SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Topics
1. Introduction
2. Cause and Consequences
3. Types of Faults
4. Symmetrical Short Circuit Analysis
 Objective
 Explain the significance of Short Circuit
 Explain the causes and consequences of
Short Circuit
 Classify different types of faults
 Compute currents for symmetrical faults
Cause of Short Circuit  Insulation Failure
 Over-voltages caused by Lightning or
Switching Surges
 Insulation contamination - salt spray, pollution
 Mechanical Causes - Over-heating, abrasion
 Faults on Transmission Lines
Most Common  Lines are exposed to
elements of nature (60-70%).
Lightning strokes  Over voltages cause
insulators to flash over  line to ground short
circuit or line to line short circuit.
High winds  Topple tower, tree falls on line.
Winds and ice loading  Mechanical failure of
insulator.
Fog, salt spray, dirty insulator  Conduction
path  insulation failure

Short circuit in other elements 

Cables (10-15%), circuit breakers (10-12%),
generators, motors, transformers etc (10-15%).
 much less common  Over loading for
extended periods  deterioration of insulation
 Mechanical failure.
 Consequences of Short Circuit
 Currents several magnitude larger than
normal operating current.
 Thermal damage to equipment.
 Windings and busbars  Mechanical
damage due to high magnetic forces caused
by high current.

 Faulted section must be removed from

service as soon as possible (3-5
cycles).
 Types of Short Circuit
a
b
c

L–G L–L L–L–G 3 – G

75 - 80% 5 – 7% 10 – 12% 8 – 10%
Asymmetrical Faults
Symmetrical Faults
 Short Circuit Calculations
R – L Series Circuit Transients

R L e(t) = 2V Sin (t + )

= Vmax Sin (t + )
e(t) SW t=0

di
Vmax sin  ωt + α  = Ri + L ; t  0
dt
 Solving for i(t)
Vmax  sin  t +  -   e Rt /L sin  -  
i(t) =
Z      

Where, Z = R   L  and  = tan-1  L / R  .

2 2

or i(t) = iac (t) + idc (t)

iac (t) = Symmetrical fault current (Constant)
idc (t) = DC offset current (decays with time)
i(t) = Asymmetrical fault current
I(t)

idc
iac

Time
 3-phase Short Circuit on
Synchronous Machine
Unloaded Machine:
Subtransient period
Symmetrical short circuit

c
b Transient period
Steady state period
a
0 Time
current

Actual envelope
 XD Xf

XI Xf XI
Xa
+ Xa +
Eg’ '
Eg’’ X d

Direct axis transient reactance

Direct axis subtransient
reactance XI Xa

+
Xd
Eg Synchronous
reactance
  1 1  - t / Td'' 
  '' - '  e 
  Xd Xd  
i a c (t) = 2 E g  
 1 1  - t / Td' 1
+  - e + 
  X d X d 
'
X d 
π
x S in (  t + α - )
2
2Eg - t / TA '' - t / TA
idcmax (t) = ''
e = 2I e ;
X d

TA = Armature Time Const.

 i (t) = iac (t) + idc (t)
Eg
Iac (0) = O C = = I'' (Subtransient Current)
X ''d
Eg
I = Ob =
'
(T ra n s ie n t c u rre n t)
X '
d
Eg
Ia c (  ) = O a = (S te a d y S ta te c u rre n t)
Xd
 Short Circuit on a loaded
Synchronous Machine
Zext
P
+ +
'' IL
X dg

'' + Vt Vf ZL
E g
S

''
Eg  Vt  ''
jX dgIL 
 Vf  Z ext  ''
jX dg  IL
'
Eg  Vt  '
jX dgIL  Vf  Z ext  '
jX dg IL
 For Motor:
E"m  Vt  jX "dm IL
E'm  Vt  jX 'dm IL
Example: A synchronous generator and a
synchronous motor each rated 50 MVA, 11KV
having 12% subtransient reactance are
connected through transformers and a line as
shown in figure below. The transformers are
rated 50 MVA, 11/132 KV and 132/11KV with
leakage reactance of 8% each. The line has a
reactance of 15% on a base of 50 MVA, 132 KV.
The motor is drawing 25 MW at 0.8 power
factor leading and a terminal voltage of 10.6 KV
when a symmetrical three-phase fault occurs at
the motor terminals. Find the sub-transient
current in the generator, motor and fault.

Gen T1 Line T2 Motor

 Zext
P I0

(j0.31) +

jX”dg (j0.12) (j0.12) jX”dm

V0
+ +
E”g E”m

Neutral
(a) Before the fault
 Zext
P

(j0.31) I”g I”m

jX”dg (j0.12) (j0.12) jX”dm

+ I”f +
E”g E”m

Neutral
(b) After the fault
 10.6
Prefault Voltage = V = 0
= 0.9636 0 0
pu
11
Load = 25 MW 0.8 pf leading
25
= pu 0.8 pf leading
50
= 0.5 pu 0.8 pf leading
0.5
Prefault Current I0 = 36.9o = 0.648636.9o
0.9636×0.8
Voltage behind sub-transient reactance (generator)
E = 0.96360 + j0.43 × 0.648636.9
"
g
o o

= 0.7962 + j0.223pu

Voltage behind sub-transient reactance (Motor)

E = 0.96360 - j0.12 × 0.648636.9
"
m
o o

= 1.0103 - j0.0622pu
Under faulted condition
" 0.7962 + j0.223
I =
g = 0.5186 - j1.8516pu
j0.43
" 1.0103 - j0.0622
Im = = -0.5183 - j8.4191pu
j0.12
f " "
Current in fault I = Ig + Im = 0.0003 - j10.2707pu
Base current (generator/motor) =
3
50 ×10
= 2624.3A
3 ×11
Contribution from Gen. and Motor

I"g =2624.3(0.5186- j1.8516) =(1360.96- j4859.15) A

"
Im =2624.3(-0.5183- j8.4191) =(-1360.17- j22094.24) A

If =2624.3(0.0003- j10.2707) =(0.78- j26953.39) A

 Short Circuit Calculations using
Thevenin’s Theorem
A Short Circuit  Structural change in
network  addition of an impedance (ZF =
fault impedance, zero for solid short circuit)
at the point of fault.
The change in voltage or current resulting
from this structural network change can be
analyzed using Thevenin’s theorem.
Thevenin’s Theorem –
The changes in network voltages and
currents due to the addition of an
impedance between two points of a network
are identical with those voltages and
currents that would be caused by placing an
emf, having a magnitude and polarity equal
to the pre-fault voltage between the nodes,
in series with the impedance all other
voltage sources being zeroed.
 Post fault voltages and currents are computed
by superimposing these changes on pre-fault
voltages and currents.

Example:

Gen T1 Line T2 Motor

 Zext
P I0

(j0.31) +

jX”dg (j0.12) (j0.12) jX”dm

V0
+ +
E”g E”m

Neutral G
(a) Before the fault
 Zext
P I0

(j0.31)
+
jX”dg (j0.12) (j0.12) jX”dm
V0

+ +
E”g V0 E”m
+
Neutral G
(b) After the fault
 Using Superposition:
Zext
P I0

(j0.31)
+
jX”dg (j0.12) (j0.12) jX”dm
V0

+ +
E”g E”m

Neutral G
Circuit A (Pre fault Circuit)
 I'' Zext Im
''
g

(j0.31)
jX”dg (j0.12) (j0.12) jX”dm

V0
P +

Neutral G
Circuit B (Thevenin’s Eq. Circuit)
 10.6
Prefault Voltage = V = 0
= 0.9636 0 0
pu
11
V o
0.9636  0 0
I''g =  = - j2.2409
j0.31 + j0.12 j0.43
V o
0.9636  0 0
Im
''
=  = - j8.03
j0.12 j0.12
I''g = I0 + Ig'' = 0.648636.9o - j2.2409
= 0.5186 - j1.8516
''
Im = - I0 + Im
''
= 0.648636.9o - j8.03
= - 0.5186 - j8.4194
 The selection of circuit breakers
From the viewpoint of current the two factors
that need to be considered in selecting circuit
breakers are:

• The maximum instantaneous current which

the breaker must carry ( withstand ) and

• The total current when the breaker contacts

open to interrupt the circuit.
 Short Circuit MVA
Short-circuit MVA= 3 Χ (nominal kV) Χ
| ISC | Χ 10-3

Base MVA = 3 Χ (base kV) Χ | Ibase | Χ 10-3

Short-circuit MVA in per unit = | ISC | in per unit

1.0 1.0
Z th  per unit  per unit
ISC short circuit MVA
The maximum momentary current is found by
calculating the ac short circuit current using
sub-transient impedances of the generators
and motors and then multiplying it by 1.6 to
take care of the dc off-set current.
The breaker interrupting current depends on
the interruption time of the circuit breakers and
is obtained by multiplying the sub-transient ac
short circuit current by following factors:
Circuit breaker speed Multiplying factor
8 cycle or slower 1.0
5 cycles 1.1
3 cycles 1.2
2 cycles 1.4
For CBs having short circuit MVA greater
than 500 MVA the multiplying factors are
increased by 0.1
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT
ANALYSIS
 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT
ANALYSIS

1. Introduction
2. Symmetrical Component Transformation
3. Sequence network for PS Components
4. Sequence network for Power Systems
 Objective
 Explain the significance of symmetrical
component transformation
 Develop sequence network for power
system components and networks
 Compute current, voltage and power in
sequence networks
 Types of Short Circuit
a
b
c

L–G L–L L–L–G 3 – G

75 - 80% 5 – 7% 10 – 12% 8 – 10%
Asymmetrical Faults
Symmetrical Faults
 Symmercal Component Transformation
• Introduced by C. L. Fortescue (1918)
• Modeling technique for analysis and design of
three-phase systems
• Decouples a balanced three-phase network
into three simpler networks
• For unbalanced three phase networks the three
sequence networks are connected only at the
point of unbalance.
Symmerical Component Transformation
 A powerful tool for analyzing three phase
systems
 Reveals complicated phenomena during
unbalanced operation in simple terms
 Sequence network results have to be
superposed to obtain three phase network
results
 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT
TRANSFORMATION
An unbalanced set of n phasors can be resolved
into n sets of balanced phasors (symmetrical
components). The n phasors of each set of
components are equal in magnitude and angles
between adjacent phasors of the set are equal.
Unbalanced phasors of a three phase system
can be resolved into three balanced system of
phasors  positive, negative, and zero
sequence
Positive-sequence components,
consist of three phasors with equal Vc1
magnitudes with 120º phase Va1 = V1
displacement from each other, and
same phase sequence as original
Vb1
phasors.
V Va2 = V2
Negative-sequence components, b2
consist of three phasors with equal
magnitudes with 120º phase
displacement from each other, and Vc2
opposite phase sequence as original
phasors.
Zero-sequence components,
consist of three phasors with V V V = V
a0 b0 c0 0
equal magnitudes and zero
phase displacement from each
other.
 Vc Va

Vb = Vb0 + Vb1 + Vb2

Vb Vb0
Va Vb Vc2 Vc1
Va2 Vb1
Va0 Va1 Vc
Vb2 Vc0
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2 Vc = Vco + Vc1 + Vc2
Phase a Phase b Phase c
Va = V0 + V1 + V2
Vb = V0 + a2V1 + aV2
-1
o 3
a = 1 120 = + j
2 2
Vc = V0 + aV1 + a2V2

 Va  1 1 1  V0 
    V
 VP  =  Vb  = 1 a 2
a  1
 Vc  1 a a 
2
 V2 
 Vp = A Vs
Where,
1 1 1 V0
A = 1 a 2
a and Vs = V1
1 a a2 V2

Vs = A -1
Vp Where,
1 1 1
-1 1 2
A = 1 a a
3 2
1 a a
 V0 1 1 1 Va
1
V1 = 1 a a2 Vb
3
V2 1 a2 a Vc
1
V0 = (Va + Vb + Vc )
3
1 2
V1 = (Va + aVb + a Vc )
3
1
V2 = (Va + a2 Vb + aVc )
3
 Ia = I0 + I1 + I2
Ip = A Is Ib = I0 + a2I1 + aI2
Ic = I0 + aI1 + a2I2
1
I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic )
3
-1
Is = A Ip
1
I1 = (Ia + aIb + a2Ic )
3
1
I2 = (Ia + a2Ib + aIc )
3
POWER IN SEQUENCE NETWORKS

* * *
S3φ = V I + V I + V I
ag a bg b cg c

I
*
a

 
S3φ =  Vag Vbg Vcg  I
*
b 
I
* 
c 
T *
=V Ip p
 S3φ = (AVs )T (AIs )*

= VsT  A T A *  Is*

T *
1 1 1 1 1 1

A A = 1 a 2
T *
a  1 a 2 a 

1 a a 2  1 a a 2 
 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 a2 a  1 a
 a2 
1 a a 
2
1 a2 a 

3 0 0 
= 0 3 0  = 3U
0 0 3 
 T *
S3φ = 3V Is s

I0* 
 *
=  V0 + V1 + V2   I1 
I2* 
 
* * *
S3φ = 3V I + 3V I + 3V I
0 0 11 2 2
= Sum of symmtrical component
powers
 Sequence Network for Power
System Components
a Ia
Impedance Load: +
c
Ic
Balanced Star + ZY ZY
Grounded Load
Vag V N
cg In
ZY Zn
Ib
b
- Vbg +
g - -
Vag = Z YIa + ZnIn

= Z YIa + Zn (Ia + Ib + Ic )

= (Z Y + Zn )Ia + ZnIb + ZnIc

Vbg = ZnIa + (Z Y + Zn )Ib + ZnIc

Vcg = ZnIa + ZnIb + (Z Y + Zn )Ic

Vag (Z Y + Zn ) Zn Zn Ia
Vbg = Zn (Z Y + Zn ) Zn Ib
Vcg Zn Zn (Z Y + Zn ) Ic

Vp = ZpIp AVs = Zp AIs

-1
Vs = (A Zp A)Is Vs = Z sIs
-1
Where, Z s = A Zp A
 1 1 1 (Z Y + Zn ) Zn Zn
1
Zs = 1 a a2 Zn (Z Y + Zn ) Zn
3
1 a2 a Zn Zn (Z Y + Zn )

1 1 1 (Z Y + 3Zn ) 0 0
2
× 1 a a = 0 Zy 0
2
1 a a 0 0 Zy
V0 (Z Y + 3Zn ) 0 0 I0
V1 = 0 ZY 0 I1
V2 0 0 ZY I2

V0 = (Z Y + 3Zn )I0 = Z 0I0

V1 = Z YI1 = Z1I1

V2 = Z YI2 = Z 2I2
 + I0
ZY

V0 Z0 = ZY + 3Zn
3Zn
-
Zero-sequence network

For star ungrounded load Zn = infinity

Zero sequence network is open
+ I1
V1 ZY Z1 = ZY
- Positive-sequence network

+ I2
V2 ZY Z2 = Z1 = ZY
- Negative-sequence network
 Balanced Delta Connected Load:
I1
I0
a Z∆
Z∆
3 Z∆ Z1 =
3
Z∆ 3
Z∆
Z0 = ∞ I2
c
Z∆
Z∆ Z 2 = Z1 =
b 3
General three-phase impedance load
Ia
+ Ic General
three-phase
+ Ib impedance
load
Vag +
Vcg
Vbg

- - -
g
 -1
Z s = A Zp A

Z0 Z 01 Z 02 1 1 1 Z aa Z ab Z ac
1
Z10 Z1 Z12 = 1 a a2 Z ab Zbb Zbc
3
Z 20 Z 21 Z 2 1 a2 a Z ac Zbc Z cc

1 1 1
1 a2 a
1 a a2
 1
Z0 = (Z aa + Zbb + Zcc + 2Z ab + 2Z ac + 2Zbc )
3
1
Z1 = Z2 = (Z aa + Zbb + Zcc - Z ab - Z ac - Zbc )
3

1 2 2
Z01 = Z20 = (Z aa + a Zbb + aZcc - aZ ab - a Z ac - Zbc )
3

1
Z02 = Z10 = (Z aa + aZbb + a2 Zcc - a2 Z ab - aZ ac - Zbc )
3
 1
Z12 = (Z aa + a2 Zbb + aZcc + 2aZ ab + 2a2 Z ac + 2Zbc )
3
1 2 2
Z21 = (Z aa + aZbb + a Z cc + 2a Z ab + 2aZ ac + 2Zbc )
3

Z aa = Zbb = Z cc Conditions
for a
and symmetrical
Z ab = Z ac = Zbc load

Z 01 = Z10 = Z 02 = Z 20 = Z12 = Z 21 = 0
Z 0 = Z aa + 2Z ab Z1 = Z 2 = Z aa - Z ab
Example: Three identical Y-connected
resistors from a load bank with a three phase
rating of 2300 V and 500 KVA. If each bank
has applied voltages

|Vab| = 1800V |Vbc| = 2700V |Vca| = 2300V

find the line voltages and currents in per unit

into the load. Assume that the neutral of the
load is not connected to the neutral of the
system and select a base of 2300 V,100 KVA.
Solution: On 2300 V, 100 KVA base line
voltages in per unit are: Vab = 1800 2300 = .7826
Vbc = 2700 2300 = 1.174 Vca = 2300 2300 = 1.0
Let, Vca 1800 be taken as reference
Then, Vab = .782681.390 and Vbc = 1.174 - 41.230
Symmetrical components of the line voltages are
1 2
Vab1 = (Vab + aVbc + a Vca )
3
Vab1 = 1/3[.782681.39 + 1.174(120 - 41.23)
+ 1.0(240 +180)]
= 1/3[.1171+j.7738+.2286+j1.152+.5+j.866]
=1/3[.8454+j2.7918] = .2819+ j.9306
= 0.97236  73.1470

1 2
Vab2 = (Vab + a Vbc + aVca )
3
Vab2 = 1/3[.782681.39 + 1.174(2400 - 41.230 )
0

+ 1.0(120 +180 )]
0 0

= 1/3[0.11716+j0.7737-1.111-j0.378 + 0.5 - j0.866]

=1/3[-0.49339 - j0.4703] = -0.1645 - j0.1567
=.2272 - 136.370 =.2272 223.6270
 1
Vab0 = (Vab + Vbc + Vca )
3
Vab0 =1/3[.782681.39 + 1.174 - 41.23 + 1.0180 ]
0 0 0

=0
Voltages to neutral are given by
V = 0.97236(73.147 - 30 ) = 0.9723643.147
1
an
0 0 0

Vca

Vbc n Vab
V = 0.2272(223.627 + 30 ) = 0.2272253.627
2
an
0 0 0

0
V =0 an
resistance value in p.u.=1.100/500=.2 p.u.

I = (0.9723643.147 )/.2 = 4.861843.147 p.u.

1
a
0 0

I = (0.2272253.627 )/.2 = 1.136253.627 p.u.

2
a
0 0

0
I =0
a
SEQUENCE NETWORKS
 SEQUEMCE NETWORKS
Lesson Summary
1. Introduction
2. Sequence networks for Transmission
Lines
3. Sequence network for Genetators
4. Sequence network for Transformers
5. Sequence network for Power System
 Instructional Objective
On completion of this lesson a student should
be able to:
A. Develop sequence network Tr. Lines
B. Develop sequence network for Generators
C. Develop sequence network for Transformers
D. Assemble sequence networks for small
power systems
Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines
Ia Zaa
a a’
Van Ib Zbb Zab
b b’ Va’n’
Zca
Vcn Ic Zbc
Zcc Zan c’ Vb’n’
c
Vcn In Znn Zcn Zbn Vc’n’
n n’
 For a fully transposed line:
Zaa = Zbb = Zcc Zab = Zbc = Zca
Zan = Zbn = Zcn

Ia Zab Ib Zab Ic Zan In Zaa

a a’
+ - + - + -

Van Va’n’
In Zan Ia Zan Ib Zan Ic Znn
n + - + - + -
n’
 Van = Z aaIa + Z abIb + Z abIc + Z anIn + Va'n'
- (ZnnIn + Z anIc + Z anIb + Z anIa )

Van - Va'n' = (Z aa - Z an )Ia + (Z ab - Z an )(Ib + Ic )

+ (Z an - Znn )In

Vbn - Vb'n' = (Z aa - Z an )Ib + (Z ab - Z an )(Ia + Ic )

+ (Z an - Znn )In
 Vcn - Vc'n' = (Z aa - Z an )Ic + (Z ab - Z an )(Ia + Ib )
+ (Z an - Znn )In
In = - (Ia + Ib + Ic )
Van - Va'n' = (Z aa + Znn - 2Z an )Ia + (Z ab + Znn - 2Z an )Ib
+ (Z ab + Znn - 2Z an )Ic

Vbn - Vb'n' = (Z ab + Znn - 2Z an )Ia + (Z aa + Znn - 2Z an )Ib

+ (Z ab + Znn - 2Z an )Ic
Vcn - Vc'n' = (Z ab + Znn - 2Z an )Ia + (Z ab + Znn - 2Z an )Ib
+ (Z aa + Znn - 2Z an )Ic

Z s Z aa + Znn - 2Z an

Z m Z ab + Znn - 2Z an
 Vaa' Van - Va'n' Zs Zm Zm Ia
Vbb' = Vbn - Vb'n' = Zm Zs Zm Ib
Vcc' Vcn - Vc'n' Zm Zm Z s Ic

-1
Vaa' Van - Va'n' Z sy = A Zp A
Vbb' Vbn - Vb'n' Z0 0 0
Z sy = 0 Z1 0
Vcc' Vcn - Vc'n'
0 0 Z2
 Z 0 = Z s + 2Zm Z1 = Z 2 = Z s - Z m

V0 - V0' = Z 0I0 V1 - V1' = Z1I1

V2 - V2' = Z 2I2
I0 Z0 = Zaa + 2Zab
+
+
V0 Zero-sequence network V0’
-
-
 I1 Z1 = Zaa - Zab
+
+
V1 V1
Positive-sequence network
-
-

I1 Z2 = Z1 = Zaa - Zab

+ +
V2 V2
Negative-sequence network
- -
Sequence networks of Synchronous
Generator c
a Ic
Ia
+ Ec
- +
- - Ea
In Eb
+
Zn

Ib
b
 Zg1 I1
+
Eg+ V1
-
-
Positive-sequence network

Z g1  jX d
For calculating initial Sub - transient fault current
Eg = E''g and Z g1  jX d''
 Zg2 I2
+
V2
-
Negative-sequence network

X q  X 'd
Z g2  j
2
For calculating initial Sub - transient fault current
Z ''g2  jX d'' as  X q''  X d'' 
 Zg0 I0
+
3Zn V0

Zero-sequence network
Z g0  jX l
Z g1  Z g2 > Z g0
 Sequence networks of Synchronous
Motor and Induction Motor

Synchronous motor Induction motor

Zm1 I Zm1
I 1 1
+ + +

V1 Em1 V1
- - -
Positive-sequence Positive-sequence
network network
Synchronous motor Induction motor
I Zm2 I Zm2
2 2
+ +
V2 V2
- -
Negative-sequence Negative-sequence
network network
 Synchronous motor Induction motor
I Zm0 Zm0
0 I0
+ +
V0 3Zn V 3Zn
0

- -
Zero-sequence Zero-sequence
network network
Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase
Two-Winding Transformers

+ +
VH VL

- -

jXl   300
 + +
VH1 jXl VL1
- -
positive-sequence network

+ +
VH2 jXl VL2
- -
negative-sequence network
 Zero Sequence Network
C c
H3 X3

H1 X1
N
A a

ZN Zn
H2 X2
B b

Schematic representation
C
H3

H1 c
N X3
A

ZN X2 a
H2 b
B X1

Schematic representation
ZN Zn Transformer

jXl+3ZN+3Zn
+ +
VH0 VL0
- -
Zero-sequence network
 Transformer

jXl+3ZN
+ +
VH0 VL0
- -
Zero-sequence network
 Transformer

jXl
+ +
VH0 VL0
- -
Zero-sequence network
 Transformer

jXl+3ZN
+ +
VH0 VL0
- -
Zero-sequence network
 Transformer

jXl
+ +
VH0 VL0
- -
Zero-sequence network
 Transformer

jXl
+ +
VH0
VL0
- -
Zero-sequence network
 The per-unit sequence network of the Y- ∆
transformer, shown in Figure (b), have the
following features.

1. The per-unit impedances do not depend on

the winding connections. That is, the per-
unit impedances of a transformer that is
connected Y-Y. Y-∆, ∆-Y. or ∆- ∆ are the
same. However, the base voltages do
depend on the winding connections.
2. A phase shift is included in the per-unit
positive- and negative- sequence networks.
For the American standard, the positive-
sequence voltages and currents on the
high-voltage side of the Y-∆ transformer
lead the corresponding quantities on the
low-voltage side by 30. For negative
sequence, the high-voltage quantities lag
by 30.
3. Zero-sequence currents can flow in the Y
winding if there is a neutral connection, and
corresponding zero-sequence currents flow
within the ∆ winding. However, no zero-
sequence current enters or leaves the ∆
winding.
Example: For the system shown in figure
assemble the sequence networks

Gen T1 Line T2 Motor

 Xg1 XT1 XL1 XT1 Xm1

Eg1 Em1

Positive-sequence network
Xg2 XT2 XL2 XT2 Xm2

Negative-sequence network
Xg0 XT0 XL0 XT0 Xm0

Zero-sequence network
Thank You !