Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba
XXXVII 2009
jilber lazari
mTargmnelis winasitKvaoba
*
Le géorgien : actance duale («active») ou ergative? Typologie des verbes anti-impersonnels, Études
de linguistique générale. Typologie grammaticale, Leuven-Paris, 2001, p.243-263.
1
am naSromis axali gamocema ganxorcielda 2006 wels, TeiranSi, iranuli
kvlevebis franguli institutis mier, ix. G.Lazard, Grammaire du persan contemporain. Nouvelle
édition avec la collaboration de Y. Richard, R. Hechmati et P. Samvelian, IFRI, Téhéran, 2006.
2
ix. j. lazaris ZiriTadi Sromebis sia: Études irano-aryennes offertes à Gilbert Lazard,
réunies par C.-H. de Fouchécour et Ph.Gignoux, Studia Iranica, cahier 7, Paris, 1989, p.XI-XVII.
3
G. Lazard, L’actance, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1994; ix. aseve G. Lazard, Études
de linguistique générale. Typologie grammaticale. Collection linguistique publié par la Société de
Linguistique de Paris, LXXXII, Leuven-Paris, 2001.
qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 293
elene giunaSvili
1
am sakiTxebs mieZGvna a. Ciqobavas, xolo Semdeg _ q. lomTaTiZis, g. Tofurias,
g. rogavas, i. meliqiSvilis, r. asaTianis, m. suxiSvilis, m. saxokias da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi.
2
am mxriv aGsaniSnavia, magaliTad, misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani publikacia, gamo-
qveKnebuli Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis SromaTa seriaSi, romelic mieZGvna
d. kobiZes, Sdr. G. Lazard, La source en "Farsi" de "Vis-o Ramin", Tsu Sromebi, 241,
aGmosavleTmcodneoba,1983, gv.34-39.
294 j. lazari
rezi
reziu
ziume
1. Sesa
Sesava
savali
vali
*
Sdr. ingl. "impersonal verbs" (e. g).
qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 295
2. erga
ergati
gatiu
tiuli,
li, dua
dualuri
luri struqtu
struqtura
tura
1
me aq Segnebulad vifarglebi imiT, rasac ewodeba morfologiuri ergatiuloba
(morphological ergativity, metad uiGblo saxelwodeba, vinaidan is aseve exeba sitaqss) da
romelsac me upiratesad vuwodeb aqtantebis struqturis `pirvelad faqtorebs~ (Lazard
1994, Tavi 2). es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs imas, rom `meoreuli faqtorebi~
(sintaqsuri ergatiuloba _ syntactic ergativity) umniSvnelo da arasainterso iqneba, ubra-
lod amJerad ar Sedis am statiis gansaxilvel sakiTxebSi.
qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 297
b. λ’e-r ø-sɺa-ge
kaci-pird.br. is-rbena-warsuli dr.
Z z
`kacma (ga)irbina~
erTaderTi aqtanti (Z) (1 b)-Si pirdapir brunvaSia da korefe-
rentulia aqtantis markerisa _ ø zmnaSi, iseve rogorc aqtanti, rome-
lic pacienss (Y) gamoxatavs (1 a)-Si, xolo agensis gamomxatveli aqtan-
ti (X) irib brunvaSia da koreferentulia aqtantis marker _ ye-si. es
struqtura ergatiulia: Y = Z. frangul TargmanSi piriqiT, kaci (Z)
(1ab)-Si win uswrebs zmnas da marTavs SeTanxmebas, rogorc kaci (X) 1 a-Si.
es struqtura akuzatiuria: X = Z.
rogorc es aGniSnuli aqvs Hariss-s, dualuri struqtura Tavda-
pirvelad TvalnaTliv naCvenebi iKo amerikel indielTa enebSi Sapir-is
mier (1917). am enebSi, rogorc es Cans, dasturdeba ara mxolod erTaq-
tantiani mTavari konstruqcia, aramed ori, rac kvlav imaze miuTiTebs,
rom erTaqtantiani zmnebi or Jgufad iKofa, romlebic Sedarebis
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania, radgan gansxvavebuli konstruqciebis Se-
mcvelia. erTSi erTaderTi aqtanti ise funqcionirebs, rogorc agensis
gamomxatveli aqtanti biaqtantur konstruqciaSi (Z = X) ; xolo meore-
Si _ rogorc paciensis gamomxatveli aqtanti (Z = Y). sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, ori struqtura _ akuzativi da ergativi Tanabrad gamoiKene-
ba. ai, erTi nimuSi Cikasavuri enidan (Munro /Gordon 1982:81, 83).
298 j. lazari
(2) a. chi-sso-li
Sen-dartKma-me
y x
`me Sen gartKam~
b. is-sa-thaana
Sen-me-cnoba
x y
`Sen me micnob~
g. malili-li
gaqceva-me
z
`me gaviqeci~
d. sa-hotolhko
me-daxveleba
z
`me davaxvele~
3. aqtan
aqtante
tantebis
tebis struqtu
struqtura
tura qarTul
qarTulSi
TulSi:
Si: morfo
morfosin
rfosintaq
sintaqsu
taqsuri
suri anali
analizi
lizi
2
magram, bacburSi gansxvavebebia mxolod 1 da 2 piris aqtantebSi. amiT es ena
scildeba dualuri enis idealur tips.
3
kanonzomieria bazobrivi (aramarkirebuli) konstruqciis aGniSvna terminiT
`aqtiuri~, misi opoziciuri mimarTebiT pasivTan, antipasivTan, an orivesTan. igi
akuzatiuria egreT wodebul akuzatiuri wKobis enebTan, magram ar Cans imis mizezi, rom
ar vuwodoT aqtiuri aramarkirebul ergatiul formas, romelic egreT wodebuli
ergatiuli enebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
300 j. lazari
cxrili 1
{A} {B} {C}
mx. 1 v_ m_ m_
2 ø g_ g_
3 _s/a/o ø s/h/ø_
cxrili II
B seria mx. 1 2 3 mr. 1 2 3
A seria
mx. 1 g_ v_ g_T v_
2 m_ ø gv_ ø
3 m_s/... g_s/.... _s/... gv_s/.... g_T _s/...
4
es klasebi gansazGvrulia morfologiurad, magram erTi da imave klasis zmnebis
sintaqsi, mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda, igivea. aqedan gamomdinare, am gamonaklisebs ar
qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 301
b. kaci kvdeb-a
nominat. kvdoma-is
Z z
b. kac-i mo-kvd-a
nominat. prev-kvdoma-is
Z z
5
`TiTqmis~ vinaidan is ar iqneboda zustad inversirebuli, Tuki X koreferire-
buli iqneboda B seriis aqtanturi maCveneblis saSualebiT.
qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 303
Ta agensi! rac Seexeba me-3 klasis zmnur formebs, maTSi asevea A seri-
is aqtanturi maCvenebeli, magram sakiTxavia Seicaven Tu ara isini aseve
B seriisas, anu xom ar arian isini morfologiurad biaqtanturi.
sinamdvileSi, B seriaSi me-3 piris aqtanturi maCvenebelia _ ø,
ise, rom Sexameba A-s maCveneblisa B-s me-3 piris maCvenebelTan, identu-
ria mxolod A maCveneblis (ix. I da II cxrili zeviT). zmnuri formebi
(9a) da (9b) SeiZleba interpretirebuli iKos orgvarad, rogorc:
tiri-s i-tir-a
zmn-z pref-zmn-z
an rogorc:
ø-tiri-s ø-i-tir-a
y-zmn-x y-pref-zmn-x
anu, rogorc erTaqtantiani an biaqtanturi. meore interpreta-
ciis Tanaxmad, isini me-3 piris meore araeqsplicituri aqtantis Se-
mcvelia. misi franguli Targmani_kalki Semdegia: ("l’homme le pleure/pleu-
ra" _ `kaci tiris, an kaci itirebs~), sadac le- arafris gamomxatvelia.
magram, es meore interpretacia erTaderTi SesaZlo variantia,
III seriis formaTa SemTxvevaSi. zmnuri forma (9g)-Si Seicavs A seriis
III piris aqtantur maCvenebels (gansazGvruls, rogorc ` ?~), romelsac
SeuZlia mxolod araeqsplicituri aqtantis aGniSvna. Sesabamisad, is
unda iKos Semdegnairad ganxiluli:
Ø-u-tir(n)i-a
x-pref-zmn-y
`carieli~ aqtantiT Y. vinaidan es interpretacia III seriis Se-
mTxvevaSi savaldebuloa, marTebulia misi datoveba I da II seriebSi.
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es winadadebebi semantikurad erTi participan-
tis mqonea, xolo morfosintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT ar Camouvardebian
biaqtanturebs.
es biaqtanturi winadadebebi carieli aqtantiT, garkveuli Tval-
sazrisiT Sesadarebelia egreT wodebul `impersonalur~ winadadebeb-
Tan rogorc es magaliTad, laTinurSia (11).
(11) me pude-t
me-akuzat. gakeTeba-sircxvili-(m)is
Y x
`me mrcxvenia~
me-(11) winadadebaSi erTaderTi participanti gamoxatulia akuza-
tivis formis nacvalsaxeliT, xolo zmnuri forma agensis aqtanturi
maCveneblis Semcvelia, romelic ar SeiZleba eqsplicituri iKos. wina-
dadebebi, romelic aGniSnulia (11)-iT, X cariel aqtants Seicavs.
306 j. lazari
(16) a. eh>îlên-in
awmK.-xvixvini-isini
z
`isini xvixvineben~
b. h>îlan-ø-yan
xvixvini-mas-isini
y x
`isini axvixvindnen~
*
frangul originalSia lui , xolo qarTulSi Seesabameba `man~ (e. g.).
308 j. lazari
4. seman
semanti
mantiku
tikuri
kuri kore
korela
relate
latebi
tebi
*
frangul originalSia elle _ `is~,magram qarTulad iqneba `man~ (e. g.)
310 j. lazari
*
`isini qmnian sakmaod kargad gansazGvrul semantikur Jgufebs, romelTa
Semadgenloba ar aris arbitraruli~ ; `aq aGwerili aqtiuri da agensuri brunvaTa
sistemebi gramatizirebulia, magram rasakvirvelia, ar aris arbitraruli~ (e. g.).
**
`aqtiuri brunva (-ma) ganekuTvneba im nominalur formebs, romlebic sawKissa da
bolokidur poziciaSi mdgomi subieqtebia~, `sawKisi subieqtebi qarTulSi moicavs
agensebs, Semmecneblebs, ganmcdelebsa da mflobelebs~ (e. g.).
***
`sawKisi pirdapiri obieqtebi moicavs paciensebs, stimulatorebs (anu
gamomwvelebs) da kuTvnilebiTi Girebulebis mqone nominalur terminebs~ (e. g.).
qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 311
*
`me ufro metad gamovkveTe Cemi gadamowmebuli Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom
ara semantikuri, aramed morfologiuri klasia brunviTi aGniSvnis maCvenebeli~ (e. g.).
312 j. lazari
*
`SerCeuli zmnebi tipiuria : isini aCvenebs im generalizaciebs, romlebic mota-
nilia zemoT aGniSnul teqstSi. amave dros, es sia am generalizaciebisagan arsebuli
Kvela saxis gamonaklisebis Semcvelia~ (e. g.).
314 j. lazari
*
am naSromis Sesaxeb recenzia ekuTvnis W. Boeder-s, ix. Kratylos, Jahrgang 30, 1985,
s.162-167; mogvianebiT masze aseve gamoqveKnda recenzia qarTulad, ix. T. vaSakiZe, ike,
t. XXIX, 1990, gv. 260-268 (e. g.).
**
`Kvela moZraobis maneras axasiaTebs~ (e. g.).
***
`Kvela eqspresiuli zmna, romelTac usulo subieqti aqvT, gamoxatavs
percepciuli Sedegis amsaxvel movlenebs, rogoricaa sinaTlis, xmauris an moZraobis
aGniSvna. am movlenaTa gadmocema ar aris ganpirobebuli gareSe agensiT, aramed TviT
maT arsSi mdgomareobs~ (e. g.).
qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 315
6
Dominique Gauthier-Eligoulashvil-ma SematKobina, rom mTis qarTul dialeqtebSi aseve
dasturdeba aoristis forma: iTova, Tovli iTova, Tovlma iTova; analogiuri formebia
zmnisa `wvima~. amrigad, am dialeqtebSi meteorologiuri zmnebi SeiZleba iKos impersona-
luri, erTi (an ori) carieli aqtantiT, impersonaluri carieli agensiT da anti-
impersonaluri carieli obieqtiT. bunebrivi fenomenebi SeiZleba ganxiluli iKos
indiferentulad, rogorc garkveuli SedegobiTi efeqti, an rogorc qmediTi Zalebi.
*
`nebieriZis [...] hipoTezis TvalsazrisiT, me-3 klasis Kvela zmnas aqvs siGrmiseu-
li struqturis pirdapiri obieqti. Tu pirdapir obieqtsa da zmnas aqvT igive referen-
ciuli mniSvneloba, rogoric aris[...] magaliTad, `man iloca locva~, maSin pirdapiri
obieqti Tanamedrove qarTulSi amoGebulia~. (e. g.).
**
`medialuri zmnebi ZiriTadad mainc gardamavalia, ganurCevlad imisa, dastur-
debian Tu ara isini zedapiruli pirdapiri obieqtiT~ (e. g.).
316 j. lazari
*
ateluri kategoriis zmnebis gansazGvra da maTi dawvrilebiTi mimoxilva
Holisky-s naSromis mixedviT, mocemulia W. Boeder-is recenziaSi, gv.163-164 (e. g.).
qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 317
5. qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli zmnebi
zmnebi da tipo
tipolo
pologia
logia
abre
abrevi
revia
viature
turebi
rebi
absolut. absolutivi
akuzat. akuzativi
awmKo dr. awmKo dro
damx. zmn. damxmare zmna
dat. dativi
erg. ergativi
zmn. zmna
ir. br. iribi brunva
nominat. nominativi
pird. br. pirdapiri brunva
prev. preverbi
pref. prefiqsi
warsuli dr. warsuli dro
X agensi an msgavsi kategoria
x agensis aqtanturi maCvenebeli
Y paciensi an msgavsi kategoria
y paciensis aqtanturi maCvenebeli
Z erTaderTi aqtanti
z erTaderTi aqtantis aqtanturi maCvenebeli
320 j. lazari
lite
litera
teratu
ratura
tura
G. LAZARD
Summary
The so-called `medial~ verbs in Georgian have aroused a controversy about the
nature of the actancy structure of this language, `active~ (better called `dual~) accor-
ding to HARRIS, ergative according to HEWITT. This article puts the question on other
terms. It shows that these verbs behave like certain verbs in other, ergative or semi-erga-
tive, languages, Indo-Iranian and Caucasian languages and Basque. They represent one-
participant processes, and, in this respect, they are similar to intransitive verbs. But their
morphosyntax implies two actants: an agent, which represents the only participant, and
a dummy object. As they are the mirror image of the `impersonal~ verbs, which have a
object and a dummy agent, they may be called `anti-impersonal~. The processes they
express, in Georgian and other languages as well, belong to the same sphere, which may
be approximately defined as indicating behaviours. The anti-impersonal construction
has affinities with the dual actancy structure and also with the fact concerned by the
`Unaccusative Hypothesis~, but it must be distinguished from them.