1

STABILIZED
PAVEMENT
MATERIALS

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials

 STABILIZED PAVEMENT MATERIALS
2

y Problem Soils categorizes subgrade materials with low

strength,
t th or other
th unfavorable
f bl properties
ti such
h as:
{ expansive soils
{ dispersive
p soils
{ organic soils
{ saline soil or presence of saline water
y These soils require special treatment before acceptance in
pavement foundation so that they will be re-classified to fall
into one of the subgrade categories for the purpose of pavement
design.
design
y Soil stabilization is the alteration of the properties of an
existing soil either by blending two or more materials and
impro ing particle si
improving sizee distribution or by
b the use of stabili
stabilizing
ing
additives to meet the specified engineering properties.
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 STABILIZED PAVEMENT MATERIALS
3

y Generally, the objective of soil stabilization are:

{ Improve the strength (stability and bearing capacity) for
subgrade, subbase, base and low- cost road surfaces,
{ Improve
I the
th volume
l stability
t bilit – undesirable
d i bl properties
ti
such as swelling, shrinkage, high plasticity
characteristics, and difficulty in compaction, etc caused
by change in moisture,
{ Improve durability – increase the resistance to erosion,
weathering or traffic
{ Improve high permeability, poor workability, frost
susceptibility,
p y etc

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 STABILIZED PAVEMENT MATERIALS
4

y The factors that should be considered in soil stabilization

include:
{ Physical and chemical composition of the soil to be
stabilized,
stabilized
{ Availability and economical feasibility of stabilizing agents,

{ Ease of application,

{ Site constraints,

{ climate,

{ curing
i time,
i and
d safety.
f
y Such factors be taken into account in order to select the
proper type of stabilization.

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 STABILIZED PAVEMENT MATERIALS
5

y Basically four techniques of soil stabilization are

commonly
l practiced
i d iin pavement construction.
i
{ Mechanical stabilization
{ Cement stabilization,
{ Lime stabilization, and
{ Bitumen stabilization
y The suitability of these methods depends on site
constraints, materials, climate, and economic feasibility.
y The stabilizing process with admixture involves the
addition of a stabili
stabilizing
ing agent to the soil
soil, mi
mixing
ing with
ith
sufficient water to achieve the optimum moisture
compaction of the mixture, and final curing to ensure
that
h theh strengthh potential
i l iis realized.
li d
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Mechanical Stabilization
6

y Mechanical stabilization is a method by which a soil or

gravel is mixed with the original soil in order to improve
the grading and mechanical characteristics of the soil.
y It is an improvement of an available material by blending
it with
ith one or more material
t i l iin order
d tto iimprove th
the
particle size distribution and plasticity characteristics.
y Typical materials used for mechanical stabilization
i l d river
include i d
deposited
it d sand,
d natural
t l gravel,
l silty
ilt sands
d ,
sand clays, silt clays, crushed run quarry products,
volcanic cinders and scoria, poorly graded laterites and
beach sands,
sands etc.
etc
y Materials produced by blending have properties similar
to conventional unbounded materials and can be
evaluated by ordinary methods.
methods
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Mechanical Stabilization
7

y The principal properties affecting the stability of compacted

base or sub-base
b bb materials
t i l are iinternal
t l ffriction
i ti and
d cohesion.
h i
y Internal friction is chiefly dependent on the characteristics of
the coarser soil particles, i.e. gravel, sand and silt sizes.
y The cohesion, shrinkage, swelling and compressibility are
mainly associated with the quantity and nature of the clay
fraction as indicated byy p
plastic pproperties.
p
y Preliminary mix design of mechanical stabilization is based on
particle size distribution, plastic properties and strength tests
((CBR,, etc.))
y When unconventional materials are used, more detailed
testing and investigation will often be needed and may include
the modification of the accepted design or specification
criteria.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Mechanical Stabilization
8

y Particle Size Distribution: -

y While maximum
ma imum friction strength does not necessarily
necessaril coincide with
ith
maximum density, the achievement of a high density will generally
provide a high frictional strength.
y Apparticle size distribution that results maximum dryy density,
y,
obtained with the closest packing and minimum voids, has been
shown experimentally to follow fuller’s equation with the value of
the exponent ‘n’ usually 0.45 to 0.50 for most soils.
y The theoretical maximum density of aggregates is obtained when
grain size distribution follow the Fuller maximum density equation
of the form:

Where: p = percent passing sieve size “d”

D = maximum sieve size in the material,
n = a constant which varies between 0.45 to 0.50.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Mechanical Stabilization
9
y Particle Size Distribution: -
y With some materials such as gravel, sand and clays, high densities can be
achieved with ‘n’ values as low as 0.33.
y For materials, with a maximum size of 19 mm, the amount of fines passing
the 75µm sieve will be 6 and 8% for ‘n’ values of 0.5 and 0.45 respectively.
y In certain cases higher percentages of material passing the 75 µm sieve may
provide the best performance.
y When the pavement design relies on a relatively low permeability in the
pavement courses, the materials used should be of particle size distribution
within the limits established by substituting values of 0.50 0 50 and 0 0.33
33 for ‘n’
n
in the above equation.
y These limits are sufficiently wide to allow for variations that will inevitably
occur in field mixing.
y Wh th
When the value
l off th
the exponentt ‘‘n’’ iis lless th
than 0.33, th
the fi
fines content
t t off th
the
material may be excessive. A high fine content will result in reduced
permeability, but may lead to the development of pore pressures and
consequent instability during compaction or in service.
y Wh
Where ‘n’
‘ ’ is
i greater
t than
th 0.5, the
th material t i l may b be prone tto segregation
ti and d
raveling and therefore more difficult to work.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Mechanical Stabilization
10

y Liquid Limit and plasticity index: -

y The plasticity
plasticit limits generall
generally be used as satisfactor
satisfactory design criteria
for mechanical stabilized materials.
y Moreover, plastic Index and Linear Shrinkage of a material passing
0.425
4 5 mm are normallyy related to one another. The p permissible
values of shrinkage may be determined by test or estimated from
the permissible values of PI. Typical values are 2% for sealed and
3% for unsealed pavements.
y When the percentage of soil binder is low
low, as a rough rule,
rule the
plasticity Modulus (PI x the percentage passing the 425 gm sieve
relative to the whole material) should not exceed 200 for gravel to
receive bituminous surface treatment.
y In arid
d climates,
l consideration
d could
ld b
be given to relax
l theh PM to
about 400, provided road formations are well drained.
y In the case of major woks it is advisable to construct trial sections of
pavement for evaluation at least two years before embarking upon
their large- scale use.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Mechanical Stabilization
11

y Strength Tests: -
y Stabilized materials may be assessed by strength tests suitable
for this purpose at the density and moisture conditions
prevailing in the pavement during the service life.
y Prediction of moisture condition and hence the failure
envelopes at moisture conditions bracketing the equilibrium
moisture conditions and at the required
q densityy anticipated
p is
important.
y The equilibrium moisture conditions to be expected in a
pavement mayy be obtained byy examining
p g existingg roads
constructed from materials similar to those being investigated
and assembling such information for future use.
y One of the most commonly used strength tests is the
laboratory CBR test.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Mechanical Stabilization
12

y The selection of suitable criteria should take account of

local experience
experience, especially that related to the
performance of local materials.
y Design of stabilized mixtures to reach satisfactory road
pavementt involves:
i l
{ characterizing the individual materials,
{ proportioning them to fit the selected criteria,
{ making up a trial mixture to adequate investigation and
{ design, good construction and control testing techniques.
y This involves careful proportioning and thorough mixing
of the constituent materials to produce a uniform
unsegregated final product which can be compacted and
finished in accordance with the specification.
p

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials

 Cement Stabilization
13

y Cement is an effective stabilizing agent applicable to a

wide range of soils and situations .It
It has two important
effects on soil behaviors:
{ Reduces the moisture susceptibility of soils: cement binds the
particles greatly and reduces moisture induced volume change
{ Develop inter-particle bonds in granular materials: increased tensile
strength and elastic modulus.
y Soil p
properties
p p
progressively
g y change
g with increasing
g
cement contents. For practical reasons, two categories
of cement stabilized materials have been identified.
{ Cement modified materials: cement is used to reduce plasticity,
p y,
volume- change, etc, and the inter-particle bonds are not
significantly developed.
{ Cement bound materials: cement is used to sufficiently enhance
modulus and tensile strength. Cement bound materials have
practical application in stiffening the pavement.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Cement Stabilization
14

y SELECTION OF CEMENT CONTENT

y The
Th cementt content
t td determines
t i whether
h th ththe characteristics
h t i ti off
the mixture are dominated by the properties of the original
soil or by the hydration products.
y As the proportion of cement in the mixture increases,
increases so the
strength increases. Strength also increases with time.
y The choice of cement content depends on the strength
required the durability of the mixture,
required, mixture and the soundness of
the aggregate.
y The minimum cement content, expressed as a percentage of
the dryy weight
g of soil,, should exceed the quantity
q y consumed in
the initial ion exchange reactions.
y It is recommended that the percentage of cement added
should be equal to or greater than the initial consumption of
li
lime test (ICL)
(ICL), (British
(B i i h Standard
S d d 1924). )
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Cement Stabilization
15

y A number of factors influence the q

qualityy of the
cement-soil interactions.
y The most important factors can be categorized into
four groups:
{ Nature and type of soil.
{ Cement content.
content
{ Moisture content.
{ Pulverization,, mixing,
g, compaction,
p , and curing
g
conditions.

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 Cement Stabilization
16

y Nature and type of soil.

y This
hi include:
i l d clay
l content ((max 5%)) plasticity
l i i off the
h soil
il
(max LL of 45), gradation, content of organic materials
(max 2%), sulphate content (max 0.25% for cohesive
soils
il andd 1 % ffor non- cohesive
h i soils),
il ) andd PH content.
t t
y Soils with high clay content and high plasticity are
difficult to mix and high additive contents are required
f an appreciable
for i bl change
h iin properties.
ti
y Pre – treatment with lime however is good method to
allow the soil to be cement- stabilized later.
y The requirements with respect to the organic matter, PH,
and sulphalte contents are in fact the same as those
which are used for concrete.

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 Cement Stabilization
17

y Cement content.
y The cement required to stabilize soils effectively vary
with the nature and type of soils.
y The criteria used are the compressive strength (about 1.7 17
MPa) after seven days.
y The quantity required for gravely soils is generally much
l
less than
h requiredi d ffor silty
il andd clayey
l soils.
il
y Generally, a soils is regarded to be suited for cement-
stabilized
b if the soil has a maximum g grain size than 75
mm, percents passing and retained 0.075 mm sieve is
less than 35% and greater than 55% respectively, and
liquid and plastic limits less than 50 and 25 respectively.
respectively

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 Cement Stabilization
18

y Cement content.
y Based on vast experience on vast experienced on cement stabilization,
the general guidelines in the following table have been provided
regarding
g g the amounts of cement that are needed to stabilize a soil.
Amount of Cement (%)
Soil type
By Weight By Volume
A‐1‐1 3 ‐‐ 5
3 5 ‐‐ 7
5
A‐1‐b 5 ‐ 8 7 ‐ 9
A‐2 5 ‐ 9 7 ‐ 10
A‐3 7 ‐ 11
7 ‐ 8 ‐ 12
8 ‐
A‐4 7 ‐ 12 8 ‐ 13
A‐5 8 ‐ 13 8 ‐ 13
A‐6 9 ‐ 15
9 ‐ 10 ‐ 14
10 ‐
A‐7 10 ‐ 16 10 ‐ 14
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Cement Stabilization
19

y Moisture content.
y Moisture is required for hydration of cement to take
place, to improve the workability, and facilitate the
compaction of the soil – cement mixture.
mixture
y The soil-cement mixture exhibit the same type of
moisture – densityy relationshipp as an ordinaryy soil.
Thus, for a given compaction effort, there is an
optimum moisture content at which the maximum
density is obtained.
obtained
y It is, however, seen that the highest compressive
g can be obtained with specimens
strength p compacted
p
slightly below the optimum for maximum density.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Cement Stabilization
20

y Pulverization, mixing, compaction, and curing

conditions
conditions.
y Many procedures of construction are available, but can
be categorized into mixing in plant (in a travelling plant
andd stationary
t ti plant
l t ffor d
dry mixing),
i i ) and d iin place
l mixing.
i i
y The methods are principally the same except mixing in
the first is done in mixing plants and in the later is in-
place.
l
y Regardless of the type of machine used, the procedure of
mix- in- place construction involves initial preparation of
th subgrade,
the b d pulverization
l i ti off ththe soil,
il spreading
di off th
the
soil, dry-mix the soil and the cement, adding water and
wet mix, compact and finish, and protect and cure( place
a curing membrane to keep moist).
moist)
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Cement Stabilization
21

y Pulverization, mixing, compaction, and curing

conditions.
y The influence of the degree of mixing and compaction is
self explaining.
explaining
y One should however be aware of the fact that any delay in
compaction after mixing will have a negative effect.
y As with concrete, curing is an important factor influencing
on the end result.
y Th temperature
The t t should
h ld be
b hihigh
h enough
h andd th
the stabilized
t bili d
material should be prevented from drying out in order to
obtain the best result.

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials

 Cement Stabilization
22

y Since cement stabilized materials constitute in most cases

the
h main i structurall part off pavements, muchh attention
i iis
given to their mechanical characteristics such as:
• Tensile and compressive
p strength,
g ,
• Deformation behavior, and
• Fatigue characteristics
y Tensile
T il and d compressive i strengths:
t th -
y The compressive strength based on the unconfined
compressive
p test increases with the cement content in the
mixture depending on the nature and types of soil.
y It has been used to determine strength of stabilized
materials, but has little application to pavement design.

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials

 Cement Stabilization
23

y Tensile and compressive strengths: -

y CBR can b
be used
d to evaluate
l the
h strength
h off cement
modified materials, but not for bound materials.
y Tensile strength is important in the design of cement bound
materials.
t i l
y Density is also an important parameter which has a direct
relationship with the UCS.
y Curing
i temperature and d curing
i time,
i compactioni and d
degree of pulverization are important factors which affect
the strength gained by cement stabilization.
y Th method
The th d off compaction
ti iis iimportant
t t ffor clayey
l soils.
il
y High degree of pulverization achieved in a shorter period of
time leads to more intensive reaction between soils and
cementt andd results
lt hi
high
h strength.
t th
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Cement Stabilization
24

y Deformation behavior: -
y It is
i well
ll known
k th
thatt clays,
l sands,
d and
d gravels
l show
h diff
differentt
elastic deformation behavior under repetitive loading.
y The addition of cement on these materials changes the elastic
d f
deformation
ti properties,
ti b butt nott completely.
l t l
y The parent material will have a great influence on the properties
of the soil-cement mixture.
y Cemented clayey materials also exhibit some degree of
permanent deformation under repeated loading and a certain
amount of creep under steady loads.
y Cemented sand and gravel exhibit a similar performance but
permanent deformation and creep are less than in cemented
clayey soils. The less fines are present in the soil mixture the
more the
th cement-treated
t t t d soil il b
behave
h lik
like concrete.
t

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials

 Cement Stabilization
25

y Fatigue characteristics: -
y Cement stabilized materials cracks either due to hydration and
drying shrinkage and fatigue at the result of repeated tensile
stresses (strains)
( )
y It has been apparent that the parent soil has a great influence on
the fatigue characteristics of cement stabilized materials.
y Alth
Although h th
there seems a greatt variation,
i ti th
there iis iindeed
d d
something like a threshold strain level under which no fatigue
will occur.
y The durability test is normal used in the soil- cement mix design.
y Durability is defined as a loss in weight of a specimen after 12
freeze- thaw cycles or 12 wet
freeze wet- dry cycles. The material loss is
generated by brushing the samples after each cycle.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Lime Stabilization
26

y Lime is a broad term which is used to describe calcium oxide

(CaO)- quick lime; calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2- hydrated lime,
and calcium carbonate (CaCO3)-carbonate is of no value for
stabilization.
y Commonly used products of quick lime and hydrated lime are
hydrated calcitic lime (CaO), dolomitic quick lime (CaO MgO).
y Lime can be applied as dry hydrated,
hydrated quick or slurry lime
lime.
y Lime is an effective stabilizing agent for clayey to improve both
workability and strength.
y Lime is not effective with cohesion less or low cohesion materials
without the addition of secondary (pozzolanic- fine materials
which react with lime to form cementations compounds)
additives.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Lime Stabilization
27

y The cementitous products resulting from cement and lime

stabilization
t bili ti are with ith comparablebl behavior
b h i and d ffollow
ll ffairly
i l
similar evaluation, and construction considerations.
y The significant difference in the nature and rate of
cementations
i reactions,
i however,
h is
i a basis
b i ffor the
h choice
h i
between cement and lime.
y Basicallyy four different factors are involved in the soil-lime
reaction which are: action exchange, flocculation, pozzolanic
reaction, and carbonation.
y Cat ion exchange g is an immediate reaction and unlike
pozzolanic reaction, reaction, it is not significantly dependent
on temperature in which cations such as sodium and
hydrogen
y g are replaced
p byy calcium ions for which the clayy
mineral has a greater affinity.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Lime Stabilization
28

y It has been shown that the thickness of the water layer around
the clay particles decrease substantially as the result of cation
exchanges.
y This condition the turn promotes the development of
flocculent structures. This means that plasticity, shrinkage
and swelling and other normal clay – water interactions are
distinctly inhibited.
inhibited
y The effect of lime on clay minerals of high cation exchange
capacity, such as montmorillonite clays, is therefore more
apparent than it is on clay of low cation exchange capacity
such as koalinite clays.
y Chemically equivalent amounts of quick lime and hydrated
lime have the same effect on plasticity.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Lime Stabilization
29

y However, quick lime has an additional drying effect since, the

chemical reaction between the lime and the water in the soli
removes free water from the sol and the heat produced by the
reaction assists in drying.
y g
y The change in plasticity is accompanied an immediate change
in the strength of the soil as measured by the CBR.
y Th effect
The ff t off lime
li on th
the CBR value
l iincreases with
ith ti
time as th
the
pozzolanic reactions take effect.
y Siliceous and aluminous materials in the soil react with lime
to produce a gel of calcium silicates and aluminates.
y This gel cements the soil particles together in a manner that is
similar to that of hydrated cement.
cement

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials

 Lime Stabilization
30

y Minerals in the soil that react with lime to produce a cementing

compound are known as pozzolans, it takes, it takes considerably
more time than required for hydration of Portland cement.
causing continuing strength improvements with time.
y The cementing action also depends on climatic conditions and a
thorough compaction of the mixture. High curing temperatures
have a positive effect on the pozzlanic reactions.
y Temperatures lower than 13 and 160C retard the reaction; from
this point of view it is obvious that lime stabilization is especially
popular in tropical countries.
countries
y Carbonation occurs when the hydrated lime reacts with the CO2
from air. Carbonates (CaCO3) add some strength but the
reaction
i ““eats”” the
h li
lime andd will
ill affect
ff pozzilanic
il i reactions.
i
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Lime Stabilization
31

y Other factors that influence the soil- lime reaction are:

{ The presence of excessive quantities of organic carbon retards
the lime –soil reaction,
{ Moderately weathered and unweathered soils with high pH
display good reactivity,
{ Poorly drained soils exhibit a higher degree of lime-reactivity
th b
than better
tt d drained
i d soils,
il
{ All calcareous soils react satisfactorily with lime and
{ A minimum amount of clayy approximately
pp y 15%
5 is required
q to
insure an adequate source of silica and/ or alumina for the
lime- soil pozzolanic reaction.

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials

 Lime Stabilization
32

y The strength of lime stabilized materials is dependent on the amount of

lime, the curing time
lime time, curing temperature and compaction
compaction.
y In addition, the quality of water, type of stabilizing lime, and uniformity
of are important factors.
y Mix design procedures for lime stabilization are the determination of
the maximum amount of lime that can be taken by the soil before free
lime occurs (the lime content above which further increases do not
produce significant additional strength) or the lime requirement to
attain a specific
f strength h llevels.
l
y Characteristics related design procedures are related to the conditions
for which they have been developed.
y Wh lime
When li is
i used d ffor subgrade
b d improvements,
i t th
the design
d i li lime content
t t
may be designated as the lime content above which no further
appreciable reduction in PI occurs or minimum lime content is
c eased 0.5 to 1.0%
increased .0% to offset
o set tthee eeffect
ect o
of field
e d variability.
a ab ty.

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials

 Bituminous Stabilization
33

y Bituminous materials are used as stabilizers to retard or completely

stop moisture
i absorption
b i b by coating
i soil il or aggregate grains
i iin the
h soil-
il
aggregate mixture.
y Bituminous stabilization is used with non- cohesive granular materials-
where
h the
h bi
bitumen adds
dd cohesive
h i strength; h and d with
i h cohesive
h i materialsi l
–where the bitumen “waterproofs” the soil thus reducing loss of
strength with increase in moisture content.
y Both
B th effects
ff t ttake
k place
l partly
tl ffrom th
the fformation
ti off bit
bituminous
i fil
film
around the soil particles which bonds them together and prevents the
absorption of water, and partly from simple blocking of the pores,
preventing water from entering the soil mass.
mass
y Because more care is necessary in bituminous stabilization to achieve
satisfactory mixing, its use has not been as widespread as cement and
lime stabilization.
stabilization

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials

 Bituminous Stabilization
34

y Bituminous materials: -
y The
Th bituminous
bit i materials
t i l ththatt are used
d ffor stabilization
t bili ti works
k are mostly
tl
penetration grade bitumen and cutback bitumen and bitumen emulsion.
y The characteristics of cutbacks depended on the particle size distribution of
tthee soil,
so , the
t e te
temperature
pe atu e o
of app
application,
cat o , aand
d tthee type o
of mix p
plant.
a t.
y The more viscous binders are normally used for soils having only a small
proportion of material passing the 0.075mm sieve and for plant mixes,
while the lighter binders are used for mix –in place methods and with soils
containing
t i i a llarger proportion
ti off fi
fines.
s
y Emulsions are generally suitable for soil stabilization in climate where
rapid drying conditions occur, since this is equivalent to adding water to
the soil as well as bituminous binder.
y In the tropics, where the temperature is high the use of emulsions may be
an advantage since it helps to provide part of the optimum moisture
content for compaction, thereby reducing the amount of water necessary
for this purpose.
purpose

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials

 Bituminous Stabilization
35

y Soils requirements: -
y Bituminous materials are used for the stabilization of both cohesive and
non-cohesive granular soils.
y Soils which can readily pulverized by construction equipment are
satisfactory for bituminous stabilization.
y Cohesive soils usually have satisfactory bearing capacity at low
moisture content. The purpose of using bitumen as a stabilizer in such
soils is to waterproof them as a means to maintain them at low
moisture contents and high bearing capacities.
y In the non-cohesive granular materials, bitumen serves as a bonding or
cementing agent between particles.
y Depending on the particle size distribution and physical properties of
the available soil materials and the function of the stabilizing bitumen,
there are four types of soil-bitumen mixtures in highway engineering.

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials

 Bituminous Stabilization
36

y Soil-bitumen: this is a mixture of cohesive soil and bitumen for

waterproofing purposes. The maximum grain size should preferably not
greater than one-third of the compacted layer. The bitumen requirements
commonly range from 4-7% of the dry weight of the soil.
y Sand bitumen: sands such as beach, river, pit, or existing roadway sand
may be stabilized with bitumen if they are substantially free from vegetable
matter, lumps or balls of clay or adherent films of clay. Sometimes it may
require admixture of filler material to meet mechanical stability
requirements. The required amount of bitumen content ranges from 4-
10%,, the optimum
p should be determined byy compaction,
p , strength,
g , and
water resistance testing and should not exceed the pore space of the
compacted mineral mix.
y Waterproofed granular stabilization: This is a system in which a soil
material ppossessing
gggood ggradation of constituent p
particles from coarse to
fine, and having high potential density is waterproofed by uniform
distribution of small amount (1-2%) of bitumen.
y Oiled earth: This is a soil surface, consisting of silt-clay material made
water and abrasion resistant byy slow or medium curing g bitumen cutbacks
or emulsions.

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 Bituminous Stabilization
37

y Table Characteristics of soils empirically found suitable for bitumen

t bili ti .
stabilization
Sieve size Percent passing
Soil-bitumen Water proofed granular
Sand-bitumen stabilization
A B C
1.5inch 100
1inch 80-100 100
075inch 65-85 80-100 100
No. 4 >50 40-65 50-75 80-100
100
No. 10 35-100 25-50 40-60 60-80
No. 40 15-30 20-35 30-50
No.100 10-20 13-23 20-35
No.200 10-50 8-12 10-16 13-30
<12,<25
,
Plasticity characteristics
LL <40
PI <18 <10;<1 <10;<15 <10;<152
5
Field moisture <201
Linear shrinkage <51

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 Bituminous Stabilization
38

y The mechanism of stabilization with bituminous materials

consists of adding cohesive strength and reducing the
percolation of water,
y No chemical interaction is takinggpplace.
y Waterproofing occur by coating the surface of particles
aggregated lumps of particles or by blocking the pores of the soil
mass and a strength comes from the presence of a continuous
mass,
film of bitumen giving cohesion.
y There are two opposing effects – the thinner the film of bitumen
th stronger
the t th
the material;
t i l h
however, thi
thickk fil
film or fill
filled
d pores are
the most effective in preventing ingress of water.
y Too much bitumen, however, causes loss of strength by
lubricating the particles and preventing interlock.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 Bituminous Stabilization
39

y The mix design procedure for bituminous treatments of soils

may b
be considered
id d under
d ffour h
headings;
di
{ mix design for stability in non-cohesive or cohesive materials;
{ mix design for sand-bitumen mixes, and
{ mix
i ddesign
i ffor oiled
il d earth
th roads.
d
y For the first three types of mix, a series of tests should be made
with varying bitumen contents and grades using hot bitumen,
cutback
b k and d emulsion,
l i and
d the
h appropriate
i mix
i iis selected
l d giving
i i
due weight to the need for stability or water resistance as
required.
y Compaction, compressive, and water absorption test are
normally used to select the optimum amount of bitumen content.
y May difficulties in construction and poor pavement performance
may be attributed to a lack of appreciation of this additive effect.
HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials
 40

THANK YOU

HIGHWAY II - Stabilized Pavement Materials