0.3808E+02 0.2262E-02
0.4231E+02 0.2513E-02
0.4231E+02 0.1257E-01
0.4231E+02 0.5026E-01
14 10 0.2775E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4915E+01 0.2513E-03
0.9829E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1966E+02 0.1005E-02
0.2949E+02 0.1508E-02
0.3932E+02 0.2011E-02
0.4423E+02 0.2262E-02
0.4915E+02 0.2513E-02
0.4915E+02 0.1257E-01
0.4915E+02 0.5026E-01
15 10 0.3040E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5582E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1116E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2233E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3349E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4465E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5023E+02 0.2262E-02
0.5582E+02 0.2513E-02
0.5582E+02 0.1257E-01
0.5582E+02 0.5026E-01
16 10 0.3050E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5714E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1143E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2285E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3428E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4571E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5142E+02 0.2262E-02
0.5714E+02 0.2513E-02
0.5714E+02 0.1257E-01
0.5714E+02 0.5026E-01
17 10 0.3325E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6201E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1240E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2480E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3720E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4961E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5581E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6201E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6201E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6201E+02 0.5026E-01
18 10 0.3590E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6201E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1240E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2480E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3720E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4961E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5581E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6201E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6201E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6201E+02 0.5026E-01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 2 – 5-38

TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M.

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3001E+03 0.5000E-03
0.6001E+03 0.1000E-02
0.1200E+04 0.2000E-02
0.2401E+04 0.1300E-01
0.3601E+04 0.4200E-01
0.4321E+04 0.7300E-01
0.4801E+04 0.1000E+00
0.4801E+04 0.1500E+00
0.4801E+04 0.2000E+00

LOAD VERSUS SETTLEMENT CURVE


****************************

TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M. KN. M.
0.6003E+01 0.5842E-05 0.1508E+01 0.2513E-05
0.6003E+02 0.5842E-04 0.1508E+02 0.2513E-04
0.3001E+03 0.2921E-03 0.7541E+02 0.1257E-03
0.6003E+03 0.5842E-03 0.1508E+03 0.2513E-03
0.2989E+04 0.2921E-02 0.7541E+03 0.1257E-02
0.4585E+04 0.5260E-02 0.1256E+04 0.2513E-02
0.5682E+04 0.1621E-01 0.2353E+04 0.1257E-01
0.6231E+04 0.2922E-01 0.2903E+04 0.2513E-01
0.7121E+04 0.5508E-01 0.3793E+04 0.5026E-01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-39

5.4 Example Problem 3 – Steel Pipe Pile in Clay


This example is included to show the response of a steel pile embedded in cohesive soils. The
modeled pile is 39 meters long and open-ended steel pipe, with an outer diameter of 500 mm and an inner
diameter of 480 mm. The soil data is given in Table 5.6. The bearing capacity was calculated by APILE,
using the API RP2A method. Because this pile is open ended, a plug of soil may be forced up the inside
of the pile. In this APILE model, the soil resistance from the plug is compared to the resistance from the
end-bearing over the full area of the base and the smaller of the two values is used (Data > Circular Pile
Section > Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program).

Depth Soil Type ' C


Layer
(m) (kN/m ) (kN/m2)
3

0 clay 18.6 9.8


1
4 clay 18.6 9.8
4 clay 8.8 9.8
2
10 clay 8.8 9.8
10 clay 8.8 19.6
3
20 clay 8.8 19.6
20 clay 8.8 58.8
4
36 clay 8.8 58.8
36 clay 9 78.4
5
40 clay 9 78.4
Table 5.6 Soil Data for Example Problem 3

5.4.1 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis


The resulting plot of combined ultimate axial capacities versus depth provided by APILE may be
observed in Figure 5.11. Results of axial load versus short-term settlement are included in Figure 5.12.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-40

Figure 5.11 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) for Example Problem 3.

Figure 5.12 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 3.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-41

5.4.2 Output Data


The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 3 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.

=========================================================================

APILE for Windows, Version 2018.8.1

Serial Number : 158112091

A Program for Analyzing the Axial Capacity


and Short-term Settlement of Driven Piles
under Axial Loading.
(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2015
All Rights Reserved

=========================================================================

This program is licensed to :

Ensoft, Inc.
,

Path to file locations : C:\Ensoft\Apile2018-Examples\


Name of input data file : Example 3 - Steel Pipe Pile in Clay.ap8d
Name of output file : Example 3 - Steel Pipe Pile in Clay.ap8o
Name of plot output file : Example 3 - Steel Pipe Pile in Clay.ap8p

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and Date of Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: May 15, 2018 Time: 11:56:05

1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************

Example 3 - Pipe Pile in Clay with Plug Calculations

DESIGNER : ENSOFT

JOB NUMBER : 05-01-18

METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :

- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)


Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.

COMPUTATION METHOD(S) FOR PILE CAPACITY :

- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-42

- USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)


# Critical Depth Method for Sand:
10 to 20 Pile Diameter based on the Density
- Revised Lambda
- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)

TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION

PILE TYPE :

Steel pipe pile or non-tapered portion of monotube pile


- Open-Ended Pile

DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :

- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.200E+09 KPA


- CROSS SECTION AREA = 0.02 M2

CIRCULAR PILE PROPERTIES :

- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 500.00 MM.


- INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID = 480.00 MM.
- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 39.00 M.
- BATTER ANGLE = 0.00 DEG
- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 M.
- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 0.00 M.
- INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION = 1.00 M.

PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program

SOIL INFORMATIONS :

LATERAL EFFECTIVE FRICTION BEARING


SOIL EARTH UNIT ANGLE CAPACITY
DEPTH TYPE PRESSURE WEIGHT DEGREES FACTOR
M. KN/CM
0.00 CLAY 0.00 18.60 0.00 0.00
4.00 CLAY 0.00 18.60 0.00 0.00
4.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
36.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
36.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
45.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM UNDISTURB REMOLDED


UNIT UNIT SHEAR SHEAR BLOW UNIT SKIN UNIT END

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-43

FRICTION BEARING STRENGTH STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION BEARING


KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 9.80 9.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 9.80 9.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 9.80 9.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 9.80 9.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 19.60 19.60 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 19.60 19.60 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 58.80 58.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 58.80 58.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 78.40 78.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 78.40 78.40 0.00 0.00 0.00

LRFD FACTOR LRFD FACTOR


ON UNIT ON UNIT
DEPTH FRICTION BEARING
M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
4.00 1.000 1.000
4.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
36.00 1.000 1.000
36.00 1.000 1.000
45.00 1.000 1.000

1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************

**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 1.4* 1.4
1.00 0.0 1.4* 1.4
2.00 4.8 10.6* 15.4
3.00 14.5 17.3 31.8
4.00 25.4 17.3 42.7
5.00 38.6 17.3 56.0
6.00 52.8 17.3 70.1
7.00 66.9 17.3 84.2
8.00 81.0 17.3 98.3
9.00 95.1 17.3 112.4
10.00 109.2 26.0 135.2
11.00 129.6 34.6 164.2
12.00 156.1 34.6 190.8
13.00 182.7 34.6 217.4
14.00 209.3 34.6 244.0
15.00 235.9 34.6 270.5
16.00 262.5 34.6 297.1

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-44

17.00 289.1 34.6 323.7


18.00 315.7 34.6 350.3
19.00 342.3 34.6 376.9
20.00 368.8 69.3 438.1
21.00 415.5 103.9 519.4
22.00 482.2 103.9 586.1
23.00 548.9 103.9 652.8
24.00 615.6 103.9 719.5
25.00 682.3 103.9 786.3
26.00 749.1 103.9 853.0
27.00 815.8 103.9 919.7
28.00 882.5 103.9 986.4
29.00 949.2 103.9 1053.1
30.00 1015.9 103.9 1119.8
31.00 1082.6 103.9 1186.5
32.00 1149.3 103.9 1253.2
33.00 1216.0 103.9 1319.9
34.00 1282.7 103.9 1386.7
35.00 1349.5 103.9 1453.4
36.00 1416.2 121.2 1537.4
37.00 1491.9 138.5 1630.5
38.00 1576.8 138.5 1715.3
39.00 1661.6 138.5 1800.1

**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 1.4* 1.4
1.00 15.4 8.7 24.1
2.00 30.8 17.3 48.1
3.00 46.2 17.3 63.5
4.00 61.6 17.3 78.9
5.00 77.0 17.3 94.3
6.00 92.4 17.3 109.7
7.00 107.8 17.3 125.1
8.00 123.2 17.3 140.5
9.00 138.5 17.3 155.9
10.00 153.9 26.0 179.9
11.00 177.0 34.6 211.7
12.00 207.8 34.6 242.5
13.00 238.6 34.6 273.2
14.00 269.4 34.6 304.0
15.00 300.2 34.6 334.8
16.00 331.0 34.6 365.6
17.00 361.8 34.6 396.4
18.00 392.5 34.6 427.2
19.00 423.3 34.6 458.0
20.00 454.1 69.3 523.4
21.00 499.0 103.9 602.9
22.00 557.8 103.9 661.7
23.00 616.7 103.9 720.6
24.00 675.6 103.9 779.5
25.00 734.5 103.9 838.4
26.00 793.4 103.9 897.3
27.00 852.2 103.9 956.1
28.00 911.1 103.9 1015.0
29.00 970.0 103.9 1073.9

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-45

30.00 1028.9 103.9 1132.8


31.00 1087.8 103.9 1191.7
32.00 1146.6 103.9 1250.6
33.00 1205.5 103.9 1309.4
34.00 1264.4 103.9 1368.3
35.00 1323.3 103.9 1427.2
36.00 1382.2 121.2 1503.4
37.00 1442.4 138.5 1580.9
38.00 1504.0 138.5 1642.5
39.00 1565.5 138.5 1704.1

**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 1.4 1.4
1.00 19.6 8.7 28.2
2.00 46.4 17.3 63.8
3.00 54.3 17.3 71.6
4.00 83.3 17.3 100.6
5.00 115.7 17.3 133.0
6.00 149.8 17.3 167.1
7.00 185.7 17.3 203.0
8.00 223.4 17.3 240.7
9.00 262.9 17.3 280.3
10.00 304.3 26.0 330.3
11.00 351.2 34.6 385.9
12.00 399.6 34.6 434.3
13.00 449.6 34.6 484.2
14.00 501.0 34.6 535.6
15.00 553.9 34.6 588.6
16.00 608.4 34.6 643.0
17.00 664.3 34.6 698.9
18.00 721.7 34.6 756.4
19.00 780.6 34.6 815.3
20.00 841.0 69.3 910.3
21.00 914.2 103.9 1018.1
22.00 988.6 103.9 1092.5
23.00 1064.2 103.9 1168.1
24.00 1140.8 103.9 1244.7
25.00 1218.4 103.9 1322.3
26.00 1297.0 103.9 1400.9
27.00 1376.6 103.9 1480.5
28.00 1457.1 103.9 1561.0
29.00 1538.5 103.9 1642.5
30.00 1620.9 103.9 1724.8
31.00 1704.2 103.9 1808.1
32.00 1788.5 103.9 1892.4
33.00 1873.6 103.9 1977.5
34.00 1959.7 103.9 2063.6
35.00 2046.7 103.9 2150.6
36.00 2134.6 121.2 2255.8
37.00 2228.3 138.5 2366.9
38.00 2322.9 138.5 2461.5
39.00 2437.4 138.5 2576.0

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-46

**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 1.4* 1.4
1.00 10.6 8.7 19.3
2.00 23.4 17.3 40.7
3.00 38.6 17.3 55.9
4.00 54.0 17.3 71.3
5.00 69.4 17.3 86.7
6.00 84.8 17.3 102.1
7.00 100.2 17.3 117.5
8.00 115.6 17.3 132.9
9.00 131.0 17.3 148.3
10.00 146.4 26.0 172.3
11.00 169.4 34.6 204.1
12.00 200.2 34.6 234.9
13.00 231.0 34.6 265.7
14.00 261.8 34.6 296.4
15.00 292.6 34.6 327.2
16.00 323.4 34.6 358.0
17.00 354.2 34.6 388.8
18.00 385.0 34.6 419.6
19.00 415.7 34.6 450.4
20.00 446.5 69.3 515.8
21.00 507.0 103.9 610.9
22.00 598.0 103.9 701.9
23.00 690.1 103.9 794.0
24.00 782.5 103.9 886.4
25.00 874.9 103.9 978.8
26.00 967.2 103.9 1071.1
27.00 1059.6 103.9 1163.5
28.00 1151.9 103.9 1255.9
29.00 1244.3 103.9 1348.2
30.00 1336.7 103.9 1440.6
31.00 1429.0 103.9 1532.9
32.00 1521.4 103.9 1625.3
33.00 1613.8 103.9 1717.7
34.00 1706.1 103.9 1810.0
35.00 1798.5 103.9 1902.4
36.00 1890.9 121.2 2012.1
37.00 1998.6 138.5 2137.2
38.00 2121.8 138.5 2260.3
39.00 2244.9 138.5 2383.5

NOTES:
- AN ASTERISK IS PLACED IN THE END-BEARING COLUMN
IF THE TIP RESISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE FRICTION
OF SOIL PLUG INSIDE AN OPEN-ENDED PIPE PILE.

*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-47

NO. POINTS M. KPA M.

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2445E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4074E+01 0.1550E-02
0.6111E+01 0.2850E-02
0.7334E+01 0.4000E-02
0.8149E+01 0.5000E-02
0.7334E+01 0.1000E-01
0.7334E+01 0.1500E-01
0.7334E+01 0.2500E-01
0.7334E+01 0.1000E+00
2 10 0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2921E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4868E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7302E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8763E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9737E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8763E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8763E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8763E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8763E+01 0.1000E+00
3 10 0.3900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2940E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4900E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7350E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8820E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9800E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8820E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1000E+00
4 10 0.4000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2940E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4900E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7350E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8820E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9800E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8820E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1000E+00
5 10 0.7000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2940E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4900E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7350E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8820E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9800E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8820E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1000E+00
6 10 0.9900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3675E+01 0.8000E-03
0.6125E+01 0.1550E-02
0.9187E+01 0.2850E-02
0.1102E+02 0.4000E-02

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-48

0.1225E+02 0.5000E-02
0.1102E+02 0.1000E-01
0.1102E+02 0.1500E-01
0.1102E+02 0.2500E-01
0.1102E+02 0.1000E+00
7 10 0.1000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5145E+01 0.8000E-03
0.8575E+01 0.1550E-02
0.1286E+02 0.2850E-02
0.1543E+02 0.4000E-02
0.1715E+02 0.5000E-02
0.1543E+02 0.1000E-01
0.1543E+02 0.1500E-01
0.1543E+02 0.2500E-01
0.1543E+02 0.1000E+00
8 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5880E+01 0.8000E-03
0.9800E+01 0.1550E-02
0.1470E+02 0.2850E-02
0.1764E+02 0.4000E-02
0.1960E+02 0.5000E-02
0.1764E+02 0.1000E-01
0.1764E+02 0.1500E-01
0.1764E+02 0.2500E-01
0.1764E+02 0.1000E+00
9 10 0.1990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8714E+01 0.8000E-03
0.1452E+02 0.1550E-02
0.2178E+02 0.2850E-02
0.2614E+02 0.4000E-02
0.2905E+02 0.5000E-02
0.2614E+02 0.1000E-01
0.2614E+02 0.1500E-01
0.2614E+02 0.2500E-01
0.2614E+02 0.1000E+00
10 10 0.2000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1446E+02 0.8000E-03
0.2411E+02 0.1550E-02
0.3616E+02 0.2850E-02
0.4339E+02 0.4000E-02
0.4822E+02 0.5000E-02
0.4339E+02 0.1000E-01
0.4339E+02 0.1500E-01
0.4339E+02 0.2500E-01
0.4339E+02 0.1000E+00
11 10 0.2800E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1764E+02 0.8000E-03
0.2940E+02 0.1550E-02
0.4410E+02 0.2850E-02
0.5292E+02 0.4000E-02
0.5880E+02 0.5000E-02
0.5292E+02 0.1000E-01
0.5292E+02 0.1500E-01
0.5292E+02 0.2500E-01
0.5292E+02 0.1000E+00
12 10 0.3590E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1911E+02 0.8000E-03

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-49

0.3185E+02 0.1550E-02
0.4777E+02 0.2850E-02
0.5733E+02 0.4000E-02
0.6370E+02 0.5000E-02
0.5733E+02 0.1000E-01
0.5733E+02 0.1500E-01
0.5733E+02 0.2500E-01
0.5733E+02 0.1000E+00
13 10 0.3600E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2205E+02 0.8000E-03
0.3675E+02 0.1550E-02
0.5512E+02 0.2850E-02
0.6615E+02 0.4000E-02
0.7350E+02 0.5000E-02
0.6615E+02 0.1000E-01
0.6615E+02 0.1500E-01
0.6615E+02 0.2500E-01
0.6615E+02 0.1000E+00
14 10 0.4050E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2352E+02 0.8000E-03
0.3920E+02 0.1550E-02
0.5880E+02 0.2850E-02
0.7056E+02 0.4000E-02
0.7840E+02 0.5000E-02
0.7056E+02 0.1000E-01
0.7056E+02 0.1500E-01
0.7056E+02 0.2500E-01
0.7056E+02 0.1000E+00
15 10 0.4490E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2352E+02 0.8000E-03
0.3920E+02 0.1550E-02
0.5880E+02 0.2850E-02
0.7056E+02 0.4000E-02
0.7840E+02 0.5000E-02
0.7056E+02 0.1000E-01
0.7056E+02 0.1500E-01
0.7056E+02 0.2500E-01
0.7056E+02 0.1000E+00

TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M.

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8659E+01 0.2500E-03
0.1732E+02 0.5000E-03
0.3464E+02 0.1000E-02
0.6927E+02 0.6500E-02
0.1039E+03 0.2100E-01
0.1247E+03 0.3650E-01
0.1385E+03 0.5000E-01
0.1385E+03 0.7500E-01
0.1385E+03 0.1000E+00

LOAD VERSUS SETTLEMENT CURVE


****************************

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 3 – 5-50

TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIPLOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M. KN. M.
0.8361E+01 0.5119E-04 0.8705E-01 0.2513E-05
0.8361E+02 0.5119E-03 0.8705E+00 0.2513E-04
0.3903E+03 0.2510E-02 0.4352E+01 0.1257E-03
0.7207E+03 0.4882E-02 0.8705E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1975E+04 0.1724E-01 0.3625E+02 0.1257E-02
0.2372E+04 0.2305E-01 0.4417E+02 0.2513E-02
0.2412E+04 0.3361E-01 0.8376E+02 0.1257E-01
0.2437E+04 0.4650E-01 0.1094E+03 0.2513E-01
0.2466E+04 0.7200E-01 0.1385E+03 0.5026E-01

*************************************************
* COMPUTE INTERNALLY-GENERATED LOAD-TRANSFER *
* (t-z) CURVES FOR VERIFICATION *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT


NO. POINTS M. KPA M.

1 10 0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2921E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4868E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7302E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8763E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9737E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8763E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8763E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8763E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8763E+01 0.1000E+00
2 10 0.5000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2940E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4900E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7350E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8820E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9800E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8820E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1000E+00
3 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5880E+01 0.8000E-03
0.9800E+01 0.1550E-02
0.1470E+02 0.2850E-02
0.1764E+02 0.4000E-02
0.1960E+02 0.5000E-02
0.1764E+02 0.1000E-01
0.1764E+02 0.1500E-01
0.1764E+02 0.2500E-01
0.1764E+02 0.1000E+00

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-51

5.5 Example Problem 4 – Prestressed Concrete Pile for Bridge


Foundation
This example is included to illustrate a modeling case that may be applicable for a simple bridge
foundation. The soil deposit consists of two sublayers as shown in Figure 5.13. The top layer is a 3-
meter stiff clay underlain by a medium dense to dense sand layer. One meter of the top clay layer is not
considered for axial friction (side resistance) transfers. The proposed pile for these foundations is
composed of prestressed concrete piles with 450 mm (18-in.) in outside diameter. The elastic modulus of
the prestressed pile is 25,000,000 kN/m2 (3,626,000 psi). Each pile is required to provide about 2000 kN
for a service load.
The APILE output for this example is shown in detail so the user can examine the increase in pile
capacity with depth. The user may elect to eliminate the printing of capacity for each increment length to
shorten the length of output.

Figure 5.13 Pile layout and soil conditions of Example Problem 4.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-52

5.5.1 Hand Computations and Comparisons with APILE


The program output will be compared to the results from the following hand calculations.

5.5.1.1 API Method – Skin Friction


A. For the top Clay layer (ignoring friction on top 1 meter)

fAs (clay) = ( ) ( c )* *D* h

(5.12)

where
Avg. effective overburden pressure (p) is 18.9 * 1.5 = 28.35 kN/m2
= (0.5)(c/p) - 0.25 = (0.5)(95/28.35)-0.25 = 0.37
fAs (clay) = () (95)* *(0.45)* (3-1) = 99 kN

B. For the bottom Sand layer

fAs (sand) = ko*(Sh)*tan (- 5)* *D* h

(5.13)

where
Avg. effective overburden pressure (p) from 0 to 3 m
18.9 * 1.5 = 28.3 kN/m2
Avg. effective overburden pressure (p) from 3 to 5 m
18.9 * 3 + (9.1) (1) = 65.8 kN/m2
Avg. effective overburden pressure (p) from 5 to 10 m
18.9 * 3 + (9.1) (2) + (9.1) (2.5) = 97.6 kN/m2
Avg. effective overburden pressure (p) from 10 to 15 m
18.9 * 3 + (9.1) (7) + (9.1) (2.5) = 143.1 kN/m2
Avg. effective overburden pressure (p) from 15 to 20 m
18.9 * 3 + (9.1) (12) + (9.1) (2.5) = 188.6 kN/m2
Avg. effective overburden pressure (p) from 20 to 25 m
18.9 * 3 + (9.1) (17) + (9.1) (2.5) = 234.2 kN/m2
Computation of skin friction from each sub-layer based on API Method:
(3) (4) (5)
(1) (2) f = (3)*(4) (6)
Avg. ko*tan (-5) s
Depth Total area fs A = (2)*(5)
effective < limiting
interval ( *D* h) ko= 1, = 36
stress value (99.3)
3–5m 2.83 m2 65.8 kN/m2 0.6 39.5 111.8 kN
5 – 10 m 7.07 m 2
97.6 kN/m2 0.6 58.6 414.3 kN
10 – 15 m 7.07 m 2
143.1 kN/m 2
0.6 85.9 607.3 kN

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-53

15 – 20 m 7.07 m2 188.6 kN/m2 0.6 99.3 702.1 kN


20 – 25 m 7.07 m2 234.2 kN/m2 0.6 99.3 702.1. kN
SfAs = 2537.6 kN

5.5.1.2 API Method – End Bearing


The general equation for end bearing is:

Qp = (Nq) (v) (Ap)

(5.14)

where
Ap (tip area) = (0.45) (0.45) (./4) = 0.159 m2,
v (effective stress at tip) = 18.9 *3 + (9.1) (22) = 258 kN/m2, and
Nq = 40.
Therefore:
Qp = (40) (258) (0.159) = 1641
Limiting Tip Resistance = 10,080 kPa
Qp = (10080) (0.159) = 1602

5.5.1.3 API Method – Comparisons of APILE Results with Hand Computations


The total transfer in side resistance is provided by adding the results from Eq. (5.12) plus Eq. (5.13):
Qf = 99 + 2537.6 = 2636.6 kN which compares to 2659.6 kN computed by APILE

(APILE is more accurate since it divides the soil layers using smaller increments)
The transfer in end bearing is provided by the result from Eq. (5.14):
Qp = 1602 kN which compares to 1602.5 kN computed by APILE

5.5.1.4 FHWA Method – Skin Friction


A. For the top Clay layer (ignoring friction on top 1 meter)

fAs (clay) = ( ) ( cu )* *D* h

(5.15)

= ( ) ( 95 )* *(0.45)* (3-1)


= 193 kN
B. For the bottom Sand layer

fAs (sand) = ko*Cf*(Sh)*sin ()* *D* h

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-54

(5.16)

The average displaced volume per foot is  (0.45)2 /4 = 0.159 m3.per meter
For a precast concrete pile with V=1.71 ft3 per ft, = 0.9
Computation of skin friction from each sub-layer based on FHWA Method:
(3) (4) (5)
(1) (2) ko *Cf *sin () fs = (3)*(4) (6)
Avg.
Depth Total area fs A = (2)*(5)
effective ko=2.1,=0.9 < limiting
interval ( *D* h)
stress Cf =0.95. value (95.5)
3–5m 2.83 m 2
65.8 kN/m 2
1.07 70.4 199.2 kN
5 – 10 m 7.07 m2 97.6 kN/m2 1.07 104.4 738.3 kN
10 – 15 m 7.07 m2 143.1 kN/m2 1.07 153.1 1082.5 kN
15 – 20 m 7.07 m 2
188.6 kN/m 2
1.07 201.8 1426.7 kN
20 – 25 m 7.07 m2 234.2 kN/m2 1.07 250.6 1771.7 kN
SfAs = 5218.4 kN

5.5.1.5 FHWA Method – End Bearing


The general equation for end bearing is:

Qp = ( ) (Nq) (v) (Ap)

(5.17)

where
Ap (tip area) = (0.45) (0.45) (./4) = 0.159 m2,
v (effective stress at tip) = 18.9 *3 + (9.1) (22) = 258 kN/m2,
Nq = 60,
 = 0.7, and
The limiting value from Meyerhof (1976) is 7258 kN/m2.
Qp = (0.7) (60) (258) = 9702 > 7258 kN/m2

Therefore the limiting value should be used for the bearing capacity.
Qp = (7258) (0.159) = 1154

5.5.1.6 FHWA Method – Comparisons of APILE Results with Hand Computations


The total transfer in side resistance is provided by adding the results from Eq. (5.15) plus Eq. (5.16):
Qf = 193 + 5218.4 = 5411.4 kN which compares to 5286.2 kN computed by APILE

(APILE is more accurate since it divides the soil layers using smaller increments)
The transfer in end bearing is provided by the result from Eq. (5.17):
Qp = 1154 kN which compares to 1154.4 kN computed by APILE

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-55

5.5.1.7 USACE Method – Skin Friction


A. For the top Clay layer (ignoring friction on top 1 meter)

fAs (clay) = ( ) ( cu )* *D* h

(5.18)

= ( ) ( 95 )* *(0.45)* (3-1)


= 134 kN
B. For the bottom Sand layer

fAs (sand) = ko*(Sh)*tan (  *D* h

(5.19)

The skin friction in sand increases linearly to an assumed critical depth (Dc).
Dc = 20B for dense sand = 20 (0.45 m) = 9 m.
Effective overburden pressure (p) at 9 m
18.9 * 3 + (9.1) (6) = 111.3 kN/m2
Computation of skin friction from each sub-layer based on USACE Method:
(4)
(1) (2) k *tan () (5)
(3) o fA
Depth Total area
Avg. effective stress ko= 1.25, = s=
interval ( *D* h) (2)*(3)*(4)
0.95
3–5m 2.83 m2 65.8 kN/m2 0.85 158.3 kN
5–9m 6.65 m 2
84.0 kN/m2 0.85 403.4 kN
2
111.3 kN/ m
9 – 25 m 22.62 m2 0.85 2139.9kN
(critical depth controls)
SfAs = 2701.6 kN

5.5.1.8 USACE Method – End Bearing


The general equation for end bearing is:

Qp = (Nq) (v) (Ap)

(5.20)

where
Ap (tip area) = (0.45) (0.45) (./4) = 0.159 m2,
v (effective stress at Dc) = 18.9 *3 + (9.1) (6) = 111.3 kN/m2, and
Nq = 50.
Qp = (50) (111.3) (0.159) = 884

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-56

5.5.1.9 USACE Method – Comparisons of APILE Results with Hand Computations


The total transfer in side resistance is provided by adding the results from Eq. (5.18) plus Eq. (5.19):
Qf = 134 + 2701.6 = 2835.6 kN which compares to 2894.8 kN computed by APILE

(APILE is more accurate since it divides the soil layers using smaller increments)
The transfer in end bearing is provided by the result from Eq. (5.20):
Qp = 884 kN which compares to 950.8 kN computed by APILE

5.5.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis


The resulting plots of ultimate accumulated skin friction and ultimate tip resistance versus depth
provided by the APILE computer program may be observed in Figure 5.14 and Figure 5.15, respectively.
Note that the load-transfer curve of skin friction versus depth in Figure 5.14 starts from about the
1-m depth (actually from the previous finite increment in some methods). This is because the program
was instructed to ignore skin friction at the top 1 meter.

Figure 5.14 Curve of Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 4.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-57

Figure 5.15 Curve of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 4.

5.5.3 Output Data


The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 4 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.

=========================================================================

APILE for Windows, Version 2018.8.1

Serial Number : 158112091

A Program for Analyzing the Axial Capacity


and Short-term Settlement of Driven Piles
under Axial Loading.
(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2015
All Rights Reserved

=========================================================================

This program is licensed to :

Ensoft, Inc.
,

Path to file locations : C:\Ensoft\Apile2018-Examples\


Name of input data file : Example 4 - Prestressed Concrete Pile.ap8d

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-58

Name of output file : Example 4 - Prestressed Concrete Pile.ap8o


Name of plot output file : Example 4 - Prestressed Concrete Pile.ap8p

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and Date of Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: June 05, 2018 Time: 18:09:14

1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************

Example 4 - 18-in (0.45 m) OD Driven Pile for Bridge Foundation

DESIGNER : ENSOFT

JOB NUMBER : 05-01-18

METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :

- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)


Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.

COMPUTATION METHOD(S) FOR PILE CAPACITY :

- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)


- USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
# Critical Depth Method for Sand:
10 to 20 Pile Diameter based on the Density
Use Long Pile Option
- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)

TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION

PILE TYPE :

Precast concrete pile (Circular/Tubular)


- Open-Ended Pile

DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :

- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.250E+08 KPA


- CROSS SECTION AREA = 0.16 M2

CIRCULAR PILE PROPERTIES :

- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 450.00 MM.


- INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID = 0.00 MM.
- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 25.00 M.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-59

- BATTER ANGLE = 0.00 DEG


- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 M.
- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 1.00 M.
- INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION = 0.50 M.
- LENGTH OF ENHANCED
END SECTION = 25.00 M.
- INTERNAL DIAMETER OF
ENHANCED END SECTION = 0.00 MM.

PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program

SOIL INFORMATIONS :

LATERAL EFFECTIVE FRICTION BEARING


SOIL EARTH UNIT ANGLE CAPACITY
DEPTH TYPE PRESSURE WEIGHT DEGREES FACTOR
M. KN/CM
0.00 CLAY 0.00 18.90 0.00 0.00
3.00 CLAY 0.00 18.90 0.00 0.00
3.00 SAND 1.00 9.10 36.00 40.00
50.00 SAND 1.00 9.10 36.00 40.00

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM UNDISTURB REMOLDED


UNIT UNIT SHEAR SHEAR BLOW UNIT SKIN UNIT END
FRICTION BEARING STRENGTH STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION BEARING
KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 95.00 95.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 95.00 95.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

* MAXIMUM UNIT FRICTION AND/OR MAXIMUM UNIT BEARING


WERE SET TO BE 0.10E+08 BECAUSE THE USER DOES NOT
PLAN TO LIMIT THE COMPUTED DATA.

LRFD FACTOR LRFD FACTOR


ON UNIT ON UNIT
DEPTH FRICTION BEARING
M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
3.00 1.000 1.000
3.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000

1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-60

**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 68.0 68.0
0.50 0.0 68.0 68.0
1.00 23.3 136.0 159.2
1.50 69.8 136.0 205.7
2.00 116.3 136.0 252.2
2.50 163.5 182.1 345.7
3.00 213.2 323.7 536.9
3.50 261.3 479.7 741.0
4.00 308.0 563.0 871.0
4.50 358.0 602.0 959.9
5.00 411.3 640.9 1052.2
5.50 468.0 679.8 1147.9
6.00 528.0 718.8 1246.8
6.50 591.4 757.7 1349.1
7.00 658.1 796.7 1454.8
7.50 728.2 835.6 1563.8
8.00 801.6 874.5 1676.1
8.50 878.4 913.5 1791.8
9.00 958.5 952.4 1910.8
9.50 1041.9 991.3 2033.2
10.00 1128.7 1030.3 2158.9
10.50 1218.8 1069.2 2288.0
11.00 1312.2 1107.4 2419.7
11.50 1409.0 1136.2 2545.3
12.00 1509.2 1151.2 2660.4
12.50 1612.7 1154.3 2766.9
13.00 1719.5 1154.4 2873.9
13.50 1829.7 1154.4 2984.1
14.00 1943.2 1154.4 3097.6
14.50 2060.1 1154.4 3214.5
15.00 2180.3 1154.4 3334.7
15.50 2303.8 1154.4 3458.2
16.00 2430.7 1154.4 3585.1
16.50 2560.9 1154.4 3715.4
17.00 2694.5 1154.4 3848.9
17.50 2831.4 1154.4 3985.8
18.00 2971.7 1154.4 4126.1
18.50 3115.3 1154.4 4269.7
19.00 3262.2 1154.4 4416.6
19.50 3412.5 1154.4 4566.9
20.00 3566.1 1154.4 4720.5
20.50 3723.1 1154.4 4877.5
21.00 3883.4 1154.4 5037.8
21.50 4047.0 1154.4 5201.5
22.00 4214.0 1154.4 5368.5
22.50 4384.4 1154.4 5538.8
23.00 4558.1 1154.4 5712.5
23.50 4735.1 1154.4 5889.5
24.00 4915.4 1154.4 6069.9
24.50 5099.2 1154.4 6253.6
25.00 5286.2 1154.4 6440.6

**********************

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-61

* ARMY CORPS METHOD *


**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 68.0 68.0
0.50 0.0 68.0 68.0
1.00 16.8 136.0 152.8
1.50 50.4 136.0 186.3
2.00 83.9 136.0 219.9
2.50 117.5 184.7 302.3
3.00 151.1 334.2 485.3
3.50 186.3 498.6 684.9
4.00 224.4 586.0 810.5
4.50 265.3 626.6 891.9
5.00 308.9 667.1 976.0
5.50 355.2 707.6 1062.9
6.00 404.3 748.1 1152.5
6.50 456.1 788.7 1244.8
7.00 510.7 829.2 1339.8
7.50 567.9 869.7 1437.6
8.00 627.9 909.3 1537.2
8.50 690.7 937.1 1627.7
9.00 756.1 949.8 1706.0
9.50 823.0 950.8 1773.7
10.00 889.8 950.8 1840.6
10.50 956.6 950.8 1907.4
11.00 1023.5 950.8 1974.2
11.50 1090.3 950.8 2041.1
12.00 1157.1 950.8 2107.9
12.50 1224.0 950.8 2174.7
13.00 1290.8 950.8 2241.6
13.50 1357.6 950.8 2308.4
14.00 1424.5 950.8 2375.2
14.50 1491.3 950.8 2442.1
15.00 1558.1 950.8 2508.9
15.50 1625.0 950.8 2575.7
16.00 1691.8 950.8 2642.6
16.50 1758.6 950.8 2709.4
17.00 1825.5 950.8 2776.2
17.50 1892.3 950.8 2843.1
18.00 1959.1 950.8 2909.9
18.50 2026.0 950.8 2976.7
19.00 2092.8 950.8 3043.5
19.50 2159.6 950.8 3110.4
20.00 2226.5 950.8 3177.2
20.50 2293.3 950.8 3244.0
21.00 2360.1 950.8 3310.9
21.50 2427.0 950.8 3377.7
22.00 2493.8 950.8 3444.5
22.50 2560.6 950.8 3511.4
23.00 2627.5 950.8 3578.2
23.50 2694.3 950.8 3645.0
24.00 2761.1 950.8 3711.9
24.50 2828.0 950.8 3778.7
25.00 2894.8 950.8 3845.5

**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-62

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 68.0 68.0
0.50 0.0 68.0 68.0
1.00 11.2 136.0 147.2
1.50 34.8 136.0 170.8
2.00 60.6 136.0 196.6
2.50 88.0 165.8 253.8
3.00 116.9 258.1 375.0
3.50 144.6 361.2 505.8
4.00 171.6 418.6 590.2
4.50 200.5 447.5 648.1
5.00 231.4 476.5 707.9
5.50 264.1 505.4 769.6
6.00 298.8 534.4 833.2
6.50 335.5 563.3 898.8
7.00 374.1 592.3 966.3
7.50 414.6 621.2 1035.8
8.00 457.0 650.2 1107.2
8.50 501.4 679.1 1180.5
9.00 547.7 708.1 1255.8
9.50 595.9 737.0 1332.9
10.00 646.1 766.0 1412.1
10.50 698.2 794.9 1493.1
11.00 752.2 823.8 1576.1
11.50 808.2 852.8 1661.0
12.00 866.1 881.7 1747.8
12.50 925.9 910.7 1836.6
13.00 987.7 939.6 1927.3
13.50 1051.4 968.6 2020.0
14.00 1117.0 997.5 2114.6
14.50 1184.6 1026.5 2211.1
15.00 1254.0 1055.4 2309.4
15.50 1324.3 1084.4 2408.6
16.00 1394.6 1113.3 2507.9
16.50 1464.8 1142.2 2607.1
17.00 1535.1 1171.2 2706.3
17.50 1605.4 1200.1 2805.5
18.00 1675.7 1229.1 2904.8
18.50 1746.0 1258.0 3004.0
19.00 1816.2 1287.0 3103.2
19.50 1886.5 1315.9 3202.4
20.00 1956.8 1344.9 3301.7
20.50 2027.1 1373.8 3400.9
21.00 2097.3 1402.8 3500.1
21.50 2167.6 1431.7 3599.3
22.00 2237.9 1460.7 3698.6
22.50 2308.2 1489.6 3797.8
23.00 2378.5 1518.5 3897.0
23.50 2448.7 1547.4 3996.2
24.00 2519.0 1575.1 4094.1
24.50 2589.3 1594.1 4183.4
25.00 2659.6 1602.5 4262.1

NOTES:
- AN ASTERISK IS PLACED IN THE END-BEARING COLUMN
IF THE TIP RESISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE FRICTION
OF SOIL PLUG INSIDE AN OPEN-ENDED PIPE PILE.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-63

*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT


NO. POINTS M. KPA M.

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4758E+01 0.7200E-03
0.7931E+01 0.1395E-02
0.1190E+02 0.2565E-02
0.1428E+02 0.3600E-02
0.1586E+02 0.4500E-02
0.1428E+02 0.9000E-02
0.1428E+02 0.1350E-01
0.1428E+02 0.2250E-01
0.1428E+02 0.9000E-01
2 10 0.1500E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1128E+02 0.7200E-03
0.1881E+02 0.1395E-02
0.2821E+02 0.2565E-02
0.3385E+02 0.3600E-02
0.3761E+02 0.4500E-02
0.3385E+02 0.9000E-02
0.3385E+02 0.1350E-01
0.3385E+02 0.2250E-01
0.3385E+02 0.9000E-01
3 10 0.2900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1201E+02 0.7200E-03
0.2002E+02 0.1395E-02
0.3004E+02 0.2565E-02
0.3604E+02 0.3600E-02
0.4005E+02 0.4500E-02
0.3604E+02 0.9000E-02
0.3604E+02 0.1350E-01
0.3604E+02 0.2250E-01
0.3604E+02 0.9000E-01
4 10 0.3000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3872E+01 0.2513E-03
0.7745E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1549E+02 0.1005E-02
0.2323E+02 0.1508E-02
0.3098E+02 0.2011E-02
0.3485E+02 0.2262E-02
0.3872E+02 0.2513E-02
0.3872E+02 0.1257E-01
0.3872E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.2650E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.9942E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1988E+02 0.5026E-03
0.3977E+02 0.1005E-02
0.5965E+02 0.1508E-02
0.7954E+02 0.2011E-02
0.8948E+02 0.2262E-02
0.9942E+02 0.2513E-02

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 4 – 5-64

0.9942E+02 0.1257E-01
0.9942E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.4990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.9942E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1988E+02 0.5026E-03
0.3977E+02 0.1005E-02
0.5965E+02 0.1508E-02
0.7954E+02 0.2011E-02
0.8948E+02 0.2262E-02
0.9942E+02 0.2513E-02
0.9942E+02 0.1257E-01
0.9942E+02 0.5026E-01

TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M.

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1002E+03 0.2250E-03
0.2003E+03 0.4500E-03
0.4006E+03 0.9000E-03
0.8013E+03 0.5850E-02
0.1202E+04 0.1890E-01
0.1442E+04 0.3285E-01
0.1603E+04 0.4500E-01
0.1603E+04 0.6750E-01
0.1603E+04 0.9000E-01

LOAD VERSUS SETTLEMENT CURVE


****************************

TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M. KN. M.
0.1191E+02 0.3749E-04 0.1119E+01 0.2513E-05
0.1191E+03 0.3749E-03 0.1119E+02 0.2513E-04
0.5935E+03 0.1874E-02 0.5594E+02 0.1257E-03
0.1158E+04 0.3732E-02 0.1119E+03 0.2513E-03
0.2828E+04 0.1236E-01 0.4295E+03 0.1257E-02
0.3225E+04 0.1593E-01 0.5312E+03 0.2513E-02
0.3702E+04 0.2897E-01 0.1007E+04 0.1257E-01
0.4004E+04 0.4344E-01 0.1309E+04 0.2513E-01
0.4297E+04 0.7041E-01 0.1603E+04 0.5026E-01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 5 – 5-65

5.6 Example Problem 5 – Tapered Pile Capacity


Driven piles with a depth-variable circumference or perimeter over all or at least part of their length
are called tapered piles. They are usually installed using some type of impact hammer and have long
been recognized as the most cost effective driven pile alternative to use in applications calling for
“friction piles”, especially in coarse-grain soil condition (Peck 1958).
This example is included to illustrate an application in which a Raymond Uniform Tapered Pile
(made of steel) was considered for the deep foundation. The tapered pile has a diameter of 12 inches at
the pile tip and the taper angle is 0.5 degrees extending from the pile tip to the pile head. The length of
the proposed pile is 30 feet, which results in a diameter of 18.28 inches at the pile head.
The soil deposit consists of two sublayers as shown in Figure 5.16. The top layer is 18-ft loose
sand with the internal friction angle of 30 deg., underlain by a very dense sand layer with the internal
friction angle of 40 deg. The theory for extra load transfer from the angle of pile taper in sand layers is
only applicable by usage of the FHWA method, which adopts the recommendation by Nordlund (1963,
1970).

Figure 5.16 Pile layout and soil conditions of Example Problem 5.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 5 – 5-66

5.6.1 Hand Computations and Comparisons with APILE


The program output will be compared to the results from the following hand calculations.
Step 1. Compute effective stresses in the middle of soil layers:
Layer 1:
Layer 2:

Step 2. Compute for each one of the layers (pile segments):

Layer 1. Compute volume:


The depth of pile at middle of first layer is equal to 9 ft + 18 ft/2 = 21 ft
The increase of radius at 21 ft above the pile tip:

Diameter of pile at middle of first layer in inches


2 12 x 12 2 12 0.18 26 2 16. 98 1

Compute for layer 1 (interpolate linearly):

V = 1.4

V = 1.5

Layer 2. Compute volume:


The increase of radius at 6 ft above the pile tip

Diameter of pile at middle of second layer:

Compute for layer 2 (interpolate linearly):

V = 0.9

V = 1.0

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 5 – 5-67

Step 3. Compute values of Kδ for both layers:


Layer 1:

Interpolate linearly for :


V=1 Kδ = 2.928
V = 10 Kδ = 3.180

Layer 2:

For w = 0.5° and any volume between 0.1 and 10 ft3/ft the value of Kδ = 17.28.

Step 4. Compute the correction factor (use same digitized curves as computer program):

Layer 1:

CF = 1.0

CF = 1.03

Layer 2:

For
CF = 1.0

CF = 1.07

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 5 – 5-68

For
CF = 1.0

CF = 1.09

Interpolate linearly for

Step 5. Compute values of δ:


Layer 1:

Layer 2:
Step 6. Compute friction contribution for each layer:

Layer 1

Layer 2

Compute total frictional resistance:

which compares to 575.5 kips computed by APILE


Step 7. Compute point resistance contribution (point resistance contribution is the same as Example 1):
Qp = 140.81 [kips] which compares to 140.8 kips computed by APILE
Step 8. Compute limiting point resistance:
QL = 327.98 [kips] which is higher so not controlling
Step 9. Total static pile capacity is then
, which compares to 716 kips from APILE

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 5 – 5-69

5.6.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis


The resulting plots of ultimate total capacity versus depth provided by the computer program may
be observed in Figure 5.17. Figure 5.18 includes a plot of axial load versus settlement.

Figure 5.17 Curve of Combined Plots (Ultimate Total Capacity) vs Depth for Example
Problem 5.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 5 – 5-70

Figure 5.18 Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 5.

5.6.3 Output Data


The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 5 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.

=========================================================================

APILE for Windows, Version 2018.8.1

Serial Number : 158112091

A Program for Analyzing the Axial Capacity


and Short-term Settlement of Driven Piles
under Axial Loading.
(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2015
All Rights Reserved

=========================================================================

This program is licensed to :

Ensoft, Inc.
,

Path to file locations : C:\Ensoft\Apile2018-Examples\


Name of input data file : Example 5 - FHWA Tapered Pile.ap8d

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 5 – 5-71

Name of output file : Example 5 - FHWA Tapered Pile.ap8o


Name of plot output file : Example 5 - FHWA Tapered Pile.ap8p

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and Date of Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: May 15, 2018 Time: 17:07:27

1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************

Example 5 - Raymond Uniform Taper Pile

DESIGNER : ENSOFT

JOB NUMBER : 05-01-18

METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :

- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)


Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.

COMPUTATION METHOD(S) FOR PILE CAPACITY :

- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)

TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION

PILE TYPE :

Raymond Uniform taper pile

DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :

- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.290E+08 PSI


- CROSS SECTION AREA = 262.45 IN2

CIRCULAR PILE PROPERTIES :

- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 18.28 IN.


- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 30.00 FT.
- BATTER ANGLE = 0.00 DEG
- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 FT.
- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 0.00 FT.
- INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION = 1.00 FT.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 5 – 5-72

SOIL INFORMATIONS :

LATERAL EFFECTIVE FRICTION BEARING


SOIL EARTH UNIT ANGLE CAPACITY
DEPTH TYPE PRESSURE WEIGHT DEGREES FACTOR
FT. LB/CF
0.00 SAND 1.00 42.60 30.00 20.00
18.00 SAND 1.00 42.60 30.00 20.00
18.00 SAND 1.00 60.60 40.00 60.00
40.00 SAND 1.00 60.60 40.00 60.00

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM UNDISTURB REMOLDED


UNIT UNIT SHEAR SHEAR BLOW UNIT SKIN UNIT END
FRICTION BEARING STRENGTH STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION BEARING
KSF KSF KSF KSF KSF KSF
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

* MAXIMUM UNIT FRICTION AND/OR MAXIMUM UNIT BEARING


WERE SET TO BE 0.10E+08 BECAUSE THE USER DOES NOT
PLAN TO LIMIT THE COMPUTED DATA.

LRFD FACTOR LRFD FACTOR


ON UNIT ON UNIT
DEPTH FRICTION BEARING
FT.
0.00 1.000 1.000
18.00 1.000 1.000
18.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000

1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************

**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
FT. KIP KIP KIP
0.00 0.0 0.3 0.3
1.00 0.2 0.6 0.8
2.00 0.8 1.1 1.9
3.00 1.7 1.7 3.4
4.00 3.0 2.3 5.3
5.00 4.6 2.9 7.5
6.00 6.6 3.5 10.0

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 5 – 5-73

7.00 8.8 4.1 12.9


8.00 11.3 4.7 15.9
9.00 14.0 5.2 19.2
10.00 17.0 5.8 22.8
11.00 20.3 6.4 26.7
12.00 23.8 7.0 30.8
13.00 27.5 7.6 35.1
14.00 31.4 8.1 39.6
15.00 35.5 8.7 44.3
16.00 39.9 13.2 53.1
17.00 44.3 28.2 72.5
18.00 49.0 44.3 93.3
19.00 70.6 61.5 132.1
20.00 109.6 79.9 189.4
21.00 150.3 89.4 239.7
22.00 192.7 95.1 287.8
23.00 236.5 100.8 337.3
24.00 281.7 106.5 388.2
25.00 328.2 112.2 440.4
26.00 375.8 117.9 493.7
27.00 424.4 123.6 548.0
28.00 474.0 129.3 603.3
29.00 524.4 135.0 659.5
30.00 575.5 140.8 716.3

NOTES:
- AN ASTERISK IS PLACED IN THE END-BEARING COLUMN
IF THE TIP RESISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE FRICTION
OF SOIL PLUG INSIDE AN OPEN-ENDED PIPE PILE.

*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT


NO. POINTS FT. PSI IN.

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8285E-01 0.1000E-01
0.1657E+00 0.2000E-01
0.3314E+00 0.4000E-01
0.4971E+00 0.6000E-01
0.6628E+00 0.8000E-01
0.7456E+00 0.9000E-01
0.8285E+00 0.1000E+00
0.8285E+00 0.5000E+00
0.8285E+00 0.2000E+01
2 10 0.9025E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4548E+00 0.1000E-01
0.9097E+00 0.2000E-01
0.1819E+01 0.4000E-01
0.2729E+01 0.6000E-01
0.3639E+01 0.8000E-01
0.4094E+01 0.9000E-01
0.4548E+01 0.1000E+00
0.4548E+01 0.5000E+00

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 5 – 5-74

0.4548E+01 0.2000E+01
3 10 0.1796E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1902E+01 0.1000E-01
0.3803E+01 0.2000E-01
0.7607E+01 0.4000E-01
0.1141E+02 0.6000E-01
0.1521E+02 0.8000E-01
0.1712E+02 0.9000E-01
0.1902E+02 0.1000E+00
0.1902E+02 0.5000E+00
0.1902E+02 0.2000E+01
4 10 0.1800E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4396E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8793E+01 0.2000E-01
0.1759E+02 0.4000E-01
0.2638E+02 0.6000E-01
0.3517E+02 0.8000E-01
0.3957E+02 0.9000E-01
0.4396E+02 0.1000E+00
0.4396E+02 0.5000E+00
0.4396E+02 0.2000E+01
5 10 0.2903E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.7417E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1483E+02 0.2000E-01
0.2967E+02 0.4000E-01
0.4450E+02 0.6000E-01
0.5933E+02 0.8000E-01
0.6675E+02 0.9000E-01
0.7417E+02 0.1000E+00
0.7417E+02 0.5000E+00
0.7417E+02 0.2000E+01
6 10 0.3996E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.7417E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1483E+02 0.2000E-01
0.2967E+02 0.4000E-01
0.4450E+02 0.6000E-01
0.5933E+02 0.8000E-01
0.6675E+02 0.9000E-01
0.7417E+02 0.1000E+00
0.7417E+02 0.5000E+00
0.7417E+02 0.2000E+01

TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KIP IN.

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8797E+01 0.9140E-02
0.1759E+02 0.1828E-01
0.3519E+02 0.3656E-01
0.7038E+02 0.2376E+00
0.1056E+03 0.7678E+00
0.1267E+03 0.1334E+01
0.1408E+03 0.1828E+01
0.1408E+03 0.2742E+01
0.1408E+03 0.3656E+01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 5 – 5-75

LOAD VERSUS SETTLEMENT CURVE


****************************

TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KIP IN. KIP IN.
0.7441E+00 0.1278E-03 0.9625E-01 0.1000E-03
0.7441E+01 0.1278E-02 0.9625E+00 0.1000E-02
0.3721E+02 0.6391E-02 0.4812E+01 0.5000E-02
0.7441E+02 0.1278E-01 0.9625E+01 0.1000E-01
0.3616E+03 0.6341E-01 0.3754E+02 0.5000E-01
0.6722E+03 0.1249E+00 0.4629E+02 0.1000E+00
0.7137E+03 0.5268E+00 0.8779E+02 0.5000E+00
0.7401E+03 0.1028E+01 0.1142E+03 0.1000E+01
0.7667E+03 0.2029E+01 0.1408E+03 0.2000E+01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-76

5.7 Example Problem 6 – Uplift Pile Capacity


Piles may be subjected to loads in tension instead of compression. The tension capacity of piles
differs from the compression capacity of piles in both the side friction and end bearing. For piles under
tension the soil resistance is from the side friction only.
Some research recommend applying a reduction factor to the side friction when the pile moves
upward based on field experimental studies. This may be caused by less confining pressure from the soil
around the pile under tension. This example includes an arbitrary reduction factor of 0.8 for tension
capacity (under Data > Computational Method > Method for Pile Capacity > Type of Loading >
Tension).
A different reduction in side friction may be specified primarily to cover a distance near the
shallow depth. This example includes an arbitrary 4-meter exclusion of friction in the top soil layer
(under Data > Circular Pile Section > Zero-Friction Length from Ground).
The tension capacity of piles should also include the self-weight of piles. This is automatically
accounted within APILE according to the pile type/material selected by the user. The values computed
by APILE are included in a column in the output text file.
This example illustrates a common case for study of the tension capacity of a pipe pile. The soil
deposit consists of six sub-layers as shown in Table 5.7. The pile is a 60-m long, open-ended steel pipe,
with an outer diameter of 1000 mm and an inner diameter of 936 mm.
The output is shown in detail so the user can examine the increase in pile capacity with depth. The
user may elect to eliminate the printing of capacity for each increment length to shorten the length of
output.

Depth Soil Type ' Cu 


Layer Ko Nq
(m) (kN/m3) (kN/m2) (Deg.)
0 0.1
1 Clay 4 --- --- ---
10 20
10
2 Sand 9 --- 34 0.6 20
20
20 200
3 Clay 6 --- --- ---
30 200
30
4 Sand 9 --- 36 0.6 30
40
40 350
5 Clay 9 --- --- ---
50 350
50
6 Sand 9 --- 38 0.6 30
100
Table 5.7 Soil data for Example Problem 6

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-77

5.7.1 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis


The resulting plots of ultimate total capacity versus depth provided by the computer program may
be observed in Figure 5.19. The self-weight of the pile is included in the total capacity for the uplift
(tensile) capacity. Figure 5.20 includes a plot of uplift load versus uplift movement.

Figure 5.19 Curve of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 6 .

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-78

Figure 5.20 Curve of Axial Load vs Movement for Example Problem 6.

5.7.2 Output Data


The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 6 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.

=========================================================================

APILE for Windows, Version 2018.8.1

Serial Number : 158112091

A Program for Analyzing the Axial Capacity


and Short-term Settlement of Driven Piles
under Axial Loading.
(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2015
All Rights Reserved

=========================================================================

This program is licensed to :

Ensoft, Inc.
,

Path to file locations : C:\Ensoft\Apile2018-Examples\


Name of input data file : Example 6 - Uplift Pile Capacity.ap8d

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-79

Name of output file : Example 6 - Uplift Pile Capacity.ap8o


Name of plot output file : Example 6 - Uplift Pile Capacity.ap8p

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and Date of Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: May 15, 2018 Time: 17:48:37

1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************

Example 6 - Uplift capacity (under tension)

DESIGNER : ENSOFT

JOB NUMBER : 05-01-18

METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :

- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)


Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.

COMPUTATION METHOD(S) FOR PILE CAPACITY :

- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)


- USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
# Critical Depth Method for Sand:
At Effective Stress Reaching 3,500 psf (185 kPa)
Use Long Pile Option
- Revised Lambda
- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)

TYPE OF LOADING :
- TENSION
REDUCTION FACTOR FOR TENSION LOADING = 0.80

PILE TYPE :

Steel pipe pile or non-tapered portion of monotube pile


- Open-Ended Pile

DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :

- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.200E+09 KPA


- CROSS SECTION AREA = 0.10 M2

CIRCULAR PILE PROPERTIES :

- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 1000.00 MM.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-80

- INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID = 936.00 MM.


- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 60.00 M.
- BATTER ANGLE = 0.00 DEG
- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 M.
- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 4.00 M.
- INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION = 1.00 M.

PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program

SOIL INFORMATIONS :

LATERAL EFFECTIVE FRICTION BEARING


SOIL EARTH UNIT ANGLE CAPACITY
DEPTH TYPE PRESSURE WEIGHT DEGREES FACTOR
M. KN/CM
0.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 20.00
20.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 20.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
30.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
30.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 36.00 30.00
40.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 36.00 30.00
40.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
50.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
50.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 38.00 30.00
100.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 38.00 30.00

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM UNDISTURB REMOLDED


UNIT UNIT SHEAR SHEAR BLOW UNIT SKIN UNIT END
FRICTION BEARING STRENGTH STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION BEARING
KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.10 0.02 2.00 50.00 1.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 20.00 4.00 2.00 50.00 200.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 39500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50000.00

* MAXIMUM UNIT FRICTION AND/OR MAXIMUM UNIT BEARING


WERE SET TO BE 0.10E+08 BECAUSE THE USER DOES NOT
PLAN TO LIMIT THE COMPUTED DATA.

LRFD FACTOR LRFD FACTOR


ON UNIT ON UNIT
DEPTH FRICTION BEARING

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-81

M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
100.00 1.000 1.000

1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************

**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN SELF ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION WEIGHT CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.1* 0.1
1.00 0.0 6.6* 6.6
2.00 0.0 13.2* 13.2
3.00 0.0 19.7* 19.7
4.00 5.7 26.2* 32.0
5.00 18.7 32.8* 51.4
6.00 34.4 39.3* 73.7
7.00 52.8 45.9* 98.7
8.00 73.7 52.4* 126.1
9.00 97.0 58.9* 156.0
10.00 129.9 65.5* 195.4
11.00 182.1 72.0* 254.1
12.00 250.9 78.5* 329.4
13.00 331.2 85.1* 416.2
14.00 423.0 91.6* 514.6
15.00 526.5 98.1* 624.6
16.00 641.4 104.7* 746.1
17.00 768.0 111.2* 879.2
18.00 906.1 117.8* 1023.9
19.00 1055.8 124.3* 1180.1
20.00 1217.0 130.8* 1347.9
21.00 1489.0 137.4 1626.4
22.00 1866.0 143.9 2009.9
23.00 2243.0 150.4 2393.5
24.00 2620.0 157.0 2777.0
25.00 2997.0 163.5 3160.5
26.00 3374.0 170.1 3544.0
27.00 3751.0 176.6 3927.6
28.00 4128.0 183.1 4311.1
29.00 4505.0 189.7 4694.6
30.00 4838.0 196.2* 5034.2
31.00 5144.0 202.7* 5346.7
32.00 5474.2 209.3* 5683.5

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-82

33.00 5819.1 215.8* 6034.9


34.00 6178.6 222.3* 6400.9
35.00 6552.6 228.9* 6781.5
36.00 6941.3 235.4 7176.7
37.00 7344.6 242.0 7586.6
38.00 7762.5 248.5 8011.0
39.00 8195.0 255.0 8450.0
40.00 8642.1 261.6 8903.7
41.00 9122.2 268.1 9390.3
42.00 9628.0 274.6 9902.6
43.00 10133.8 281.2 10415.0
44.00 10639.6 287.7 10927.3
45.00 11145.4 294.3 11439.6
46.00 11651.2 300.8 11952.0
47.00 12157.0 307.3 12464.3
48.00 12662.8 313.9 12976.6
49.00 13168.6 320.4 13489.0
50.00 13597.4 326.9 13924.3
51.00 14167.5 333.5 14501.0
52.00 14965.3 340.0 15305.3
53.00 15781.8 346.5 16128.3
54.00 16617.0 353.1 16970.1
55.00 17470.9 359.6 17830.5
56.00 18343.6 366.2 18709.7
57.00 19235.0 372.7 19607.6
58.00 20145.1 379.2 20524.3
59.00 21073.9 385.8 21459.6
60.00 22021.4 392.3 22413.7

**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN SELF ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION WEIGHT CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.1* 0.1
1.00 0.0 6.6* 6.6
2.00 0.0 13.2* 13.2
3.00 0.0 19.7* 19.7
4.00 8.9 26.2* 35.1
5.00 29.1 32.8* 61.9
6.00 54.4 39.3* 93.7
7.00 84.7 45.9* 130.5
8.00 119.9 52.4* 172.3
9.00 160.2 58.9* 219.1
10.00 205.4 65.5* 270.9
11.00 246.9 72.0* 318.9
12.00 285.4 78.5* 364.0
13.00 330.4 85.1* 415.5
14.00 381.8 91.6* 473.4
15.00 439.7 98.1* 537.9
16.00 504.1 104.7* 608.8
17.00 574.9 111.2* 686.2
18.00 652.2 117.8* 770.0
19.00 736.0 124.3* 860.3
20.00 826.3 130.8* 957.1
21.00 998.7 137.4* 1136.1
22.00 1250.1 143.9* 1394.0
23.00 1501.4 150.4* 1651.8
24.00 1752.7 157.0* 1909.7

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-83

25.00 2004.0 163.5* 2167.6


26.00 2255.4 170.1* 2425.4
27.00 2506.7 176.6* 2683.3
28.00 2758.0 183.1* 2941.1
29.00 3009.3 189.7* 3199.0
30.00 3260.7 196.2* 3456.9
31.00 3452.4 202.7* 3655.1
32.00 3584.6 209.3* 3793.8
33.00 3716.7 215.8* 3932.5
34.00 3848.9 222.3* 4071.2
35.00 3981.0 228.9* 4209.9
36.00 4113.2 235.4* 4348.6
37.00 4245.3 242.0* 4487.3
38.00 4377.5 248.5* 4626.0
39.00 4509.7 255.0* 4764.7
40.00 4641.8 261.6* 4903.4
41.00 4927.8 268.1* 5195.9
42.00 5367.6 274.6 5642.3
43.00 5807.4 281.2 6088.6
44.00 6247.3 287.7 6535.0
45.00 6687.1 294.3 6981.3
46.00 7126.9 300.8 7427.7
47.00 7566.7 307.3 7874.1
48.00 8006.6 313.9 8320.4
49.00 8446.4 320.4 8766.8
50.00 8886.2 326.9* 9213.1
51.00 9176.5 333.5* 9510.0
52.00 9317.4 340.0* 9657.4
53.00 9458.2 346.5* 9804.7
54.00 9599.0 353.1* 9952.1
55.00 9739.8 359.6* 10099.5
56.00 9880.7 366.2* 10246.8
57.00 10021.5 372.7* 10394.2
58.00 10162.3 379.2* 10541.5
59.00 10303.1 385.8* 10688.9
60.00 10444.0 392.3* 10836.3

**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN SELF ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION WEIGHT CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.1 0.1
1.00 0.0 6.6 6.6
2.00 0.0 13.2 13.2
3.00 0.0 19.7 19.7
4.00 0.0 26.2 26.2
5.00 46.5 32.8 79.3
6.00 72.2 39.3 111.5
7.00 101.3 45.9 147.2
8.00 133.8 52.4 186.2
9.00 247.8 58.9 306.7
10.00 301.5 65.5 367.0
11.00 357.0 72.0 429.0
12.00 421.7 78.5 500.3
13.00 495.1 85.1 580.1
14.00 576.3 91.6 667.9
15.00 665.0 98.1 763.2
16.00 760.7 104.7 865.4

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-84

17.00 862.9 111.2 974.1


18.00 971.2 117.8 1089.0
19.00 1085.3 124.3 1209.6
20.00 1204.8 130.8 1335.7
21.00 1456.9 137.4 1594.3
22.00 1701.5 143.9 1845.4
23.00 1939.0 150.4 2089.4
24.00 2170.0 157.0 2327.0
25.00 2395.3 163.5 2558.8
26.00 2615.3 170.1 2785.4
27.00 2830.6 176.6 3007.2
28.00 3041.5 183.1 3224.7
29.00 3248.5 189.7 3438.1
30.00 3451.7 196.2 3647.9
31.00 3576.6 202.7 3779.4
32.00 3705.6 209.3 3914.9
33.00 3838.5 215.8 4054.3
34.00 3975.1 222.3 4197.5
35.00 4115.2 228.9 4344.1
36.00 4258.6 235.4 4494.0
37.00 4405.1 242.0 4647.1
38.00 4554.7 248.5 4803.2
39.00 4707.0 255.0 4962.0
40.00 4862.0 261.6 5123.5
41.00 5138.3 268.1 5406.5
42.00 5409.2 274.6 5683.8
43.00 5674.7 281.2 5955.9
44.00 5935.2 287.7 6222.9
45.00 6190.9 294.3 6485.1
46.00 6441.9 300.8 6742.7
47.00 6688.5 307.3 6995.8
48.00 7048.8 313.9 7362.7
49.00 7420.6 320.4 7741.0
50.00 7795.5 326.9 8122.4
51.00 8050.8 333.5 8384.3
52.00 8312.2 340.0 8652.3
53.00 8579.8 346.5 8926.4
54.00 8853.5 353.1 9206.6
55.00 9133.4 359.6 9493.0
56.00 9419.4 366.2 9785.6
57.00 9711.5 372.7 10084.2
58.00 10009.8 379.2 10389.0
59.00 10314.2 385.8 10699.9
60.00 10624.7 392.3 11017.0

**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN SELF ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION WEIGHT CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.1* 0.1
1.00 0.0 6.6* 6.6
2.00 0.0 13.2* 13.2
3.00 0.0 19.7* 19.7
4.00 6.7 26.2* 32.9
5.00 21.8 32.8* 54.6
6.00 40.5 39.3* 79.8
7.00 62.7 45.9* 108.6
8.00 88.5 52.4* 140.9

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-85

9.00 117.8 58.9* 176.8


10.00 150.7 65.5* 216.2
11.00 188.5 72.0* 260.5
12.00 233.2 78.5* 311.8
13.00 285.5 85.1* 370.6
14.00 345.2 91.6* 436.9
15.00 412.5 98.1* 510.7
16.00 487.3 104.7* 592.0
17.00 569.7 111.2* 680.9
18.00 659.5 117.8* 777.3
19.00 756.9 124.3* 881.2
20.00 861.8 130.8* 992.7
21.00 1030.3 137.4* 1167.6
22.00 1259.7 143.9* 1403.6
23.00 1491.6 150.4* 1642.1
24.00 1725.9 157.0* 1882.9
25.00 1962.5 163.5 2126.0
26.00 2201.3 170.1 2371.3
27.00 2442.2 176.6 2618.8
28.00 2685.3 183.1 2868.4
29.00 2930.4 189.7* 3120.1
30.00 3177.5 196.2* 3373.7
31.00 3391.8 202.7* 3594.5
32.00 3576.1 209.3* 3785.4
33.00 3768.7 215.8* 3984.5
34.00 3969.4 222.3* 4191.7
35.00 4178.2 228.9* 4407.1
36.00 4395.2 235.4* 4630.7
37.00 4620.4 242.0* 4862.4
38.00 4853.7 248.5* 5102.2
39.00 5095.2 255.0* 5350.2
40.00 5342.9 261.6 5604.5
41.00 5677.5 268.1 5945.6
42.00 6098.3 274.6 6373.0
43.00 6522.4 281.2 6803.6
44.00 6949.6 287.7 7237.3
45.00 7379.8 294.3 7674.1
46.00 7813.1 300.8 8113.8
47.00 8249.2 307.3 8556.5
48.00 8688.6 313.9 9002.4
49.00 9132.4 320.4 9452.8
50.00 9581.9 326.9 9908.8
51.00 9942.5 333.5 10276.0
52.00 10211.6 340.0* 10551.6
53.00 10480.7 346.5 10827.3
54.00 10749.8 353.1 11102.9
55.00 11018.9 359.6 11378.6
56.00 11288.0 366.2 11654.2
57.00 11557.1 372.7 11929.8
58.00 11826.2 379.2 12205.5
59.00 12095.3 385.8 12481.1
60.00 12364.4 392.3 12756.8

NOTES:
- AN ASTERISK IS PLACED IN THE END-BEARING COLUMN
IF THE TIP RESISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE FRICTION
OF SOIL PLUG INSIDE AN OPEN-ENDED PIPE PILE.

- A NEGATIVE SELF-WEIGHT VALUE IS DUE TO THE


BOUYANCY EFFECT.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-86

*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT


NO. POINTS M. KPA M.

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.1600E-02
0.0000E+00 0.3100E-02
0.0000E+00 0.5700E-02
0.0000E+00 0.8000E-02
0.0000E+00 0.1000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.2000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.3000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.5000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.2000E+00
2 10 0.5000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1954E+01 0.1600E-02
0.3256E+01 0.3100E-02
0.4884E+01 0.5700E-02
0.5861E+01 0.8000E-02
0.6512E+01 0.1000E-01
0.5861E+01 0.2000E-01
0.5861E+01 0.3000E-01
0.5861E+01 0.5000E-01
0.5861E+01 0.2000E+00
3 10 0.9900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3375E+01 0.1600E-02
0.5624E+01 0.3100E-02
0.8436E+01 0.5700E-02
0.1012E+02 0.8000E-02
0.1125E+02 0.1000E-01
0.1012E+02 0.2000E-01
0.1012E+02 0.3000E-01
0.1012E+02 0.5000E-01
0.1012E+02 0.2000E+00
4 10 0.1000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1313E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2627E+01 0.5026E-03
0.5254E+01 0.1005E-02
0.7880E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1051E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1182E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1313E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1313E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1313E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2501E+01 0.2513E-03
0.5002E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1000E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1501E+02 0.1508E-02
0.2001E+02 0.2011E-02
0.2251E+02 0.2262E-02

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-87

0.2501E+02 0.2513E-02
0.2501E+02 0.1257E-01
0.2501E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.1990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4350E+01 0.2513E-03
0.8701E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1740E+02 0.1005E-02
0.2610E+02 0.1508E-02
0.3480E+02 0.2011E-02
0.3915E+02 0.2262E-02
0.4350E+02 0.2513E-02
0.4350E+02 0.1257E-01
0.4350E+02 0.5026E-01
7 10 0.2000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1900E+02 0.1600E-02
0.3166E+02 0.3100E-02
0.4750E+02 0.5700E-02
0.5700E+02 0.8000E-02
0.6333E+02 0.1000E-01
0.5700E+02 0.2000E-01
0.5700E+02 0.3000E-01
0.5700E+02 0.5000E-01
0.5700E+02 0.2000E+00
8 10 0.2500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2291E+02 0.1600E-02
0.3818E+02 0.3100E-02
0.5727E+02 0.5700E-02
0.6872E+02 0.8000E-02
0.7635E+02 0.1000E-01
0.6872E+02 0.2000E-01
0.6872E+02 0.3000E-01
0.6872E+02 0.5000E-01
0.6872E+02 0.2000E+00
9 10 0.2990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2203E+02 0.1600E-02
0.3671E+02 0.3100E-02
0.5507E+02 0.5700E-02
0.6608E+02 0.8000E-02
0.7343E+02 0.1000E-01
0.6608E+02 0.2000E-01
0.6608E+02 0.3000E-01
0.6608E+02 0.5000E-01
0.6608E+02 0.2000E+00
10 10 0.3000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6344E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1269E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2538E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3806E+02 0.1508E-02
0.5075E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5710E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6344E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6344E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6344E+02 0.5026E-01
11 10 0.3500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.7037E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1407E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2815E+02 0.1005E-02

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-88

0.4222E+02 0.1508E-02
0.5630E+02 0.2011E-02
0.6334E+02 0.2262E-02
0.7037E+02 0.2513E-02
0.7037E+02 0.1257E-01
0.7037E+02 0.5026E-01
12 10 0.3990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.9267E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1853E+02 0.5026E-03
0.3707E+02 0.1005E-02
0.5560E+02 0.1508E-02
0.7414E+02 0.2011E-02
0.8341E+02 0.2262E-02
0.9267E+02 0.2513E-02
0.9267E+02 0.1257E-01
0.9267E+02 0.5026E-01
13 10 0.4000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3607E+02 0.1600E-02
0.6012E+02 0.3100E-02
0.9017E+02 0.5700E-02
0.1082E+03 0.8000E-02
0.1202E+03 0.1000E-01
0.1082E+03 0.2000E-01
0.1082E+03 0.3000E-01
0.1082E+03 0.5000E-01
0.1082E+03 0.2000E+00
14 10 0.4500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4151E+02 0.1600E-02
0.6918E+02 0.3100E-02
0.1038E+03 0.5700E-02
0.1245E+03 0.8000E-02
0.1384E+03 0.1000E-01
0.1245E+03 0.2000E-01
0.1245E+03 0.3000E-01
0.1245E+03 0.5000E-01
0.1245E+03 0.2000E+00
15 10 0.4990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3868E+02 0.1600E-02
0.6447E+02 0.3100E-02
0.9670E+02 0.5700E-02
0.1160E+03 0.8000E-02
0.1289E+03 0.1000E-01
0.1160E+03 0.2000E-01
0.1160E+03 0.3000E-01
0.1160E+03 0.5000E-01
0.1160E+03 0.2000E+00
16 10 0.5000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1002E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2005E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4009E+02 0.1005E-02
0.6014E+02 0.1508E-02
0.8018E+02 0.2011E-02
0.9021E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1002E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1002E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1002E+03 0.5026E-01
17 10 0.7500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 6 – 5-89

0.8566E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1713E+02 0.5026E-03
0.3426E+02 0.1005E-02
0.5139E+02 0.1508E-02
0.6853E+02 0.2011E-02
0.7709E+02 0.2262E-02
0.8566E+02 0.2513E-02
0.8566E+02 0.1257E-01
0.8566E+02 0.5026E-01
18 10 0.9990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8566E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1713E+02 0.5026E-03
0.3426E+02 0.1005E-02
0.5139E+02 0.1508E-02
0.6853E+02 0.2011E-02
0.7709E+02 0.2262E-02
0.8566E+02 0.2513E-02
0.8566E+02 0.1257E-01
0.8566E+02 0.5026E-01

TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M.

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2452E+02 0.5000E-03
0.4904E+02 0.1000E-02
0.9808E+02 0.2000E-02
0.1962E+03 0.1300E-01
0.2942E+03 0.4200E-01
0.3531E+03 0.7300E-01
0.3923E+03 0.1000E+00
0.3923E+03 0.1500E+00
0.3923E+03 0.2000E+00

LOAD VERSUS SETTLEMENT CURVE


****************************

TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M. KN. M.
0.5066E+02 0.7632E-04 0.1232E+00 0.2513E-05
0.5066E+03 0.7632E-03 0.1232E+01 0.2513E-04
0.2513E+04 0.3808E-02 0.6162E+01 0.1257E-03
0.4668E+04 0.7376E-02 0.1232E+02 0.2513E-03
0.1081E+05 0.2186E-01 0.6162E+02 0.1257E-02
0.1269E+05 0.2822E-01 0.1027E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1278E+05 0.3855E-01 0.1923E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1282E+05 0.5126E-01 0.2372E+03 0.2513E-01
0.1289E+05 0.7661E-01 0.3099E+03 0.5026E-01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-90

5.8 Example Problem 7 (Offshore Version) – CPT Based Methods for


Close-Ended Pile
Many of the existing semi-empirical methods for predicting the axial capacity of driven piles were
developed approximately two decades ago on the basis of an extended database of static-loading tests.
The soil properties and subsurface conditions were obtained primarily by conventional sampling methods
and testing equipment, including the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), field-vane test, and triaxial-
undrained (UU) tests using undisturbed soil samples, taken by the use of Shelby tubes.
Recently, the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in subsurface exploration
worldwide, especially in the offshore industry. The American Petroleum Institute (API) conducted a
review of CPT-based methods for assessment of the axial capacity of driven piles. Two CPT-based
methods have been studied and adopted by API as alternate design methods. Those two CPT-based
methods that were selected by API are: the NGI-99 method developed by the Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute and the MTD method developed by Imperial College in London (Richard Jardine et al, 2005) .
The example included here are for the customers who purchased the offshore-version of APILE.
This example is for an offshore application and will focus on the axial capacity of closed-ended piles
predicted by different semi-empirical methods. Computed results from four CPT-based methods are
included for comparison. The pile is a 60-m long pipe with a closed end and with an outer diameter of
2134 mm and an inner diameter of 2044 mm. The soil deposit consists of six sub-layers and the soil
properties, including from CPT tests, are shown in Table 5.8.
The pages following the input data are the output for the example problem. The output is shown in
detail so the user can examine the increase in pile capacity with depth. The user may elect to eliminate
the printing of capacity for each increment length to shorten the length of output.

Depth ' Cu 
Layer Soil Type 3 2
Ko Nq Qc PI YSR
(m) (kN/m ) (kN/m ) (Deg.)
0 0.1 1
1 Clay 4 --- --- --- 50 2
10 20 200
10 10,500
2 Sand 9 --- 34 0.6 20 --- ---
20 20,000
20 200 2,000
3 Clay 6 --- --- --- 20 3
30 200 2,000
30 30,500
4 Sand 9 --- 36 0.6 30 --- ---
40 30,500
40 350 5,000
5 Clay 9 --- --- --- 15 3
50 350 5,000
50 50,000
6 Sand 9 --- 38 0.6 30 --- ---
100 50,000

Table 5.8 Soil data for Example Problem 6

5.8.1 Comparison of APILE Results with Hand Computations


Table 5.9 and Table 5.10 contains some comparisons of the results obtained from hand
computations against those from the computer run in APILE for two different offshore methods.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-91

NGI METHOD
Depth Soil Type Total Skin Friction (kN)
Layer
(m) Hand Calc Computer
0
1 Clay 516 537
10
10
2 Sand 3,504 3,571
20
20
3 Clay 6,280 6,251
30
30
4 Sand 14,859 14,780
40
40
5 Clay 12,014 11,844
50
50
6 Sand 30,033 28,619
60
Table 5.9 Comparison of results for NGI Method in Example Problem 7

MTD METHOD
Depth Soil Type Total Skin Friction (kN)
Layer
(m) Hand Calc Computer
0
1 Clay 295 268
10
10
2 Sand 4,048 3,783
20
20
3 Clay 5,767 5,313
30
30
4 Sand 12,360 13,503
40
40
5 Clay 17,572 15,206
50
50
6 Sand 30,114 33,711
60
Table 5.10 Comparison of results for MTD Method in Example Problem 7

5.8.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis


The resulting plots of total capacity from different empirical methods and axial load versus
settlement computed based on MTD method may be observed in Figure 5.21 and Figure 5.22.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-92

Figure 5.21 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 7.

Figure 5.22 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 7.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-93

5.8.3 Output Data


The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 7 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.

=========================================================================

APILE for Windows, Version 2018.8.1

Serial Number : 158112091

A Program for Analyzing the Axial Capacity


and Short-term Settlement of Driven Piles
under Axial Loading.
(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2015
All Rights Reserved

=========================================================================

This program is licensed to :

Ensoft, Inc.
,

Path to file locations : C:\Ensoft\Apile2018-Examples\


Name of input data file : Example 7 - CPT Methods on Close Ended Pile.ap8d
Name of output file : Example 7 - CPT Methods on Close Ended Pile.ap8o
Name of plot output file : Example 7 - CPT Methods on Close Ended Pile.ap8p

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and Date of Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: May 16, 2018 Time: 14:44:12

1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************

CPT Methods for offshore pile with close end

DESIGNER : ENSOFT

JOB NUMBER : 05-01-18

METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :

- ICP/MTD (Imperial College of London)


Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.

COMPUTATION METHOD(S) FOR PILE CAPACITY :

- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-94

- USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)


# Critical Depth Method for Sand:
10 to 20 Pile Diameter based on the Density
- Revised Lambda
- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)
- NGI (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute)
- ICP/MTD (Imperial College of London)
# Use Undrained Condition for Clay
- FUGRO (Offshore Driven Piles in Sand)
- UWA (University of Western Australia)

TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION

PILE TYPE :

Steel pipe pile or non-tapered portion of monotube pile


- Open-Ended Pile

DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :

- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.200E+09 KPA


- CROSS SECTION AREA = 3.58 M2

CIRCULAR PILE PROPERTIES :

- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 2134.00 MM.


- INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID = 0.00 MM.
- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 60.00 M.
- BATTER ANGLE = 0.00 DEG
- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 M.
- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 0.00 M.
- INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION = 1.00 M.
- LENGTH OF ENHANCED
END SECTION = 60.00 M.
- INTERNAL DIAMETER OF
ENHANCED END SECTION = 0.00 MM.

PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program

SOIL INFORMATIONS :

LATERAL EFFECTIVE FRICTION BEARING


SOIL EARTH UNIT ANGLE CAPACITY
DEPTH TYPE PRESSURE WEIGHT DEGREES FACTOR
M. KN/CM
0.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 20.00
20.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 20.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
30.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-95

30.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 36.00 30.00


40.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 36.00 30.00
40.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
50.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
50.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 38.00 30.00
100.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 38.00 30.00

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM UNDISTURB REMOLDED


UNIT UNIT SHEAR SHEAR BLOW UNIT SKIN UNIT END
FRICTION BEARING STRENGTH STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION BEARING
KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.10 0.02 2.00 50.00 1.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 20.00 4.00 2.00 50.00 200.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 39500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50000.00

* MAXIMUM UNIT FRICTION AND/OR MAXIMUM UNIT BEARING


WERE SET TO BE 0.10E+08 BECAUSE THE USER DOES NOT
PLAN TO LIMIT THE COMPUTED DATA.

LRFD FACTOR LRFD FACTOR


ON UNIT ON UNIT
DEPTH FRICTION BEARING
M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
100.00 1.000 1.000

PLASTIC YIELD Qc
INDEX STRESS FROM
DEPTH PI RATIO CPT
M. % KPA
0.00 50.00 2.00 0.100E+01
10.00 50.00 2.00 0.200E+03
10.00 0.00 0.00 0.105E+05
20.00 0.00 0.00 0.200E+05
20.00 20.00 3.00 0.200E+04
30.00 20.00 3.00 0.200E+04
30.00 0.00 0.00 0.305E+05

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-96

40.00 0.00 0.00 0.395E+05


40.00 15.00 3.00 0.500E+04
50.00 15.00 3.00 0.500E+04
50.00 0.00 0.00 0.500E+05
100.00 0.00 0.00 0.500E+05

1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************

**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 53.7 53.7
1.00 0.0 85.7 85.7
2.00 7.0 133.2 140.2
3.00 25.3 190.8 216.0
4.00 51.8 259.5 311.3
5.00 86.3 323.5 409.8
6.00 128.3 387.6 515.9
7.00 177.4 599.7 777.1
8.00 233.2 1509.6 1742.8
9.00 295.3 2594.8 2890.1
10.00 363.4 3855.3 4218.6
11.00 548.1 5291.0 5839.1
12.00 874.1 6902.1 7776.2
13.00 1255.0 8685.3 9940.3
14.00 1690.7 9905.6 11596.3
15.00 2181.2 10808.0 12989.2
16.00 2726.6 11525.1 14251.7
17.00 3326.9 11863.7 15190.6
18.00 3982.0 11249.3 15231.2
19.00 4691.9 10449.5 15141.4
20.00 5456.7 9513.5 14970.2
21.00 6523.2 8553.2 15076.3
22.00 7864.0 7592.2 15456.2
23.00 9204.8 6631.2 15836.0
24.00 10545.7 6438.0 16983.7
25.00 11886.5 6438.0 18324.5
26.00 13227.3 6438.0 19665.3
27.00 14568.1 7051.0 21619.1
28.00 15909.0 10100.6 26009.6
29.00 17249.8 13150.2 30400.0
30.00 18522.6 16199.8 34722.4
31.00 19923.0 19249.4 39172.4
32.00 21555.1 22299.0 43854.1
33.00 23259.4 25348.6 48608.0
34.00 25035.8 25961.6 50997.4
35.00 26884.4 25961.6 52846.1
36.00 28805.3 25961.6 54766.9
37.00 30798.2 25500.2 56298.5
38.00 32863.4 23204.8 56068.3
39.00 35000.8 20909.5 55910.2
40.00 37210.3 18614.1 55824.3

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-97

41.00 39387.3 16318.7 55706.0


42.00 41495.7 14023.3 55519.0
43.00 43604.1 11727.9 55332.0
44.00 45712.5 11266.5 56979.0
45.00 47820.9 11266.5 59087.4
46.00 49929.3 11266.5 61195.8
47.00 52037.7 12356.9 64394.6
48.00 54146.1 17782.0 71928.1
49.00 56254.5 23207.1 79461.6
50.00 58225.5 28632.2 86857.7
51.00 61170.2 34057.3 95227.5
52.00 65274.3 39482.4 104756.7
53.00 69474.8 44907.5 114382.3
54.00 73771.5 45998.0 119769.5
55.00 78164.6 45998.0 124162.6
56.00 82654.0 45998.0 128652.0
57.00 87239.7 45998.0 133237.7
58.00 91921.7 45998.0 137919.7
59.00 96700.1 45998.0 142698.0
60.00 101574.7 45998.0 147572.7

**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 53.7 53.7
1.00 14.0 85.7 99.7
2.00 34.7 133.2 167.9
3.00 62.0 190.8 252.8
4.00 102.7 259.5 362.2
5.00 156.8 323.5 480.3
6.00 224.2 387.6 611.7
7.00 304.9 627.9 932.8
8.00 398.9 1696.9 2095.8
9.00 506.3 2972.1 3478.4
10.00 627.1 4453.4 5080.5
11.00 788.7 6141.0 6929.7
12.00 1002.6 8034.8 9037.4
13.00 1252.4 10134.8 11387.2
14.00 1538.2 11688.5 13226.7
15.00 1859.9 13072.7 14932.7
16.00 2217.7 14456.9 16674.6
17.00 2611.4 15411.1 18022.5
18.00 3041.1 14526.3 17567.4
19.00 3506.8 13425.3 16932.1
20.00 4008.4 12108.1 16116.5
21.00 4603.4 10574.7 15178.1
22.00 5273.8 8825.1 14098.9
23.00 5944.3 6859.2 12803.5
24.00 6614.7 6438.0 13052.7
25.00 7285.1 6438.0 13723.1
26.00 7955.5 6438.0 14393.5
27.00 8625.9 7436.4 16062.3
28.00 9296.3 12572.5 21868.8
29.00 9966.8 17990.2 27956.9
30.00 10637.2 23689.4 34326.6
31.00 11397.2 29670.3 41067.5
32.00 12266.2 35927.0 48193.1

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-98

33.00 13173.5 42273.6 55447.1


34.00 14119.3 44584.3 58703.6
35.00 15103.5 45626.4 60729.9
36.00 16126.2 46386.9 62513.1
37.00 17187.2 45741.8 62929.0
38.00 18286.7 40346.8 58633.5
39.00 19424.7 34760.1 54184.8
40.00 20601.0 29167.7 49768.8
41.00 21785.4 23575.3 45360.8
42.00 22958.7 17982.9 40941.6
43.00 24131.9 12390.6 36522.5
44.00 25305.1 11266.5 36571.6
45.00 26478.4 11266.5 37744.9
46.00 27651.6 11266.5 38918.1
47.00 28824.8 13235.0 42059.8
48.00 29998.0 23028.8 53026.8
49.00 31171.3 32822.5 63993.8
50.00 32344.5 42616.3 74960.7
51.00 33623.0 52410.0 86033.0
52.00 35006.8 62203.7 97210.5
53.00 36390.5 71997.5 108388.0
54.00 37774.3 73966.0 111740.3
55.00 39158.1 73966.0 113124.1
56.00 40541.8 73966.0 114507.8
57.00 41925.6 73966.0 115891.6
58.00 43309.4 73966.0 117275.4
59.00 44693.1 73966.0 118659.1
60.00 46076.9 73966.0 120042.9

**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 53.7 53.7
1.00 17.7 85.7 103.4
2.00 61.9 133.2 195.1
3.00 128.7 190.8 319.5
4.00 216.1 259.5 475.5
5.00 322.4 323.5 645.9
6.00 446.6 387.6 834.2
7.00 587.7 522.3 1110.0
8.00 745.0 996.2 1741.2
9.00 917.7 1560.7 2478.3
10.00 1105.2 2215.7 3320.9
11.00 1300.3 2961.3 4261.6
12.00 1530.1 3797.4 5327.5
13.00 1792.8 4724.1 6516.9
14.00 2086.8 5436.5 7523.3
15.00 2410.7 6080.3 8491.0
16.00 2763.2 6724.1 9487.3
17.00 3143.1 7276.1 10419.1
18.00 3549.4 7402.4 10951.8
19.00 3981.1 7428.2 11409.3
20.00 4437.4 7353.5 11790.8
21.00 5434.2 7178.1 12612.3
22.00 6414.5 6902.3 13316.7
23.00 7379.4 6525.8 13905.2
24.00 8331.0 6438.0 14769.0

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-99

25.00 9270.9 6438.0 15708.9


26.00 10200.7 6438.0 16638.6
27.00 11121.4 6879.0 18000.4
28.00 12034.3 9163.6 21197.9
29.00 12940.3 11599.0 24539.3
30.00 13840.0 14185.3 28025.3
31.00 14395.0 16922.4 31317.4
32.00 14971.1 19810.4 34781.5
33.00 15567.9 22849.2 38417.1
34.00 16184.8 24249.8 40434.6
35.00 16821.4 25215.5 42036.9
36.00 17477.1 26181.2 43658.2
37.00 18151.4 26554.3 44705.7
38.00 18844.0 24481.2 43325.2
39.00 19554.4 22257.2 41811.7
40.00 20282.2 19882.4 40164.7
41.00 21619.9 17356.8 38976.7
42.00 22948.4 14680.3 37628.7
43.00 24268.3 11853.0 36121.3
44.00 25580.2 11266.5 36846.7
45.00 26884.8 11266.5 38151.3
46.00 28182.5 11266.5 39449.0
47.00 29473.9 12152.5 41626.4
48.00 30759.3 16560.5 47319.8
49.00 32039.2 20968.5 53007.7
50.00 33314.0 25376.4 58690.4
51.00 34183.8 29784.4 63968.2
52.00 35067.7 34192.4 69260.1
53.00 35965.2 38600.4 74565.6
54.00 36876.2 39486.4 76362.6
55.00 37800.4 39486.4 77286.7
56.00 38737.3 39486.4 78223.7
57.00 39686.8 39486.4 79173.2
58.00 40648.6 39486.4 80135.0
59.00 41622.4 39486.4 81108.8
60.00 42607.9 39486.4 82094.3

**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 53.7 53.7
1.00 7.0 85.7 92.7
2.00 18.8 133.2 152.1
3.00 40.3 190.8 231.0
4.00 71.2 259.5 330.6
5.00 111.5 323.5 435.0
6.00 161.4 387.6 548.9
7.00 220.7 522.3 743.0
8.00 289.5 996.2 1285.6
9.00 367.7 1560.7 1928.4
10.00 455.4 2215.7 2671.1
11.00 556.2 2961.3 3517.5
12.00 675.5 3797.4 4472.9
13.00 814.9 4724.1 5539.0
14.00 974.3 5436.5 6410.8
15.00 1153.8 6080.3 7234.1
16.00 1353.3 6724.1 8077.5

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-100

17.00 1573.0 7276.1 8849.0


18.00 1812.7 7402.4 9215.1
19.00 2072.4 7428.2 9500.6
20.00 2352.2 7353.5 9705.7
21.00 2801.6 7178.1 9979.7
22.00 3413.7 6902.3 10315.9
23.00 4032.3 6525.8 10558.1
24.00 4657.2 6438.0 11095.2
25.00 5288.2 6438.0 11726.2
26.00 5925.2 6438.0 12363.2
27.00 6567.9 6879.0 13446.9
28.00 7216.3 9163.6 16379.9
29.00 7870.2 11599.0 19469.2
30.00 8529.4 14185.3 22714.7
31.00 9100.8 16922.4 26023.3
32.00 9592.7 19810.4 29403.1
33.00 10106.3 22849.2 32955.5
34.00 10641.6 24249.8 34891.4
35.00 11198.8 25215.5 36414.3
36.00 11777.6 26181.2 37958.8
37.00 12378.2 26554.3 38932.5
38.00 13000.6 24481.2 37481.8
39.00 13644.7 22257.2 35902.0
40.00 14305.5 19882.4 34187.9
41.00 15198.0 17356.8 32554.8
42.00 16320.6 14680.3 31001.0
43.00 17451.8 11853.0 29304.8
44.00 18591.4 11266.5 29857.9
45.00 19739.0 11266.5 31005.5
46.00 20894.7 11266.5 32161.1
47.00 22058.1 12152.5 34210.6
48.00 23230.0 16560.5 39790.5
49.00 24414.1 20968.5 45382.6
50.00 25613.0 25376.4 50989.4
51.00 26575.0 29784.4 56359.5
52.00 27292.9 34192.4 61485.3
53.00 28010.7 38600.4 66611.1
54.00 28728.5 39486.4 68214.9
55.00 29446.4 39486.4 68932.7
56.00 30164.2 39486.4 69650.6
57.00 30882.0 39486.4 70368.4
58.00 31599.8 39486.4 71086.2
59.00 32317.7 39486.4 71804.1
60.00 33035.5 39486.4 72521.9

****************************************************
* NORWEIGIAN GEOTECHNICAL INSTITUTE (NGI) METHOD *
****************************************************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 53.7 53.7
1.00 7.1 85.7 92.8
2.00 20.0 133.2 153.3
3.00 44.7 190.8 235.5
4.00 80.8 259.5 340.3
5.00 128.4 323.5 451.9
6.00 187.3 387.6 574.9
7.00 257.7 1018.8 1276.5
8.00 339.5 4004.8 4344.3

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-101

9.00 432.6 7248.6 7681.2


10.00 537.1 10741.2 11278.3
11.00 699.7 14475.7 15175.4
12.00 930.3 18446.4 19376.7
13.00 1193.3 22648.4 23841.7
14.00 1490.8 24794.7 26285.5
15.00 1824.9 26369.6 28194.6
16.00 2197.5 27912.4 30109.9
17.00 2610.3 28549.5 31159.8
18.00 3065.3 25599.1 28664.5
19.00 3564.1 22405.7 25969.8
20.00 4108.5 18973.5 23082.0
21.00 4690.9 15306.6 19997.5
22.00 5291.9 11408.5 16700.4
23.00 5900.7 7282.4 13183.0
24.00 6516.9 6438.0 12954.9
25.00 7140.3 6438.0 13578.3
26.00 7770.8 6438.0 14208.8
27.00 8408.1 7729.4 16137.5
28.00 9052.2 14221.6 23273.8
29.00 9702.8 20911.9 30614.7
30.00 10359.8 27798.8 38158.6
31.00 11310.4 34880.7 46191.1
32.00 12582.6 42156.3 54738.9
33.00 13918.2 49624.2 63542.3
34.00 15318.2 52133.3 67451.5
35.00 16783.9 53371.3 70155.2
36.00 18316.6 54600.8 72917.4
37.00 19917.3 54295.4 74212.7
38.00 21587.3 47851.7 69438.9
39.00 23327.6 41215.1 64542.7
40.00 25139.4 34387.0 59526.4
41.00 26617.1 27368.6 53985.7
42.00 27730.0 20161.0 47891.0
43.00 28853.0 12765.4 41618.4
44.00 29985.9 11266.5 41252.4
45.00 31128.5 11266.5 42395.0
46.00 32280.6 11266.5 43547.1
47.00 33442.1 13187.4 46629.6
48.00 34613.0 22777.0 57389.9
49.00 35793.5 32420.3 68213.8
50.00 36983.6 42116.3 79099.9
51.00 38958.7 51864.2 90822.9
52.00 41737.2 61663.0 103400.2
53.00 44561.8 71511.8 116073.6
54.00 47432.2 73760.7 121192.9
55.00 50348.1 74085.2 124433.3
56.00 53309.3 74403.9 127713.2
57.00 56315.5 74717.3 131032.8
58.00 59366.6 75025.3 134392.0
59.00 62462.3 75328.4 137790.7
60.00 65602.4 75626.5 141228.9

***********************************
* IMPERIAL COLLEGE (MTD) METHOD *
***********************************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 47.7 47.7

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-102

1.00 2.6 76.2 78.8


2.00 10.5 118.4 129.0
3.00 23.7 169.6 193.3
4.00 42.3 230.6 272.9
5.00 66.3 287.6 353.8
6.00 95.6 344.5 440.1
7.00 130.5 752.3 882.8
8.00 170.8 2585.1 2755.9
9.00 216.7 4568.2 4784.9
10.00 268.2 6701.6 6969.9
11.00 424.4 8985.4 9409.8
12.00 697.8 11419.5 12117.2
13.00 1001.9 14003.9 15005.8
14.00 1337.4 15343.9 16681.3
15.00 1705.1 16363.2 18068.3
16.00 2105.5 17382.6 19488.1
17.00 2539.6 17891.8 20431.4
18.00 3007.9 16341.4 19349.3
19.00 3511.5 14631.7 18143.2
20.00 4051.1 12762.8 16813.9
21.00 4547.6 10734.7 15282.3
22.00 4993.4 8547.3 13540.7
23.00 5460.8 6200.8 11661.6
24.00 5950.2 5722.7 11672.8
25.00 6461.7 5722.7 12184.4
26.00 6995.8 5722.7 12718.5
27.00 7552.7 6585.6 14138.3
28.00 8132.7 10909.4 19042.2
29.00 8736.4 15384.0 24120.4
30.00 9363.9 20009.5 29373.4
31.00 10250.0 24785.8 35035.8
32.00 11409.8 29712.9 41122.7
33.00 12624.9 34790.9 47415.9
34.00 13897.3 36589.3 50486.6
35.00 15229.2 37555.0 52784.1
36.00 16622.6 38520.7 55143.3
37.00 18080.3 38589.7 56670.0
38.00 19604.8 35064.0 54668.9
39.00 21199.2 31387.5 52586.7
40.00 22866.6 27560.2 50426.8
41.00 24350.6 23582.0 47932.5
42.00 25640.0 19452.9 45093.0
43.00 26983.2 15173.0 42156.2
44.00 28381.7 14306.7 42688.4
45.00 29837.7 14306.7 44144.4
46.00 31353.5 14306.7 45660.1
47.00 32931.6 15541.9 48473.5
48.00 34575.0 21687.4 56262.4
49.00 36287.2 27832.9 64120.0
50.00 38072.2 33978.3 72050.5
51.00 40602.8 40123.8 80726.6
52.00 43912.1 46269.3 90181.4
53.00 47331.5 52414.7 99746.2
54.00 50795.2 53650.0 104445.2
55.00 54269.0 53650.0 107919.0
56.00 57752.7 53650.0 111402.7
57.00 61246.3 53650.0 114896.2
58.00 64749.3 53650.0 118399.3
59.00 68261.9 53650.0 121911.8
60.00 71783.6 53650.0 125433.6

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-103

***********************************
* FUGRO 2004 (FUGRO) METHOD *
***********************************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 47.7 47.7
1.00 2.6 76.2 78.8
2.00 10.5 118.4 129.0
3.00 23.7 169.6 193.3
4.00 42.3 230.6 272.9
5.00 66.3 287.6 353.8
6.00 95.6 344.5 440.1
7.00 130.5 1382.5 1513.0
8.00 170.8 6361.1 6532.0
9.00 216.7 11540.0 11756.8
10.00 268.2 16911.1 17179.4
11.00 384.4 22467.3 22851.7
12.00 572.8 28202.0 28774.8
13.00 782.3 34109.4 34891.7
14.00 1013.6 36284.2 37297.8
15.00 1267.6 37479.0 38746.6
16.00 1545.3 38636.3 40181.7
17.00 1847.8 38573.4 40421.2
18.00 2176.0 33733.0 35909.0
19.00 2531.2 28708.7 31239.8
20.00 2914.5 23506.0 26420.5
21.00 3330.9 18130.1 21460.9
22.00 3776.7 12585.6 16362.2
23.00 4244.1 6876.7 11120.8
24.00 4733.4 5722.7 10456.1
25.00 5245.0 5722.7 10967.7
26.00 5779.1 5722.7 11501.7
27.00 6335.9 7222.2 13558.2
28.00 6916.0 14706.9 21622.9
29.00 7519.6 22311.9 29831.5
30.00 8147.1 30035.4 38182.5
31.00 8893.5 37875.9 46769.3
32.00 9773.5 45831.8 55605.3
33.00 10709.4 53901.7 64611.0
34.00 11704.8 56123.1 67827.9
35.00 12764.0 56859.8 69623.8
36.00 13891.7 57587.0 71478.8
37.00 15093.0 56846.6 71939.6
38.00 16373.8 50277.7 66651.5
39.00 17740.7 43594.3 61335.0
40.00 19201.2 36797.8 55999.1
41.00 20587.4 29889.7 50477.1
42.00 21876.9 22871.2 44748.1
43.00 23220.0 15743.7 38963.7
44.00 24618.5 14306.7 38925.2
45.00 26074.6 14306.7 40381.2
46.00 27590.3 14306.7 41897.0
47.00 29168.4 15991.8 45160.2
48.00 30811.8 24375.7 55187.5
49.00 32524.0 32759.6 65283.6
50.00 34309.0 41143.4 75452.4
51.00 37133.0 49527.3 86660.3
52.00 41151.2 57911.2 99062.3
53.00 45600.2 66295.0 111895.2
54.00 50589.6 67980.2 118569.8
55.00 56278.3 67980.2 124258.5

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-104

56.00 62910.6 67980.2 130890.8


57.00 70616.5 67980.2 138596.6
58.00 78736.8 67980.2 146717.0
59.00 86589.4 67980.2 154569.6
60.00 94032.5 67980.2 162012.7

*********************************************
* UNIV. OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (UWA) METHOD *
*********************************************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 47.7 47.7
1.00 2.6 76.2 78.8
2.00 10.5 118.4 129.0
3.00 23.7 169.6 193.3
4.00 42.3 230.6 272.9
5.00 66.3 287.6 353.8
6.00 95.6 344.5 440.1
7.00 130.5 1122.0 1252.5
8.00 170.8 4826.3 4997.1
9.00 216.7 8840.1 9056.8
10.00 268.2 13163.4 13431.6
11.00 425.0 17796.3 18221.3
12.00 696.8 22738.7 23435.5
13.00 994.0 27990.7 28984.7
14.00 1317.3 30687.8 32005.1
15.00 1667.1 32726.5 34393.6
16.00 2044.0 34765.2 36809.2
17.00 2448.8 35604.0 38052.8
18.00 2881.9 31609.2 34491.1
19.00 3344.2 27296.0 30640.2
20.00 3836.3 22664.3 26500.6
21.00 4307.5 17714.1 22021.6
22.00 4753.3 12445.6 17198.8
23.00 5220.7 6858.5 12079.2
24.00 5710.0 5722.7 11432.7
25.00 6221.6 5722.7 11944.3
26.00 6755.7 5722.7 12478.3
27.00 7312.6 7628.3 14940.9
28.00 7892.6 17169.7 25062.4
29.00 8496.2 27012.8 35509.1
30.00 9123.7 37157.7 46281.4
31.00 9949.9 47604.1 57554.0
32.00 10986.1 58352.3 69338.4
33.00 12070.2 69402.2 81472.3
34.00 13204.2 73178.6 86382.7
35.00 14390.3 75110.0 89500.3
36.00 15631.0 77041.4 92672.3
37.00 16928.8 76730.3 93659.1
38.00 18286.8 67444.2 85731.0
39.00 19708.1 57856.4 77564.6
40.00 21196.4 47967.0 69163.4
41.00 22589.2 37775.9 60365.1
42.00 23878.7 27283.0 51161.8
43.00 25221.8 16488.5 41710.4
44.00 26620.4 14306.7 40927.0
45.00 28076.4 14306.7 42383.0
46.00 29592.1 14306.7 43898.8
47.00 31170.2 17226.3 48396.5

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-105

48.00 32813.6 31752.0 64565.6


49.00 34525.8 46277.7 80803.5
50.00 36310.8 60803.3 97114.2
51.00 38742.3 75329.0 114071.3
52.00 41864.3 89854.6 131719.0
53.00 45164.6 104380.3 149544.9
54.00 48678.0 107300.0 155978.0
55.00 52452.5 107300.0 159752.5
56.00 56557.5 107300.0 163857.5
57.00 61024.3 107300.0 168324.3
58.00 65667.0 107300.0 172966.9
59.00 70309.8 107300.0 177609.8
60.00 74952.8 107300.0 182252.8

NOTES:
- AN ASTERISK IS PLACED IN THE END-BEARING COLUMN
IF THE TIP RESISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE FRICTION
OF SOIL PLUG INSIDE AN OPEN-ENDED PIPE PILE.

*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT


NO. POINTS M. KPA M.

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3537E+00 0.3414E-02
0.5895E+00 0.6615E-02
0.8843E+00 0.1216E-01
0.1061E+01 0.1707E-01
0.1179E+01 0.2134E-01
0.1061E+01 0.4268E-01
0.1061E+01 0.6402E-01
0.1061E+01 0.1067E+00
0.1061E+01 0.4268E+00
2 10 0.5000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1437E+01 0.3414E-02
0.2395E+01 0.6615E-02
0.3592E+01 0.1216E-01
0.4311E+01 0.1707E-01
0.4790E+01 0.2134E-01
0.4311E+01 0.4268E-01
0.4311E+01 0.6402E-01
0.4311E+01 0.1067E+00
0.4311E+01 0.4268E+00
3 10 0.9900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4647E+01 0.3414E-02
0.7745E+01 0.6615E-02
0.1162E+02 0.1216E-01
0.1394E+02 0.1707E-01
0.1549E+02 0.2134E-01
0.1394E+02 0.4268E-01
0.1394E+02 0.6402E-01
0.1394E+02 0.1067E+00

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-106

0.1394E+02 0.4268E+00
4 10 0.1000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3203E+01 0.2513E-03
0.6407E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1281E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1922E+02 0.1508E-02
0.2563E+02 0.2011E-02
0.2883E+02 0.2262E-02
0.3203E+02 0.2513E-02
0.3203E+02 0.1257E-01
0.3203E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6224E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1245E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2489E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3734E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4979E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5601E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6224E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6224E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6224E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.1990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.7727E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1545E+02 0.5026E-03
0.3091E+02 0.1005E-02
0.4636E+02 0.1508E-02
0.6182E+02 0.2011E-02
0.6954E+02 0.2262E-02
0.7727E+02 0.2513E-02
0.7727E+02 0.1257E-01
0.7727E+02 0.5026E-01
7 10 0.2000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2108E+02 0.3414E-02
0.3514E+02 0.6615E-02
0.5271E+02 0.1216E-01
0.6325E+02 0.1707E-01
0.7027E+02 0.2134E-01
0.6325E+02 0.4268E-01
0.6325E+02 0.6402E-01
0.6325E+02 0.1067E+00
0.6325E+02 0.4268E+00
8 10 0.2500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2441E+02 0.3414E-02
0.4068E+02 0.6615E-02
0.6102E+02 0.1216E-01
0.7323E+02 0.1707E-01
0.8136E+02 0.2134E-01
0.7323E+02 0.4268E-01
0.7323E+02 0.6402E-01
0.7323E+02 0.1067E+00
0.7323E+02 0.4268E+00
9 10 0.2990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3387E+02 0.3414E-02
0.5644E+02 0.6615E-02
0.8467E+02 0.1216E-01
0.1016E+03 0.1707E-01
0.1129E+03 0.2134E-01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-107

0.1016E+03 0.4268E-01
0.1016E+03 0.6402E-01
0.1016E+03 0.1067E+00
0.1016E+03 0.4268E+00
10 10 0.3000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1526E+02 0.2513E-03
0.3052E+02 0.5026E-03
0.6103E+02 0.1005E-02
0.9155E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1221E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1373E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1526E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1526E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1526E+03 0.5026E-01
11 10 0.3500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2126E+02 0.2513E-03
0.4253E+02 0.5026E-03
0.8506E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1276E+03 0.1508E-02
0.1701E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1914E+03 0.2262E-02
0.2126E+03 0.2513E-02
0.2126E+03 0.1257E-01
0.2126E+03 0.5026E-01
12 10 0.3990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2350E+02 0.2513E-03
0.4701E+02 0.5026E-03
0.9401E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1410E+03 0.1508E-02
0.1880E+03 0.2011E-02
0.2115E+03 0.2262E-02
0.2350E+03 0.2513E-02
0.2350E+03 0.1257E-01
0.2350E+03 0.5026E-01
13 10 0.4000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6205E+02 0.3414E-02
0.1034E+03 0.6615E-02
0.1551E+03 0.1216E-01
0.1862E+03 0.1707E-01
0.2068E+03 0.2134E-01
0.1862E+03 0.4268E-01
0.1862E+03 0.6402E-01
0.1862E+03 0.1067E+00
0.1862E+03 0.4268E+00
14 10 0.4500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6922E+02 0.3414E-02
0.1154E+03 0.6615E-02
0.1731E+03 0.1216E-01
0.2077E+03 0.1707E-01
0.2307E+03 0.2134E-01
0.2077E+03 0.4268E-01
0.2077E+03 0.6402E-01
0.2077E+03 0.1067E+00
0.2077E+03 0.4268E+00
15 10 0.4990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.9656E+02 0.3414E-02
0.1609E+03 0.6615E-02

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-108

0.2414E+03 0.1216E-01
0.2897E+03 0.1707E-01
0.3219E+03 0.2134E-01
0.2897E+03 0.4268E-01
0.2897E+03 0.6402E-01
0.2897E+03 0.1067E+00
0.2897E+03 0.4268E+00
16 10 0.5000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4355E+02 0.2513E-03
0.8711E+02 0.5026E-03
0.1742E+03 0.1005E-02
0.2613E+03 0.1508E-02
0.3484E+03 0.2011E-02
0.3920E+03 0.2262E-02
0.4355E+03 0.2513E-02
0.4355E+03 0.1257E-01
0.4355E+03 0.5026E-01
17 10 0.7500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5253E+02 0.2513E-03
0.1051E+03 0.5026E-03
0.2101E+03 0.1005E-02
0.3152E+03 0.1508E-02
0.4202E+03 0.2011E-02
0.4728E+03 0.2262E-02
0.5253E+03 0.2513E-02
0.5253E+03 0.1257E-01
0.5253E+03 0.5026E-01
18 10 0.9990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5253E+02 0.2513E-03
0.1051E+03 0.5026E-03
0.2101E+03 0.1005E-02
0.3152E+03 0.1508E-02
0.4202E+03 0.2011E-02
0.4728E+03 0.2262E-02
0.5253E+03 0.2513E-02
0.5253E+03 0.1257E-01
0.5253E+03 0.5026E-01

TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M.

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3353E+04 0.1067E-02
0.6706E+04 0.2134E-02
0.1341E+05 0.4268E-02
0.2682E+05 0.2774E-01
0.4024E+05 0.8963E-01
0.4828E+05 0.1558E+00
0.5365E+05 0.2134E+00
0.5365E+05 0.3201E+00
0.5365E+05 0.4268E+00

LOAD VERSUS SETTLEMENT CURVE


****************************

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 7 – 5-109

TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M. KN. M.
0.1088E+03 0.9000E-05 0.7898E+01 0.2513E-05
0.1088E+04 0.9000E-04 0.7898E+02 0.2513E-04
0.5441E+04 0.4500E-03 0.3949E+03 0.1257E-03
0.1088E+05 0.9000E-03 0.7898E+03 0.2513E-03
0.5308E+05 0.4470E-02 0.3949E+04 0.1257E-02
0.8257E+05 0.7861E-02 0.7898E+04 0.2513E-02
0.9333E+05 0.1878E-01 0.1815E+05 0.1257E-01
0.1006E+06 0.3195E-01 0.2533E+05 0.2513E-01
0.1069E+06 0.5762E-01 0.3171E+05 0.5026E-01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-110

5.9 Example Problem 8 (Offshore Version) – CPT Based Method for


Open-Ended Pile
Many large offshore piles are driven with an open-ended tip. It is obvious that soil will be pushed
into the pile through the pile tip during pile driving, forming a soil plug inside the pipe pile. If the soil
plug develops excessive side friction on the inner wall at a certain depth, the soil plug may not be pushed
further into the pipe pile by driving. Under this condition it is typically referenced as a fully plugged pile.
On the other hand, the soil plug may be pushed up continuously during pile driving because the friction
developed on the inner wall is not strong. In this case the pile tip is not fully plugged and it is usually
referenced as an unplugged pile.
The determination if the pile acts as a fully plugged pile or as an unplugged pile is a very
complicated task. One simple approach is described in the APILE Technical Manual. For unplugged
conditions, the total soil resistance at the tip is the sum of the side friction along the inner surface of the
pile and the end bearing from the metal area at the pile tip. If the pile is fully plugged, the soil resistance
at the pile tip is derived from end bearing over the full area of the base. Comparing the soil resistance at
the tip, based on the above two different conditions, the user may take the results from APILE with the
smaller one for the recommended tip resistance.
The total length of soil plug formed inside the pipe pile depends on the soil properties in each sub-
layer. In many cases the length of the soil plug may be less than 50% of the total pile penetration. The
MTD method (as well as other offshore methods) directly asks the user to determine the plug condition as
one of the required input parameters.
This example is included for the customers who purchased the offshore-version of APILE. This
example will focus on the axial capacity of open-ended, unplugged piles predicted by four CPT-based
semi-empirical methods (NGI method, MTD method, Fugro method, and UWA method) for an offshore
application. The pile is a 60-m-long pipe with an outer diameter of 2134 mm and an inner diameter of
2044 mm. The soil deposit consists of six sub-layers and the soil properties, including Qc from the CPT
tests, are shown in Table 5.11.
The output is shown in detail so the user can examine the increase in pile capacity with depth. The
user may elect to eliminate the printing of capacity for each increment to shorten the length of output.
Notice that from the output text file from APILE, a pile plug fully develops (no asterisk in output
table) after 41 feet of pile penetration using the NGI Method and after 29 feet of pile penetration for the
MTD Method.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-111

Depth ' Cu 
Layer Soil Type 3 2
Ko Nq Qc PI YSR
(m) (kN/m ) (kN/m ) (Deg.)
0 0.1 1
1 Clay 4 --- --- --- 50 2
10 20 200
10 10,500
2 Sand 9 --- 34 0.6 20 --- ---
20 20,000
20 200 2,000
3 Clay 6 --- --- --- 20 3
30 200 2,000
30 30,500
4 Sand 9 --- 36 0.6 30 --- ---
40 30,500
40 350 5,000
5 Clay 9 --- --- --- 15 3
50 350 5,000
50 50,000
6 Sand 9 --- 38 0.6 30 --- ---
100 50,000

Table 5.11 Soil data for Example Problem 8

5.9.1 Comparison of APILE Results with Hand Computations


Table 5.12 and Table 5.13 contains some comparisons of the results obtained from hand
computations against those from the computer run in APILE for two different offshore methods.

NGI METHOD
Depth Soil Type Total Skin Friction (kN)
Layer
(m) Hand Calc Computer
0
1 Clay 516 537
10
10
2 Sand 2,513 2,253
20
20
3 Clay 6,280 6,145
30
30
4 Sand 9,288 9,361
40
40
5 Clay 12,014 11,498
50
50
6 Sand 18,771 18,111
60
Table 5.12 Comparison of results for NGI Method in Example Problem 8

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-112

MTD METHOD
Depth Soil Type Total Skin Friction (kN)
Layer
(m) Hand Calc Computer
0
1 Clay 230 209
10
10
2 Sand 2,563 2,399
20
20
3 Clay 4,495 4,099
30
30
4 Sand 7,771 8,535
40
40
5 Clay 13,697 11,720
50
50
6 Sand 24,032 22,488
60
Table 5.13 Comparison of results for MTD Method in Example Problem 8

5.9.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis


The resulting plots of the total capacity predicted by different methods and the axial load versus
settlement based on the NGI method may be observed in Figure 5.23 and Figure 5.24, respectively.

Figure 5.23 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 8.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-113

Figure 5.24 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 8.

5.9.3 Output Data


The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 8 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.

=========================================================================

APILE for Windows, Version 2018.8.1

Serial Number : 158112091

A Program for Analyzing the Axial Capacity


and Short-term Settlement of Driven Piles
under Axial Loading.
(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2015
All Rights Reserved

=========================================================================

This program is licensed to :

Ensoft, Inc.
,

Path to file locations : C:\Ensoft\Apile2018-Examples\


Name of input data file : Example 8 - CPT Methods on Open Ended Pile.ap8d
Name of output file : Example 8 - CPT Methods on Open Ended Pile.ap8o
Name of plot output file : Example 8 - CPT Methods on Open Ended Pile.ap8p

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-114

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and Date of Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: May 16, 2018 Time: 15:20:00

1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************

Example 8 - CPT Methods on Open Ended Pile

DESIGNER : ENSOFT

JOB NUMBER : 05-01-18

METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :

- NGI (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute)


Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.

COMPUTATION METHOD(S) FOR PILE CAPACITY :

- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)


- USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
# Critical Depth Method for Sand:
10 to 20 Pile Diameter based on the Density
- Revised Lambda
- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)
- NGI (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute)
- ICP/MTD (Imperial College of London)
# Use Undrained Condition for Clay
- FUGRO (Offshore Driven Piles in Sand)
- UWA (University of Western Australia)

TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION

PILE TYPE :

Steel pipe pile or non-tapered portion of monotube pile


- Open-Ended Pile

DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :

- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.200E+09 KPA


- CROSS SECTION AREA = 0.30 M2

CIRCULAR PILE PROPERTIES :

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-115

- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 2134.00 MM.


- INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID = 2044.00 MM.
- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 60.00 M.
- BATTER ANGLE = 0.00 DEG
- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 M.
- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 0.00 M.
- INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION = 1.00 M.

PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program

SOIL INFORMATIONS :

LATERAL EFFECTIVE FRICTION BEARING


SOIL EARTH UNIT ANGLE CAPACITY
DEPTH TYPE PRESSURE WEIGHT DEGREES FACTOR
M. KN/CM
0.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 20.00
20.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 20.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
30.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
30.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 36.00 30.00
40.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 36.00 30.00
40.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
50.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
50.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 38.00 30.00
100.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 38.00 30.00

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM UNDISTURB REMOLDED


UNIT UNIT SHEAR SHEAR BLOW UNIT SKIN UNIT END
FRICTION BEARING STRENGTH STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION BEARING
KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.10 0.02 2.00 50.00 1.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 20.00 4.00 2.00 50.00 200.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 39500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50000.00

* MAXIMUM UNIT FRICTION AND/OR MAXIMUM UNIT BEARING


WERE SET TO BE 0.10E+08 BECAUSE THE USER DOES NOT
PLAN TO LIMIT THE COMPUTED DATA.

LRFD FACTOR LRFD FACTOR


ON UNIT ON UNIT

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-116

DEPTH FRICTION BEARING


M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
100.00 1.000 1.000

PLASTIC YIELD Qc
INDEX STRESS FROM
DEPTH PI RATIO CPT
M. % KPA
0.00 50.00 2.00 0.100E+01
10.00 50.00 2.00 0.200E+03
10.00 0.00 0.00 0.105E+05
20.00 0.00 0.00 0.200E+05
20.00 20.00 3.00 0.200E+04
30.00 20.00 3.00 0.200E+04
30.00 0.00 0.00 0.305E+05
40.00 0.00 0.00 0.395E+05
40.00 15.00 3.00 0.500E+04
50.00 15.00 3.00 0.500E+04
50.00 0.00 0.00 0.500E+05
100.00 0.00 0.00 0.500E+05

1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************

**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 2.9* 2.9
1.00 0.0 2.9* 2.9
2.00 7.0 10.9* 17.9
3.00 25.3 20.5* 45.7
4.00 51.8 31.6* 83.5
5.00 86.3 44.3* 130.6
6.00 128.3 58.3* 186.6
7.00 177.4 73.7* 251.1
8.00 233.2 90.3* 323.5
9.00 295.3 108.0* 403.4
10.00 363.4 126.9* 490.3
11.00 519.9 820.4* 1340.4

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-117

12.00 784.5 1171.7* 1956.2


13.00 1093.5 1565.7* 2659.2
14.00 1447.0 2002.3* 3449.3
15.00 1845.1 2481.5* 4326.5
16.00 2287.6 3003.3* 5290.9
17.00 2774.6 3486.3* 6261.0
18.00 3306.2 3995.5* 7301.6
19.00 3882.2 4547.2* 8429.4
20.00 4502.7 5141.6* 9644.3
21.00 5494.5 5063.8* 10558.3
22.00 6835.4 5494.0* 12329.4
23.00 8176.2 5924.3* 14100.5
24.00 9517.0 6354.5* 15871.5
25.00 10857.9 6438.0 17295.9
26.00 12198.7 6438.0 18636.7
27.00 13539.5 7051.0 20590.5
28.00 14880.4 8075.4* 22955.8
29.00 16221.2 8505.7* 24726.9
30.00 17494.0 8892.3* 26386.3
31.00 18731.1 11692.6* 30423.7
32.00 20029.1 12935.9* 32965.0
33.00 21384.5 14234.1* 35618.7
34.00 22797.3 15587.4* 38384.7
35.00 24267.6 16995.6* 41263.2
36.00 25795.2 18458.8* 44254.1
37.00 27380.3 19977.0* 47357.3
38.00 29022.7 21550.2* 50573.0
39.00 30722.6 20909.5 51632.0
40.00 32479.9 18614.1 51093.9
41.00 34427.0 16318.7 50745.7
42.00 36535.4 14023.3 50558.7
43.00 38643.8 11727.9 50371.7
44.00 40752.2 11266.5 52018.7
45.00 42860.6 11266.5 54127.1
46.00 44969.0 11266.5 56235.5
47.00 47077.4 12356.9 59434.4
48.00 49185.8 17782.0 66967.9
49.00 51294.2 23207.1 74501.4
50.00 53265.2 28632.2 81897.4
51.00 55764.6 34057.3 89821.9
52.00 58967.4 39482.4 98449.8
53.00 62245.3 44907.5 107152.8
54.00 65598.4 45998.0 111596.4
55.00 69026.7 45998.0 115024.7
56.00 72530.2 45998.0 118528.1
57.00 76108.8 45998.0 122106.7
58.00 79762.5 45998.0 125760.5
59.00 83491.5 45998.0 129489.4
60.00 87295.6 45998.0 133293.5

**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 2.9* 2.9
1.00 14.0 4.3* 18.3
2.00 34.7 13.6* 48.3
3.00 62.0 25.4* 87.4

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-118

4.00 102.7 39.7* 142.5


5.00 156.8 56.7* 213.4
6.00 224.2 76.1* 300.3
7.00 304.9 98.2* 403.0
8.00 398.9 122.7* 521.7
9.00 506.3 149.9* 656.2
10.00 627.1 179.6* 806.7
11.00 788.7 845.1* 1633.8
12.00 1002.6 1070.4* 2073.0
13.00 1252.4 1313.0* 2565.4
14.00 1538.2 1572.8* 3110.9
15.00 1859.9 1849.8* 3709.7
16.00 2217.7 2144.0* 4361.7
17.00 2611.4 2455.5* 5066.9
18.00 3041.1 2784.2* 5825.3
19.00 3506.8 3130.1* 6636.8
20.00 4008.4 3493.2* 7501.6
21.00 4603.4 2589.1* 7192.5
22.00 5273.8 2804.2* 8078.0
23.00 5944.3 3019.3* 8963.6
24.00 6614.7 3234.4* 9849.1
25.00 7285.1 3449.5* 10734.6
26.00 7955.5 3664.6* 11620.2
27.00 8625.9 3879.8* 12505.7
28.00 9296.3 4094.9* 13391.2
29.00 9966.8 4310.0* 14276.7
30.00 10637.2 4525.1* 15162.3
31.00 11397.2 7691.6* 19088.8
32.00 12266.2 8265.8* 20531.9
33.00 13173.5 8858.3* 22031.9
34.00 14119.3 9469.3* 23588.7
35.00 15103.5 10098.7* 25202.3
36.00 16126.2 10597.7* 26723.9
37.00 17187.2 11115.1* 28302.3
38.00 18286.7 11650.8* 29937.6
39.00 19424.7 12205.0* 31629.7
40.00 20601.0 12777.6* 33378.6
41.00 21785.4 10383.3* 32168.7
42.00 22958.7 10945.1* 33903.8
43.00 24131.9 11507.0* 35638.9
44.00 25305.1 11266.5 36571.6
45.00 26478.4 11266.5 37744.9
46.00 27651.6 11266.5 38918.1
47.00 28824.8 13235.0 42059.8
48.00 29998.0 14316.4* 44314.4
49.00 31171.3 14878.2* 46049.5
50.00 32344.5 15440.1* 47784.6
51.00 33623.0 21279.9* 54902.9
52.00 35006.8 21942.6* 56949.4
53.00 36390.5 22605.3* 58995.8
54.00 37774.3 23268.0* 61042.3
55.00 39158.1 23930.7* 63088.8
56.00 40541.8 24593.4* 65135.3
57.00 41925.6 25256.1* 67181.7
58.00 43309.4 25918.8* 69228.2
59.00 44693.1 26581.6* 71274.7
60.00 46076.9 27244.3* 73321.1

**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-119

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 2.9 2.9
1.00 15.4 4.3 19.7
2.00 53.1 12.7 65.9
3.00 109.2 23.0 132.2
4.00 181.5 35.2 216.6
5.00 268.5 49.1 317.6
6.00 369.1 64.8 433.9
7.00 482.4 82.4 564.8
8.00 607.5 101.8 709.2
9.00 743.8 122.9 866.7
10.00 890.7 145.9 1036.6
11.00 1042.6 479.9 1522.5
12.00 1220.6 647.3 1867.9
13.00 1422.8 833.9 2256.7
14.00 1647.6 1039.8 2687.4
15.00 1893.6 1264.9 3158.4
16.00 2159.4 1509.2 3668.6
17.00 2443.9 1772.7 4216.6
18.00 2746.2 2055.4 4801.6
19.00 3065.1 2357.4 5422.5
20.00 3399.9 2678.6 6078.4
21.00 4111.5 2637.7 6749.2
22.00 4803.4 2835.1 7638.5
23.00 5476.7 3034.6 8511.4
24.00 6133.5 3236.2 9369.7
25.00 6775.4 3439.6 10215.0
26.00 7403.8 3644.9 11048.8
27.00 8020.2 3852.1 11872.3
28.00 8625.4 4061.0 12686.4
29.00 9220.5 4271.7 13492.2
30.00 9806.1 4484.1 14290.2
31.00 10166.3 6165.9 16332.1
32.00 10538.6 6716.7 17255.3
33.00 10922.6 7288.4 18210.9
34.00 11317.6 7880.9 19198.5
35.00 11723.3 8494.2 20217.6
36.00 12139.1 9128.4 21267.6
37.00 12564.6 9783.5 22348.1
38.00 12999.3 10459.3 23458.6
39.00 13442.8 11156.0 24598.8
40.00 13894.7 11873.5 25768.2
41.00 14705.6 10858.7 25564.3
42.00 15502.5 11398.4 26900.9
43.00 16285.9 11853.0 28138.9
44.00 17056.7 11266.5 28323.2
45.00 17815.2 11266.5 29081.7
46.00 18562.1 11266.5 29828.6
47.00 19297.8 12152.5 31450.3
48.00 20022.7 14719.3 34742.0
49.00 20737.3 15289.9 36027.2
50.00 21442.0 15867.6 37309.6
51.00 21923.5 19134.8 41058.3
52.00 22409.8 20094.3 42504.1
53.00 22917.3 21076.4 43993.7
54.00 23647.5 22080.9 45728.4
55.00 24394.0 23108.0 47502.0
56.00 25156.9 24157.7 49314.5
57.00 25936.1 25229.8 51165.9
58.00 26731.7 26324.5 53056.2

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-120

59.00 27543.7 27441.6 54985.3


60.00 28372.0 28581.3 56953.4

**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 2.9* 2.9
1.00 7.0 4.3* 11.3
2.00 18.8 12.7* 31.6
3.00 40.3 23.0* 63.3
4.00 71.2 35.2* 106.3
5.00 111.5 49.1* 160.6
6.00 161.4 64.8* 226.2
7.00 220.7 82.4* 303.1
8.00 289.5 101.8* 391.2
9.00 367.7 122.9* 490.6
10.00 455.4 145.9* 601.3
11.00 556.2 479.9* 1036.1
12.00 675.5 647.3* 1322.8
13.00 814.9 833.9* 1648.8
14.00 974.3 1039.8* 2014.1
15.00 1153.8 1264.9* 2418.6
16.00 1353.3 1509.2* 2862.5
17.00 1573.0 1772.7* 3345.6
18.00 1812.7 2055.4* 3868.1
19.00 2072.4 2357.4* 4429.8
20.00 2352.2 2678.6* 5030.8
21.00 2801.6 2637.7* 5439.2
22.00 3413.7 2835.1* 6248.8
23.00 4032.3 3034.6* 7066.9
24.00 4657.2 3236.2* 7893.3
25.00 5288.2 3439.6* 8727.8
26.00 5925.2 3644.9* 9570.1
27.00 6567.9 3852.1* 10420.0
28.00 7216.3 4061.0* 11277.3
29.00 7870.2 4271.7* 12141.9
30.00 8529.4 4484.1* 13013.5
31.00 9100.8 6165.9* 15266.7
32.00 9592.7 6716.7* 16309.4
33.00 10106.3 7288.4* 17394.7
34.00 10641.6 7880.9* 18522.5
35.00 11198.8 8494.2* 19693.0
36.00 11777.6 9128.4* 20906.1
37.00 12378.2 9783.5* 22161.7
38.00 13000.6 10459.3* 23459.9
39.00 13644.7 11156.0* 24800.7
40.00 14305.5 11868.6* 26174.1
41.00 15198.0 10853.8* 26051.8
42.00 16320.6 11393.5* 27714.2
43.00 17451.8 11853.0 29304.8
44.00 18591.4 11266.5 29857.9
45.00 19739.0 11266.5 31005.5
46.00 20894.7 11266.5 32161.1
47.00 22058.1 12152.5 34210.6
48.00 23230.0 14714.4* 37944.4
49.00 24414.1 15285.0* 39699.1
50.00 25613.0 15862.7* 41475.7

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-121

51.00 26575.0 18880.4* 45455.5


52.00 27292.9 19568.0* 46860.8
53.00 28010.7 20255.5* 48266.2
54.00 28728.5 20943.1* 49671.6
55.00 29446.4 21630.6* 51077.0
56.00 30164.2 22318.2* 52482.4
57.00 30882.0 23005.7* 53887.7
58.00 31599.8 23693.3* 55293.1
59.00 32317.7 24380.8* 56698.5
60.00 33035.5 25068.4* 58103.9

****************************************************
* NORWEIGIAN GEOTECHNICAL INSTITUTE (NGI) METHOD *
****************************************************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.2* 3.2
1.00 7.1 10.5* 17.5
2.00 20.0 20.0* 40.0
3.00 44.7 31.7* 76.3
4.00 80.8 45.6* 126.4
5.00 128.4 61.6* 190.0
6.00 187.3 79.9* 267.2
7.00 257.7 100.4* 358.1
8.00 339.5 123.0* 462.4
9.00 432.6 147.8* 580.4
10.00 537.1 3354.0* 3891.1
11.00 659.4 3766.3* 4425.7
12.00 803.5 4197.2* 5000.7
13.00 967.9 4648.2* 5616.1
14.00 1153.9 5120.3* 6274.2
15.00 1362.7 5614.9* 6977.6
16.00 1595.5 6133.0* 7728.5
17.00 1853.5 6675.8* 8529.3
18.00 2137.9 7244.3* 9382.2
19.00 2449.7 7839.5* 10289.2
20.00 2789.9 3006.4* 5796.3
21.00 3265.8 3198.0* 6463.8
22.00 3866.9 3392.1* 7259.0
23.00 4475.6 3588.6* 8064.3
24.00 5091.8 3787.5* 8879.4
25.00 5715.3 3988.7* 9704.0
26.00 6345.7 4192.1* 10537.9
27.00 6983.1 4397.7* 11380.8
28.00 7627.2 4605.5* 12232.6
29.00 8277.8 4815.3* 13093.1
30.00 8934.8 13576.8* 22511.6
31.00 9652.7 14588.2* 24240.9
32.00 10447.8 15637.2* 26085.0
33.00 11282.5 16724.4* 28006.9
34.00 12157.6 17850.6* 30008.1
35.00 13073.6 19016.4* 32090.1
36.00 14031.6 20222.7* 34254.2
37.00 15032.0 21470.0* 36502.0
38.00 16075.7 22737.0 38812.8
39.00 17163.4 20699.4 37862.8
40.00 18295.8 15143.8* 33439.6
41.00 19427.1 15674.4* 35101.5
42.00 20539.9 14103.7 34643.6

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-122

43.00 21662.9 11746.7 33409.7


44.00 22795.8 11266.5 34062.3
45.00 23938.4 11266.5 35204.9
46.00 25090.6 11266.5 36357.1
47.00 26252.1 11914.3 38166.4
48.00 27422.9 15159.2 42582.2
49.00 28603.5 18440.1 47043.5
50.00 29793.5 21756.4 51549.9
51.00 31252.0 25107.6 56359.6
52.00 32988.6 28493.3 61481.9
53.00 34753.9 31913.1 66667.0
54.00 36547.9 32782.5 69330.5
55.00 38370.4 33002.7 71373.0
56.00 40221.1 33220.0 73441.1
57.00 42100.0 33434.5 75534.6
58.00 44006.9 33646.4 77653.4
59.00 45941.7 33855.8 79797.5
60.00 47904.3 34062.7 81966.9

***********************************
* IMPERIAL COLLEGE (MTD) METHOD *
***********************************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.2* 3.2
1.00 2.0 9.1* 11.2
2.00 8.2 18.9* 27.1
3.00 18.5 32.7* 51.2
4.00 33.0 50.5* 83.4
5.00 51.6 72.3* 123.9
6.00 74.5 98.1* 172.6
7.00 101.7 128.0* 229.7
8.00 133.1 162.1* 295.2
9.00 168.9 200.3* 369.2
10.00 209.0 3421.8* 3630.8
11.00 312.1 3857.3* 4169.4
12.00 485.5 4311.4* 4796.8
13.00 678.3 4784.3* 5462.6
14.00 891.0 5276.5* 6167.4
15.00 1123.8 5788.2* 6912.1
16.00 1377.4 6320.1* 7697.4
17.00 1652.0 6872.4* 8524.4
18.00 1948.3 7445.6* 9393.9
19.00 2266.7 8040.4* 10307.0
20.00 2607.7 3200.9* 5808.6
21.00 2953.4 3511.3* 6464.7
22.00 3300.8 3837.7* 7138.5
23.00 3665.1 4180.2* 7845.3
24.00 4046.4 4539.1* 8585.5
25.00 4445.0 4914.7* 9359.7
26.00 4861.2 5307.0* 10168.2
27.00 5295.2 5716.5* 11011.6
28.00 5747.2 6143.3* 11890.5
29.00 6217.6 6587.7* 12805.2
30.00 6706.6 12004.1 18710.7
31.00 7312.1 13833.6 21145.7
32.00 8041.7 15738.5 23780.2
33.00 8806.0 17584.1 26390.1
34.00 9606.1 18294.6 27900.8

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-123

35.00 10443.4 18777.5 29220.9


36.00 11319.2 19260.3 30579.6
37.00 12235.2 19424.0 31659.2
38.00 13193.0 18303.6 31496.6
39.00 14194.4 17107.9 31302.2
40.00 15241.4 15836.7 31078.1
41.00 16268.8 14490.0 30758.9
42.00 17273.7 13068.0 30341.7
43.00 18320.3 11570.5 29890.8
44.00 19410.1 11266.5 30676.6
45.00 20544.7 11266.5 31811.2
46.00 21725.9 11277.5 33003.4
47.00 22955.6 12028.3 34984.0
48.00 24236.3 14458.6 38694.9
49.00 25570.5 16888.8 42459.4
50.00 26961.5 19319.1 46280.6
51.00 28685.7 21749.3 50435.0
52.00 30757.9 24179.6 54937.5
53.00 32925.2 26435.4 59360.6
54.00 35204.1 26825.0 62029.1
55.00 37616.5 26825.0 64441.5
56.00 40193.8 26825.0 67018.8
57.00 42983.7 26825.0 69808.7
58.00 46064.9 26825.0 72889.9
59.00 49449.4 26825.0 76274.4
60.00 52971.2 26825.0 79796.2

***********************************
* FUGRO 2004 (FUGRO) METHOD *
***********************************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.2* 3.2
1.00 2.0 9.1* 11.2
2.00 8.2 18.9* 27.1
3.00 18.5 32.7* 51.2
4.00 33.0 50.5* 83.4
5.00 51.6 72.3* 123.9
6.00 74.5 98.1* 172.6
7.00 101.7 128.0* 229.7
8.00 133.1 162.1* 295.2
9.00 168.9 200.3* 369.2
10.00 209.0 3421.8* 3630.8
11.00 259.2 3757.6* 4016.8
12.00 320.5 4099.9* 4420.4
13.00 388.7 4448.8* 4837.5
14.00 464.0 4804.7* 5268.7
15.00 546.7 5167.9* 5714.5
16.00 637.1 5538.6* 6175.7
17.00 735.5 5917.1* 6652.7
18.00 842.4 6303.9* 7146.3
19.00 958.0 6699.3* 7657.2
20.00 1082.7 1647.5* 2730.2
21.00 1317.0 1957.9* 3274.9
22.00 1664.4 2284.2* 3948.6
23.00 2028.6 2626.8* 4655.4
24.00 2410.0 2985.7* 5395.7
25.00 2808.6 3361.2* 6169.8
26.00 3224.8 3753.6* 6978.4

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-124

27.00 3658.7 4163.1* 7821.8


28.00 4110.8 4589.8* 8700.6
29.00 4581.1 5034.2* 9615.4
30.00 5070.1 14046.2* 19116.3
31.00 5458.2 14577.7* 20035.8
32.00 5744.6 15126.0* 20870.6
33.00 6049.3 15692.2* 21741.5
34.00 6373.3 16277.6* 22650.9
35.00 6718.1 16883.6* 23601.7
36.00 7085.2 17511.7* 24596.9
37.00 7476.2 18163.6* 25639.8
38.00 7893.1 18841.3* 26734.4
39.00 8338.1 19546.8* 27884.9
40.00 8813.5 9961.2* 18774.7
41.00 9551.3 10874.6* 20425.9
42.00 10556.1 11827.1* 22383.2
43.00 11602.7 11923.9 23526.6
44.00 12692.6 11266.5 23959.1
45.00 13827.2 11266.5 25093.7
46.00 15008.3 11266.5 26274.8
47.00 16238.1 12056.9 28295.0
48.00 17518.7 15989.1 33507.9
49.00 18853.0 19717.0* 38570.0
50.00 20244.0 23853.6 44097.6
51.00 21576.7 27785.9 49362.6
52.00 22884.7 31718.2 54602.8
53.00 24332.9 35650.4 59983.3
54.00 25957.0 36440.8 62397.8
55.00 27808.8 36440.8 64249.6
56.00 29967.7 36440.8 66408.5
57.00 32565.8 36440.8 69006.6
58.00 35849.8 36440.8 72290.6
59.00 40377.4 36440.8 76818.2
60.00 47122.7 36440.8 83563.5

*********************************************
* UNIV. OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (UWA) METHOD *
*********************************************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.2* 3.2
1.00 2.0 9.1* 11.2
2.00 8.2 18.9* 27.1
3.00 18.5 32.7* 51.2
4.00 33.0 50.5* 83.4
5.00 51.6 72.3* 123.9
6.00 74.5 98.1* 172.6
7.00 101.7 128.0* 229.7
8.00 133.1 162.1* 295.2
9.00 168.9 200.3* 369.2
10.00 209.0 3421.8* 3630.8
11.00 293.2 3822.8* 4116.0
12.00 425.3 4235.6* 4660.9
13.00 569.8 4660.3* 5230.1
14.00 726.8 5097.2* 5824.0
15.00 896.7 5546.5* 6443.1
16.00 1079.6 6008.4* 7088.0
17.00 1276.0 6483.4* 7759.3
18.00 1486.0 6971.6* 8457.5

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-125

19.00 1710.0 7473.3* 9183.3


20.00 1948.4 2532.9* 4481.3
21.00 2240.7 2843.3* 5084.0
22.00 2588.1 3169.7* 5757.7
23.00 2952.3 3512.2* 6464.5
24.00 3333.7 3871.1* 7204.8
25.00 3732.3 4246.7* 7979.0
26.00 4148.5 4639.0* 8787.5
27.00 4582.4 5048.5* 9630.9
28.00 5034.4 5475.3* 10509.7
29.00 5504.8 5919.7* 11424.5
30.00 5993.8 13917.0 19910.8
31.00 6486.6 15664.0* 22150.6
32.00 6985.0 16417.8* 23402.8
33.00 7506.3 17193.9* 24700.2
34.00 8051.4 17993.3* 26044.6
35.00 8621.3 18817.0* 27438.3
36.00 9217.2 19666.2* 28883.4
37.00 9840.4 20542.1* 30382.5
38.00 10492.2 21446.2* 31938.4
39.00 11174.1 20386.2 31560.3
40.00 11887.9 13023.3* 24911.2
41.00 12745.1 13936.7* 26681.8
42.00 13749.9 14037.8 27787.7
43.00 14796.6 11733.5 26530.0
44.00 15886.4 11266.5 27152.9
45.00 17021.0 11266.5 28287.5
46.00 18202.2 11266.5 29468.7
47.00 19431.9 11963.6 31395.5
48.00 20712.6 15431.8 36144.4
49.00 22046.8 18900.0 40946.8
50.00 23437.8 22368.2 45806.0
51.00 24873.5 25836.3 50709.8
52.00 26363.3 29304.5 55667.8
53.00 27937.5 32772.7 60710.2
54.00 29612.7 33469.8 63082.6
55.00 31411.6 33469.8 64881.4
56.00 33367.0 33469.8 66836.8
57.00 35493.7 33469.8 68963.5
58.00 37703.7 33469.8 71173.5
59.00 39913.8 33469.8 73383.7
60.00 42124.2 33469.8 75594.0

NOTES:
- AN ASTERISK IS PLACED IN THE END-BEARING COLUMN
IF THE TIP RESISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE FRICTION
OF SOIL PLUG INSIDE AN OPEN-ENDED PIPE PILE.

*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT


NO. POINTS M. KPA M.

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5803E+00 0.3414E-02

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-126

0.9671E+00 0.6615E-02
0.1451E+01 0.1216E-01
0.1741E+01 0.1707E-01
0.1934E+01 0.2134E-01
0.1741E+01 0.4268E-01
0.1741E+01 0.6402E-01
0.1741E+01 0.1067E+00
0.1741E+01 0.4268E+00
2 10 0.5000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2894E+01 0.3414E-02
0.4823E+01 0.6615E-02
0.7235E+01 0.1216E-01
0.8682E+01 0.1707E-01
0.9646E+01 0.2134E-01
0.8682E+01 0.4268E-01
0.8682E+01 0.6402E-01
0.8682E+01 0.1067E+00
0.8682E+01 0.4268E+00
3 10 0.9900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5074E+01 0.3414E-02
0.8456E+01 0.6615E-02
0.1268E+02 0.1216E-01
0.1522E+02 0.1707E-01
0.1691E+02 0.2134E-01
0.1522E+02 0.4268E-01
0.1522E+02 0.6402E-01
0.1522E+02 0.1067E+00
0.1522E+02 0.4268E+00
4 10 0.1000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1987E+01 0.2513E-03
0.3973E+01 0.5026E-03
0.7947E+01 0.1005E-02
0.1192E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1589E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1788E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1987E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1987E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1987E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3661E+01 0.2513E-03
0.7322E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1464E+02 0.1005E-02
0.2197E+02 0.1508E-02
0.2929E+02 0.2011E-02
0.3295E+02 0.2262E-02
0.3661E+02 0.2513E-02
0.3661E+02 0.1257E-01
0.3661E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.1990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6087E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1217E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2435E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3652E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4870E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5478E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6087E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6087E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6087E+02 0.5026E-01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-127

7 10 0.2000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2410E+02 0.3414E-02
0.4016E+02 0.6615E-02
0.6024E+02 0.1216E-01
0.7229E+02 0.1707E-01
0.8032E+02 0.2134E-01
0.7229E+02 0.4268E-01
0.7229E+02 0.6402E-01
0.7229E+02 0.1067E+00
0.7229E+02 0.4268E+00
8 10 0.2500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2837E+02 0.3414E-02
0.4728E+02 0.6615E-02
0.7092E+02 0.1216E-01
0.8510E+02 0.1707E-01
0.9456E+02 0.2134E-01
0.8510E+02 0.4268E-01
0.8510E+02 0.6402E-01
0.8510E+02 0.1067E+00
0.8510E+02 0.4268E+00
9 10 0.2990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3076E+02 0.3414E-02
0.5127E+02 0.6615E-02
0.7690E+02 0.1216E-01
0.9229E+02 0.1707E-01
0.1025E+03 0.2134E-01
0.9229E+02 0.4268E-01
0.9229E+02 0.6402E-01
0.9229E+02 0.1067E+00
0.9229E+02 0.4268E+00
10 10 0.3000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1128E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2257E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4514E+02 0.1005E-02
0.6771E+02 0.1508E-02
0.9027E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1016E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1128E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1128E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1128E+03 0.5026E-01
11 10 0.3500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1461E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2921E+02 0.5026E-03
0.5842E+02 0.1005E-02
0.8763E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1168E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1314E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1461E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1461E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1461E+03 0.5026E-01
12 10 0.3990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1688E+02 0.2513E-03
0.3377E+02 0.5026E-03
0.6753E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1013E+03 0.1508E-02
0.1351E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1519E+03 0.2262E-02

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-128

0.1688E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1688E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1688E+03 0.5026E-01
13 10 0.4000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5021E+02 0.3414E-02
0.8368E+02 0.6615E-02
0.1255E+03 0.1216E-01
0.1506E+03 0.1707E-01
0.1674E+03 0.2134E-01
0.1506E+03 0.4268E-01
0.1506E+03 0.6402E-01
0.1506E+03 0.1067E+00
0.1506E+03 0.4268E+00
14 10 0.4500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5177E+02 0.3414E-02
0.8628E+02 0.6615E-02
0.1294E+03 0.1216E-01
0.1553E+03 0.1707E-01
0.1726E+03 0.2134E-01
0.1553E+03 0.4268E-01
0.1553E+03 0.6402E-01
0.1553E+03 0.1067E+00
0.1553E+03 0.4268E+00
15 10 0.4990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5926E+02 0.3414E-02
0.9876E+02 0.6615E-02
0.1481E+03 0.1216E-01
0.1778E+03 0.1707E-01
0.1975E+03 0.2134E-01
0.1778E+03 0.4268E-01
0.1778E+03 0.6402E-01
0.1778E+03 0.1067E+00
0.1778E+03 0.4268E+00
16 10 0.5000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2383E+02 0.2513E-03
0.4766E+02 0.5026E-03
0.9531E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1430E+03 0.1508E-02
0.1906E+03 0.2011E-02
0.2145E+03 0.2262E-02
0.2383E+03 0.2513E-02
0.2383E+03 0.1257E-01
0.2383E+03 0.5026E-01
17 10 0.7500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2927E+02 0.2513E-03
0.5855E+02 0.5026E-03
0.1171E+03 0.1005E-02
0.1756E+03 0.1508E-02
0.2342E+03 0.2011E-02
0.2635E+03 0.2262E-02
0.2927E+03 0.2513E-02
0.2927E+03 0.1257E-01
0.2927E+03 0.5026E-01
18 10 0.9990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2927E+02 0.2513E-03
0.5855E+02 0.5026E-03
0.1171E+03 0.1005E-02

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 8 – 5-129

0.1756E+03 0.1508E-02
0.2342E+03 0.2011E-02
0.2635E+03 0.2262E-02
0.2927E+03 0.2513E-02
0.2927E+03 0.1257E-01
0.2927E+03 0.5026E-01

TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M.

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2129E+04 0.1067E-02
0.4258E+04 0.2134E-02
0.8516E+04 0.4268E-02
0.1703E+05 0.2774E-01
0.2555E+05 0.8963E-01
0.3066E+05 0.1558E+00
0.3406E+05 0.2134E+00
0.3406E+05 0.3201E+00
0.3406E+05 0.4268E+00

LOAD VERSUS SETTLEMENT CURVE


****************************

TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M. KN. M.
0.3436E+03 0.1710E-03 0.5014E+01 0.2513E-05
0.3436E+04 0.1710E-02 0.5014E+02 0.2513E-04
0.1535E+05 0.8138E-02 0.2507E+03 0.1257E-03
0.2365E+05 0.1380E-01 0.5014E+03 0.2513E-03
0.4642E+05 0.3387E-01 0.2507E+04 0.1257E-02
0.5482E+05 0.4334E-01 0.5014E+04 0.2513E-02
0.6129E+05 0.6000E-01 0.1153E+05 0.1257E-01
0.6585E+05 0.7720E-01 0.1608E+05 0.2513E-01
0.6990E+05 0.1064E+00 0.2013E+05 0.5026E-01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-130

5.10 Example Problem 9 – LRFD Method on Closed Pipe Pile


An example is presented from the National Highway Institute’s publication titled “Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Highway Bridge Substructures” (NHI, 2001) to illustrate a simple
example of driven piles as foundations based on the proposed LRFD method. This example is included to
demonstrate the convenience of using APILE in design of driven piles under axial loads based on the new
LRFD design procedures.
The proposed driven pile is a close-ended steel pipe pile with an outside diameter of 460 mm. The
wall thickness is 12.7 mm. The total length (penetration) below the original grade (without scouring) is
12 meters. The configuration and loading of the proposed bridge substructures are shown in Figure 5.25.

Figure 5.25 Bridge substructures configuration and loading for Example Problem 9.

5.10.1 Soil Profile and Properties


A generalized subsurface profile along the alignment of the bridge is shown in Figure 5.26. The
subsurface soils are predominated by fine sand and medium dense to dense sand. The soil density and
strength increase with soil depth.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-131

The water table is at the 2 m below the existing ground surface. Soil properties for use in analysis
includes unit weight and the penetration resistance (SPT blow counts).

5.10.2 Loading Computations


The unfactored vertical loads on the pile group (substructure) shown in Figure 5.25 include:
DC (Dead load of structural components and non-structural attachments) = 4600 kN.
DW (Dead load of wearing surfaces and utilities) = 3900 kN.
LL (Vertical live load) = 3450 kN.
The total unfactored load (Q) is:
Q = DC + DW + LL
= 4600 kN + 3900 kN + 3450 kN
= 11950 kN
For the Strength I and Service I Limit States, the factor load is expressed as

Assume a typical structure such that i = 1.0. The load factors for Limit States of Strength I and
Service I are listed in Table 5.14.

Limit State DC DW LL


Strength I 1.25 1.25 1.75
Service I 1.00 1.00 1.00
Table 5.14 Summary of factored loads on the 8-ft OD drilled APILE for Example
Problem 8

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-132

Figure 5.26 General soil description of Example Problem 8

The total factored load effects are then calculated as follows.


For the Strength I Limit State:

= i [ DC DC + DW DW + LL LL ]

= (1.0) [ (1.25) (4600 kN) + (1.50) (3900 kN) + (1.75) (3450 kN) ]
= 17638 kN

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-133

For the Service I Limit State:

= i [ DC DC + DW DW + LL LL ]

= (1.0) [ (1.0) (4600 kN) + (1.0) (3900 kN) + (1.0) (3450 kN) ]
= 11950 kN

5.10.3 APILE Estimated Axial Capacity of Single Pile from N60 SPT
Calculations of nominal side and base resistance were carried out in APILE (filename “Example 9 -
LRFD Method on Closed Pipe Pile - Initial.ap8d”). Table 5.15 shows the calculated ultimate side friction
and ultimate tip resistance for various methods and the values provided by the referenced publication
(NHI, 2001). The NHI manual uses Meyerhof (1976) which proides low estimate of side friction rom
SPT values. The NHI manual also references the Field Tests from Vesic (1970) done on a test pile at the
same site. The FHWA results from APILE are close to those from the Vesic, 1970, field tests.
Total Ultimate
Methods Side Friction, kN Tip Resistance, kN
Capacity, kN
NHI 2001 (Meyerhof, 1976) 445 1460 1905
FHWA method 1028 1267 2295
US ARMY method 730 1047 1777
API method 759 802 1561
Field Test (Vesic, 1970) 1180 1900 3080
Table 5.15 Initial calculations of ultimate axial compressive capacity for Example 9

The factored axial resistance of a single pile is:


QR = Qult = qpQp + qsQs
The reduction factors for the computation methods based on SPTs are:
qp= 0.45
qs= 0.45
The reduction factors for the axial capacity of a driven pile based on a full-scale loading test are:
qp= 0.8
qs= 0.8
The factored side friction and tip resistance for the methods above (filename “Example 9 - LRFD
Method on Closed Pipe Pile - Final.ap8d”) and the result from the full-scale loading test are presented in
Table 5.16. Based on Strength I Limit State, the total factored load is 17638 kN. If the designer selects
the factored pile capacity based on FHWA method (Total Factored Capacity of 1033 kN), the substructure
pile group will need 17 piles. On the other hand, having a local site test (Vesic, Total Factored Capacity
of 2464 kN) can reduce the pile group to 7 or 8 piles.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-134

Total Factored
Methods Side Friction, kN Tip Resistance, kN
Capacity, kN
NHI 2001 (Meyerhof, 1976) 200 657 857
FHWA method 463 570 1033
US ARMY method 329 471 800
API method 341 361 702
Field Test (Vesic, 1970) 944 1520 2464
Table 5.16 Final calculations of factored axial compressive capacity for Example 9

5.10.4 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis


The results of factored side friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth provided by the
computer program for FHWA method were plotted together in Figure 5.27 and Figure 5.28 includes a
plot of axial load versus settlement. Based on Service I Limit States, the total factored load is 11950 kN
on a total of 17 piles. Therefore, each pile will take 703 kN, which will have an approximate settlement
of 0.003 m as indicated in Figure 5.28.

Figure 5.27 Curve of LRFD Geotechnical Capacity (Factored Capacity) vs Depth for
Example Problem 9 (FHWA Method).

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-135

Figure 5.28 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 8.

5.10.5 Output Data


The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 9 (filename “Example 9 - LRFD
Method on Closed Pipe Pile - Final.ap8d”) is reproduced below in courier typeface, for distinction.

=========================================================================

APILE for Windows, Version 2018.8.1

Serial Number : 158112091

A Program for Analyzing the Axial Capacity


and Short-term Settlement of Driven Piles
under Axial Loading.
(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2015
All Rights Reserved

=========================================================================

This program is licensed to :

Ensoft, Inc.
,

Path to file locations : C:\Ensoft\Apile2018-Examples\

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-136

Name of input data file : Example 9 - LRFD Method on Closed Pipe Pile -
Final.ap8d
Name of output file : Example 9 - LRFD Method on Closed Pipe Pile -
Final.ap8o
Name of plot output file : Example 9 - LRFD Method on Closed Pipe Pile -
Final.ap8p

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and Date of Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: June 19, 2018 Time: 12:14:29

1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************

Example 9 - LRFD method on closed ended pipe pile

DESIGNER : ENSOFT

JOB NUMBER : 05-01-18

METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :

- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)


Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.

COMPUTATION METHOD(S) FOR PILE CAPACITY :

- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)


- USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
# Critical Depth Method for Sand:
10 to 20 Pile Diameter based on the Density
- Revised Lambda
- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)

TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION

PILE TYPE :

Steel pipe pile or non-tapered portion of monotube pile


- Open-Ended Pile

DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :

- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.200E+09 KPA


- CROSS SECTION AREA = 0.02 M2

CIRCULAR PILE PROPERTIES :

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-137

- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 460.00 MM.


- INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID = 0.00 MM.
- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 12.00 M.
- BATTER ANGLE = 0.00 DEG
- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 M.
- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 1.00 M.
- INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION = 0.25 M.
- LENGTH OF ENHANCED
END SECTION = 12.00 M.
- INTERNAL DIAMETER OF
ENHANCED END SECTION = 0.00 MM.

PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program

SOIL INFORMATIONS :

LATERAL EFFECTIVE FRICTION BEARING


SOIL EARTH UNIT ANGLE CAPACITY
DEPTH TYPE PRESSURE WEIGHT DEGREES FACTOR
M. KN/CM
0.00 SAND 1.00 18.90 0.00 15.00
2.00 SAND 1.00 18.90 0.00 15.00
2.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 15.00
11.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 35.00
11.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 35.00
13.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 35.00
13.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 35.00
15.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 40.00

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM UNDISTURB REMOLDED


UNIT UNIT SHEAR SHEAR BLOW UNIT SKIN UNIT END
FRICTION BEARING STRENGTH STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION BEARING
KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 36.00 0.00 0.00

* MAXIMUM UNIT FRICTION AND/OR MAXIMUM UNIT BEARING


WERE SET TO BE 0.10E+08 BECAUSE THE USER DOES NOT
PLAN TO LIMIT THE COMPUTED DATA.

LRFD FACTOR LRFD FACTOR


ON UNIT ON UNIT
DEPTH FRICTION BEARING
M.
0.00 0.450 0.450

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-138

2.00 0.450 0.450


2.00 0.450 0.450
11.00 0.450 0.450
11.00 0.450 0.450
13.00 0.450 0.450
13.00 0.450 0.450
15.00 0.450 0.450

PLASTIC YIELD Qc
INDEX STRESS FROM
DEPTH PI RATIO CPT
M. % KPA
0.00 0.00 5.00 0.000E+00
2.00 0.00 5.00 0.000E+00
2.00 0.00 5.00 0.000E+00
11.00 0.00 25.00 0.000E+00
11.00 0.00 25.00 0.000E+00
13.00 0.00 25.00 0.000E+00
13.00 0.00 25.00 0.000E+00
15.00 0.00 36.00 0.000E+00

1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************

**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 6.5 6.5
0.25 0.0 11.0 11.0
0.50 0.0 18.0 18.0
0.75 0.0 27.4 27.4
1.00 0.9 36.1 37.0
1.25 2.8 44.5 47.4
1.50 5.2 52.9 58.0
1.75 7.9 60.9 68.8
2.00 11.1 68.8 79.9
2.25 14.6 76.9 91.5
2.50 18.4 85.3 103.7
2.75 22.5 94.2 116.7
3.00 26.9 103.9 130.9
3.25 31.7 114.4 146.2
3.50 36.9 125.7 162.6
3.75 42.5 137.4 179.9
4.00 48.4 149.1 197.5
4.25 54.8 160.5 215.2
4.50 61.5 171.6 233.1
4.75 68.6 182.3 250.9
5.00 76.1 192.6 268.7
5.25 83.9 203.0 286.9
5.50 92.1 213.5 305.6

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-139

5.75 100.6 224.4 325.0


6.00 109.5 235.4 344.9
6.25 118.7 246.8 365.5
6.50 128.4 258.3 386.7
6.75 138.4 270.3 408.7
7.00 148.8 282.9 431.7
7.25 159.6 296.2 455.7
7.50 170.8 310.1 480.9
7.75 182.5 324.8 507.2
8.00 194.6 340.1 534.8
8.25 207.3 356.0 563.3
8.50 220.5 372.2 592.8
8.75 234.2 388.9 623.1
9.00 248.5 405.9 654.4
9.25 263.3 423.3 686.5
9.50 278.6 441.1 719.7
9.75 294.5 459.3 753.8
10.00 311.0 477.8 788.8
10.25 328.1 496.8 824.9
10.50 345.8 515.2 860.9
10.75 364.1 531.6 895.7
11.00 383.0 545.8 928.7
11.25 402.4 557.4 959.8
11.50 422.2 565.8 988.0
11.75 442.2 569.7 1011.9
12.00 462.5 570.2 1032.6

**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 7.8 7.8
0.25 0.0 13.2 13.2
0.50 0.0 21.6 21.6
0.75 0.0 32.7 32.7
1.00 0.9 43.1 43.9
1.25 2.8 53.2 56.0
1.50 5.1 63.1 68.2
1.75 7.9 72.7 80.6
2.00 11.1 82.3 93.4
2.25 14.6 92.3 106.9
2.50 18.4 102.5 120.9
2.75 22.4 113.2 135.6
3.00 26.7 124.7 151.4
3.25 31.2 136.9 168.2
3.50 36.1 149.6 185.7
3.75 41.2 162.7 203.8
4.00 46.5 175.5 222.1
4.25 52.2 188.1 240.3
4.50 58.1 200.4 258.5
4.75 64.3 212.3 276.6
5.00 70.8 223.8 294.6
5.25 77.5 235.2 312.7
5.50 84.5 246.9 331.4
5.75 91.8 258.7 350.5
6.00 99.3 270.9 370.2
6.25 107.1 283.2 390.3
6.50 115.2 295.8 411.0

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-140

6.75 123.6 308.6 432.1


7.00 132.1 321.6 453.7
7.25 140.8 334.9 475.7
7.50 149.5 342.0 491.5
7.75 158.2 345.7 503.9
8.00 167.0 347.8 514.7
8.25 175.8 348.1 523.8
8.50 184.6 346.6 531.2
8.75 193.4 345.3 538.7
9.00 202.3 349.2 551.5
9.25 211.2 353.2 564.4
9.50 220.1 357.1 577.2
9.75 229.0 374.5 603.5
10.00 238.0 396.2 634.2
10.25 248.2 418.0 666.2
10.50 259.6 439.5 699.1
10.75 271.1 460.0 731.1
11.00 282.5 475.2 757.8
11.25 294.0 475.8 769.8
11.50 305.5 475.1 780.7
11.75 317.0 473.4 790.4
12.00 328.5 471.1 799.6

**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.7 3.7
0.25 0.0 6.3 6.3
0.50 0.0 10.4 10.4
0.75 0.0 15.9 15.9
1.00 0.0 21.2 21.2
1.25 4.6 26.5 31.1
1.50 7.4 31.8 39.2
1.75 16.8 36.9 53.7
2.00 22.3 41.9 64.2
2.25 28.2 46.9 75.1
2.50 34.3 51.8 86.1
2.75 40.6 56.7 97.3
3.00 47.1 61.8 109.0
3.25 53.9 67.1 121.1
3.50 61.0 72.7 133.6
3.75 68.2 78.4 146.6
4.00 75.7 84.3 160.0
4.25 83.5 90.5 173.9
4.50 91.4 96.8 188.2
4.75 99.6 103.4 203.0
5.00 108.0 110.1 218.1
5.25 116.6 117.1 233.7
5.50 125.4 124.3 249.7
5.75 134.5 131.7 266.1
6.00 143.7 139.3 283.0
6.25 153.1 147.1 300.2
6.50 162.8 155.1 317.9
6.75 172.6 163.3 335.9
7.00 182.7 171.7 354.4
7.25 192.9 180.3 373.3
7.50 203.3 189.2 392.5

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-141

7.75 214.0 198.2 412.2


8.00 224.8 207.5 432.3
8.25 235.8 217.0 452.8
8.50 247.0 226.6 473.7
8.75 258.4 236.5 494.9
9.00 270.0 246.6 516.6
9.25 281.8 256.9 538.7
9.50 293.7 267.4 561.1
9.75 305.9 278.1 584.0
10.00 318.2 289.0 607.2
10.25 330.7 300.2 630.8
10.50 343.4 311.1 654.5
10.75 356.2 321.4 677.7
11.00 369.3 330.9 700.2
11.25 382.5 339.5 722.0
11.50 395.8 347.2 743.0
11.75 409.2 354.1 763.4
12.00 422.8 360.7 783.5

**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE


PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.7 3.7
0.25 0.0 6.3 6.3
0.50 0.0 10.4 10.4
0.75 0.0 15.9 15.9
1.00 0.8 21.2 22.0
1.25 2.6 26.5 29.1
1.50 4.7 31.8 36.5
1.75 7.3 36.9 44.2
2.00 10.2 41.9 52.1
2.25 13.4 46.9 60.3
2.50 16.8 51.8 68.6
2.75 20.5 56.7 77.2
3.00 24.5 61.8 86.3
3.25 28.6 67.1 95.8
3.50 33.1 72.7 105.8
3.75 37.8 78.4 116.2
4.00 42.8 84.3 127.1
4.25 48.0 90.5 138.5
4.50 53.5 96.8 150.3
4.75 59.3 103.4 162.7
5.00 65.3 110.1 175.4
5.25 71.6 117.1 188.7
5.50 78.1 124.3 202.4
5.75 84.9 131.7 216.5
6.00 91.9 139.3 231.2
6.25 99.2 147.1 246.2
6.50 106.7 155.1 261.8
6.75 114.5 163.3 277.8
7.00 122.6 171.7 294.3
7.25 130.9 180.3 311.3
7.50 139.5 189.2 328.7
7.75 148.4 198.2 346.6
8.00 157.5 207.5 365.0
8.25 166.9 217.0 383.9
8.50 176.6 226.6 403.2

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-142

8.75 186.6 236.5 423.1


9.00 196.8 246.6 443.4
9.25 207.3 256.9 464.2
9.50 218.1 267.4 485.5
9.75 229.2 278.1 507.3
10.00 240.5 289.0 529.6
10.25 252.2 300.2 552.3
10.50 264.1 311.1 575.2
10.75 276.3 321.4 597.8
11.00 288.9 330.9 619.7
11.25 301.6 339.5 641.2
11.50 314.7 347.2 661.9
11.75 327.9 354.1 682.1
12.00 341.4 360.7 702.1

NOTES:
- AN ASTERISK IS PLACED IN THE END-BEARING COLUMN
IF THE TIP RESISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE FRICTION
OF SOIL PLUG INSIDE AN OPEN-ENDED PIPE PILE.

*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT


NO. POINTS M. KPA M.

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.2513E-03
0.0000E+00 0.5026E-03
0.0000E+00 0.1005E-02
0.0000E+00 0.1508E-02
0.0000E+00 0.2011E-02
0.0000E+00 0.2262E-02
0.0000E+00 0.2513E-02
0.0000E+00 0.1257E-01
0.0000E+00 0.5026E-01
2 10 0.1000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1326E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2651E+01 0.5026E-03
0.5303E+01 0.1005E-02
0.7954E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1061E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1193E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1326E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1326E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1326E+02 0.5026E-01
3 10 0.1900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2043E+01 0.2513E-03
0.4086E+01 0.5026E-03
0.8172E+01 0.1005E-02
0.1226E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1634E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1839E+02 0.2262E-02
0.2043E+02 0.2513E-02

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-143

0.2043E+02 0.1257E-01
0.2043E+02 0.5026E-01
4 10 0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2233E+01 0.2513E-03
0.4465E+01 0.5026E-03
0.8931E+01 0.1005E-02
0.1340E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1786E+02 0.2011E-02
0.2009E+02 0.2262E-02
0.2233E+02 0.2513E-02
0.2233E+02 0.1257E-01
0.2233E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.6500E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6278E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1256E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2511E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3767E+02 0.1508E-02
0.5023E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5651E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6278E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6278E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6278E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.1090E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1179E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2358E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4715E+02 0.1005E-02
0.7073E+02 0.1508E-02
0.9431E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1061E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1179E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1179E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1179E+03 0.5026E-01
7 10 0.1100E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1206E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2412E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4823E+02 0.1005E-02
0.7235E+02 0.1508E-02
0.9647E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1085E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1206E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1206E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1206E+03 0.5026E-01
8 10 0.1200E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1247E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2493E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4987E+02 0.1005E-02
0.7480E+02 0.1508E-02
0.9974E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1122E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1247E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1247E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1247E+03 0.5026E-01
9 10 0.1290E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1247E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2493E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4987E+02 0.1005E-02
0.7480E+02 0.1508E-02

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-144

0.9974E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1122E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1247E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1247E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1247E+03 0.5026E-01
10 10 0.1300E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1247E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2493E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4987E+02 0.1005E-02
0.7480E+02 0.1508E-02
0.9974E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1122E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1247E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1247E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1247E+03 0.5026E-01
11 10 0.1400E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1247E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2493E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4987E+02 0.1005E-02
0.7480E+02 0.1508E-02
0.9974E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1122E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1247E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1247E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1247E+03 0.5026E-01
12 10 0.1490E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1247E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2493E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4987E+02 0.1005E-02
0.7480E+02 0.1508E-02
0.9974E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1122E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1247E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1247E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1247E+03 0.5026E-01

TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KN. M.

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.7919E+02 0.2300E-03
0.1584E+03 0.4600E-03
0.3168E+03 0.9200E-03
0.6335E+03 0.5980E-02
0.9503E+03 0.1932E-01
0.1140E+04 0.3358E-01
0.1267E+04 0.4600E-01
0.1267E+04 0.6900E-01
0.1267E+04 0.9200E-01

LOAD VERSUS SETTLEMENT CURVE


****************************

TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 9 – 5-145

KN. M. KN. M.
0.2562E+01 0.8842E-05 0.8653E+00 0.2513E-05
0.2562E+02 0.8842E-04 0.8653E+01 0.2513E-04
0.1281E+03 0.4421E-03 0.4327E+02 0.1257E-03
0.2562E+03 0.8842E-03 0.8653E+02 0.2513E-03
0.1108E+04 0.4002E-02 0.3378E+03 0.1257E-02
0.1483E+04 0.6344E-02 0.4165E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1856E+04 0.1766E-01 0.7899E+03 0.1257E-01
0.2094E+04 0.3102E-01 0.1028E+04 0.2513E-01
0.2334E+04 0.5696E-01 0.1267E+04 0.5026E-01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-146

5.11 Example Problem 10 – Battered Pile


Battered piles are used to resist large lateral loads or when there is a large unsupported pile length
or in weak soils where there is little lateral support. Many offshore or marine structures are subjected to
overturning moments due to wind load, wave pressure, and ship impacts. Also, retaining walls are
subjected to horizontal forces and bending moments due to earth pressure. For foundations in such
structures, usually combinations of vertical and batter piles are used.
The ability to install driven piles on an angle, or batter, gives such piles a distinct advantage with
respect to their ability to carry lateral loads. Batter piles carry lateral loads primarily in axial compression
and/or tension while vertical deep foundations carry lateral loads in shear and bending. When subjected
to lateral loading, batter piles will therefore generally have a greater capacity and be subject to smaller
deformations than vertical piles of the same dimensions and material.
A pile driven on an angle is usually expressed as a batter ratio (horizontal to vertical). Example of
1:6 batter ratio is a 1-foot horizontal to 6-feet vertical, and sometimes the batter ratio is also expressed as
a batter angle between the pile axis and the vertical.

5.11.1 Soil Profile and Pile Properties


A generalized subsurface profile along the alignment of the bridge is shown in Figure 5.29. The
subsurface soils are predominated by soft to medium stiff and stiff normal consolidated clay nearby a
costal area. The soil density and strength increase with the increase of soil depth. The water table is at
the existing ground surface. Soil properties for use in analysis include effective unit weight (’) and
undrained shear strength (c), which are presented in the soil profile.
Steel pipe piles with 24-in OD and wall thickness of 0.5 inches are considered for this application.
The pile will be installed with 1 to 1.5 batter ratio degrees (1.0H:1.5V), which represents a batter angle of
approximately 33.7 degrees (input into APILE). The total embedded pile length is 144 ft, which will have
approximately 6 ft into the bottom stiff clay layer. The pile will be driven based on the specified batter
ratio with a close-ended pile tip. The API method is used for prediction of the axial compressive capacity
of the battered pile for this application. The total side resistance can also be considered as pull-out
capacity (under tension). Some applications may apply a reduction factor on the side friction for the
uplift (pull-out) capacity if the pile has short embedded length.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-147

Figure 5.29 General soil description of Example Problem 10

5.11.2 Hand Computations and Comparisons with APILE


The program output will be compared to the results from the following hand calculations.

5.11.2.1 API Method – Skin Friction


Computations of side resistance were performed using a spreadsheet, with the following results:

The total side friction from the table above is approximately 641 kips vs. 633 kips from APILE.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-148

5.11.2.2 API Method – End Bearing


The tip area (closed ended tip) = 3.14 ft2
The unit tip resistance = 9 (1500 psf) = 13,500 lbs/ft2 = 13.5 k/ft2
The total tip resistance = 13.5 (3.14) =42.4 kips vs. 42.4 kips from APILE.

5.11.2.3 API Method – Comparisons of APILE Results with Hand Computations


The total compressive capacity is approximately 683 kips, while the total pull-out capacity without
applying reduction factor is 641kips for the battered pile. If the pile is driven vertically, without the
batter, to the same tip elevation (the pile tip at 6 ft into the bottom clay layer), the compressive capacity
will be only 582 kips for comparison.

5.11.3 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis


The APILE results of factored side friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus length along
the battered pile for the API method are plotted together in Figure 5.30. Axial load versus settlement is in
Figure 5.31.

Figure 5.30 Curve of Combined Plots (Ultimate Total Capacity) vs Battered Depth for
Example Problem 10.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-149

Figure 5.31 Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 10.

5.11.4 Output Data


The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 10 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.

=========================================================================

APILE for Windows, Version 2018.8.1

Serial Number : 158112091

A Program for Analyzing the Axial Capacity


and Short-term Settlement of Driven Piles
under Axial Loading.
(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2015
All Rights Reserved

=========================================================================

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-150

This program is licensed to :

Ensoft, Inc.
,

Path to file locations : C:\Ensoft\Apile2018-Examples\


Name of input data file : Example 10 - API Method on Battered Pile.ap8d
Name of output file : Example 10 - API Method on Battered Pile.ap8o
Name of plot output file : Example 10 - API Method on Battered Pile.ap8p

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and Date of Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: June 21, 2018 Time: 10:55:53

1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************

Axial API capacity of a battered pile

DESIGNER : ENSOFT

JOB NUMBER : 050118

METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-151

- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)


Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.

COMPUTATION METHOD(S) FOR PILE CAPACITY :

- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)

TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION

PILE TYPE :

Steel pipe pile or non-tapered portion of monotube pile


- Open-Ended Pile

DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :

- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.290E+08 PSI


- CROSS SECTION AREA = 36.91 IN2

CIRCULAR PILE PROPERTIES :

- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 24.00 IN.


- INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID = 23.00 IN.
- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 144.00 FT.
- BATTER ANGLE = 33.70 DEG
- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 FT.
- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 0.00 FT.
- INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION = 1.00 FT.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-152

- LENGTH OF ENHANCED
END SECTION = 144.00 FT.
- INTERNAL DIAMETER OF
ENHANCED END SECTION = 23.00 IN.

PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Plugged for open-ended pile

SOIL INFORMATIONS :

LATERAL EFFECTIVE FRICTION BEARING


SOIL EARTH UNIT ANGLE CAPACITY
DEPTH TYPE PRESSURE WEIGHT DEGREES FACTOR
FT. LB/CF
0.00 CLAY 0.00 49.60 0.00 0.00
15.00 CLAY 0.00 49.60 0.00 0.00
15.00 CLAY 0.00 49.60 0.00 0.00
33.00 CLAY 0.00 49.60 0.00 0.00
33.00 CLAY 0.00 49.60 0.00 0.00
60.00 CLAY 0.00 49.60 0.00 0.00
60.00 CLAY 0.00 49.60 0.00 0.00
88.00 CLAY 0.00 49.60 0.00 0.00
88.00 CLAY 0.00 59.60 0.00 0.00
115.00 CLAY 0.00 59.60 0.00 0.00
115.00 CLAY 0.00 49.60 0.00 0.00
160.00 CLAY 0.00 49.60 0.00 0.00

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM UNDISTURB REMOLDED


UNIT UNIT SHEAR SHEAR BLOW UNIT SKIN UNIT END

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-153

FRICTION BEARING STRENGTH STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION BEARING


KSF KSF KSF KSF KSF KSF
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.30 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.30 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.30 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.80 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.80 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.50 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.50 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00

* MAXIMUM UNIT FRICTION AND/OR MAXIMUM UNIT BEARING


WERE SET TO BE 0.10E+08 BECAUSE THE USER DOES NOT
PLAN TO LIMIT THE COMPUTED DATA.

LRFD FACTOR LRFD FACTOR


ON UNIT ON UNIT
DEPTH FRICTION BEARING
FT.
0.00 1.000 1.000
15.00 1.000 1.000
15.00 1.000 1.000
33.00 1.000 1.000
33.00 1.000 1.000
60.00 1.000 1.000
60.00 1.000 1.000
88.00 1.000 1.000
88.00 1.000 1.000
115.00 1.000 1.000
115.00 1.000 1.000

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-154

160.00 1.000 1.000

PLASTIC YIELD Qc
INDEX STRESS FROM
DEPTH PI RATIO CPT
FT. % KSF
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00
15.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00
15.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00
33.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00
33.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00
60.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00
60.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00
88.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00
88.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00
115.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00
115.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00
160.00 0.00 0.00 0.000E+00

1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************

**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

PILE LENGTH DEPTH TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-155

BELOW GND. BELOW GND. FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY


FT. FT. KIP KIP KIP
0.00 0.00 0.0 4.2 4.2
1.00 0.83 0.6 4.2 4.8
2.00 1.66 1.2 5.4 6.6
3.00 2.50 1.9 6.6 8.5
4.00 3.33 2.7 8.5 11.2
5.00 4.16 3.5 8.5 12.0
6.00 4.99 4.4 8.5 12.9
7.00 5.82 5.3 8.5 13.8
8.00 6.66 6.3 8.5 14.8
9.00 7.49 7.3 8.5 15.8
10.00 8.32 8.4 8.5 16.9
11.00 9.15 9.5 8.5 18.0
12.00 9.98 10.7 8.5 19.2
13.00 10.82 11.9 8.5 20.4
14.00 11.65 13.2 8.5 21.7
15.00 12.48 14.6 8.5 23.0
16.00 13.31 15.9 8.5 24.4
17.00 14.14 17.4 8.6 25.9
18.00 14.98 18.8 8.7 27.5
19.00 15.81 20.3 8.8 29.2
20.00 16.64 21.9 9.0 30.9
21.00 17.47 23.5 9.3 32.8
22.00 18.30 25.2 9.5 34.7
23.00 19.13 27.0 9.8 36.7
24.00 19.97 28.8 10.0 38.8
25.00 20.80 30.7 10.3 41.0
26.00 21.63 32.6 10.6 43.2
27.00 22.46 34.6 10.8 45.4
28.00 23.29 36.7 11.1 47.8
29.00 24.13 38.8 11.3 50.2
30.00 24.96 41.0 11.6 52.6
31.00 25.79 43.3 11.9 55.1
32.00 26.62 45.6 12.1 57.7
33.00 27.45 48.0 12.4 60.4

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-156

34.00 28.29 50.4 12.7 63.1


35.00 29.12 52.9 12.9 65.9
36.00 29.95 55.5 13.2 68.7
37.00 30.78 58.1 13.4 71.6
38.00 31.61 60.8 13.7 74.5
39.00 32.45 63.6 14.0 77.5
40.00 33.28 66.4 14.2 80.6
41.00 34.11 69.3 14.5 83.8
42.00 34.94 72.2 14.7 87.0
43.00 35.77 75.2 15.0 90.2
44.00 36.61 78.3 15.3 93.6
45.00 37.44 81.4 15.5 97.0
46.00 38.27 84.6 15.8 100.4
47.00 39.10 87.9 16.1 103.9
48.00 39.93 91.2 16.3 107.5
49.00 40.77 94.6 16.6 111.1
50.00 41.60 98.0 16.8 114.8
51.00 42.43 101.5 17.1 118.6
52.00 43.26 105.1 17.4 122.4
53.00 44.09 108.7 17.6 126.3
54.00 44.93 112.4 17.9 130.3
55.00 45.76 116.1 18.1 134.3
56.00 46.59 119.9 18.4 138.3
57.00 47.42 123.8 18.7 142.5
58.00 48.25 127.7 18.9 146.7
59.00 49.09 131.7 19.2 150.9
60.00 49.92 135.8 19.5 155.2
61.00 50.75 139.9 19.7 159.6
62.00 51.58 144.1 20.0 164.0
63.00 52.41 148.3 20.2 168.5
64.00 53.25 152.6 20.5 173.1
65.00 54.08 157.0 20.8 177.7
66.00 54.91 161.4 21.0 182.4
67.00 55.74 165.9 21.3 187.2
68.00 56.57 170.4 21.5 192.0
69.00 57.40 175.1 21.8 196.9

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-157

70.00 58.24 179.7 22.1 201.8


71.00 59.07 184.5 22.3 206.7
72.00 59.90 189.3 22.5 211.8
73.00 60.73 194.1 22.7 216.8
74.00 61.56 199.0 22.9 221.9
75.00 62.40 204.0 23.1 227.1
76.00 63.23 209.0 23.3 232.3
77.00 64.06 214.1 23.4 237.5
78.00 64.89 219.2 23.6 242.8
79.00 65.72 224.3 23.8 248.1
80.00 66.56 229.6 23.9 253.5
81.00 67.39 234.8 24.1 258.9
82.00 68.22 240.1 24.3 264.4
83.00 69.05 245.5 24.4 270.0
84.00 69.88 250.9 24.6 275.6
85.00 70.72 256.4 24.8 281.2
86.00 71.55 261.9 25.0 286.9
87.00 72.38 267.5 25.1 292.6
88.00 73.21 273.0 25.3 298.3
89.00 74.04 278.7 25.5 304.1
90.00 74.88 284.3 25.6 309.9
91.00 75.71 290.0 25.8 315.8
92.00 76.54 295.7 26.0 321.7
93.00 77.37 301.5 26.1 327.6
94.00 78.20 307.3 26.3 333.6
95.00 79.04 313.2 26.5 339.6
96.00 79.87 319.0 26.6 345.7
97.00 80.70 325.0 26.8 351.8
98.00 81.53 330.9 27.0 357.9
99.00 82.36 336.9 27.1 364.0
100.00 83.20 342.9 27.3 370.2
101.00 84.03 349.0 27.5 376.5
102.00 84.86 355.1 27.6 382.8
103.00 85.69 361.3 27.8 389.1
104.00 86.52 367.4 27.9 395.4
105.00 87.36 373.7 28.0 401.7

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-158

106.00 88.19 379.9 28.1 408.0


107.00 89.02 386.2 28.2 414.4
108.00 89.85 392.5 28.2 420.7
109.00 90.68 398.8 28.3 427.0
110.00 91.51 405.0 28.3 433.3
111.00 92.35 411.3 28.3 439.6
112.00 93.18 417.6 28.3 445.9
113.00 94.01 423.9 28.3 452.2
114.00 94.84 430.2 28.3 458.4
115.00 95.67 436.5 28.3 464.7
116.00 96.51 442.7 28.3 471.0
117.00 97.34 449.0 28.3 477.3
118.00 98.17 455.3 28.3 483.6
119.00 99.00 461.6 28.3 489.9
120.00 99.83 467.9 28.3 496.1
121.00 100.67 474.1 28.3 502.4
122.00 101.50 480.4 28.3 508.7
123.00 102.33 486.7 28.3 515.0
124.00 103.16 493.0 28.3 521.3
125.00 103.99 499.3 28.3 527.6
126.00 104.83 505.6 28.3 533.8
127.00 105.66 511.8 28.3 540.1
128.00 106.49 518.1 28.3 546.4
129.00 107.32 524.4 28.3 552.7
130.00 108.15 530.7 28.3 559.0
131.00 108.99 537.0 28.3 565.3
132.00 109.82 543.3 28.3 571.5
133.00 110.65 549.5 28.3 577.8
134.00 111.48 555.8 28.3 584.1
135.00 112.31 562.1 28.3 590.4
136.00 113.15 568.4 29.5 597.9
137.00 113.98 574.7 31.4 606.1
138.00 114.81 581.0 33.4 614.3
139.00 115.64 587.2 35.3 622.6
140.00 116.47 595.1 37.3 632.4
141.00 117.31 604.5 39.3 643.8

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-159

142.00 118.14 614.0 41.2 655.2


143.00 118.97 623.4 42.4 665.8
144.00 119.80 632.8 42.4 675.2

NOTES:
- AN ASTERISK IS PLACED IN THE END-BEARING COLUMN
IF THE TIP RESISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE FRICTION
OF SOIL PLUG INSIDE AN OPEN-ENDED PIPE PILE.

*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING *
*************************************************

T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT


NO. POINTS FT. PSI IN.

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2083E+00 0.3840E-01
0.3472E+00 0.7440E-01
0.5208E+00 0.1368E+00
0.6249E+00 0.1920E+00
0.6944E+00 0.2400E+00
0.6249E+00 0.4800E+00
0.6249E+00 0.7200E+00
0.6249E+00 0.1200E+01
0.6249E+00 0.4800E+01
2 10 0.7525E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3282E+00 0.3840E-01
0.5470E+00 0.7440E-01

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-160

0.8205E+00 0.1368E+00
0.9847E+00 0.1920E+00
0.1094E+01 0.2400E+00
0.9847E+00 0.4800E+00
0.9847E+00 0.7200E+00
0.9847E+00 0.1200E+01
0.9847E+00 0.4800E+01
3 10 0.1496E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4487E+00 0.3840E-01
0.7479E+00 0.7440E-01
0.1122E+01 0.1368E+00
0.1346E+01 0.1920E+00
0.1496E+01 0.2400E+00
0.1346E+01 0.4800E+00
0.1346E+01 0.7200E+00
0.1346E+01 0.1200E+01
0.1346E+01 0.4800E+01
4 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4635E+00 0.3840E-01
0.7725E+00 0.7440E-01
0.1159E+01 0.1368E+00
0.1390E+01 0.1920E+00
0.1545E+01 0.2400E+00
0.1390E+01 0.4800E+00
0.1390E+01 0.7200E+00
0.1390E+01 0.1200E+01
0.1390E+01 0.4800E+01
5 10 0.2403E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6346E+00 0.3840E-01
0.1058E+01 0.7440E-01
0.1587E+01 0.1368E+00
0.1904E+01 0.1920E+00
0.2115E+01 0.2400E+00

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-161

0.1904E+01 0.4800E+00
0.1904E+01 0.7200E+00
0.1904E+01 0.1200E+01
0.1904E+01 0.4800E+01
6 10 0.3296E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8006E+00 0.3840E-01
0.1334E+01 0.7440E-01
0.2001E+01 0.1368E+00
0.2402E+01 0.1920E+00
0.2669E+01 0.2400E+00
0.2402E+01 0.4800E+00
0.2402E+01 0.7200E+00
0.2402E+01 0.1200E+01
0.2402E+01 0.4800E+01
7 10 0.3300E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8212E+00 0.3840E-01
0.1369E+01 0.7440E-01
0.2053E+01 0.1368E+00
0.2464E+01 0.1920E+00
0.2737E+01 0.2400E+00
0.2464E+01 0.4800E+00
0.2464E+01 0.7200E+00
0.2464E+01 0.1200E+01
0.2464E+01 0.4800E+01
8 10 0.4653E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1089E+01 0.3840E-01
0.1814E+01 0.7440E-01
0.2722E+01 0.1368E+00
0.3266E+01 0.1920E+00
0.3629E+01 0.2400E+00
0.3266E+01 0.4800E+00
0.3266E+01 0.7200E+00
0.3266E+01 0.1200E+01

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CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-162

0.3266E+01 0.4800E+01
9 10 0.5996E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1355E+01 0.3840E-01
0.2258E+01 0.7440E-01
0.3387E+01 0.1368E+00
0.4065E+01 0.1920E+00
0.4516E+01 0.2400E+00
0.4065E+01 0.4800E+00
0.4065E+01 0.7200E+00
0.4065E+01 0.1200E+01
0.4065E+01 0.4800E+01
10 10 0.6000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1375E+01 0.3840E-01
0.2292E+01 0.7440E-01
0.3438E+01 0.1368E+00
0.4126E+01 0.1920E+00
0.4585E+01 0.2400E+00
0.4126E+01 0.4800E+00
0.4126E+01 0.7200E+00
0.4126E+01 0.1200E+01
0.4126E+01 0.4800E+01
11 10 0.7403E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1653E+01 0.3840E-01
0.2756E+01 0.7440E-01
0.4134E+01 0.1368E+00
0.4960E+01 0.1920E+00
0.5512E+01 0.2400E+00
0.4960E+01 0.4800E+00
0.4960E+01 0.7200E+00
0.4960E+01 0.1200E+01
0.4960E+01 0.4800E+01
12 10 0.8796E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-163

0.1857E+01 0.3840E-01
0.3095E+01 0.7440E-01
0.4643E+01 0.1368E+00
0.5571E+01 0.1920E+00
0.6190E+01 0.2400E+00
0.5571E+01 0.4800E+00
0.5571E+01 0.7200E+00
0.5571E+01 0.1200E+01
0.5571E+01 0.4800E+01
13 10 0.8800E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1869E+01 0.3840E-01
0.3116E+01 0.7440E-01
0.4674E+01 0.1368E+00
0.5608E+01 0.1920E+00
0.6232E+01 0.2400E+00
0.5608E+01 0.4800E+00
0.5608E+01 0.7200E+00
0.5608E+01 0.1200E+01
0.5608E+01 0.4800E+01
14 10 0.1015E+03
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2030E+01 0.3840E-01
0.3384E+01 0.7440E-01
0.5076E+01 0.1368E+00
0.6091E+01 0.1920E+00
0.6768E+01 0.2400E+00
0.6091E+01 0.4800E+00
0.6091E+01 0.7200E+00
0.6091E+01 0.1200E+01
0.6091E+01 0.4800E+01
15 10 0.1150E+03
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2083E+01 0.3840E-01
0.3472E+01 0.7440E-01
0.5208E+01 0.1368E+00

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-164

0.6250E+01 0.1920E+00
0.6944E+01 0.2400E+00
0.6250E+01 0.4800E+00
0.6250E+01 0.7200E+00
0.6250E+01 0.1200E+01
0.6250E+01 0.4800E+01
16 10 0.1150E+03
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2083E+01 0.3840E-01
0.3472E+01 0.7440E-01
0.5208E+01 0.1368E+00
0.6250E+01 0.1920E+00
0.6944E+01 0.2400E+00
0.6250E+01 0.4800E+00
0.6250E+01 0.7200E+00
0.6250E+01 0.1200E+01
0.6250E+01 0.4800E+01
17 10 0.1375E+03
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2083E+01 0.3840E-01
0.3472E+01 0.7440E-01
0.5208E+01 0.1368E+00
0.6250E+01 0.1920E+00
0.6944E+01 0.2400E+00
0.6250E+01 0.4800E+00
0.6250E+01 0.7200E+00
0.6250E+01 0.1200E+01
0.6250E+01 0.4800E+01
18 10 0.1600E+03
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3125E+01 0.3840E-01
0.5208E+01 0.7440E-01
0.7812E+01 0.1368E+00
0.9375E+01 0.1920E+00
0.1042E+02 0.2400E+00
0.9375E+01 0.4800E+00

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-165

0.9375E+01 0.7200E+00
0.9375E+01 0.1200E+01
0.9375E+01 0.4800E+01

TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KIP IN.

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2651E+01 0.1200E-01
0.5301E+01 0.2400E-01
0.1060E+02 0.4800E-01
0.2121E+02 0.3120E+00
0.3181E+02 0.1008E+01
0.3817E+02 0.1752E+01
0.4241E+02 0.2400E+01
0.4241E+02 0.3600E+01
0.4241E+02 0.4800E+01

LOAD VERSUS SETTLEMENT CURVE


****************************

TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT


KIP IN. KIP IN.
0.1728E+01 0.1370E-02 0.2209E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1728E+02 0.1370E-01 0.2209E+00 0.1000E-02
0.8650E+02 0.6895E-01 0.1104E+01 0.5000E-02
0.1707E+03 0.1380E+00 0.2209E+01 0.1000E-01
0.4786E+03 0.5107E+00 0.1068E+02 0.5000E-01
0.5753E+03 0.6987E+00 0.1269E+02 0.1000E+00
0.5866E+03 0.1117E+01 0.2407E+02 0.5000E+00

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 10 – 5-166

0.5943E+03 0.1629E+01 0.3169E+02 0.1000E+01


0.6024E+03 0.2642E+01 0.3979E+02 0.2000E+01

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


List of Technical References
List of Technical References – R-2

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), “AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Design Specifications, Customary U.S. Units, 4th Ed., Section 10.” Washington, D.C. 2007.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), “AASHTO Guide
Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design.” Prepared by R.A. Imbsen, 2007.

American Petroleum Institute, “API Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing, and Constructing
Fixed Offshore Platforms,” Report RP-2A, 1986.

American Petroleum Institute, “API Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing, and Constructing
Fixed Offshore Platforms,” Report RP-2A, 1987.

American Petroleum Institute, “API Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing, and Constructing
Fixed Offshore Platforms,” Report RP-2A, 1993.

American Society of Civil Engineers, Design of Pile Foundations Handbook, 1993.

Clausen C., Aas, P., and Karlsrud, K.,, “Bearing Capacity of Driven Piles in Sand, the NGI Approach ”,
Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics. ISFOG 2005, Ed. by Gourbenec & Cassidy, Taylor & Francis
Group, London, 2005.

Coyle, H. M. and Lymon C. Reese, “Load Transfer for Axially Loaded Piles in Clay,” Proceedings, American
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.92, No. SM2, 1966.

Coyle, H. M. and I. H. Sulaiman, "Skin Friction for Steel Piles in Sand," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and
Foundations Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 93, SM6, Paper No. 5590, pp. 261,
November, 1967.

Federal Highway Administration, Soils and Foundations, Workshop Manual - Second Edition, Publication
No. FHWA HI-88-009, July 1993.

Jardine, R., and Chow F., “New Design Methods for Offshore Piles”, Marine Technology Directorate,
London, 1996.

Jardine, R., Chow F., Overy R., and Standing J., “ICP Design Methods for driven Piles in Sands and Clays”,
Thomas Telford Ltd, London, 2005.

Kraft, Leland M., Jr., John A. Focht, Jr., and Srinath F. Amerasinghe, “Friction Capacity of Piles Driven into
Clay”, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division. Vol.107, No. GT11, November, 1981.

Karlsrud, K., Clausen C., and Aas, P., “Bearing Capacity of Driven Piles in Clay, the NGI Approach ”,
Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics. ISFOG 2005, Ed. by Gourbenec & Cassidy, Taylor & Francis
Group, London, 2005.

Meyerhof, G.G., “Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Pile Foundations”, Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 102, No. GT3, pp. 197-227, 1976.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


List of Technical References – R-3

Mosher, R. L., “Load Transfer Criteria for Numerical Analysis of Axially Loaded Piles in Sand,” U. S. Army
Waterways Experiment Station, Automatic Data Processing Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi,
January, 1984.

National Highway Institute (NHI), “Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Highway Bridge
Substructures,” U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Publication
No. FHWA HI-98-032, May 2001.

Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, “Bearing Capacity of Driven Piles in Clay,” Internal report no.
525211-1, March 2000.

Seed, H. B. and L. C. Reese, "The Action of Soft Clay Along Friction Piles," Transactions, American Society
of Civil Engineers, Paper No. 2882, Vol. 122, pp. 731-754, 1957.

Skempton, A. W., “The Bearing Capacity of Clays,” Proceedings, Building Research Congress, Division I,
London, England, 1951.

Vesic, A. S., “Tests on Instrumented Piles, Ogeechee River Site”, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 96, No. SM2, pp. 561-584, 1970.

Vijayvergiya, V. N., “Load-Movement Characteristics of Piles”, 4th Symposium of Waterways, Port,


Coastal and Ocean Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Long Beach, California, Vol. 2,
pp. 561-584, 1977.

Vijayvergiya, V. N. and John A. Focht Jr., “A New Way to Predict the Capacity of Piles in Clay”,
Proceedings, Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, May 1972.

User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


License Agreement & Disclaimer
License Agreement & Disclaimer – EULA-2

PROGRAM LICENSE AGREEMENT & DISCLAIMER


IMPORTANT NOTICE: This License Agreement & Disclaimer ("LICENSE") is a legal agreement between you
(either an individual or a single entity) and Ensoft Incorporated (ENSOFT) for the ENSOFT product (“PRODUCT”)
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LICENSE. If you do not agree to the terms of this LICENSE, do not install or use the PRODUCT.

SOFTWARE LICENSE & DISCLAIMER


The PRODUCT is protected by copyright laws and international copyright treaties, as well as other intellectual
property laws and treaties. The PRODUCT is licensed, not sold.

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This LICENSE grants you the following rights:
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This Network License strictly prohibits the PRODUCT to be used in or from computers located in office locations
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2. OTHER RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS


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User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


License Agreement & Disclaimer – EULA-3

2.2 LIMITATIONS ON REVERSE ENGINEERING, DECOMPILATION, AND DISASSEMBLY


You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the PRODUCT, except and only to the extent that such
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User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows


License Agreement & Disclaimer – EULA-4

are produced, the latest codes are posted on ENSOFT’s web site and made available to all visitors for free
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User’s Manual (Rel. Jun/2018) APILE for Windows

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