CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Report entitled, “Summer tranning ” which is submitted by RAHUL in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree .B.Tech. in Department of
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING of the Dr. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW is a record of the candidate own work carried out by him under
my supervision.
The matter embodied in this tranning is original and has not been submitted for the award of
B.Tech degree.

i
 DECLARATION

This is to hereby declare that we studied in B.Tech (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING) from

SHAMBHUNATH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
ALLAHABAD that I have completed my seminar with full dedication & devotion .I have
completed my work without using any unfair means and collect the information from the trusted
and legal source. It was a real learning experience gaining partial knowledge.

RAHUL
1616220033
4th Year
Department of Electrical Engineering
S.I.E.T Prayagraj

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep sense of gratitude to Assistant Professor and Assistant Professor as our
supervisor during our graduate studies at SIET and we would like to express our utmost gratitude
to him. His vast technical knowledge and insight have given us an excellent background in this
field. I feel fortunate and proud that we will always be able to say that we have worked under his
supervision.
I would also thank my institution & my faculty members without whom this report would have
been a distant reality.

RAHUL
1616220033
4th YEAR
Department of Electrical Engineering
S.I.E.T Allahabad

iii
 ABSTRACT
The main objective of our mini project work is to study the protection of transformer in 132/33kv
substation. Protective scheme required for the protection of power system components against
abnormal conditions such as faults etc., consists of circuit breakers. In 132/33kv substation they
used SF6 circuit breaker at HV side and VCB at LV side. The auxiliaries like isolators,
lightening arrestors, CT’s, PT’s, control panel and indicating instruments are used. The assembly
of apparatus used to stabilize the voltage from all the components like harmonics, transients etc
.,is called sub-station.
I did the project at 132/33 KV substation which is located at Surajkund near hanuman mandir
Allahabad. The main feature of this substation is that it is very near to the main load center. It is
well designed, such that it consists of requisite area for feature expansion.

iv
CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................................................ i

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv

CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Substation and Layout....................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................... 3

2. POWER TRANSFORMER .................................................................................................... 3

2.1Construction ....................................................................................................................... 3

2.1.1 Winding...................................................................................................................... 5

2.1.2 Insulation Drying ....................................................................................................... 6

2.1.3 Bushings ..................................................................................................................... 6

2.1.4 Breather ...................................................................................................................... 6

2.1.5 Conservator ................................................................................................................ 7

2.1.6 Cooling System .......................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Protection .......................................................................................................................... 9

2.2.1 Buchholz Relay .......................................................................................................... 9

2.2.2 Differential protection .............................................................................................. 10

CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................. 12

3. LIGHTNING ARRESTER ................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................. 13

4.1CIRCUIT BREAKERS ........................................................................................................ 13

4.1.1 Gas Circuit Breaker...................................................................................................... 14

4.1.2 Vacuum Circuit Breaker .............................................................................................. 15

v
CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................. 17

5.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER ........................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................................. 19

6.1 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER ........................................................................................ 19

CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 21

vi
 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1Layout of GIS .................................................................................................................... 2

Figure 2Transformer ....................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 3Core section ....................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 4 Breather ............................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 5 Conservator tank ............................................................................................................... 7
Figure 6 Buchholz relay .................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 7Lightning arrester ............................................................................................................ 12
Figure 8Gas circuit breaker ........................................................................................................... 15
Figure 9 Circuit breaker ................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 10 Current transformer ...................................................................................................... 17
Figure 11Potential transformers .................................................................................................... 19

vii
 CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where
all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-voltage
switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A
transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages,
voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR
compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between
two adjacent power systems.

1.1 Substation and Layout

In modern power system to have a normal operation of the system without electrical failure and
damage to the equipment two alternators are available with the designer, one is to design the
system so that faults cannot occur and other is to accept the possibility of faults and take steps to
guard against the ill effects of such faults. The main objective of our mini project work is to
study the protection of transformer in 132/33kv substation. Protective scheme required for the
protection of power system components against abnormal conditions such as faults etc., consists
of circuit breakers. In 132/33kv substation they used SF6 circuit breaker at HV side and VCB at
LV side. The auxiliaries like isolators, lightening arrestors, CT’s, PT’s, control panel and
indicating instruments are used. The assembly of apparatus used to stabilize the voltage from all
the components like harmonics, transients etc .,is called sub-station. Substation is important part
of power system. The continuity of supply depends to a considerable extent upon the successful
operation of substations. It is, therefore, essential to exercise utmost care while designing and
building a substation.

I did the project at 132/33 KV substation which is located at Surajkund near hanuman mandir
Allahabad. The main feature of this substation is that it is very near to the main load center. It is
well designed, such that it consists of requisite area for feature expansion.

1
Figure 1Layout of GIS

2
 CHAPTER 2

2. POWER TRANSFORMER

2.1Construction

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more circuits through
electromagnetic induction without change in frequency.
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding. This varying magnetic
field at the secondary induces a varying electromotive force(emf) or voltage in the secondary
winding. Making use of Faraday's Law in conjunction with high magnetic permeability core
properties, transformers can thus be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage
level to another within power networks.

Figure 2Transformer

For the construction of transformer different types of cores are used.

They are :-

1) Laminated steel cores

3
2) Solid cores
3) Toroidal cores
4) Air cores

In this we use laminated steel type of core. The core, which provides the magnetic path to
channel the flux, consists of thin strips of high-grade steel, called laminations, which are
electrically separated by a thin coating of insulating material. The strips can be stacked or
wound, with the windings either built integrally around the core or built separately and
assembled around the core sections.

Figure 3Core section

Thickness ranges from 0.23 mm to upwards of 0.36 mm. The core cross section can be circular
or rectangular, with circular cores commonly referred to as cruciform construction. Rectangular
cores are used for smaller ratings and as auxiliary transformers used within a power transformer.
Rectangular cores use a single width of strip steel, while circular cores use a combination of
different strip widths to approximate a circular cross-section. Just like other components in the
transformer, the heat generated by the core must be adequately dissipated.
While the steel and coating may be capable of withstanding higher temperatures, it will come in
contact with insulating materials with limited temperature capabilities. In larger units, cooling
ducts are used inside the core for additional convective surface area, and sections of laminations
may be split to reduce localized losses.

4
The core is held together by, but insulated from, mechanical structures and is grounded to a
single point in order to dissipate electrostatic buildup. The core ground location is usually some
readily accessible point inside the tank, but it can also be brought through a bushing on the tank
wall or top for external access.
This grounding point should be removable for testing purposes, such as checking for
unintentional core grounds. Multiple core grounds, such as a case whereby the core is
inadvertently making contact with otherwise grounded internal metallic mechanical structures,
can provide a path for circulating currents induced by the main flux as well as a leakage flux,
thus creating concentrations of losses that can result in localized heating.
The maximum flux density of the core steel is normally designed as close to the knee of the
saturation curve as practical, accounting for required overexcitations and tolerances that exist
due to materials and manufacturing processes.
For power transformers the flux density is typically between 1.3 T and 1.8 T, with the saturation
point for magnetic steel being around 2.03 T to 2.05 T.

2.1.1 Winding
The conducting material used for the windings depends upon the application, but in all cases the
individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current travels
throughout every turn. For small power and signal transformers, in which currents are low and
the potential difference between adjacent turns is small, the coils are often wound from
enamelled magnet wire, such as Formvar wire. Larger power transformers operating at high
voltages may be wound with copper rectangular strip conductors insulated by oil-impregnated
paper and blocks of pressboard.
Power-frequency transformers may have taps at intermediate points on the winding, usually on
the higher voltage winding side, for voltage adjustment.
Taps may be manually reconnected, or a manual or automatic switch may be provided for
changing taps. Automatic on-load tap changers are used in electric power transmission or
distribution, on equipment such as arc furnace transformers, or for automatic voltage regulators
for sensitive loads. may be manually reconnected, or a manual or automatic switch may be
provided for changing taps. Automatic on-load tap changers are used in electric power
transmission or distribution, on equipment such as arc furnace transformers, or for automatic
voltage regulators for sensitive loads.

5
2.1.2 Insulation Drying
Construction of oil-filled transformers requires that the insulation covering the windings be
thoroughly dried of residual moisture before the oil is introduced. Drying is carried out at the
factory, and may also be required as a field service. Drying may be done by circulating hot air
around the core, or by vapor-phase drying (VPD) where an evaporated solvent transfers heat by
condensation on the coil and core.
For small transformers, resistance heating by injection of current into the windings is used. The
heating can be controlled very well, and it is energy efficient. The method is called low-
frequency heating (LFH) since the current used is at a much lower frequency than that of the
power grid, which is normally 50 or 60 Hz. A lower frequency reduces the effect of inductance,
so the voltage required can be reduced. The LFH drying method is also used for service of older
transformers.

2.1.3 Bushings
Large transformer are provided with bushing.

2.1.4 Breather

Figure 4 Breather

The insulating oil of transformer is provided for cooling and insulating purpose. Expansion and
contraction of oil during the temperature variations cause pressure change inside the conservator.
This change in pressure is balanced by the flow of atmospheric air into and out of the
conservator. Transformer breather is a cylindrical container which is filled with silica gel.

6
Insulating oil reacts with moisture can affect the paper insulation or may even lead to some
internal faults. So it is necessary that the air entering the tank is moisture free. It consists of silica
gel contained in a chamber. For this purpose breather is used. When the atmospheric air passes
through the silica gel breather the moisture contents are absorbed by the silica crystals. Silica gel
breather is acts like an air filter for the transformer and controls the moisture not to enter into a
transformer. It is connected to the end of breather pipe.

2.1.5 Conservator
Conservator conserves the transformer oil. It is an airtight metallic cylindrical drum which is
fitted above the transformer. The conservator tank is vented to the atmosphere at the top and the
normal oil level is approximately in the middle of the conservator to allow expansion and
contraction of oil during the temperature variations. It is connected to the main tank connected
from inside the transformer(internally) which is completely filled with transformer oil through a
pipeline. The main function of conservator tank of transformer is to provide adequate space for
expansion of oil inside the transformer.

Figure 5 Conservator tank

2.1.6 Cooling System

The main source of heat generation in transformer is its copper loss or I2R loss. Although there

are other factors contribute heat in transformer such as hysteresis & eddy current losses but

contribution of I2R loss dominate them. If this heat is not dissipated properly, the temperature of

the transformer will rise continually which may cause damages in paper insulation and liquid
insulation medium of transformer. So it is essential to control the temperature with in permissible
limit to ensure the long life of transformer by reducing thermal degradation of its insulation

7
system. In electrical power transformer we use external transformer cooling system to accelerate
the dissipation rate of heat of transformer.
Radiators are used to cool the transformer oil. The transformer oil is circulated through the them.
The circulation of the oil may either be natural or forced circulation. In natural circulation, when
the temperature of the oil raises the hot oil naturally moves to the top and the cold oil moves
downwards. Thus the oil keeps on circulating through the tubes. In Heat dissipation can
obviously be increased, if dissipating surface is increased but it can be make further faster by
applying forced air flow on that dissipating surface. Fans blowing air on cooling surface is
employed. Forced air takes away the heat from the surface of radiator and provides better cooling
than natural air. The full form of ONAF is "Oil Natural Air Forced". As the heat dissipation rate
is faster and more in ONAF transformer cooling method than ONAN cooling system, electrical
power transformer can be put into more load without crossing the permissible temperature limits.
Oil Temperature Indicator or OTI
This device is used to measure the top oil temperature. An oil temperature indicator or OTI is
also used for protection of transformer. This device measures top oil temperature with the help of
sensing bulb immersed in the pocket by using liquid expansion in the bulb through a capillary
line to operating mechanism. A link and lever mechanism amplifies this movement to the disc
carrying pointer and mercury switches. When volume of the liquid in operating mechanism
changes, the bellow attached to end of capillary tube expands and contracts. This movement of
bellow is transmitted to the pointer in temperature indicator of transformer through a lever
linkage mechanism.
Winding Temperature Indicator or WTI

This device measures the LV and HV winding temperature. A winding temperature indicator or
WTI is also used as protection of transformer.

8
Operating Principle of Winding Temperature Indicator :

The basic operating principle of WTI is same as OTI. But only difference is that the sensing
bulb pocket on transformer top cover is heated by a heater coil surround edit .This heater coil is
fed by secondary of current transformer associated with transformer winding. Hence the current
through the heater coil is directly proportional to the current flowing through transformer
winding. This is because there is no scope of direct measuring of temperature inside a winding.
When load of transformer increases, the winding temperature is also increased and this increased
temperature is sensed by sensing bulb as the heater coil surrounds it. Rest of the working
principle of winding temperature indicator is same as principle of oil temperature indicator.

2.2 Protection
2.2.1 Buchholz Relay
It is a protective device container housed over the connecting pipe from main tank to conservator
tank. It is used to sense the faults occurring inside the transformer. It is a simple relay which is
operated by the gases emitted due to the decomposition of transformer oil during internal faults.
It helps in sensing and protecting the transformer from internal faults

Figure 6 Buchholz relay

Buchholz relay in transformer is an oil container housed in the connecting pipe from main tank
to conservator tank. It has mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float
is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil level in
the Buchholz relay Container. One mercury switch is fixed on the float. The alignment of
mercury switch hence depends upon the position of the float.

9
The lower element consists of a baffle plate and mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a hinge
just in front of the inlet (main tank side) of Buchholz relay in transformer in such a way that
when oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along
with the mercury switch attached to it, will change. In addition to these main elements a
Buchholz relay has Gas Relief Cock (GRC) on top. The electrical leads from both mercury
switches are taken out through a molded terminal block.
Operation:

In case of incipient faults within the transformer, the heat due to fault causes the decomposition
of some transformer oil in the main tank. The products of decomposition contain more than 70%
of hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas being light tries to go into the conservator and in the process
gets entrapped in the upper part of relay chamber. When a predetermined amount of gas gets
accumulated, it exerts sufficient pressure on the float to cause it to tilt and close the contacts of
mercury switch attached to it. This completes the alarm circuit to sound an alarm.
If a serious fault occurs in the transformer ,an enormous amount of gas is generated in the main
tank. The oil in the main tank rushes towards the conservator via the Buchholz relay and in doing
so tilts the flap to close the contacts of mercury switch. This completes the trip circuit to open the
circuit breaker controlling the transformer.


Advantages:

It is the simplest form of transformer protection.
It detects the incipient faults at a stage much earlier than is possible with other forms of
protection


Disadvantages:
It can only be used with oil immersed transformers equipped with conservator tanks.

2.2.2 Differential protection

This scheme is employed for the protection of transformers against internal short circuits. It
provides the best overall protection for internal faults. However in case of ungrounded or high
impedance grounding it cannot provide ground fault protection.
The following factors affect the differential current in transformers and should be considered
while applying differential protection.

10
These factors can result in a differential current even underbalanced power in & out conditions:
1.Magnetizing inrush current– The normal magnetizing current drawn is 2–5% of the rated
current. However during Magnetizing inrush the current can be as high as 8–30times the rated
current for typically 10 cycles, depending upon the transformer and system resistance.
2.Overexcitation–This is normally of concern in generator–transformer units. Transformers are
typically designed to operate just below the flux saturation level. Any further increase from the
max permissible voltage level (or Voltage/Frequency ratio), could lead to saturation of the core,
in turn leading to substantial increase in the excitation current drawn by the transformer.
3.CT Saturation – External fault currents can lead to CT saturation. This can cause relay
operating current to flow due to distortion of the saturated CT current.
4. Different primary and secondary voltage levels, that is the primary & secondary CT’s are of
different types and ratios
5. Phase displacement in Delta-y transformers.

Transformer Differential Relay

To account for the above variables less sensitive Percentage Differential Relays with percentage
characteristics in the range of 15 to 60% are applied to transformers. Additionally, in modern
microprocessor and numeric relays harmonic restraints can be applied.
Harmonic Restraint:
The percentage differential scheme tends to maloperate due to magnetizing inrush. The inrush
current waveform is rich in harmonics whereas the internal fault current consists of only the
fundamental component. So to solve the problem of inrush current, which is neither an abnormal
condition nor a fault, additional restraint is developed which comes to picture only during inrush
condition and is ineffective during internal faults.

11
 CHAPTER 3

3. LIGHTNING ARRESTER
Lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and telecommunications systems
to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning.
The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a
lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the
arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth. Here
we used the latest revolutionary type of Lightning Arrester i.e., metal oxide arrestor (MOA).
Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are devices that are
connected between each electrical conductor in power and communications systems and the
Earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a
path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment.
Lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that may damage
the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to transformers and other electrical or
electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can
damage electrical home appliances. Lightning arresters built for power substation use are
impressive devices, consisting of a porcelain tube several feet long and several inches in
diameter, typically filled with disks of zinc oxide. A safety port on the side of the device vents
the occasional internal explosion without shattering the porcelain cylinder.


Figure 7Lightning arrester

12
 CHAPTER 4

4.1CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch in combination with relay
designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates
once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically)
to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that
protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage
circuits feeding an entire city.

In this substation we use one types of circuit breakers for high voltage side and low voltage side.
They are:-
Gas Circuit Breaker
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Operation:-
All circuit breaker systems have common features in their operation, although details vary
substantially depending on the voltage class, current rating and type of the circuit breaker. The
circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low voltage circuit breakers this is usually done
within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually
arranged with protective relay pilot devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the trip
opening mechanism. The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a separate
battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers,
protective relays and an internal control power source.
Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit;
some mechanically-stored energy contained within the breaker is used to separate the contacts,
although some of the energy required may be obtained from the fault current itself. Small circuit
breakers may be manually operated, larger units have solenoids to trip the mechanism, and
electric motors to restore energy to the springs.

13
The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating, and must also
withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit. Contacts are made
of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys and other highly conductive materials. Service life of the
contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to arcing while interrupting the current.
Miniature and molded-case circuit breakers are usually discarded when the contacts have worn,
but power circuit breakers and high-voltage circuit breakers have replaceable contacts.
When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled and
extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the
voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas or oil as the
medium the arc forms in.
Arc interruption:-
Gas (usually sulfur hexafluoride) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the arc using a magnetic
field, and then rely upon the dielectric strength of the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) to quench the
stretched arc.
Vacuum circuit breakers have minimal arcing (as there is nothing to ionize other than the
contact material), so the arc quenches when it is stretched a very small amount (less than 2–3
mm (0.079–0.118 in)). Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently used in modern medium-voltage
switchgear to 38,000 volts.

4.1.1 Gas Circuit Breaker

A sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts surrounded by sulfur hexafluoride gas to
quench the arc. They are most often used for transmission-level voltages and may be
incorporated into compact gas-insulated switchgear. In cold climates, supplemental heating or
de-rating of the circuit breakers may be required due to liquefaction of the SF6 gas.
Working:-
In closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain surrounded by SF6 gas at a pressure of

about 2.8 kg/cm2 . When the breaker operates, the moving contact is pulled apart and an arc is

struck between the contacts. The movement of the moving contact is synchronized with the

opening of a valve which permits SF6 gas at 14 kg/cm2 pressure from the reserviour to the arc

interruption chamber. The high pressure flow of SF6 rapidly absorbs the free electrons in the arc
path to form immobile negative ions which are ineffective as charge carriers. The result is that

14
the medium between the contacts quickly builds up high dielectric strengths and causes the
extinction of the arc. After the breaker operation(i.e., after arc extinction ), the valveis closed by
the action of set of spring. SF6 gas has high dielectric strength which is the most important
quality of a material for use in electrical equipments and in particular for breaker it is one of
the most desired properties .Moreover it has high Rate of Rise of dielectric strength after arc
extinction. This characteristics is very much sought for a circuit breaker to avoid risk .

Figure 8Gas circuit breaker

SF6 has high thermal conductivity which means the heat dissipation capacity is more.
This implies greater current carrying capacity when surrounded by SF6.SF6 being non-flammable
so there is no risk of fire hazard and explosion.

4.1.2 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

A vacuum circuit breaker is such kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place in
vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. For higher voltage
vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially viable. The operation of opening
and closing of electric current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption take place in a
vacuum chamber in the breaker which is called vacuum interrupter. The vacuum interrupter
consists of a steel arc chamber in the centre symmetrically arranged ceramic insulators. The

vacuum pressure inside a vacuum interrupter is normally maintained at 10 - 6 bar.

15
Working :-

The main aim of any circuit breaker is to quench arc during electric current zero crossing, by
establishing high dielectric strength in between the contacts so that reestablishment of arc after
electric current zero becomes impossible. The dielectric strength of vacuum is eight times greater
than that of air and four times greater than that of SF6 gas. When the breaker operates, the
moving contact separates from the fixed contact and an arc is struck between the contacts. The
production of arc is due to the ionization of metal ions and depends very much upon the material
of contacts. The arc is quickly extinguished because the metallic vapours, electrons and ions
produced during arc are diffused in a short time and seized by the surface of moving and fixed
members and shields. Since vacuum has very fast rate of recovery of dielectric strength, the arc
extinction in a vacuum breaker occurs with a short contact separation(say 0.625 cm).


 

Figure 9 Circuit breaker

16
 CHAPTER 5

5.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument transformer” that is designed to
produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to the current being
measured in its primary.

Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a
convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission
line using a standard ammeter. The principal of operation of a current transformer is no different
from that of an ordinary transformer.

Figure 10 Current transformer

The basic principle of current transformer is same as that of the power transformer. Like the
power transformer current transformer also contains a primary and a secondary winding.
Whenever an alternating current flows through the primary winding alternating magnetic flux is
produced, which then induces alternating current in the secondary winding. In case of current

17
transformers the load impedance or “burden” is very small. Therefore the current transformer
operates under short circuit conditions. Also the current in the secondary winding does not
depend load impedance but depends on the current flowing in the primary winding.

The current transformer basically consists of an iron core on which primary winding and
secondary winding are wound. The primary winding of the transformer is connected in series
with the load and carries the actual current flowing to the load while the secondary winding is
connected to a measuring device or a relay. The number of secondary turns is proportional to the
current flowing through the primary.Larger the magnitude of current flowing through the
primary, more the number of secondary turns.
The ratio of primary current to the secondary current is known as the current transformation ratio
of the CT. Usually the current transformation ratio of the CT is high. Normally the secondary
ratings are of the order 5 A, 1 A, 0.1 A whereas the primary rating vary from 10 A to 3000 A or
more.
The CT handles very less power. Rated burden can be defines as the product of current and
voltage at the secondary side of the CT. It is measured in volt ampere (VA).
The secondary of a current transformer should not be disconnected from its Rated burden while
current is flowing in the primary. As the primary current is independent of the secondary current,
the entire primary current acts as a magnetizing current when secondary is opened. This results
in deep saturation of the core which cannot return to normal state and so the CT is no longer
usable.
Current transformers can reduce or “step-down” current levels from thousands of amperes
down to a standard output of a known ratio to either 5 Amps or 1 Amp for normal operation.
Thus, small and accurate instruments and control devices can be used with CT’s because they are
insulated away from any high-voltage power lines. There are a variety of metering applications
and uses for current transformers such as with wattmeter’s, power factor meters, watt-hour
meters, protective relays, or as trip coils in magnetic circuit breakers, or MCB’s.

18
 CHAPTER 6

6.1 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Potential transformers are instrument transformers used to feed the potential coils of indicating
and metering relays. These transformers make the ordinary low voltage instruments suitable for
the measurement of high voltages and isolate them for high voltage.
The primary winding of the transformer is directly connected to the high voltage power circuits
between two phases or between a phase and ground depending on the transformer rating and its
application. The secondary of the potential transformer is connected various measuring devices
and relays. The primary winding has a large number of turns and the secondary winding has
lesser number of turns than the primary winding. These two windings are magnetically coupled.
The number of secondary turns depends upon the purpose for which the potential transformer is
used.

Figure 11Potential transformers

19
Operation:-

The theory of operation of a potential transformer is essentially same as that of the power
transformer. The main difference between a potential transformer and a power transformer is that
the load current of the potential transformer depends purely on the exciting current and its
secondary impedance. The secondary impedance of the potential transformer will be resistive in
nature. The potential transformers are rated in terms of their maximum burden it delivers without
exceeding specified limits of error, whereas the power transformer is rated secondary output it
delivers without exceeding a specified temperature rise. The output of PTs is limited is usually
limited to few hundred volt amperes while the output of a power transformer varies from several
KVA to several MVA.

20
 CONCLUSION
The external protection is given by using modern well developed metal oxide type lightning
arresters for protection over voltage surges, line isolators for the on load operations,SF6 circuit
breaker potential transformers for voltage measurement, current transformers for current,
capacitor voltage transformer and the internal protection is involved in cooling of oil by using
radiators, and relay.
By this arrangement the protection of transformer from many faults that occurred due to
transients or extra high voltages with circuit breakers and relays, current is measured using
current transformer and the tripping action takes place.
The internal problems like oil heating due to transformer working which increase core losses and
shrinks the age of transformer is cooled by using Radiators, Pressure balancing in the
transformer is done by using pressure relive vent and the Buchholz relay is for clearing dielectric
failure. This protection is gone through economic way not to exceed the cost of operation doesn’t
effect the charges to transmit power to customers.

21
22