Extended syllabus for Fundamentals of cytogenetics GPB (1+1) Course offered by

Dr. N.Marappa, Assistant Professor of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CoA, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru
L.No. Topics
1 Introductions to cytogenetics:
Brief historical developments, Definition of cytogenetics, Branches of cytogenetics, Scope and
applications
of cytogenetics in crop improvement
2 Ultra structure cell:
Definition of cell, cell theory, types of cells, variations for cell shape, size , volume and number,
differences
between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell, differences between plant cell and animal cell,
structure and
functions of nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, cell wall,
chloroplast,
plasma membrane and models explain its function.
4 Structure of chromosome:
Definition of chromosome, features of chromosomes, variations in chromosome for number,
size, shape,
Typical structure of chromosome ie., centromere, chromomere, chromatin, matrix, pellicle,
secondary
constriction and telomere-structure and their functions.
Classifications of chromosomes based on position of centromere, Differences between karyotype
and
ideogram, Heterochromatin and euchromatin, Chemical composition of chromosome, Unique
DNA and
repetitive DNA, Histone proteins and non-histone proteins.
Models Explaining Structure of Chromosome: Structure and features of folded fiber model,
Coiled DNA
Model, Nucleosome solenoid model,
Special types of chromosomes: Structure and Features of Lamp brush, Giant/salivary gland
chromosomes
and accessory chromosomes. Differentiate between bands, interbands, puffs and bands,
5 Cell Division
Definition of cell cycle, key events of cell cycle, site of occurrence of mitosis, Mitosis, events
happening
in different stages of mitosis, significance of mitosis.
Meiosis, different stages with important events, significance of meiosis
Differentiate between mitosis v/s meiosis, Metaphase of Mitosis v/s metaphase I of meiosis, MI
vs M2,
A1 vs A2, Karyokinesis vs cytokinesis, Define crossing over, Synaptonemal complex, synapsis,
chiasma
terminalization
6 Structural chromosomal observations: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion and Translocations
and their
significance in speciation
Numerical chromosomal aberrations: Kinds of numerical changes, Aneuploids: Monosomics,
Nullisomics, Trisomics, Tetrasomics; Euploids: Monoploids & haploids – Diploids, Polyploids:
Auto and
Allopolyploids with examples. Evolution of different crops species likes cotton, wheat, triticale,
tobacco
and Brassica.
7 DNA and its structure: Discoveries of M.H.F. Wilkins and Chargaff- Watson and Crick
double helix
model of DNA – Types of nitrogen bases – Pyrimidines and purines sugar and phosphoric acid
and their
chemical structure – Nucleosides – Nucleotides – Sugar phosphate linkage – Covalent bonds
Hydrogen
bonds between polynucleotide chains – Functions of DNA – Kinds of DNA – replication &
repair of DNA
– RNA & its structure – Types of RNA – Function of RNA – Difference between DNA & RNA.
8 Life cycle of angiosperms: Mega and microsporogenesis, mega and micro-gametogenesis,
fertilization