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1. Introduction
11.11 G
Generall
1.2 Overview of pavement structures
1.2.1 Flexible pavements
1.2.2 Rigid
g ppavements
1.3 Basic design data
2. Stress in pavements
2.1 Stress in flexible pavements
2.2 Stress in rigid pavements
3. Traffic Loading and Axle load Survey
4. Sub-grade soils
4.1 Overview of soil data and site investigation
4.2 Essential laboratory tests
4.3 Soil classification for highway use
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CONTENTS cont’d
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CONTENTS cont’d
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CHAPTER 1
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INTRODUCTION
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Introduction
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Contents:
y General
y Overview of p
pavement structures
| Flexible pavements
| Rigid pavements
y Basic
B i design
d i ddata
t
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General
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General Cont’d
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y Increase in traffic
y usage
g and development
p necessitated a
of heavy transport means more rational
y Deterioration of pp
approach of
pavements due to trucks design.
and aircrafts
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General Cont’d
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General Cont’d
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y Principles
p of p
pavement design
g are common to all
problems and localities,
y Different highway agencies in different countries use
different design manuals prepared to suite
{ their local conditions and
{ available materials of construction.
construction
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Overview Cont’d
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Overview Cont’d
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Overview Cont’d
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y EARTH ROADS
{ Designed for a very low traffic where the soil can be trafficable
{ The
Th naturall sub b grade
d soilil can b
be made
d to carry the
h traffic
ffi lload
d
after clearing and shaping
{ Such earth roads g give seasonal services and
{ Require reshaping after seasonal changes.
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Overview Cont’d
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y GRAVEL ROADS
{ Better than earth roads,
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Overview Cont’d
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y Pavements are g
generallyy classified into two
categories,
{ Flexible pavements
{ Rigid
i id pavements.
y The basis for classification is the way by which traffic
loads are transmitted to the subgrade soil through
the pavement structure.
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Flexible Pavements
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Flexible Pavements
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Flexible Pavements
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Flexible Pavement
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Flexible Pavements
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{ Auxiliary lanes
{ Ramps
R
{ Parking areas
{ Frontage roads
{ Shoulders
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Flexible Pavements
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Flexible Pavements
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y Generally,
y, two types
yp of construction have been used
for flexible pavements,
{ conventional flexible pavement and
{ f ll d h asphalt
full-depth h l pavement.
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Conventional Flexible Pavements
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y Conventional flexible p
pavements are multilayered
y
structures with
{ better materials on top where the intensity of stress is high and
{ i f i materials
inferior i l at the
h bottom
b where
h the
h intensity
i i iis llow.
y This design principle makes possible to use local
materials and usually results in a most economical
design.
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Conventional Flexible Pavements
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y A conventional pavement
normally consists of seal
coat, surface course, tack
coat, prime coat, base
course, sub base course,
compacted subgrade, and
natural subgrade.
subgrade
y The use of various courses is
based on either necessityy or
economy and some of the
courses may be omitted.
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Conventional Flexible Pavements
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y Surface course: -
{ The surface course is the top course of an asphalt pavement,
{ It
I iis usually
ll constructeddbby d
dense graded
d dhhot asphalt
h l mix.
i
{ It is a structural part of the pavement,
Ù which must be tough
g to resist distortion under traffic and
Ù provide a smooth and skid-resistant riding surface.
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Conventional Flexible Pavements
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y Base course: -
{ The base course is the layer of material immediately beneath
the surface course.
{ It may be composed of well-graded
well graded crushed stone
(unbounded), granular mixed with binder, or stabilized
materials.
{ It is the main structural part of the pavement and provides a
level surface for laying the surface layer.
{ If constructed over the sub g grade,, it prevents
p intrusions if the
fine subgrade soils into the pavement structure.
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Conventional Flexible Pavements
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Conventional Flexible Pavements
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y Sub g grade: -
{ It is the foundation on which the vehicle load and the weight of
the pavement layers finally rest.
{ It is an in situ or a layer of selected material compacted to the
properly drained desirable and compacted to receive the
pavement layers.
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Full- depth asphalt pavements
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y are constructed by
ypplacing
g one or more layers
y of hot-
mix asphalt directly on the sub grade or improved
sub grade.
y This concept was conceived by the asphalt institute
and is generally considered the most cost-effective
and dependable type of asphalt pavement
{ for heavy traffic and
{ quite popular
q p p in area where local materials are not available
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Rigid Pavements
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Rigid pavements
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Rigid pavements
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Rigid pavements
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y Rigid
g Pavement Typical yp Applications
pp
{ High volume traffic lanes
{ Exit
E i ramps with
i hh
heavy traffic
ffi
y Advantages of Rigid Pavement
{ Good durability
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Rigid pavements
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{ May
M ffault
l at transverse jjoints
i
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Rigid pavements
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Rigid pavements
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Rigid pavements
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Rigid pavements
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y Improvement
p off drainage: g -
{ when the water table is high and close to the ground surface, a
base course can raise the pavement to a desirable elevation
above the water table.
table
{ An open graded base course provides an internal drainage
system capable of rapidly removing water that seeps through
pavementt cracks
k and d joints
j i t carry it away tto th
the roadside.
d id
{ Dense-graded or stabilized base courses can also serve as
waterproofing layer.
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Rigid pavements
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Types of concrete pavement
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y Concrete p
pavements can be classified in to four
types:
{ Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP),
{ Jointed
i d Reinforced
i f d Concrete Pavement ((JRCP),
)
{ Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP), and
{ Pre-stressed
Pre stressed Concrete Pavement (PCP).
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Rigid pavements
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Types of concrete pavement
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Types of concrete pavement
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Types of concrete pavement
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Types of concrete pavement
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y Continuously
y Reinforced Concrete Pavements
(CRCP)
{ are reinforced concrete pavements designed joint-free for the
purpose of eliminating joints
joints, which are the weak spots in rigid
pavements.
{ The elimination of joints would decrease the thickness of
pavement required.
{ The expansion and contraction movements are prevented by a
high
g level of sub-base restraint.
{ The frequent transverse cracks are held tightly closed by a
large amount of continuous high tensile steel longitudinal
reinforcement
reinforcement.
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Types of concrete pavement
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y Continuously
y Reinforced Concrete Pavements
(CRCP)
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Types of concrete pavement
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Composite pavements
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Composite pavements
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Comparison of Rigid and Flexible pavements
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y The following
g main differences between rigid
g and
flexible pavements can be cited.
{ The manner in which vehicle loads are transmitted to subgrade
{ Design
i life
lif and
d precision
i i
{ Maintenance requirements
{ Initial cost
{ Suitability for stage construction
{ Surface characteristics
{ Permeability and
{ Traffic dislocation during construction.
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Highway and Airport Pavement
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y Airport
p p
pavements are g
generallyy thicker than
highway pavements and require better surfacing
materials due to:
{ The
h gross-weight h off an airplane
l is usually
ll greater than
h that
h off a
heavy truck, but the number of load repetitions on airport
pavements is usually smaller than that on highway pavements.
{ The arrangement and spacing of wheel loads on airport and
highway pavements are different.
{ A typical tyre pressure on highway pavements is much lesser
than that of airport pavements
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Highway and Airport Pavement
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Basic Design Factors
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y Design
g factors can be divided into four broad
categories:
{ traffic loading,
{ environment,
i
{ materials and
{ failure criteria.
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Traffic loading
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y The loading
g applied
pp byy traffic is one of the major
j
factors affecting the design and performance of
pavements.
y The most important aspects of traffic loading that
are considered in the analysis and design of
pavements are:
{ The configuration,
{ magnitude
g and
{ repetitions of axle loads
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Traffic loading
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Axle-loads and configurations
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Type pressure
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y Mostly,
y, it is onlyy the commercial vehicle that is
important in structural pavement design and a
typical tyre pressure would be 0.5 MN/m2.
y Aircraft tyres use pressures up to nearly 3.0 MN/m2
which can cause serious problem in the design of the
materials employed in the upper layers of the
pavement.
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Type pressure
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y The approximate
pp shape
p of contact area for each tyre,
y ,
which is composed of a rectangle and two semicircles
with the dimensions.
y Based on the finite element analysis of rigid
pavements, a rectangular contact area is also
assumed with a length of 0.8712L
0 8712L and a width of
0.6L, which has the same area of 0.5227L2.
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Number of repetitions
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Speed of traffic loading
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Environment
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Temperatures
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y Precipitation
p is important
p in the design,
g , construction
and performance of roads in three main aspects:
{ The construction of earth works
{ S
Strength
h off pavement structure
{ Surface water drainage
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Precipitation
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y Affects q
quantityy of water infiltrating
g into subgrade
g
and location of groundwater table.
y Weakens layers.
y Shorter drainage time Î less HMA moisture
damage.
y Drainage layers are used in may areas to solve
precipitation problems.
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Materials
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Materials Properties
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Materials Properties
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Performance and Failure Criteria
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Performance and Failure Criteria
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Performance and Failure Criteria
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y Distress Types
yp in Rigid
g Pavements
y Fatigue cracking is most likely caused by the edge
stress at the mid-slab. Allowable load repetitions
depend on the stress ratio between flexural tensile
stress and the concrete modulus of rupture.
y Pumping
P i or erosioni isi causeddbby th
the resilient
ili t
deformation under repeated wheel loads.
y Faulting,
Faulting Spalling,
Spalling and Joint deterioration are
major types of distress in rigid pavement.
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Performance and Failure Criteria
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{ Potholes
{ Corrugation
C i
{ Rutting
{ Raveling
{ Erosion
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Performance and Failure Criteria
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Performance and Failure Criteria
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y Longitudinal
g and alligator
g cracking
g in the Wheel
path.
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Performance and Failure Criteria
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y Cracking
g observed on a narrow p
polder road
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Performance and Failure Criteria
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y reflective cracking
g in jjointed concrete p
pavement
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Performance and Failure Criteria
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y Low temperature
p cracking
g observed on a highway
g y
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Performance and Failure Criteria
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y Roughness
g due to p
potholes due to severe cracking
g
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Performance and Failure Criteria
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y Rutting
g in an asphalt
p p
pavement
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THANK YOU
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