PROCEDURE TEXT

INTRODUCTION
In this unit, we will explain and describe about procedure text related to manual instruction and
tips

A. SUBJECT MATERIAL
• The function of procedure text is to tell and describe how something is accomplished through
a sequence of actions or steps.
• Ensures the reader can complete the action or follow the process.
• Generally organized according to time: that is, it begins with the first step in the process and
proceeds in time until the last step.
• Imperatives are often used when describing a process. For example,
✓ First sign in at the desk ... / Then get a visitor pass … rather than
 First, you sign in the desk … / Then you get a visitor pass
• Imperatives also used to directly tell someone to do something (giving order), sometimes quite
strongly and to give advice or suggestion. For example:
(Mom to Daughter): Eat vegetables to stay healthy!. (Giving order)
(Teacher to Student): Study English harder if you want to study overseas. (Giving advice)
• The imperative mood is used in the following situations:
1. Log into the computer network. (Giving instruction)
2. Have some more coffee. (Offering something)
• Transition words are used to indicate that one step has been completed and a new one will
begin.

THE TEXT ORGANIZATION OF PROCEDURE TEXT:

- Goal
- Materials (not required for all procedure text)
- Steps (a series of instructions oriented to achieving the goal)

LANGUAGE FEATURES:
1. Present Tenses (Imperatives and action verbs)
For example: ‘Beat the eggs’; ‘Bring the mast into the vertical’
2. Adjectives to form noun phrases
For example: ‘wide loads’; ‘warm iron’
3. Numbers to show the sequences or actions in order
For Example: ‘1,2,3,4,5, …’ ; ‘first, second, third …’ ; at first, then, next, finally …’

➢ A user guide or user’s guide, also commonly known as a MANUAL, is a technical

communication document intended to give assistance to people using a particular
system. It is usually written by a technical writer.
➢ TIPS means advice on matters that may be of interest to you, usually offered at no cost.
 ➢ INSTRUCTION means a statement that describes how to do something: an order or
command.

Kind of Procedure Text

1. Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction / operation manuals. For
example : how to use the CD player, the hand phone, the radio, the printer, etc
2. Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity. For Example: rules for games, road safety
rules, recipes, science experiments, etc.
3. Texts that deal with human behavior. For example : how to succeed, how to live happily,
etc.

The example of procedure text (manual)

A. How To Use Camera

You need:

• A digital camera (DSLR camera or pocket camera or the others camera that you have)
• The object (find something that interesting to you like animals, buildings or the others)

Steps:
• handle the camera and turn on it
• center the object in the LCD and manage the zoom control until you get the best view
• when you are ready to take the picture, hold the shutter speed, and various other
calculations.
• Then, a light should appear that let you know the camera is set to go.
• After that, press shutter all the way down.
 B. How To use Rice Cooker

You need:

• Rice cooker

Directions:
• Add the rice to the rice cooker pot. Read the directions on the rice package, and measure rice
according to these instructions. Use a regular measuring cup for this step, since rice cookers
sometimes come with non-standard measuring devices.
• Add the amount of water specified on the rice package. Be careful not to fill the cooker
beyond the overfill line.
• Put the rice cooker pot into the cooker unit, and cover the pot with the lid. Most cookers come
with a tight-fitting lid, but if your lid is too loose, consider adding a layer of aluminum foil.
• Plug in the cooker and push the button to start cooking rice. If your cooker has a timer, you
may choose to have the rice cook at a later point in the day. Some higher-end units include a
warmer, which will help the rice stay warm after it has finished cooking. While the rice is
cooking, refrain from lifting the lid to check on it.
• When the rice is done, the cooker will beep or make a clicking sound.

Task 1
Read the following text to answer questions number 1 to 3.
How to Clean an LCD Screen

1. Shake up the detergent and put it 15 — 20 cm away from the LCD screen.
2. Spray on the LCD screen surface directly.
3. Cleanse gently using the fabric cleanser or brush.
You can also do the following steps:
1. Spray the detergent on the fabric cleanser.
2. Clean the LCD screen surface to make it as bright as a new one.

1. What should you do to detergent first?

A. Spray it
B. Clean
C. Put it away
D. Shake

2. Before cleaning the screen surface, we spray the detergent on the screen surface directly or
spray it on
A. Our fingers
B. The paper
C. The fabric cleanser
D. The brush

3."Cleanse gently with the fabric cleanser or brush" (step 3). What does the underlined word
mean?
A. Carefully
B. Directly
C. Harshly
D. Cleanly

Read the following text to answer questions number 4 and 5.

HOW TO CLEAN A REFRIGERATOR
1).Remove all frozen foods and ice cube trays. If you have a second refrigerator, use it to
temporary store these items. If not, put the food in a cardboard box and cover it with newspaper.
Dump the ice cubes.
2).Removes all other food stuff and place on your kitchen counter or in cardboard boxes.
3).Either turn the temperature control "defrost" or unplug the electricity to the refrigerator (or
both).
4). Never scrape or jab at the ice with a sharp instrument. You may cause serious damage to the
freezing unit. Allow it to melt.
5).Either put a flat pan under the freezer to catch the drips or put a large towel in the bottom of
the refrigerator.

4. What should we do after turn the temperature control "defrost"?

A. Scrape the ice with a sharp instrument
B. Remove all frozen foods and ice cube trays
C. Remove all other food stuff
D. Allow the ice to melt
5."Allow it to melt" (step 4). The word "it" refers to ....

A. The food
B. The refrigerator
C. The ice
D. The freezing

Read the following text to answer questions number 6 to 8.

How to make a pencil case
Steps:
1. Choose the size you want. If you want to put longer items, such as a ruler, placed in your
pencil case, you'll need a longer pencil case.
2. Find a bag or box that suitable with your choice of size. It doesn't have be nice looking,
but strong and clean.
3. Cover the box with paper, any color.
4. Decorate the container. Try some or all of the following ideas.

• Put on same cool sticker.

• Decorate with your own art with makers: draw lines, shapes, animals, people, etc.

• Cut some magazine pictures and stick them on it.

• Totally cover the box with wrapping paper; and

• Glue on shells, buttons, or anything else you want to decorate the pencil case with.
Add glitter if you like.

5. Show all your friends, and be proud of your unique pencil case.

6. The length of the pencil case depends on ....

A. The items we are going to put there
B. The ruler we have
C. The size of the pen
D. The box that we find

7. From the text above we can conclude that we have to be .... in decorating the box to have a
good result.
A. Box
B. Careful
C. Creative
D. Risky
8. " ... Add glitter if you like." (step 4) The synonym of the underlined word is ....

A. Haze
B. Be cloud
C. Darken
D. Twinkle

The following text is for questions number 9 and 10.

How to turn on a computer

▪ Turn the power supply on.
▪ Turn the computer on
▪ Turn the monitor on.

How to turn off a computer

▪ Click start menu
▪ Click Turn Off.
▪ Click Turn Off again.
▪ Turn the monitor then the power supply off.

9. To turn on a computer, first we have to turn the … on.

A. Monitor
B. Power supply
C. Start menu
D. Computer

10. We must … the “Turn Off” after we click start menu if we want to turn off a computer.

A. Click
B. Press
C. Turn
D. Push

The following text is for questions number 11 to 20.

How to Install CD-ROM
▪ Turn off your computer and unplug power cord from power outlet.
▪ Carefully remove the computer cover.
▪ Set the Master/Slave jumper on the rear panel of drive.
▪ (To get best results, we strongly suggest that you connect your device to the Secondary IDE
port as the MASTER device.)
▪ Connect the IDE cable to the drive.
▪ Connect the 4-pole power cable to the drive.
▪ Connect the audio cable (if applicable).
▪ Carefully slide the drive into the empty bay and mount it. Then replace the computer cover.
▪ Plug your computer back to power outlet and then turn the power on.

11. The text above shows us how to ….

A. unpack CD-ROM
B. install the CD-ROM
C. uninstall CD-ROM
D. remove CD-ROM from our computer

12. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To explain how to install CD-ROM

B. To tell the readers how to connect computers using CD-ROM.
C. To discuss the influence of CD-ROM on the computer work.
D. To measure the effectiveness of computer working with CD-ROM installed.

13. What should be done first before installing the CD-ROM?

A. Remove the computer cover

B. Unplug all other devices first
C. Turn off the computer and unplug the power cable
D. Turn the computer on before installing CD-ROM

14. What does the writer strongly recommend in order to get the best result of the CD-ROM
installation?

A. That we remove the computer cover first.

B. That the computer should be turned off before installing CD-ROM.
C. That the CD-ROM is set as Master device in the Secondary IDE
D. That CD-ROM is set as Master device in Primary IDE

15. We have to connect the CD-ROM to the following types of cable EXCEPT ….

A. Power cable
B. Audio cable
C. IDE cable
D. Monitor cable
16. What part of the CD-ROM should be set if you want to apply CD-ROM as Master or Slave?

A. Motherboard slot
B. IDE slot
C. Cable power
D. Master/Slave Jumper

17. “Connect the audio cable (if applicable).”

The sentence implies ….
A. You may not turn the computer on before connecting the cable
B. Your CD-ROM may not work properly if you do not connect the cable.
C. It is not necessary to connect the cable if it is not valid
D. Reinstall the CD-ROM if you have not connected the cable.

18. “Connect the IDE cable to the drive.”

The word ‘drive’ in the sentence refers to ….

A. CD-ROM
B. Jumper
C. Motherboard
D. Computer

19. “Carefully slide the drive into the empty bay and mount it.”
The word ‘bay’ in the sentence is similar in meaning to ….
A. Jumper
B. Cable
C. Button
D. Compartment

20. Plug your computer back to power outlet and then turn the power on.
The word ‘outlet’ in the sentence is similar in meaning to ….
A. Button
B. Channel
C. Cable
D. Port
Procedure Text How To Use An Electric Iron

We use the heat of an electronic iron to remove wrinkles from fabric and get our clothes tidy. In

order to do so, we need to follow these following steps.

1. Prepare the iron, the clothes, a place mat or any flat surface board, some clothing hanger.

2. Plug the iron cable into an electricity socket and wait until the iron get warmer.

3. Place the clothes on the place mat.

4. Apply the iron on the clothes surface evenly.

5. Flip the clothes and apply the iron on the other side of the clothes evenly.

6. Put the clothes on the clothing hanger

7. Continue with another clothes.

Task 2. Making procedure Text of Manual (How to operating something) in pairs, it is free
theme!

REPORT TEXT

A. Definition
 Report text is a text that describes something in general. Every text has a communicative
purpose. Communicative purpose of report text is to present information about something in
general.

The definition of this report text is also almost similar to what is often mentioned in some
English books at high school level, “Reports a text which is the result of systematic observation
and analyzes.” Thus, actually report text and descriptive text have a fairly clear distinction,
although it appears that the both text are said to be “twin siblings”.In conclusion, in the report
text it usually contains facts that can be proven scientifically

B. Purpose
Every text must have the purpose why it was written. So do this. Some experts mention
that the purpose of the report text is:

Its social purpose is presenting information about something. They generally describe an
entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets, rocks, plants, countries of
region, culture, transportation, and so on.

It can be concluded, the purpose of report text is to convey information of observation

through systematic analysis. The information described in the report text is usually general,
whether natural or artificial like mammals, planets, rocks, plants, states, culture, transportation,
and so forth.

In high school level books, it is mentioned that the purpose of report text are :
– To describe something in general.
– To presenting information about (something), as it is.
– To describe the way things are…

C. Generic Structure
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place,
plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or
deed for living creature and usage for materials and things

D. Language Features
– Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg our dog;
– Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles;
– Some use of action verbs when describing behavior, eg Emus cannot fly;
– Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones always begin over
the sea;
– Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map;
– Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organize bundles of information; repeated naming of
the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.
1. The example of report text about animal

Bees
Bees are useful insects. There are about 20.000 kinds of bees, but only honeybees make
honey. Honeybees live in groups called colonies. Each colony has one female queen bee, tens of
thousands of worker bees, and a few hundred males, or drones. Honeybees live in hives. Inside
their hive, the bees make honeycomb of wax. The honeycomb is a kind of bee apartment building,
full of six-sided rooms in which the bees raise young and store food.

The queen bee lays thousands of eggs. Worm, like larvae, hatch from the eggs. Each larva
becomes a pupa, which looks partly like a larva and partly like an adult bee. The pupa then
becomes an adult bee. Worker bees feed the young, clean and guard the hive, and fly to and from
flowers. They collect tiny grains of pollen and a sweet liquid called nectar for food. The pollen is
food for young bees. Worker bees use the nectar to make honey. Without bees bringing pollen
from flower to flower, many plants could not make seeds.

Queen bees and worker bees have stings. Workers use their stings to defend themselves
and their hive. A queen uses their stings to kill other queens. Most other kinds of bees live alone
instead of in a colony. These bees make tunnels in wood or in the ground. The queen makes s her
own nest.

People admire bees for their busy ways. People called beekeepers keep bees for honey and
for the beeswax the bees use to build their honeycombs.

2. The example of report text about person

Taylor Swift
Taylor Alison Swift is an American singer and song writer. She is known for narrative
songs about her personal life. Her songs are very popular, namely Shake It Off, Blank Space and
Bad Blood. Taylor Swift has appeared as one of the most influential and powerful women in the
world by Forbes and Time magazines.
By 2017, Taylor Swift’s age is 28 years old. She was born on December 13, 1989 in
Reading, Pennsylvania, United States. This beautiful girl has 178 centimeters tall and weighs 54
kilograms. Her hair is blonde and her eye color is blue. Her lips are usually red as she likes red
color very much.
 Taylor Swift is a famous and wealthy women but her life was not always so sweet. She
suffered bullying in the school especially in Juniour High. She said that she got dumped by a group
of popular girls in the school. They thought that it was weird that she liked country music. This
changed after she moved to Nashville and became a successful singer.

3. The example of report text about social phenomena

Poverty
Poverty is the state of a person who can not meet basic needs for themselves and their
families, particularly regarding the economic field. Factors that lead to poverty is education that
is too low, lazy to work, limited natural resources, lack of employment, lack of capital, the
condition of isolation, poor health status.
Causes of povertyAs a result of poverty, high mortality due to non- fulfillment of food needs
a healthy and nutritious. High crime rates because of the poor as if desperate to find a source of
livelihood so that justifies any means to earn money to meet their needs. In addition, the resulting
of drop out of school, because of poverty can not afford to pay school fees. This resulted in the
next generation that should have a bright future have to feel the bitterness of the school.
 Many ways to do so that poverty can be reduced, both from the government and society. The
government can create jobs that can absorb a lot of labor that unemployment could be reduced.
People who do not have the skill or ability to work can follow the activities in vocational training
centers were established by the government, so it can be equipped to start work or set up a
business and earn income to meet their needs.
Raise the minimum wage so that people who are unemployed have interest to work and earn
a living wage to meet their needs. Providing subsidies for the underprivileged such as BLT
(direct cash assistance), the fuel subsidy, treatment and education is also effective in reducing
poverty.

Task 1
➢ Question number 1 to 5 refers to News below

Red-hot lava began flowing from the crater of Indonesia's rumbling volcano Mount Merapi
early Thursday (28/2) as volcanologists warned residents an eruption may be imminent.

Burning streams of molten lava started pouring down the slopes at about 2 a.m. local time, said
Subandriyo, the chief of Merapi's Volcanology and Monitoring offices, who goes by a single name.

Residents still near the 9,700-foot peak were urged to leave immediately, even though officials
said they were not yet raising the alert to the highest level.

"The volcano has shown significantly more activity," Subandriyo said.

Merapi is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, part of the Pacific "Ring of
Fire" — a series of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and
Southeast Asia.

It last erupted in 1994, sending out a searing cloud of gas that burned 60 people to death.
About 1,300 people were killed when it erupted in 1930.

1. What is the best title according to the news above

a. People were killed c. Volcanoes in Indonesia
b. Lava erupts from Mount Merapi d. Ring of Fire

2. When did the accident happen

a. 1994 c. 28/2/2015
b. 1930 d. Two weeks ago

3. Who are warned by vulcanologists when eruption may be imminent in mount Merapi
a. 1,300 people c. Police
b. Government d. Residents

4. Why was mount Merapi is one of at least 129 active volcanoes In Indonesia
a. part of the Pacific "Ring of Fire" c. still near the 9,700-foot
b. sending out a searing cloud of gas d. pouring down the slopes

5. How many people were killed in 1994

a. 1,300 c. 60
b. 129 d. 100

Number 6-10 refers to news below

Berita.com, Torrential rains accompanied by strong winds destroyed dozens of homes.
People who are living in a village in Jember, East Java did not believe that their homes were
destroyed because of a tornado.
As shown in IndoTV Afternoon News, Thursday (20/03/2014), when the incident took
place, the people overloaded by fleeing. “The wind was so strong we all ran out of the house
because the roof and tiles scattered,” said a villager. The residents whose houses broken have to
evacuate to a neighbor’s house whose house survived from tornado. The incident resulted loss up
to tens of millions dollars.
Meanwhile, a tornado knocked down power lines and a number of trees in Denpasar Street,
Gilimanuk, Bali. As a result, electricity and telephone were disconnected. Strong winds also
destroyed a temple there. “The strong winds knocked down the fences outside and flew roof’s
temple,” said one of residents.
According to BMKG Region III Denpasar, Bali, The strong winds that occurred in Bali
called gusty wind which has speed 34 knots per hour (AN).

6. What is the best title according to the news above?

7. Where did the accident happened?
8. When did the accident happened?
9. Why did the accident happened?
 10. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?

The National Weather Service says the United States gets more severe weather than any
other country. One reason for this is because the U.S. is bigger than many countries. It also has
many different kinds of conditions that create many different kinds of weather.

There are seacoasts and deserts, flat lands and mountains. The West Coast is along the
Pacific Ocean, which is relatively calm. The East Coast is along the Atlantic Ocean, which is
known for its hurricanes. These strike mainly the southeastern states.

This Science in the News was written by George Grow and Christopher Cruise, who also produced
our report.

Task 2. Answer the question below:

1. Give your opinion about this natural disaster!

2. What is the main idea according to the text above?

3. Give 5 examples of natural disaster!

4. According to you, what must we do when a natural disaster strikes us?

5. Can you give 5 tips to help us stay safe during a natural disaster?

Task 3.
The text below is for question 1-4
Snakes are reptiles (cold-blooded creatures). They belong to the same group as lizards
(the scaled group, Squamata) but from a sub-group of their own (Serpentes).
Snakes have two legs but a long time ago they had claws to help them slither along. Snakes
are not slimy. They are covered in scales which are just bumps on the skin. Their skin is hard
and glossy to reduce friction as the snake slithers along the ground. Snakes often sun bathe on
rocks in the warm weather. This is because snakes are cold-blooded; they need the sun’s
warmth to heat their bodies up.
Most snakes live in the country. Some types of snakes live in tress, some live in water, but
most live on the ground in deserted rabbit burrows, in thick, long grass and in old logs.
A snake’s diet usually consists of frogs, lizard, and mice and other snakes. The Anaconda
can eat small crocodiles and even bears. Many snakes protect themselves with their fangs.
Some snakes are protected by scaring their enemies away like the Cobra. The flying snakes
glide away from danger. Their ribs spread apart and the skin stretches out. Its technique is just
like the sugar gliders.

1. Since the snakes are cold-blooded, they…

A. like sucking the cool blood
B. avoid sun-bathing to their skins
C. never sun bathe in the warm weather
D. require the sun’s warmth to heat their bodies

2. We know from the text that snakes…

A. do not like sunlight
B. have two legs and claws
C. use their legs to climb the tree
D. use their claws to slither along the ground

3. Some types of snakes live in tress, some live in water, but most live on the ground in deserted
rabbit burrows,…(paragraph 4).The word “burrows “ has the similar meaning with…
A. foster
B. dig
 C. plough
D. nurture

4. How do flying snakes protect themselves?

A. They fly away.
B. They use their fangs they scare their enemies.
C. They stretch out their skin.
D. They eat the other animals.

Question for number 5-7

Napoleon is a favorite fish for divers in many regions of the world. The fish can instantly
be recognized by its size, color and shape. It is one of the largest reef fish in the world. They can
grow up to 230 cm and weigh 190 kg. They have fleshy lips and a hump over the head that is
similar to a napoleon hat. The Hump becomes more prominent with age.
Colors vary with age and sex. Males range from a bright electric blue to green or purplish
blue. Mature males develop a black stripe along the sides, blue spots on their body scales, and
blue scribbles on the head. Juveniles can be identified by their pale greenish color and two black
lines running behind the eye. Females, both old and young, are red-orange on the upper parts of
their bodies and red-orange to white yellow.
Napoleon fish are carnivorous and eat during the day. They can be seen feasting on
shellfish, other fish, sea stars, sea urchins and crabs, crushing the shells to get the animal within.
They also crush large chunks of dead coral rubble with peg-like teeth to feed on the burrowing
mussels and worms. Pairs spawn together as part of a larger mating group that may consist of
over 100 individuals. The planktonic eggs are released into the water, and once the larvae have
hatched they will settle out on the substrate. Adult females are able to change sex but the triggers
for this development are not yet known.
The Napoleon is mainly found on coral reef edges and drop-offs. They move into shallow
bays during the day to feed, and tend to move into deeper waters as they grow older and large.
Adults, therefore, are more common offshore than inshore.

5. What is the text about?

A. The description of Napoleon fish
B. The physical characteristics of carnivorous fish
C. The divers’ favorite animals
D. Napoleon’s family
6. Where do Napoleon fish move during the day to feed?
A. Offshore
B. Onshore
C. Deeper water
D. Shallow bays

7. Which of the following statements is mentioned in the text?

A. Napoleon fish tend to move into shallow waters as they grow older and large
B. Napoleon fish move into deep bays during the day to feed
C. Adult females are not able to change sex
D. The male has more attractive colours than the females

Question below is for number 8-10

Every single rock on the surface of the Earth-whether it is gravestone, a piece of
solidified lava from a volcano or a boulder that has broken from a cliff or mountain-is slowly
being broken down. This breaking down of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface is called
weathering. The word is used because the weather is mainly responsible. Weathering turns solid
rock into soft materials that may eventually form soil.
Air and water are the cause of most weathering. Sometimes they change the chemical in
the rocks, and sometimes they just break apart the rock physically. If water seeps into the cracks
in the rocks, for example, it may later freeze if the temperature falls below 0 degrees Celsius. As
the water turns to ice, it expands, pushing against the sides of the rock with a pressure believe to
be as much as 2,100 kilograms per square centimetre. This forces the cracks open. Repeated
freezing and thawing causes the fragments to break away from the original rock, these may slide
down a cliff or mountain and form a sloping mass of fragments at the bottom, called scree.

8. According to the text,….

A. there are two kinds of rock, gravestone and a boulder
B. soft materials will turn to solidified lava through weathering
C. chemical in the rocks causes weathering in every single rock-
D. a cliff or mountain may slide down because of the water in the rocks

9. The first paragraph is about….

A. the materials of weathering
B. the process of weathering
C. the impact of weathering
D. the definition of weathering

10. We know from the text that….

A. air and water are the main elements of the weather
 B. solid rock can turns into soil because of air and water
C. soft materials harders to eventually become rock
D. the weather can turn lava into gravestone

CONDITIONALS

A. SUBJECT MATERIAL
 Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened,
and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the
word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the
past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are
not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of
constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an
if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence
construction using "unless" instead of "if". In a type 1 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if'
clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future. As in all
conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. You may have to rearrange the pronouns
and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the clauses, but the meaning is identical.

If clause (condition) Main clause (result)

If + simple present simple future
If this thing happens that thing will happen
If you don't hurry you will miss the train
If it rains today you will get wet

Examples

▪ If it rains, you will get wet.

▪ You will get wet if it rains.
▪ If Sally is late again I will be mad.
▪ I will be mad if Sally is late again.
▪ If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.
▪ You will miss the bus if you don't hurry.
▪ If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
▪ I’ll send her an invitation if I find her address.

B. FUNCTION
 The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. These
sentences are based on facts, and they are used to make statements about the real world, and
about particular situations. We often use such sentences to give warnings. In type 1 conditional
sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real.

Examples

▪ If I have time, I'll finish that letter.

▪ What will you do if you miss the plane?
▪ Nobody will notice if you make a mistake.
▪ If you drop that glass, it will break.
▪ If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot!
▪ If you don't leave, I'll call the police.

In type 1 conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of the
future tense to express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the
outcome.
Examples

▪ If you drop that glass, it might break.

▪ I may finish that letter if I have time.
▪ If he calls you, you should go.
▪ If you buy my school supplies for me, I will be able to go to the park.

Task 1. Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I below. The question based on the text.

Some friends are planning a party. Everybody wants to party, but nobody's really keen on
preparing and organizing the party. So everybody comes up with a few conditions, just to make
sure that the others will also do something.

1. If Caroline and Sue ……… the salad, Phil ……..the house.

2. If Sue……..the onions for the salad, Caroline ……..the mushrooms.
3. Jane……. the sitting room if Aaron and Tim ……..the furniture.
4. If Bob ……..up the kitchen, Anita …….the toilet.
5. Elaine ……the drinks if somebody…….her carry the bottles.

Task 2. Fill in the blank with the right answer

▪ If you (eat) …… an ice-cream, I (have) ……… a hot chocolate.
▪ If she (need) …..a computer, her brother (give) ………. her his computer.
▪ If we (have / not) ….time this afternoon, we (meet) ……… tomorrow.
▪ He (talk) ……. to her if you (want / not) …….. to do it.
▪ You (win / not) ……… game if you (know / not) …….. the rules

Task 3. Multiple choice. Choose the right answer!

1. If I have enough money, I (buy) new shoes.
a. will buy
b. buy
c. bought
d. would bought
2. If it (not rain), we will play football.
a. rain
b. isn't rain
c. doesn't rain
d. rained
3. If she comes to the party, I (be) happy.
a. will be
b. am
c. would
d. was
4. If you invite me, I (come).
a. came
b. would came
c. come
d. will come
5. If you (study) hard, you will get the first rank.
a. will study
b. study
c. are studying
d. studied
6. He (call) you if you aren't busy.
a. will call
b. is calling
c. calls
d. called
7. We (visit) Museum if we have time.
a. visited
b. would visit
c. will visit
d. visit
8. My parents (give) me a present if I win the competition.
a. will gave
 b. give
c. gives
d. will give
9. He will study in London if he (get) scholarship.
a. get
b. got
c. gets
d. getting
10. My mother (be) angry, If I don't obey her advice.
a. would be
b. will be
c. is
d. was
11. If I work harder, I ... my paper in due time.
a. will finish
b. would finish
c. finishes
d. will be finished
12. He will be late for school if he ...at once.
a. did not leave
b. will leave
c. may not leave
d. does not leave
13. If a customer … chocolate ice cream from the restaurant, he or she will get extra toppings.
a. orders
b. order
c. ordered
d. will order
14. The hotel front desk clerk … you special price room rates if you don’t ask.
a. wouldn't offer
b. will not offer
c. offered
d. offers
15. If you call Tessa, I … others.
a. called
b. would call
c. will call
d. calling

PASSIVE VOICE
FUNCTIONS OF THE PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an
action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most
important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence

Examples:

▪ The passive voice is used frequently. (= we are interested in the passive voice, not in who
uses it.)
▪ The house was built in 1654. (= we are interested in the house, not in who built it.)
▪ The road is being repaired. (= we are interested in the road, not in the people who are
doing the repairs.)

Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or do not want to express who
performed the action.

Examples:

▪ I noticed that a window had been left open.

▪ Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.
▪ All the cookies have been eaten.
▪ My car has been stolen!

The passive voice is often used in formal texts. Switching to the active voice will make your
writing clearer and easier to read.

Passive Active
A great deal of meaning is conveyed by a A few well-chosen words convey a great deal
few well-chosen words. of meaning.

Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases. A mass of gases wrap around our planet.
Waste materials are disposed of in a variety The city disposes of waste materials in a
of ways. variety of ways.
 If we want to say who or what performs the action while using the passive voice, we use
the preposition by. When we know who performed the action and are interested in him, it is
always better to switch to the active voice instead.

Passive Active

"A Hard Day's Night" was written by the Beatles. The Beatles wrote "A Hard Day's Night".

The movie ET was directed by Spielberg. Spielberg directed the movie ET.

This house was built by my father. My father built this house.

FORMING THE PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice in English is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the verb
'to be' + past participle

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

The house was built in The house wasn't built Was the house built in Wasn't the house built in
1899. in 1899. 1899? 1899?

These houses were built These houses weren't Were these houses built Weren't these houses built
in 1899. built in 1899. in 1899? in 1899?

PASSIVE VOICE WITH INFINITIVES

The infinitive passive voice is used after modal verbs and other most verbs normally
followed by an infinitive.

Examples:

▪ You have to be tested on your English grammar.

▪ John might be promoted next year.
▪ She wants to be invited to the party.
▪ I expect to be surprised on my birthday.
 ▪ You may be disappointed.

PASSIVE VOICE WITH GERUNDS

Gerunds are used after prepositions and verbs normally followed by a gerund.

Examples:

▪ I remember being taught to drive.

▪ The children are excited about being taken to the zoo.
▪ The children are excited to be taken to the zoo.
▪ Most film stars hate being interviewed.
▪ Most film stars hate to be interviewed.
▪ Poodles like to be pampered.
▪ Poodles like being pampered.

USING "TO BE BORN"

"To be born" is a passive form and is most commonly used in the past tense. However, in
some cases, the present or future tense is appropriate.

Examples:

▪ I was born in 1976.

▪ Where were you born?
▪ Around 100 babies are born in this hospital every week.
▪ We don't know on exactly which day the baby will be born.

Sometimes the passive is formed using the verb to get or to have instead of the verb to be. A
separate page deals with these alternative ways to form the passive voice.

Task. A: Choose the right answer!

1. ”The boys have been told the good news.” it means____

A.The good news was told to the boys

B.Somebody has told the boys the good news

C.The good news has been told by the boys

D.The boys have told the good news

2. The meeting was supposed to be held yesterday, but it has been____to next thursday.

A.Taken off
 B.Worn off

C.Put off

D.Called off

3. The proposal____ discussed when I called the office this morning.

A.was being

B.Been

C.Being

D.Have been

4. Black, red and even bright pink diamonds_____

A.Occasionaly to find

B.Ocasionally Found

C.Have Ocasionally been found

D.Have Ocasionally Found

5. Many books_____but one of the best is “how to win friends and influence people” by dale
carniegie.

A.have written about success

B.Written about success

C.Have been written about success

D.About successful

6.______were first viewed through telescope by galileo.

A.Jupiter has four moons

B.Jupiter’s four moons

C.Jupiter surrounded by four moons

D.Surrounded by four moons, jupiter

8. The Supreme Court does not hear a case unless_____, except those involving foreign
ambassadors.

A. a trial

B. Already tried

C. It already trying
 D. It has already been tried

9._____Occasions for congratulations.

A. Birthday that usually considered

B. usually considering birthdays

C. Birthdays are usually considered

D. that considered birthday usually

10. Electron storage rings____in investigation of the structure of materials.

A. They are used

B. That are used

C. Used

D. Are used

Task B

1. "Have you been informed about the exact number of victims of the airplane crash?"
"Yes, ....... to the headquarters of Garuda."
A. they are faxed
B. has faxed
C. the victims fax
D. it has been faxed

2. "The hotel is suffering a great loss."

"Yes, only ten perfect of their rooms ......
A. being occupied
B. occupied
C. is occupied
D. are occupied

3. “Why aren't you driving your own car?"

“It ..... “
A. has sold
B. has to sell
C. has been selling
D. has been sold

4. "Why can't I find the file on the annual report in the computer?"
"Because it .... in the hard disk."
A. was not saved
B. not saved
C. did not saved
D. not being saved

5. "There was no longer a rule for the youth to enter millitary service in Britain.
Really, when .... ?"
A. was It abolishing
B. did it abolish
C. was it abolished
D. was it to be abolished

6. They had just been living in that house for two years when ..... by fire.
A. destroyed
B. had destroyed
C. was destroyed
D. be destroyed

7. "Bambang looks very happy today."

"Don't you know he ..... to General Manager."
A. has promoted
B. has been promoted
C. being promoted
D. to be promoted

8. "Why does the baby next door keep crying ?"

"As usual, it .... by the babysitter."
A. is neglected
B. is neglecting
C. neglect
D. is to be neglected

9. Why are the students staying outside?

Their classroom....
A. is being cleaned
B. being cleaned
C. was cleaned
D. is cleaning

10. The play I am reading....

A. has never performed
B. never performed
C. never being performed
D. has never been performed