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Science comes from the greek word scire, which means to know. It deals with gaining knowledge
of the universe and all its components, such as humans, society, environment, and even outer
space.
Earth science deals with the natural mechanisms on Earth, including weather and climate
systems.
Technology deals with the application of scientific knowledge for practical use.
The 'null' often refers to the common view of something, while the alternative hypothesis is
what the researcher really thinks is the cause of a phenomenon. An experiment conclusion
always refers to the null, rejecting or accepting H 0 rather than H 1.
Data are collection of facts that may be recorded through the observation and measurement.
There are two types of data:
Metric system is the globally accepted scientific system of measurement. It is based on the
Système International d'Unités (SI) or translated as the International System of Units.
English system is a system of weights and measures that evolved over time, as people used their
body parts or common household items for measuring.
Fundamental quantities
Some quantities are called basic or fundamental quantities because they cannot be further
measured in a simpler form. The units of these basic quantities are called fundamental units.
Precision and accuracy
Systematic errors are due to the limitations of the measuring instrument and the skill of the one
measuring.
Random errors are caused by external factors such as noise, vibrations, sudden changes in
atmospheric pressure and moisture.
Accuracy describes how well the result agrees with the accepted value of the quantity being
measured. It depends on the measuring instrument used.
Precision refers to the exactness to which a measurement can be replicated. It depends on the
skill of the person who measures.
Significant figures
The number of significant figures in the measurement contains a certain numbet of reliable
digits and is based on the precision of the instrument used.
3. All zeroz to the right of a decimal point are significant. However, thosr to the left of a non zero
digit are not significant.
4. All zeros to the right of a non zero digit without an expressed decimal point following it are
not significant.
Scientific notation is a compact, simple, and easy way of writing very small or very large numbers
using powers of 10.
N x 10
Where,
Exponent tells the number of times the decimal point is moved from its original place to
the right or to the left.
- (negative) left to right
Chemistry is a branch of physical science that deals with the study of properties of matter, its
composition and structure, and the changes it undergoes.
Mixtures are made of either elements or compounds that are physically combined.
Heterogeneous mixture is not uniformly combined because it shows two or more distinct phases
of matter.
Techniques in separating Mixtures
Phase conversion: wherein one component of a mixture is converted into anothet form that is
easy to isolate
Phase transfer: wherein a new substance that collects components from the mixture is added.
1. Filtration is a process used to separate heterogeneous mixtures of solids and liquids through a
filter paper.
4. Magnetic separation is the process of separating materials using a magnet or any material that
has strong magnetic properties.
5. Decantation is a process used to separate insoluble solids from a mixture by pouring the liquid
into another container, leaving the sediments.
7. Centrifugation is a process that makes solid particles settle at the bottom of the yest tube. A
machine called the centrifige makes this happen by spinning at very high speed.
Fundamentals of matter
Carbon is an element that can form strong covalent bonds to each other while forming bonds
with their elements . This enables them to form long chains or links. (A covalent bond is a kind of
bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms.)
Organic compounds are a large class of chemical compounds wherein carbon atoms are
covalently linked to atoms