UCSP Hand Out

STO.
DOMINGO NATIONAL TRADE SCHOOL

\
Baloc, Sto. Domingo
HAND-OUTS IN
Understanding
CULTURE, SOCIETY
and POLITICS
Student’s Name:__________________________
Grade Level and Section:___________________
Instructor: MR. NIKKO M. RIVERA, LPT
1|UCSP/Senior High School/MVGFCI/S.Y. 2017 – 2018

Manuel V Gallego Foundation Colleges Inc.
Basic Education Department
Cabanatuan City
1st Quarter / Unit 1

Subject: UCSP
Lesson: Man’s Social and Cultural Background
How do we picture a human person without culture? Can we still call a person human whose
faculties of thinking and embodied self are nowhere contained? And how the person’s wealth of potentials
as ordained by his maker could be actualized unless actualized within sphere of culture? It is, therefore,
unthinkable to think of a person that resonates his being human outside the realm of culture in the same
way that it is unthinkable to think of wildlife to thrive in outside a forest.
Culture
To understand man’s social experience, it is necessary to make a wider analysis of man’s
relationship to his natural environment. However, we need to identify the significance of culture, society,
and politics in order to appreciate the different components that are essential to the total development of a
human person.
According to Mark Banaag, culture functions in the following ways and from which we can realize the
significance of culture as well:
1. Culture makes it possible for man to adapt and integrate himself to his environment by being
creative and resourceful in coming up with ways and means of survival.
2. Culture establishes patterns of acceptable social behavior such as etiquette, protocols, good
manners and right conduct, roles and duties, etc. as established by folkways, mores, and laws.
3. Culture conveys and facilitates meanings through verbal and non-verbal communication, written
and non-written language, forms of expression, and symbolisms.
4. Culture produces man-made things such as
clothing, tools, instruments, machines, equipment, Adaptation
structures, etc. made possible by technological and
Integration
know-how.
5. Culture contributes to overall human satisfaction
as we develop ways to make life more enjoyable, Patterns of
Human acceptable
more comfortable, easier, and more rewarding satisfaction Social
such as recreational activities, leisure, Significanc Behavior
e of
entertainment and arts, etc. Culture
Therefore, culture creates the identities of individuals
which are distinct from one another. Prododucti Conveys
on of man- and
made Facilitates
things Meaning

Society
Representati
As individuals continued to interact, societies on of our
were formed. It is a product of human social processes identity
intended to meet basic needs for survival. Every
society is organized in such a way that there are rules
of conduct, customs, traditions, folkways, and mores,
and expectations that ensure appropriate behavior Avenue for Significan
Characterize
among members. Thus society is an important product economic ce of the totality of
interdepende Studying
of human interaction and interconnectedness. ce
a territory
Society
Studying society provides us an idea on its
importance in creating an equal, just, and humane
society.
Symbol of
Politics political
independenc
Sometimes people tend to associate politics e
with power. This connotation was formed through
man’s relationship with other people. It is struggle and
a compromise between the powerful and powerless, the
haves and the have-nots. There are different perceptions
about politics. Consensus
and
These perspectives show the wide-ranging ideas compromise
about politics which affect the life of every individual
especially on human relationship. In describing the Academics Society
characteristics of politics, two important things must be
emphasized. First, all questions involve the making of a
common decision for a group of people, that is a uniform Politics
decision applying the same way to all members of the
group. Second, all involve the use of force by one person Power and
or a group of person to affect the behavior of another Public affair distribution of
person or group of people. Thus politics talks about resources
collective decision of individuals based on defined rules of Art of
society. These rules bind people together in order to Government
preserve culture and improve human life.
There are four important points inherent to it:
Collective Initial diversity Reconciliation Authoritative

Activity of views of difference Policy
a. Politics is a collective activity, involving people who accept a common membership or at least
acknowledge a shared fate;
b. Politics presumes an initial diversity of vies, if not about goals then least about means;
c. Politics involves reconciling differences through discussion and persuasions; and
d. Political decisions become authoritative policy for a group, binding members to decisions that are
implemented by force if necessary.

Cabanatuan City
Subject: UCSP
Lesson: Defining Culture and Society
Sociological Concepts
“Culture is the process by which person becomes all that they were created
capable of being”
- Thomas Carlyle
There are different ways of defining culture and society. Each definition is always associated with
man’s relationship to his environment. Hence, man’s social interaction serves as an avenue for creating
patterns of behavior that will guide the members of
society to live in an organized and orderly manner. Folk Art
Society, in this context, refers to a group of people Working
Religion
sharing a common culture within territorial boundaries. Schedules
Thus, every society is unique in terms of culture. Clothes
Culture is composite or multifarious areas and Language
that comprise beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, Dressing Culture
laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and
everything that a person learns and shares as a Manners Food
member of society. Therefore, culture is:
Celebratio
Jokes
ns
A product of human interaction
A social heritage that is complex and socially transmitted
Provides socially accepted patterns for meeting biological and social needs.
A distinguishing factor
An established pattern of behavior
Cumulative
Meaningful to human beings.

Types of Culture
Culture is composed of material and non-material elements. Material culture consists of tangible
things whereas non-material elements consists of intangible things (Banaag,2012p.48)
Technologic
al Tools Ideas
Material Architectural Non-

Food Language
Culture Structures Behavior Material and Symbols
Culture
Fashion and
accessories Religion
Elements of Culture
To understand culture, it is necessary to understand the different elements that compose it:
Knowledge •It refers to any information received and perceived to be true.
Beliefs •The perception of accepted reality.

•Reality refers to the exixtence of things wehter material or non-material
Social Norms •These are established expectations of society as to how a person is supposed to
act depending on the requirements of the time, place, or situation
Indeed, social norms are very important in understanding the nature of man’s social relationship.
In the social interaction process, each member possesses certain expectation about the responses and
reactions of another member (Palispis, 2007 p.44). Hence, it is very essential to determine the different
forms of social norms:

•The patterns of repetitive behavior which becomes habitual and conventional part
Folkways of living.
•The set of ethical standards and moral obligations as dictates of reason that
Mores distinguishes human acts as right or wrong or good from bad.
•Anything that held to be relatively worthy, important, desirable, or valuable

Values
•The practical application of knowledge in converting raw materials into folished

Technology products.
Characteristics of Culture
1. Culture as learned
It is not biological; we do not inherit it. Much
of learning culture is unconscious. We learn culture
from families, peers, institutions, and media. The
process of learning culture is known as enculturation.
While all humans have basic biological needs such as
food, sleep, and sex, the way we fulfill those needs
varies cross-culturally.
2. Culture is shared
Because we share culture with other
members of our group, we are able to act in socially appropriate ways as well as predict how
others will act. Despite the shared nature of culture, that doesn’t mean that culture is homogenous.
For example the idea that marriage involves only one man and one woman is cultural in our society
3. Culture as cumulative
Knowledge is stored and passed on from one
generation to the next, and the new knowledge is
being added to what existing. Each culture has
worked out solutions to the basic problems of life,
which it then passes on to its children. The jeepneys
and tricycle are best example of cumulative quality
of culture.
4. Culture as diverse
The sum total of human culture consists of a
great many separate cultures, each of them
different. Culture as a whole is a system with many
mutually independent parts. For example the choice
of marriage partner involves many different parts of
cultures, as religion, economic class, education etc.
5. Culture is dynamic
This simply means that cultures interact and
change. Because most cultures are in contact with other cultures, they exchange ideas and
symbols. All cultures change, otherwise, they would have problems adapting to changing
environments. And because cultures are integrated, if one component in the system changes, it is
likely that the entire system must adjust.
6. Culture as Adaptive
Culture adapts itself to and around
geographical setting (includes all that are found in the
world). How culture is formed and assimilated by the people
largely depends on the environment where it is situated.
Hence the culture can be characterized to be adaptive.
Aspects of Culture
Since aspects are very complex, there are
important aspects of culture that contribute to the development of man’s social interaction.
Dynamic, flexible, and adaptive
Shared and contested
Learned through socialization
Patterned and social interactions
Integrated and at times unstable
Transmitted through socialization
Requires language and other forms of communication
Cultural Variations
“The range of variations between culture is almost endless and yet at the same time cultures
ensemble one another in many important ways”. Somehow cultural variation is affected by man’s
geographical set-up and social experiences. Cultural variation refers to the differences in social behaviors
that different cultures exhibit around the world. What may be considered good etiquette in one culture may
be considered bad etiquette in another. Likes, there are two important perceptions on cultural variability
namely ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.
• it is a perception that arises from the fact that cultures, differ and each culture
defines reality and differently.
Ethnocentrism • Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.
• The attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural context

Cultural • The principle that an individual person's beliefs and activities shoul be understood
Relativism by others in terms of that individual's own culture.

Cabanatuan City

Subject: UCSP
Lesson: Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution
Human Origins
Examine the picture. What does it represent? How does it explain man’s development? It is a
common understanding that change is the only permanent thing in this world. Every living thing is dynamic
and, such, undergoes transformation. Likewise, man as the most important component of society, goes
through evolutionary changes that help him adapt to his environment.
For two million years, man in the form of early hominid, was a herd/tribal animal, primarily a herd
herbivore. During the next two million years the human was a tribal hunter/warrior. They were all necessary
for the survival of the human and pre-human. Hence, man’s progression and characteristics are essential in
understanding the capability for adaptation.
Species Characteristics
Homo Habilis - Species with brain of a Broca’s area which is associated with speech in
modern humans and was the first to make stone tools. The ability to make
and use tool is unique quality to humans such as that the species is
recognized to be the first true human. The species name means “Handy Man”
Homo Rudolfensis - Species characterized by a longer face, larger molar and premolar teeth, and
having a larger braincase compared to habilis particularly larger frontal lobes,
areas of the brain that processes information.
Homo Erectus - The species name means “Upright Man” with body proportions similar to that
modern human. They were the first hunters with improvised tools such as
axes and knives, and were the first to produce fire.
Homo - Species with large brow ridge and short wide bodies. They were the first of
Heidelbergensis early human species to live in colder climates, first to hunt large animals on
routine basis using spears, and first to construct human shelters.
Homo Floresiensis - Species nicknamed “Hobbit” due to their small stature with a height of more or
less 3 feet, in the Island of Flores, Indonesia along with other dwarfed animal
species.
Homo Sapiens - The species name means “Wise Man”. The present human race belongs to

this species
Homo Sapiens - Subspecies with short yet stocky in body build adapted to winter climates. The
Neanderthalensis subspecies, also known as “Neanderthal Man” is the closest relative of
modern humans. The first to practice burial of their dead, hunting and
gathering food, and sewing clothes from animal skin using bone needles.
Homo Sapiens - Subspecies known as “Cro-Magnon” characterized to be anatomically modern
Sapiens humans and lived in the last Ice Age of Europe. They were the first to produce
art in cave paintings and crafting decorated tools and accessories.
Man’s Cultural Evolution
Cultural Period Cultural Development

Paleolitihc Age - Use of simple pebble tools
(Old Stone Age) - Learned to live in caves
- Discovered the use of fire
- Developed small sculptures, and monumental painting, incised designs, and
reliefs on the walls of caves
- Food collecting cultures
Neolithic Age - Stone tools were shaped by polishing or grinding
(New Stone Age) - Settlement in permanent villages
- Dependence on domesticated plants or animals
- Appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving
- Food producing cultures.
Simple Differentiation of the Cultural Evolution
The evidence of a change in economic aspect

has resulted in the transformation of man’s way of life.
Paleolithic Age Neolithic Age Early societies started to emerge as a result of man’s
interaction with his environment. Every society is
organized in such a way that there will be rules of conduct,
Unpolished Polished stone customs, traditions, folkways and mores, and expectations
Stone Tools tools that ensure appropriate behavior among members
(Palispis,2007 p.254). This organizational component
provides the basis of identifying what is acceptable or not
Domnestication
Hunting and
of plants and within the social order. Sociologically and
gathering
animals anthropologically, society possesses different
characteristics that show the interdependence of people
Living in
with one another.
Nomadic way
permanent
of living
places

Characteristics of Human Society
1. it is a social system
2. A society is relatively large.
3. A society recruits most of its members from within.
4. A society sustains itself across generations.
5. A society's members share a culture.
6. A society occupies territory.
Types of Societies
Types of Human Societies Characteristics

1. Hunting and Food - The earliest form of human society.
Gathering Societies - People survived by foraging for vegetable foods and small
game, fishing, hunting larger wild animals, and collecting
shellfish.
- They subsisted from day to day on whatever was available.
- They used tools made of stones, woods, and bones.
2. Horticultural Societies - People learned to use human muscle power and handheld
tools to cultivate fields.
- Classified as subsistence farming and surplus farming.
Subsistence Farming
- Involves only producing enough food to feed the group.
- The settlements are small.
- Neighborhood is solid
- Political organization is confined in the village.
- Authority is based on positions inherited by males through the
kinship system.
Surplus Farming
- Practiced in thickly populated and permanent settlements.
- There were occupational specializations with prestige
differences.
- Social stratification was well established
- The community tended to be structured by kinship relations
that are male dominated.
3. Pastoral Societies - It relied on herding and domestication of animals for food and
clothing to satisfy the greater needs of the group.
- Most pastoralists were nomads who followed their herds in a
never-ending quest for pasture and water.
- It was organized along male-centered kinship groups.
- It was usually united under strong political figures. However,
10 | U C S P / S e n i o r H i g h S c h o o l / M V G F C I / S . Y . 2 0 1 7 – 2 0 1 8
centralized political leadership did not occur.
4. Agricultural Societies - These societies were characterized by the use of the plow in
farming.
- Creation of the irrigation system provided farming enough
surpluses for the community.
- Ever-growing populations came together in broad river valley
system.
- Those who controlled access to arable land and its use
became rich and powerful since they could demand the
payment of taxes and political support.
- By taxing the bulk of agriculture surplus, the political leaders
could make bureaucracies implements their plans and armies
to protect their privileges.
- Social classes became entrenched, and the state evolved.
5. Industrial Societies - It is characterized by more than just the use of mechanical
means of production.
- It constitutes an entirely new form of society that acquires an
immense, mobile diversity specialized, high skilled, and well-
coordinated labor force.
- Creates highly organized systems of exchange between
suppliers of raw materials and industrial manufacturers.
- Industrial societies are divided along class lines.
- Industrialism brought about a tremendous us shift of
populations.
- Kinships plays smaller role in patterning public affairs.
- Industrial societies are highly secularized.
- The predominant form of social and political organization in
industrial societies is the bureaucracy.
6. Post – industrial - It depends on specialized knowledge to bring about continuing
Societies progress in technology.
- It characterized by the spread of computer industries.
- Knowledge and information are the hallmarks of this society.
- It resulted in the homogenization of social relations among
individuals and the interaction between humans and natural
environment.
Cabanatuan City

Subject: UCSP
Lesson: Becoming a member of the society
Socialization
Man as a social being needs other people to survive. We develop ourselves as human beings
through our social interaction. Socialization is a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a
personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skill appropriate to his and her social
position (http://www.dictionary.com). The process of socialization is very essential because it teaches us
how to behave and act within our society. Hence, it is continuous process in life. As people move from one
stage to another, such as from childhood to adolescence, from adulthood to old age, or from one group to
another, they discard old ways of behaving and learn new patterns of behavior
Socialization can be described from two points of view: Objectively and Subjectively.
Objective
• it refers to the society acting upon the child
Socialization
• the process by which society transmits its culture from one

Subjective generation to the next and adapts the indivdual to the accepted
Socialization
and approved ways of organized social life.
This perspective on socialization helps identify formation of individuals which is essential in

establishing his/her social role. Likewise, it includes the following functions:
Personality and
•It is through the process of socialization that we develop our sense
Role of identity.
Development
Skills
•The much-needed social skills such as communication,
Development interpersonal, and occupational are developed.
and Training
Values •Individuals are influenced or engulfed by the prevailing values of

Formation social groups and society.
Social
•The socialization process allows us to fit-in an organized way of life
Integration and by being accustomed including cultural setting
Adjustment
Social Control •Integration to society binds individuals to the control mechanism set
fourth by society's norms with regard to accepatable social
and Stability relationships and social behavior.
Socialization continues to be important
part of human development. It is an instrument on
Culture how individual will adapt to his existing
environment in order to survive. The process of
Sex Role socialization enables the individual to grow and
Personality function socially.
Differentiation
Socializati
on is vital Family
to :
Work
Place
Agents of Socialization School
Mass
Socialization will not be take place without Media
the agents of socialization. These refer to the various
social group or social institutions that play significant
role in introducing and integrating the individual the
individual as an accepted and functioning member of Peer
Chruch
the society. Group
The agent of socialization guides every
individual understanding what is happening in our society. People learn to determine what is proper, right or
wrong, appropriate and inappropriate. Social norms were formed in order to control individual behavior in a
given society. The usually in a form of rules or prescriptions followed by people who obey certain standards
or roles in society. The norms include society’s standards of morality, legality, and integrity. The following
are forms of social norms:
Folkways
- These are the customary patterns that specify what is socially correct and proper in everyday life.
- They are the repetitive or the typical habits and patterns of expected behavior followed within a
group or community.
Mores
- They define what is morally right and morally wrong
- These folkways with ethical and moral significance which are strongly held and emphasized.
Laws
- These are norms that are enforced formally by a special political organizations
- Component of culture that regulates and controls the people behavior and conduct.
Major value orientation of many societies according to Robin William

a. Efficiency and Practicality
b. Humanitarianism
c. Moral Orientation
d. Activity and Work
e. Achievement and Success
Values held higly by the Filipinos by Jamine Bulatao, SJ
a. Patience, Suffering, and Endurance
b. Economic and Social Betterment
c. Authority Value
d. Emotional Closeness and Security in the Family
Social Status – refers to the position an individual occupies in society and implies an array of rights and
duties.
Social statuses can be classified into two

1. Ascribed Status
a. Those which are assigned to the individual from birth
b. It involves little personal choice like age and sex
c. It carries with it certain expectations of behavior
2. Achieves Status
a. It is acquired by choice, merit or individual effort.
b. It is made possible through special abilities or talents, performance or opportunities.
c. Choice in occupation, marriage, joining religious organization are examples
Conformity and Deviance
Deviance
 Deviance is a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a
negative reaction.
 It depends on the reactions from those who witness the act, not qualities of the act itself.
Functions of Deviance
 Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms of expressions
 Deviance serves to define the limits of acceptable behavior
 Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity
 Deviance can serve as a barometer of social strain
Theories of deviance
 Functionalists argue that deviance serves a positive social function by clarifying moral boundaries
and promoting social cohesion.
 Merton’s structural strain theory argues that the

tension or strain between socially approved goals
and an individual’s ability to meet those goals
through socially approved means will lead to
deviance as individuals reject either the goals
(achieving success), the means (hard work,
education), or both.
 Strain theory argue that in an unequal society the

tension or strain between socially approved goals
and an individual’s ability to meet those goals
through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals, the
means, or both
 Conformity ( conformist) – it involves accepting both cultural goal of success and the use of
legitimate means for achieving that goal
 Innovation – this response involves accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially
accepted means of achieving it, turning instead to unconventional illegitimate means
 Ritualism – this occurs when people deemphasize or reject the importance of success once they
realize they will never achieve it and instead concentrate on following or enforcing these rules than
ever was intended
 Retreatism – this means withdrawal from society, caring neither about success nor about working
 Rebellion – this occurs when people reject and attempt to change both the goals the means
approved by society.
Conformity
 Behaving in accordance with real or imagined social norms, rules and expectations
Theories of Conformity
1. Social Comparison
o People want to evaluate their beliefs, periodically in order to judge themselves.
o Beliefs about abilities
o Opinions
2. Reactance Theory
o People need to feel as if they have a freedom to control their feeling

o Extreme pressure from a group can backfire and lead to increased deviance
3. Cognitive Dissonance
o The state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to

behavioral decisions and attitude change
o People are not so much influenced by a need to be correct as they are influenced by a
need to be consistent.
Human Rights
Are natural rights of all human beings whatever their nationality, religion, ethnicity, sex, language,
and color
We equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination.
1. Natural Rights
- These are rights inherent to man and given to him by God as a human being.
- Examples these rights are the right to live, love and be happy
2. Constitutional Rights
- These are the rights guaranteed under the fundamental charter of the country
- Example of these rights are the rights against unreasonable searches and seizures
- The rights against bill of attainder, and the rights safeguarding the accused under the bill of
rights
3. Statutory Rights
- These are the rights by the lawmaking body of a country or by law, such as the right to
receive a minimum wage and the right to preliminary investigation
4. Economic Rights
- These are rights to property, whether personal, real or intellectual. Some examples of
these rights include the following: right to use and dispose his property, right to practice
one’s profession, and right to make a living
5. Civil Rights
- These are the rights specified under the Bill of Rights, such as freedom of speech, right to
information. These are rights enjoyed by an individual by virtue of his citizenship in a state
or community
6. Political Rights
- These are the rights an individual enjoys as a consequence of being a member of a body
politic. Some examples of political rights are the following: right to vote and right to be
voted into public office.
Cabanatuan City

Subject: UCSP
Lesson: Social Organization/ Institutions
Social Group
o Unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of roles and statuses existing between
and among themselves.
o Collection of people where members interact on a regular basis, guided by structure and
agreements, defined by roles and responsibilities.
Social Organization
o Type of collectivity established for the pursuit of specific aims or goals.

o Characterized by a formal structure of rules, authority relations, a division of labor and limited
membership or admission.
Other Collections not considered as Social Groups
o Aggregates – important characteristics of which is the common physical location
o Social Category – is an agglomeration where members possess common identifying status

characteristics but do not interact socially.
o Collective – they are composed of clusters of people who share some kind of belief which
prepare them for action, instinctively forming a temporary or short-lived group.
Types of Social groups
According to Social Ties
Primary Group
• It is the most fundamental unit of human society.

• A long-lasting group
• Characterized by strong ties of love and affection.
• Do’s and Don'ts of behavior are learned here.
Secondary Groups
• Groups with which the individual comes in contact later in life.

• Characterized by impersonal, business-like, contractual, formal and casual relationship.
• Usually Large in size, not very enduring and limited relationships.
• People needed other people for the satisfaction of their complex needs.
According to Self-Identification
• IN-GROUP
• A social unit in which individuals feel at home and with which they identify.
• OUT-GROUP
• A social unit to which individuals do not belong due to differences in social

categories and with which they do not identify.
• REFERENCE/PSYCHOLOGICAL GROUP
• Groups to which we consciously or unconsciously refer when we evaluate our life

situations and behavior but to which we do not necessarily belong.
• It serve a comparison function
• It has a normative function
According to Purpose
• Special Interest Groups
• Groups which are organized to meet the special interest of the members.
• Task Group
• Groups assigned to accomplish jobs which cannot be done by one person.

• Influence or Pressure Groups
• Groups organized to support or influence social actions.
According to geographical location and degree or quality of relationship
- Gemeinschaft
 A social system in which most relation traditional.

 It is a community of intimate, private familism.
 Culture is homogeneous and tradition-bound.
- Gesselschaft
 A social system in which most relationships are impersonal, formal, contractual or bargain-
like.
 Relationship is individualistic, business-like, secondary and rationalized Culture is
heterogeneous and more advanced.
According to Form of Organization
- Formal Groups
 Social organization
 Deliberately formed and their purpose and objectives are explicitly defined.
 Their goals are clearly stated and the division of labor is based on member’s ability or
merit
- Informal Groups
 Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more persons.

 It is unplanned
 Has no explicit rules for membership and does not have specific objectives to be attained.
 It has the characteristics of primary groups and members are bound by emotion and
sentiments.
- Relationship Groups
 Groups organized to fulfill the feeling of companionship.
Cabanatuan City
2nd Quarter / Unit 3

Subject: UCSP
Lesson: Cultural, Social and Political Institutions
Family
• Definition: Group of people who are related by marriage, blood, or adoption and who often live
together and share economic resources
• The family is the most universal social institution, but what constitutes a “family” varies across
cultures.
Functions of the Family
Regulation of Sexual Activity
• All societies regulate sexual activity to some extent.

• Incest taboo is found in every society, but categories of restricted relatives differ across cultures
•
Socialization
• The family is the first agent of socialization, so societies rely on the family to teach the norms of the
society.
• Parents, siblings, and other relatives serve as the earliest role models
Reproduction
• Family is the approved social unit for producing members to replace those who die or move away.
• Rules are set in place about who can raise children and how children should be raised
Economic and Emotional Security
• Family is the basic economic unit.

• Family is expected to guide the psychological development of its members and provide a loving
environment.
Family Systems
• Nuclear family: One or both parents and their children

• Family of orientation: The nuclear family into which the person is born or adopted
– When a person marries, a new nuclear family is formed, called a family of procreation
Extended family: Two or more generations
Kinship: Network of people who are related by marriage, birth, or adoption
Family Organization
Family organization depends on the answers to four questions:
1. How many marriage partners?

Marriage Patterns
2. Who lives with whom?
Residential Patterns
3. How is family membership determined?
Descendent Patterns
4. Who makes the decisions in the family?
Authority Patterns
Marriage Patterns
• Monogamy: The marriage of one man to one woman

• Polygamy: Multiple marriage partners
• Polygyny: One man and multiple women (most common form of polygamy)
• Polyandry: One woman and multiple men (less common)
Residential Patterns
• Patrilocality: Couple lives with or near husband’s family

• Matrilocality: Couple lives with or near wife’s family
• Bilocality: Couple decides which parents to live with or near
• Neolocality: Couple lives apart from both sets of parents
Descendent Patterns
• Patrilineal descent: Kinship traced through the father’s family; property passed from father to son
• Matrilineal descent: Kinship traced through mother’s family; property passed from mother to
daughter
• Bilateral descent: kinship traced through both parents; property inherited from either side of the
family
Authority Patterns
• Patriarchy: Father holds most of the authority

• Matriarchy: Mother holds most of the authority
• Egalitarian: Mother and father share authority
Education
• Definition: a system consisting of the roles and norms that ensure the transmission of knowledge,
values, and patterns of behavior from one generation to the next
• Schooling is formal education, which involves instruction by specially trained teachers who follow
officially recognized policies.
A Change in Education
• In some preindustrial societies, education is largely informal and occurs mainly within the family.
Sociological Perspectives
• Functionalist view: Studies the ways in which education aids society

• Conflict view: Studies the ways in which education maintains the imbalance of power in society
• Interactionist view: Studies the face-to-face interaction of the classroom.
Functionalist Perspective
Teaching Knowledge and Skills
• Children must learn the knowledge and skills they will need as adults.
• Education generates new knowledge, which is useful in adapting to changing conditions
Social Integration
• Education serves to produce a society of individuals who share a common national identity.
• Schools foster social integration and national unity by teaching a core set of skills and values.
Transmission of Culture
• For societies to survive, they must pass on core values of their culture.
• Societies use education to support their communities’ social and political system.
Occupational Placement
• Education screens and selects the members of society for the work they will do as adults.
• Schools in industrialized countries identify students who show special talents and abilities at an
early age
Education: Conflict Perspective
• Education serves to sort students into social ranks and to limit the potential of certain individuals
and groups to gain power and social rewards.
• Students’ achievement or failure tends to reflect existing inequalities.
Tracking
• Tracking: Involves the assignment of students to different types of educational programs
• Classroom instructions used in the different tracks serve to reproduce the status quo.
Education and Socioeconomic Status

• Opportunities for educational success are distributed unequally.
• Higher-status college students outnumber lower-status college students.
Social Control
• Schools produce unquestioning citizens who accept the basic inequalities of the social system.
• Hidden curriculum: Schools’ transmission of cultural goals that are not openly acknowledged.
Education and Race
Education: Interactionist Perspective
Student-Teacher Interaction
• Students labeled fast learners or slow learners without any

data eventually took on the characteristics of the label.
• A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that leads to
behavior that makes the prediction comes true.
• When teachers treat students as if they are bright and
capable, the students begin to think of themselves in this way,
and vice versa.
• Interactions among Students
• The Coleman Report found that the socioeconomic status of
fellow students was the most significant factor in explaining
student success.
• Peer pressure may be a factor in this dynamic.
Reform: No Child Left Behind
• 2001 law with benchmarks for improving schools.

• Provided money for schools to improve teaching.
• Made standardized test scores the measure of how a school was performing.
• Extra emphasis on early reading instruction and teacher preparation.
• Although test scores have risen, some claim that higher-order thinking skills have been neglected
Religion – A Sociological Definition
Profane
Anything that is part of the ordinary world and thus commonplace and
familiar.
Sacred
Anything that is part of the supernatural world and that inspires awe,
respect, and reverence
Religion: A system of roles and norms that is organized around the sacred realm and that binds people
together in social groups
Functions of Religion
• Social Cohesion: Encourages the strengthening of bonds

among people.
• Social Control: Encourages conformity to the norms and

values of society
• Emotional Support: Provides comfort in times of personal suffering and natural disaster
Types of Belief Systems
- Animism
- Theism
- Ethicalism
Animism
• Belief that spirits actively influence human life

• Spirits are contained though out mother nature
• Spirits are not worshiped as gods, but are instead seen as supernatural forces that may issue
assistance
• Example: Shamanism and Totemism
Theism
• A belief in a god or gods

• Monotheism
• A belief in one god, who is usually the creator and moral authority
• Examples: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
• Polytheism
• A belief in a number of gods.

• Usually centers on one powerful god with lesser gods
• Examples: Hinduism or Greek/Roman Gods
Ethicalism
• Based on the idea that moral principles have a sacred quality

• A set of principles such as truth, honor, and tolerance serve as a guide to living
• Examples: Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shinto
Economic Institutions and Scarcity
Scarcity = Needs/Wants vs. Resources
What goods and services should be produced?

How should these goods and services be
produced?
For whom should these goods and services be
produced?
Factors of Product ion
Entrepreneurship Labor
Capital
Raw Materials
Economic Sectors
• Primary Sector: extracting raw material

• Secondary Sector: manufacturing goods
• Tertiary Sector: providing services
• P
reindustrial Societies
• Food production through the use of human and animal

labor is the main economic activity
• Subdivided according to technology and method of

food production
- Hunter-Gatherer
- Pastoral
- Horticultural
- Agricultural
The Effects of Industrialization
Preindustrial Society
- Emphasis is food production

- Economic activities in the home
- Produced entire product
- Family is the primary socialization and education agent
- Social status fairly fixed
Industrial Society
- Emphasis is manufactured goods

- Economic activities in the factory
- Division of labor
- Education and socialization take place outside the family
- Increased potential to change status
Postindustrial society
- Emphasis in on the provision of information and services

- Standard of living for much of the population as wages increase
- Strong emphasis on roles of science and education
- Technological advances are viewed as the key to future prosperity
Economic Laws
1. Law of Supply and Demand
Price and Profit depends on amount of goods available

and the demand for the goods.
2. Law of Competition
Competition would result in the best product possible for

the lowest price in an effort to beat the opponent
Laissez-faire
- Laissez-faire means “let it be”

- Free Enterprise:
o People should be free to conduct in whatever business they choose. They should be able
to run business to their greatest advantage.
- No restrictive laws should exist.
o Socialism
o Description:
- Factors of production owned by the government
o What to produce?
Determined by the needs of society
o How to produce?
Central planners decide which items and factories will produce which items.
Market competition is not a factor in regulating supply ad demand
o For whom to produce?
Determined by need instead of ability to pay
POLITICS
Sociological Perspectives
Functionalist
- Examines functions of the State

- Creation and enforcement of laws
- Settling conflict between individuals,
- Provision of services
- Economic and social policies
Conflict Theorist
- Examines how political institutions bring about change

- Competition for power
- Focus on how political institutions maintain power structure and the struggle that ensues do to
power inequity
Conditions for Democracy
 Industrialization
 Access to information
 Limits on power
 Shared values
Cabanatuan City

Subject: UCSP
Lesson: Social and Political Stratification
Social Stratification –
- layering of these social categories into higher and lower of prestige or respect
- Is a society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic strata, based on their occupation and
income, wealth and social status, or divided power (social and political). In other words,
stratification is the relative social position of persons within a social group, category, geographic
region, or social unit.
Social Stratification is distinguished as three social classes:
1. The upper class – consist of the elite families who are the most prolific and successful in their
respective areas. There are the groups of people who are stock holders, investors, and who live in
an exclusive neighborhood, they own many houses, mingle with the same class, and value
heritage most over wealth.
2. The middle class – these are the mostly professional people like lawyers, doctors, managers,
owners of small business, executives, and etc. their income can afford them a comfortable lifestyle.
They value education most since education to them is the most important measure of social status.
3. The lower class – these are the office and clerical workers, skilled and unskilled craftsman, farm
employee, underemployed and indigent families. They live in smaller houses. They are short
revenue, education or trainings, acquaintances, and communication they depend on their pay
check.
Status
o The individual’s position in the social structure

o The higher or lower positions that come through social stratification are called statuses.
o Statuses do not relate to the individuals themselves but rather to the social category or
position into which they have been placed.
Ascribed Status – which are assigned or given by the society or group on the basis of some fixed
category, without regard to a person’s abilities
Achieved Statuses – are earned by individual.
Prestige and Esteem
Prestige – refers to the evaluation of status. You have prestige according to your status. For instance,
being a senior student, you have the prestige of a senior student at your school. The prestige is not applied
directly to you as a person, but rather to the social category to which you are in, the senior class.
Esteem – refers to the assessment of our role behavior. The measure of esteem we have depends on how
well we carry out our role. If you perform well, get an outstanding rating, and awarded an academic
scholarship to college, you get and have high esteem.
Social class is generally referred to as a number of people who are grouped collectively because they
have similar professional/occupation statuses, amount of prestige, or lifestyle.
Political Stratification
- Is the extent to which inequalities are encapsulated in, or influenced by, political structures and
processes regarding influence, power and authority
- Power at this point is implicit not only in achieving needed results, and also even against opposing
interest, including the capability to structure and set agendas.
- Is categorized by power volume. Power is the ability to carry out the spirit to delineate and take
charge of activities of other people through various ways (the right, violence, authority etc.)
Therefore, the power volume is measured, fist by number of people on which the high-handed
judgment extends.
- Concerns the unequal distribution of political rewards and inequalities in access to political offices.
Social Mobility System/Structure
- The act of moving from one social status to another.

- Makes the inequality of social class reasonable and, in the point of view of some, even justifiable.
- If social mobility is high, even though individuals have unequal social origins, everyone believes
that they are equal in having opportunity of getting a higher social class positions.
- If social mobility is low, it is clear that majority of the people are stationary with respect to the status
of their ancestors
- Mobility applies to both groups and individuals.
Open Class System
- Means that individuals can change their social class position in the society. The degree of
downward mobility is one of the tests of an open class society. If mostly all people remain in the
social class rank of their parents, then we call it a closed class society in which acknowledgment
(in this case parental position) accounts for more than achievements.
Caste and Closed Class System
- Are approximately the same things, the concept of open and closed classes is more useful than the
concept of caste, because it can be used as a measure of the amount of mobility in different
societies.
Types of social mobility
People may change their social class position either of two ways.
1. They can move from one position to another position within their social class.
2. They can move into another class.
Horizontal Mobility – is the movement of a person within a social class level.
Vertical Mobility – is the movement of the person between social class levels. The movement may be
upward or downward. In other words the person may either rise or fall in the social class structure.
Social Inequality
- The existence of uneven opportunities and reward for diverse social positions or statuses within a
group or society is referred to a social inequality.
- It occurs when resources in a given are distributed unevenly, generally through norms of allocation
that bring about specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.
- Economic inequality, described on the basis of the unequal distribution of income or wealth, is the
most frequently studied type of social inequality.
Gender Inequality
- Gender inequality is the idea that women and men are not equal. Gender inequality refers to
unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals wholly or partly due to their gender. It arises from
differences in socially constructed gender roles. Gender systems are often dichotomous and
hierarchical; gender binary systems may reflect the inequalities that manifest in numerous
dimensions of daily life. Gender inequality stems from distinctions, whether empirically grounded or
socially constructed.
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
- Racial or ethnic is the consequence of hierarchical social distinctions between two racial or ethnic
categories within a society and are often recognized based on characteristics such as skin color
and other physical characteristics or an individual’s place of origin or culture.
- Racial inequality can also result in diminished opportunities for members of marginalized groups,
which in turn can lead to cycles of poverty and political marginalization
How people become Minorities
1. Migration
 When people move, from one society to another, they are commonly called
minorities in the new society.
2. Colonialism
 Some people become minorities in their own country, without ever leaving their
place of birth. This happens when people from another country decides to settle in
a new land and then tale control of the society.
3. Annexation
 Citizens may turn out to be minority when their country is joined, or annexed, to
another nation. Annexation could either be voluntary or involuntary. Annexation
usually happens after war ends.
How minorities are treated
Six patterns of dominant minority relationships
1. Extermination
o The most tremendous form of rejection by dominant members of a society toward

minorities is to kill or exterminate them. Extermination is the most brutal of all the
treatments of minority people.
2. Expulsion
o Expulsion is less severe form of rejection, compared to extermination. Expulsion is the

elimination of the minority group from the dominant society, sometimes minorities are
expelled to an unused tract or land.
3. Segregation
o In addition to being expelled from society, the minority may be segregated or isolated
o Segregation is the spatial separation of the minorities from the dominant members of the
society
o Segregation often involves not only housing but also schools, jobs, transportation,
restrooms, theaters, and restaurants.
4. Cultural Pluralism
o Is the acceptance and recognition of cultural differences in subgroups among the

residents, with no single subgroup dominating the others? There are situations, however,
in which people of various national origins keep many of their cultural characteristics and
live together in harmony with one another. Instead of trying to blend their cultural identities
with the common culture, they keep their unique ethnic characteristics and accept one
another as they are.
5. Assimilation
o The usual pattern of blending, or assimilating, is that minorities try to be similar the
dominant members of the society. Assimilation has occurred when previously distinct
social categories blend into one unified social category.
6. Amalgamation
o These are the instances leads to amalgamation. Amalgamation is a blending through

accepted intermarriage. Through this process, the differences between dominant and
minority members of the society disappear. All individuals have ancestors of various
nationalities in an amalgamated society.
Cabanatuan City

Subject: UCSP
Lesson: Cultural, Social and Political Change
Social Change
- Social change refers to the significant modification or alteration in the lifestyle of a society,
including its culture. Any significant shift or modification in the lifestyle of a society that affects
major portion of the member population and brings out transformation in patterns of behavior is
also considered as social change.
- It may be brought about by cultural, religious, economic, scientific or technological forces
- It can also be through collective behavior, social movements, and environmental shifts.
Causes of
Social Change
Social
Technology Population Environment Modernization
Institutions
Sources of Social, Cultural, and Political Change
1. Innovation
Innovation is a form of deviance. It refers to the use of new techniques to achieve

desired ends. When the goals of the society are stressed more heavily than the strategies
by which they are to be achieved, members of the society tend to disregard moral or legal
standards to reach these goals. Instead, the individual acquires the cultural weight of the
goals without internalizing the norms governing that means by which they were to be
reached.
2. Diffusion
Diffusion is an important source of social change. Most of the social changes

between societies developed through diffusion. Diffusion refers to transmission of cultural
characteristics or traits from the common society to all other societies.
3. Acculturation and Assimilation
Acculturation is the process of systematic cultural change of a particular society

carried out by the new or another dominant society. The change in society’s culture is
brought through direct contact between individuals of each society. Individuals from the
minority culture learn the language, habits and values of a dominant culture through the
process of acculturation. The process in which these individuals enter to also make them
acquire the political, economic, and educational standards of the more dominant culture.
This process is called assimilation.
Cabanatuan City

Subject: UCSP
Lesson: New Challenges to Human Adaptation and Social Change
“It’s not the strongest of the species that survive, or the most intelligent, but the
ones most responsive to change”
- Charles Darwin
Humans are generally adaptive to change in the environment. If people perceive relevant changes
in the environment they are in, they readily adapt their behavior to meet these challenges for their own
benefit. Even in the past, humans modify their behavior to suit themselves in the new conditions where they
are.
Adaptation
- Adaptation refers a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes
better suited to its environment. Adaptations enhance the fitness and survival of individuals.
- Adaptation is not something simple. Though it is easy at it seems, the truth is, it is not always easy
to adapt to an environment. An organism must be physically fit and viable at all stages of its
development evolution to be able to survive.
- Structural Adaptations are physical features of an organism such as shape, body covering,
armament and even the internal organization
- Behavioral Adaptations are composed of inherited behavior chains and/ or ability to learn.
- Physiological Adaptations its permit the organism to perform special functions like making
venom (in the case of snakes and the like), secreting slime, phototropism, and more general
functions such as growth and development, temperature regulation, and ionic balance.
- This means that adaptation is making adjustment to decisions and activities in order to manage risk
and capture potential opportunities brought about any changes in the environment such as global
warming and climate change.
Human Adaptation
Humans like any other organism and animals try to act more cautious if changes in their
environment are perceived to have a dangerous impact on their welfare. They may also try to work on new
ways to meet own goals more effectively. Humans normally adapt to environmental changes in several
ways, such as genetic change, developmental adjustment, acclimatization and cultural practices and use of
technology.
Transnational Migration and Overseas Filipino Workers
Aside from the human adaptation to changes in the environment brought by the unstoppable global
warming and its after effect – climate – change people on earth are also facing adaptation challenges borne
by the need for mobility. Life has been moving so fast and people as well are changing residences as
rapidly.
Migration
Migration is defined as the process of geographic mobility, or the change of residence of a person
from one community to another with the intension of settling temporarily or permanently. The movement is
often over long distances and from one country to another, or it can be within the immediate community.
Four types of mobility or migration
1. International Migration
It is the permanent transfer of residence from one country to another. It is change

of residence over national boundaries. An international migrants can be further classifies
as legal immigrants, illegal immigrants, and refugees. Legal immigrants are those who
moved with legal permission of the receiver nation, illegal immigrants are those who
moved without legal permission, and refugees are those crossed an international boundary
to escaped persecution.
2. Internal Migration
It is change of residence. This refers to a change of residence within national
boundaries, such as between states, provinces cities, or municipalities. An internal migrant
is someone who moves to different administrative territory.
3. Circulation
It is a temporary movement of a person. The change in residence is temporary
due to work or study. But migrant will definitely return in his home community.
4. Force Migration
Force Migration exists when a person is moved against his will, such as slave, or
when the move is initiated because of external factors like natural disaster or civil war.
Cabanatuan City

Subject: UCSP
Lesson: Responding to Social, Political and Cultural Change
Modern society has seen the importance of good governance and participation of citizens to attain the
goals of a country. This is the very reason why a number of countries are now carrying out the new way for
running a government – and that is through participatory governance and inclusive citizenship.
In the past, it was observed that there was a gap that existed between citizens and the state
institutions. To fill the gap, attention was made to strengthen the process of citizen’s participation – or the
ways in which the poor members of the society could exercise their rights to voice out their opinions
through new forms of inclusion, consultation or mobilization.
Participatory Governance
It is a kind of governance theory which puts emphasis on democratic engagement though

deliberative practices. It also seeks to deepen citizen’s participation in all different governmental processes
by examining the conventions and practices of the traditional view which hinders the realization of a true
participatory democracy.
Basically, Governance pertains to the process and institutions that contribute to public decision-
making. When these procedures and institutions about the public sector, then we can make use of the term
public governance.
There are three categories of public governance: civic, political and development. Civic and
political governance are those that deal with issues related to human rights while development governance
concerns planning, budgeting, monitoring and accountability of social and economic development policies
and programs. Participatory governance is one of the many strategies of an institution to development
governance. The desired outcome of participatory governance is citizen engagement.
Important requirements to achieve effective participation such as:
1. Empowered Participatory Governance – the success and effectiveness of participation is on the

creation of “countervailing power” and not just on the technicalities of institutions design.
Countervailing means wielding power within a community by having two or more centers that more
often than not will usually oppose each other thereby providing counter-forces that will be useful to
the balance of power. Empowered participatory governance therefore is the creation of a variety of
mechanisms hat reduce, and perhaps even neutralize, any power advantages of powerful actors in
a given society.
2. Fulfilment of Human Rights – the realization of each citizen rights serves as a precondition of
effective participation of the people in the community. Countervailing cannot be successful without
the self-actualization of the civil and political rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of
information, and equal access to justice, among others. The rich and mostly the poor must be
ensured a certain degree of economic security before they can be presumed to engage in activities
designed to the achievement of countervailing power.
3. Transparency and Accountability – the issues of transparency and accountability are equally
important as the first two requirements of effective participation mentioned above. Decision making
and policy making should be done with transparency, otherwise, the so-called “distant participants”
will not be sure that their views and aspirations have received due consideration. Until there is no
direct participation of the community members in the nation’s decision and policy making body,
those who are tasked to decide are held accountable for their actions and inactions.
Social Movements
Social Movement is defined as a set of attitudes and self-conscious actions by people seeking to
change society. Social movements involve a larger number of people mobilized to endorse or resist any
social and cultural change. A social movement is a group action. It can be a large, maybe formal or
informal, formed by individuals or different organizations which have the same political or social issues
being advocated. Most often, these movements are in favor of either institutional or societal change.
Three major elements to a social movement – Tilly
1. Campaigns – a sustains, organized public effort making collective claims of target authorities.
2. Repertoire – employment of combinations from among the following forms of political action,
creation of special-purpose associations and coalitions, public meetings, solemn processions,
vigils, rallies, demonstrations, petition drives, statements to and in public media, and
pamphleteering.
3. WUNC displays – participant’s concerned public representation of worthiness, unity, numbers, and
commitments on the part of themselves and /or their constituencies.
Types of Social Movements
1. According to Scope
a. Reform Movement – movements which advocate changing some norms or laws in an
institutions or community. Example of such movement would include trade union with a
goal of increasing the rights of the laborers. A green movement that advocates setting of
ecological laws, or a movement supporting the implementation of capital punishment, or
the right to abortion. Some reform movements may aim for a change in customs and moral
norms, such as ensure pornography.
b. Racial Movement – movements dedicated to changing the value systems in fundamental
way. Good example of this would be the American Civil Rights Movement that demanded
for full implementation of civil rights and equality under to all Americans, without
discrimination as to race.
2. According to Change
a. Innovation Movement – these are movements which aim to introduce or change particular
norms, and values. An example is the Singularitarianism Movement. This movement is
advocating measured action to effect and ensure the safety of the technological singularity.
b. Conservative Movement – this refers to movement that wants to preserve existing norms,
and values like that of the anti-technology 19th century movement called Luddites. This
movement opposed the spread of the genetically modified food. Their members are
conservative because their reasons are aimed at fighting specific technological changes.
3. According to Targets
a. Group-Focus Movements – fixed on moving groups or society in general like advocating
change in nation’s political system. Most of the members of this group join a political party
but still many remain outside the reformist party political system.
b. Individual-Focused Movements – this type of movement is focused on affecting the
individuals. Examples of this are the different religious movements.
4. According to Methods of Work

a. Peaceful Movements – from the word itself – peaceful – which means movements that are
non-violent. Their means are protest are diplomatic and they campaign for nonviolent
resistant. Many social movements like Indian Independence movement are examples of
peaceful movements.
b. Violent Movements – a number of social movements would fall under this category where
members of the group usually resort to violent means of protesting and campaigning for
their views. This type of movement is usually armed and in extreme cases can take a form
of paramilitary or even terrorist organization. An example of this would be the Al-Qaida
5. According to Age
a. Old Movement – are movements that have existed for many years or even centuries. Most
of the oldest recognized movements have struggled for changes in their respective social
groups – the working class, peasants, whites, aristocrats, Protestants, men.
b. New Movements – are movements that came into realization just at the turn of the second
half of the 20th century. Examples of new movements are the feminist movement and
environmentalist movement.
6. According to Range
a. Globally Movements – these are social
movements whose objectives and goals
are aimed globally. Examples of these
movements are the First Internationals and
World Social Forum Movements among
others. Global movements pursue change
at global level.
b. Local Movements – are social movements
that are local in terms of scope. The
focuses of these movements are on local or regional objectives like protecting a natural
park or area, and lobbying for the lowering of tolls in a certain tollway.
Level of Social Movements
These movements can happen anywhere – in towns, in a certain nation, or around the world. They
can be small or bog, and they can be local or global. Social movements can be categorized into different
levels such as local, national, regional, and global.
Local – local level movements are those actions that push change in a local area such as the one that
happened in Winnipeg, Manitoba in Canada, this city is well known for having poor aboriginal population,
with a very low level of income and education, and where drugs, gangs, and violence are commonplace. It
is also a home to a number of social movements, mostly grassroots community organizations type of social
movement. An example of this is the Winnipeg Boldness Project is a social movement focused on providing
investment in early childhood care in the Point of Douglas community to try to break endemic cycles of
poverty.
Regional – Regional level movements are social movements that are bigger in area and scope compared
to that of a local movement.
National – National level is bigger in scope because the movement concerns the whole nation or country
and it involves national politics or economy. A well-known national social movement is the Idle No More
which is a group of aborigines.
Global – New media have presented a way for all people across the globe to communicate with anyone no
matter how near or far the distance is. This technological change has also made it possible for the creation
of a wider scope social movement or a global level social movement. Global movement concerns all the
people around the world. Their issues are not only contained in local, regional, or national level but on a
global scale. These large and wider forms of civic participation and involvement are being interpreted as a
unique phenomenon of the emergence of a global society. An example of a global social movement is the
Debt Relief Movement that aimed to raise the issue of debt cancellation among world leaders, countries
and institutions, multilateral and bilateral donors and creditors.
References:
Print:
- Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Senior High School, Ederlina D. Baleña. et.al
- Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, Gerry M. Lanuza et.al
- Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, Juanito Philip V. Bernardo Jr.
Non – Print:
file:///C:/Users/anabel/Downloads/UCSP%20Reader%20V11%20Final%20(1)%20(6).pdf
http://depedtambayanph.blogspot.com/2016/08/teaching-guides-lesson-guides-and.html
https://www.slideshare.net/markedchaser/chapter-9-social-stratification-introduction-of-sociology-and-
anthropology?qid=0718d3e4-57d4-46d1-bff0-66aa8ea802f7&v=&b=&from_search=2 – Social
Stratification
https://www.slideshare.net/Markee_31/economic-institutions-economic-institution-microeconomics-and-
macroeconomics-basic-economic-problems-philippines-social-hierarchy-socioeconomic-mobility-
socioeconomic-stratification-and-its-perspectives-sociological-analysis-of-stratification-and-class-
52?qid=d7d263ac-052b-4a09-9605-fba8a215034a&v=&b=&from_search=1 – Economic Institutions
https://www.slideshare.net/MrTimBradley/sociology-unit-4-social-institutions-power-point?qid=e856d894-
392f-46d0-a283-22cbdb3f38d1&v=&b=&from_search=4 – Social Institutions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQsBM1dZLO4 - Understanding Culture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkEn88Cdq_k - Becoming a Human
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpMrxleewT8 – Socialization and Personality

UCSP Hand Out

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

UCSP Hand Out

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

STO.

DOMINGO NATIONAL TRADE SCHOOL

1|UCSP/Senior High School/MVGFCI/S.Y. 2017 – 2018

1st Quarter / Unit 1

2|UCSP/Senior High School/MVGFCI/S.Y. 2017 – 2018

There are four important points inherent to it:

Collective Initial diversity Reconciliation Authoritative

3|UCSP/Senior High School/MVGFCI/S.Y. 2017 – 2018

A product of human interaction

A social heritage that is complex and socially transmitted

An established pattern of behavior

Meaningful to human beings.

4|UCSP/Senior High School/MVGFCI/S.Y. 2017 – 2018

Material Architectural Non-

Knowledge •It refers to any information received and perceived to be true.

Beliefs •The perception of accepted reality.

5|UCSP/Senior High School/MVGFCI/S.Y. 2017 – 2018

•Anything that held to be relatively worthy, important, desirable, or valuable

•The practical application of knowledge in converting raw materials into folished

Dynamic, flexible, and adaptive

Shared and contested

Learned through socialization

Patterned and social interactions

Integrated and at times unstable

Transmitted through socialization

Requires language and other forms of communication

• The attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural context

7|UCSP/Senior High School/MVGFCI/S.Y. 2017 – 2018

1st Quarter / Unit 1

8|UCSP/Senior High School/MVGFCI/S.Y. 2017 – 2018

Man’s Cultural Evolution

Cultural Period Cultural Development

Simple Differentiation of the Cultural Evolution

The evidence of a change in economic aspect

9|UCSP/Senior High School/MVGFCI/S.Y. 2017 – 2018

2. A society is relatively large.

3. A society recruits most of its members from within.

4. A society sustains itself across generations.

5. A society's members share a culture.

6. A society occupies territory.

Types of Human Societies Characteristics

1st Quarter / Unit 2

• the process by which society transmits its culture from one

This perspective on socialization helps identify formation of individuals which is essential in

Values •Individuals are influenced or engulfed by the prevailing values of

Major value orientation of many societies according to Robin William

Social statuses can be classified into two

Conformity and Deviance

 Merton’s structural strain theory argues that the

 Strain theory argue that in an unequal society the

o People need to feel as if they have a freedom to control their feeling

o The state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to

1st Quarter / Unit 2

o Type of collectivity established for the pursuit of specific aims or goals.

Other Collections not considered as Social Groups

o Aggregates – important characteristics of which is the common physical location

o Social Category – is an agglomeration where members possess common identifying status

Types of Social groups

According to Social Ties

• It is the most fundamental unit of human society.

• Groups with which the individual comes in contact later in life.

• A social unit to which individuals do not belong due to differences in social

• Groups to which we consciously or unconsciously refer when we evaluate our life

• Special Interest Groups