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Contents :Contents Definition and example for Sensor and transducer General
Concept and terminology of measurement system Transducer classification
General input-output configuration Static characteristics of measurement system
Dynamic Characteristics of measurement system Calibration and standards Error
analysis in measurement system
Slide 6:All sensors are Transducer But All Transducer are not Sensor
Input and Output Range :Input and Output Range Input Range the interval
between the maximum and minimum admissible input range: Imax, Imin Output
Range the interval between the maximum and minimum reachable output range:
Omax, Omin
Slide 17:Span and Zero Zero: the system output corresponding to a zero input.
Slide 20:Sensitivity & Gain Sensitivity (Gain) is the rate of change in output
corresponding to the rate of change in input dO/dI. At different range, the
sensitivity may be different a device dI dO
Slide 22:Bias (offset) the residual error between the output and the true value
after all possible compensations. Drift rate of change of the output with time NOT
caused by input. Bias Drift True value Bias and Drift
Deadband :Deadband Deadband (Dead Band) range of input in which the output
remains at 0: Xd i o d
Non-Linearity :Non-Linearity
Dynamic Characteristics :Dynamic Characteristics Speed of Response The
rapidity with which a measurement system responds to changes in the measured
quantity Dynamic error Difference between the true value of the quantity
changing with time and the value indicated by the measurement system Fidelity
Degree of which a measurement system indicates changes in the measured
quantity without any dynamic error
Contd.. :Contd.. Step Response of first order Instrument Ramp Response of first
order Instrument Impulse Response of first order Instrument Terminated Ramp
response of first order Instrument Frequency Response ( 3 dB bandwidth of first
order instrument {0,1/Time constant} – first order instrument will behave like a
low pass filter FIRST PRINCIPLES MODEL ( TIME CONSTANT AND GAIN WILL
BE FUNCTION OF PARAMETERS LIKE HEAT TRANSFER AREA, HEAT
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, MASS OF THE SENSING ELEMENT ETC.)
Estimation of first order parameters ( Gain and Time constant) Least Square
Method (pseudo inverse) Number of Data Points (N)