1.

0 Design Information

1. Design Code : BS EN 1991-2-2003

2. Bearing Pressure : 670kN/m2 & 510kN/m2 under Abutment & Pier respectively.
3. Deck slab thickness : 100mm
4. Wearing surface : 50mm
5. Refer Fig. 1,2&3

1.1 Design Assumptions

1. Clear height between finish level of walkway and road shall be 150mm.
2. Analytical approach to estimate the Bending Moment and Shear Force acting in post –
tensioned beams as per code defined load combinations.
3. Handrail/barrier at either ends of walkway to be 1kN/m in weight.
4. The adjustment factors are considered to be 1.
5. Load Model 1 has been assumed for calculation of traffic load.
6. Unit weight of structural concrete is considered to be 25kN/m3
7. Unit weight of wearing surface & pavement material is considered to be 24kN/m3
8. Unit weight of saturated soil is to be considered as 19kN/m3
9. Backfill at abutment shall be gravel, with a soil friction angle of 30o and C=0.
10. No passive earth pressure component is considered assuming full scouring at the toe end.
Furthermore, it is also assumed that the equilibrium check is done for the drought season
where the river is completely drained.
 2.0 Calculation of Bending Moment & Shear Force acting in post – tensioned beam
(Girder)

Fig. 4 : cross section of bridge deck demarcating notional lanes and spacing of girders

The permanent and variable actions acting on the girder are as follows,

Actions on Girder
1. Self weight of
Girder
2. Self weight of cross
beam

Walkway Carriageway

Permanent Variable Permanent Variable

1. Weight of slab
1. Characteristic 1. Weight of slab
2. Weight of finishes variable action LM1
2. Weight of finishes
3. Handrail
2.1 Load Calculation (per unit length)
I. Self-weight of Girder
0.617m
A 0.141m
BB 0.050m
C 0.076m

D 0.81m

0.152m

E 0.180m
Fig.5 : cross section of main girder
F 0.127m
0.457m
Table 1: Calculation of self-weight of girder

Unit
Section Length L H Area Weight Weight
2 3
L1 L2 m m m kN/m kN/m
A 0.617 0.617 0.62 0.14 0.09 25 2.2
B 0.617 0.307 0.46 0.05 0.02 25 0.6
C 0.307 0.152 0.23 0.08 0.02 25 0.4
D 0.152 0.152 0.15 0.81 0.12 25 3.1
E 0.152 0.457 0.3 0.18 0.05 25 1.4
F 0.457 0.457 0.46 0.13 0.06 25 1.5
Σweight of Girder 9.1
 II. Weight of cross girder acting on main girder

The diaphragm section is approximately the same size of the main girder,

Hence, weight of cross girder = 9.0 kN/m

III. Permanent action in walkway

Weight of deck slab = 25 x 0.1 x leff = 2.5 leff kN/m

Weight of walkway finishes = 24 x 0.175 x leff = 4.2 leff kN/m

Weight of handrail = 1.0kN/m

IV. Variable action in walkway

BS EN 1991-2-2003 Table 4.4A

The recommended value considered for gr1a Load system is 3.0kN/m2

V. Permanent action in carriageway

Weight of deck slab = 25 x 0.1 x leff = 2.5 leff kN/m

Weight of wearing surface = 24 x 0.05 x leff =1.2 leff kN/m

VI. Variable action in carriage way

BS EN 1991-2-2003 Table 4.1

Total width of structure = 11m

Carriageway length = 11 – 2 x 1.9 = 7.2m

 w  7.2 
Number of notional lanes = n1  Int    Int    2  Re m1.2m 
3  3 

Table 2: Variable action on carriageway for LM1 as shown in Table 4.2 of BS EN 1991-2

Tandem
system UDL
Lane TS system
Axle
Loads / kN/m2
L1 300 9
L2 200 2.5
R(Other) 0 2.5
 VII. Estimation of variable action acting on Girders

CL
L2 R
L1

B1 B2 B3 B2 B1

0.56
1.6
5.6 -0.16

Fig 6: Influence Line for Variable action (UDL) according to Courborn’s Method for B1

As depicted above, the effect of moving loads / variable action could be estimated using
Couborn’s method where the following requirements are to be met,

i. 2 < Span/width < 4

ii. Longitudinal beams are interconnected by symmetrically spaced cross girders of
adequate stiffness
iii. Minimum depth of cross girders to be 0.75 times the depth of main beams

With the following assumptions,

i. Cross sections of the span has a vertical axis of symmetry

ii. Beam bending stiffness and spacing are equal
iii. Problem is static, linear elastic and the principle of rigid cross section is valid.
iv. In the analyzed cross section of the span, infinitely rigid cross member is located.
v. An infinitely stiff cross beam is assumed with Winkler type supports bearing the load
P.
Thus, according to Couborn’s method the following relationship between Ri; the reaction of the
girder considered and P; the load acting on the system could be established for beams with
identical cross sections.

 
1 d x 
Ri  P   n i i 
n xi2 
 i 1


Here,

P = load acting on the system

n = number of supports/girders

di = distance from the center line of the system to the respective girder

xi = eccentricity of the load P, x is measured as positive in the half where girder “i” is
located , and is negative in the other half.

Ex: For Reaction at B1

 
1 d x 
Ri  P   n i i 
n xi2 
 i 1


RB1 1 d B1 xi   4 xi 
  2   0.2   0.2  0.1xi
P
 5 2d B1  2d B 2  d B 3  
2 2
2  4  2  2  0 
2 2

xmax  3.6   RB1   0.2  0.36  0.56

 P

xmin  3.6   B1   0.2  0.36  0.16

R
 P

See Fig.6 for the depiction.

Hence, the load acting on B1 due to variable action (UDL)
3.6 0.6
PL1  0.2  0.1x dx  PL 2  0.2  0.1x dx
0.6 2
3.6 0.6
 x2   x2 
90.2 x  0.1   2.50.2 x  0.1 
 2  0.6  2  2
90.72  0.648  0.12  .018  2.50.12  0.018  0.4  0.2
11.07  0.845  11.915kN / m

Similarly, the effect of the tandem load which is a couple of point loads spaced 1.2m apart (as
specified in Table 4.2 of the code, specified above), could be analyzed and the resulting reaction
could be obtained as follows. The code further specifies in Cl 4.3.2 (5) & (6) that in spans greater
than 10m, each tandem system could be replaced by one axel concentrated load.

Ex: 2x300kN being replaced by 600kN.

Furthermore, in order to obtain the most onerous combination, the code allows a minimum
spacing of 0.5m between two adjacent vehicles travelling between two notional lanes.

2.5m
200kN
300kN

300kN

200kN

0.5m
2m 2m

+0.46

-0.19
+0.21
-0.06

Fig.7 Influence line of Variable action due to Tandem system according to Couborn’s Method
For the 2x300kN TS the resultant is 600kN where the eccentricity can only vary between 1.0m
from the walkway at LHS and 2.5m from RHS.

P  600kN;0.1  xi  2.6

For the 2x200kN TS the resultant is 400kN where the eccentricity can only vary between 2.5m
from the walkway at LHS and 1.0m from RHS.

P  400kN;2.6  xi  0.1

 
1 d x 
Ri  P   n i i 
n xi2 
 i 1

P  600kN
RB1 1 d B1 xi   4 xi 
  2   0.2   0.2  0.1xi
600
 5 2d B1  2d B 2  d B 3  
2 2
2  4  2  2  0 
2 2

xmax  2.6   RB1   0.2  0.26  0.46

 P

xmin  0.1   RB1   0.2  0.01  0.19

 P
P  400kN
RB1  0.2  0.1x
400
xmax  0.1   RB1   0.2  0.01  0.21
 P

x min  2.6   RB1   0.2  0.26  0.06

 P

Thereby, the variable action on B1 due to TS,

The corresponding values in the IL diagram pertaining to Girder B1 is when the 600-TS is closest
to girder B1, that is +3.6m measured from CL, this means the resultant of the 600-TS would be
acting 1m away i.e +2.6m from CL. This would mean that the resultant of 400-TS will be located
2.5m away from the resultant of 600-TS. The corresponding location of 400-TS will thus be
+0.1m from CL.
The resulting reaction in Girder B1,

600 x 0.46 + 400 x 0.21 = 360kN

Table 3: Tabulation of summary of loadings pertaining to Beam B1.

Reference : BS EN 1990-A2 Table A2.4(B) & Table A2.6

FOR STR/GEO
Load Type Classification Units Location Characterisitc value γ ψ SLS ULS
Permanent Point Cross girder 0.5{9x(2-0.154)} = 8.31 1.35 1 8.3 11.2
kN
Variable Point TS 360 1.35 1 360.0 486.0
Carriageway (2.5+1.2)leff=3.7x0.6=2.22 1.35 1
Permanent UDL Walkway (2.5+4.2)leff+1.0=13 1.35 1 24.3 32.8
kN/m Main girder 9.08 1.35 1
Carriageway 11.915 1.35 0.75
Variable UDL 14.9 13.7
Walkway 3 1.35 0.4
 11.2kN 11.2kN 486kN 11.2kN 11.2kN

74.9kN/m

23.2m
Fig 8. Depiction of UDL and point loads acting on beam at ULS
3.0 Design of a reinforced concrete abutment for A1.

Design of
Abutment

STR/GEO EQU

Wall Base Curtain Overturning Sliding

wall

1. Same as
1. Maximum Same as
1. Braking/acceleration Braking/acceleration STR/GEO
axial load at STR/GEO
force force for Wall
SLS/ULS for Wall
2. Lateral earth 2. Lateral earth
2. Bearing pressure
pressure capacity of
4. Surcharge above soil 3. Eccentric loading at
backfill support
4. Surcharge above
backfill

I. Calculation of brake / acceleration force

In accordance with BS EN 1991-2-2003 Cl 4.4.1

Qlk  0.6 Q1 2Q1k   0.1 q1q1k w1 L

where,
180 Q1 kN   Qlk  900kN 

Qlk  0.6 Q1 2Q1k   0.1 q1q1k w1 L

 Q1  1
L  23.2m
NOTE1
Q1k  360  2.7 L  422.64kN
180  Q1k  900
Hence, OK .
 II. Stability check of Wall

Toe

Fig.8 destabilizing / stabilizing forces acting on the abutment.

III. Surcharge above backfill

BS EN 1991-2-2003 Cl.4.9 requires the local National Annex to specify a load model for the
surcharge due to traffic, due to lack of data, a value of 20kN/m2 was considered in accordance
with the recommendations provided in “Guidance on embedded retaining wall design (Cl 5.7.1)”
published by CIRIA. Furthermore PD6694-1:2011 specifies this surcharge in to a UDL and a
horizontal line load acting adjacent to the abutment of the walls. Thereby, the most onerous of
the considered lot was considered and the following two sets of loadings have been considered
for the stability analysis.

1.UDL kN m2
   h .Wlane.N lane / Wabutment
20 K a  3  2 / 11.6  10.34 K a

2.Line  Load kN m

 F .K a .N lane / WAbutment
2  330 K a  2 / 11.6  113.8K a
 IV. Lateral/vertical forces acting on the abutment
Q1k
Line Load

H3
Surcharge
UDL
WEarth

FSurcharge

H/2
WAbutment
FEarth

SF H/3

Fig.10 Lateral earth pressure due to backfill and surcharge load & stabilizing moment due to backfill
 e2 e1

Fig.11 Dimensions of abutment

Calculations & relationships required for equilibrium check for Abutment,

i H  100.65  95.3  hGirder  0.15approach  concrete

H  6.6m

ii K a  1  Sin 
1  Sin30 o 1

1  Sin  1  Sin30 o 3

iii Fsurcharg e  K a qH  1  q  6.6  2.2qkN

3
iv M surcharg e  H  Fsurcharg e  7.26qkNm
2
1
 19  6.6 2
K a  soil H 2
v FEarth   3  138kN
2 2
viM Earth  H  FEarth  303.5kNm
3
viii B  F  H1 tan   tan    e1  e2 
ix H  H1  H 2  H 3
x Wabutment   concrete  H1  A  B   FH 2  BH 3 
 2 
V. Stability Checks (EQU)
xiWEarth   soil H1  e2  H1 tan    H 3 e2  H1 tan  
  2  
xiiFLineload  113.8 K a  37.9kN
Table 4: Calculation of restoring moment and stabilizing forces acting on the abutment

Restoring Stabilizing
Weight Restoring BS EN 1990- Moment for Force for
Lever
per Unit Moment per Annex2 Table EQU EQU
Arm γG γQ
Segment Length Unit Length A.2 condition in condition in
EC1 EC1
/(kN/m) /(m) /(kNm/m) ψ0 ψ1 ψ2 /(kNm/m) /(kN/m)
W Z MR M*R W*
1.Abutment Wall 119.1 1.2 142.9 0.95 135.8 113.2
2.Curtain Wall 34.3 1.1 39.3 0.95 37.4 32.5
3. Foundation 108.0 1.8 194.4 0.95 184.7 102.6
4. Earth 4.1 1.8 7.2 0.95 6.9 3.9
141.9 2.7 383.2 0.95 364.1 134.8
45.2 2.6 119.7 0.95 113.7 43.0
5. Support Reaction (SLS) 659.8 0.9 576.7 0.95 254.7 291.4
6. Surcharge load 57.6 2.6 152.5 0.00 0.0 0.0
Σ 1170.0 1616.0 1097.2 721.4

Table 4: Calculation of overturning moment and destabilizing forces

Overturning Destabilizin
Force Overturning BS EN 1990- Moment for g Force for
Lever
per Unit Moment per Annex2 Table EQU EQU
Component Arm γG γQ
Length Unit Length A.2 condition in condition in
EC1 EC1
kN/m m /(kNm/m) ψ0 ψ1 ψ2 /(kNm/m) /(kN/m)
1. Lateral Earth pressure 137.9 2.2 303.5 1.05 318.6 144.8
2. Line Load (Surcharge) 37.9 6.6 250.1 1.50 375.2 56.9
2. Surcharge UDL Load 22.7 3.3 75.1 1.50 0.40 45.0 13.6
3. Braking/Acceleration
36.4 5.4 195.0 1.50 0.75 219.3
Force 41
Σ 235.0 573.5 958.2 256.3
FOS - OVERTURNING 2.8 OK 1.1 OK
FOS - SLIDING 2.3 OK 1.5 OK
ECCENTRICITY (e) /(m) 0.9
2
P/A / (kN/m ) 325.0
Pmax 502.2 OK
Pmin 147.0 OK
The finalized section pertaining to the above calculation is as follows,

H1 4.15 H3
H2 1.2
ξ
H3 1.25 B
A 1.2
B 1.1
e1 0.6
e2 1.8 H1

tanξ 0.025
tanλ 0
F 3.6
e2 A e1

H2

F
Fig.12 Finalized section

VI. Evaluation of Bending moments / Shear forces in the wall due to lateral loads

Q1k
qLateral

Fig.12 trapezoidal load & point load acting on wall due to lateral loads
For a 1m strip,

TLCharacteristic 
q Lateral,min  K a qsurcharg e  6.67 kN
m
q Lateral,max  K a qsurcharg e  K a soil H  H 2  H 3   31.56 kN
m
Po int  Load Characteristic 
Q1,lk  36.4kN @ 4.15m
QLine  37.9kN @ 5.4m

P.S that height here is measured from base top level.

Using theory of superposition, the effect of both loads by using partial factor of safety for STR
requirement (1.35 for Permanent action, 1.5 for Variable action) could be evaluated as follows,

M max  M DL @W all  M Point@W all

M TL @W all
4.15 31.56  6.66  0 4.15
M  6.67  4.15    4.15 
2 2 3
M  57.4  71.5  128.9kNm
M TL @ULS  1.5  57.4  1.35  71.5  183kNm
M PL@W all
M  36.4  4.15  37.9  5.4
M  356kNm
M PL@ULS  0.75  1.5  36.4  4.15  1.5  37.9  5.4  477kNm
Hence,
M Base@ULS  660kNm / m

Likewise.
Vmax  VDL @ Base  VPoint@Base
Vmax  1.350.5  24.9  4.15  1.50.4  22.7  0.75  36.4  37.9
VBase@ULS  181kN
 VII. Calculating reinforcement for Abutment Wall

M LHS  660kNm / m
h  1200mm
d  1200  50  12.5  1137.5mm
M
K 2
bd f ck
C 20 / 25
410  10 6
K  0.0255  0.167
1000  1137.5 2  20
No  compressio n  r / f
Z 0.016
 0.5  0.25   0.98  0.95
d 1.134
Z  0.95d
M 660  10 6 2
As ,Re q    1404 mm
0.87 f yk Z 0.87  500  0.95  1137.5 m
EN1992  1  1; Cl 9.6.2
2
As ,min  0.0013bd  1479 mm  As.req
m

 Pr ovide  H 20 @ 200c / c As , prov  1571 mm
2

m

Vmax = 181kN,

Check for Shear capacity of section

V   0.12k 100 f  
1

bw d
3

Rd ,c 1 ck

 200   200 
k  1    2.0; k  1 
 
  1.42

 d   1137.5 
A 1571
1  sl   0.0015  0.02
bw d 1000  1137.5

V   0.12  1.42  100  0.0015  20 

1

1000  1137.5  280kN  181kN

3

Rd ,c

No Shear reinforcements are required.

Similarly, the reinforcement requirement needs to be checked for the opposite face (RHS), which
could bend primarily during construction stages, prior to backfilling. A situation where the newly
constructed abutment is to retain a high flood level water body would be the most onerous
condition for the RHS face of the wall.

For a triangular distribution, the maximum pressure acting on the wall shall be = Hg

For a unit length,

qmax  (99.5  95.3  H 3 )  9.81  29.4 kN

m
3
M max  0.5  29.4  3   44kNm / m
3
M ULS  44  1.35  60kNm / m

The corresponding reinforcement requirement happens to be less than As,min hence,


Pr ovide  H 20 @ 200c / c As , prov  1571 mm
2

m

In the transverse direction, in accordance with EN 1992-1-1 Cl9.6.3 provide 25% of vertical
reinforcement or 0.001Ac in each face.

 Pr ovide  H 20 @ 200c / c
 VIII. Check for flexure of Curtain wall

The loads acting on the curtain wall are lateral earth pressure and surcharge load. The effects are
as follows,

H 32 1 1.25 2
FEarth  K a  soil   18   4.7 kN / m
2 3 2
FEarth@ULS  1.35  4.7  6.3kN / m
1
FSurcharg e  K a qH 3   10.34  1.25  4.3kN / m
3
FSurcharg e @ULS  0.75  1.5  4.3  1.25  4.85kN / m
1
FLine   113.8  37.9kN / m
3
FLine@ULS  1.5  37.9  56.9
 6.3 4.85 
M Tot @ULS     56.9   1.25
 3 2 
M Curtain wall  77kNm / m

Assume, h  300mm
d  300  50  10  240mm
M 77  10 6
K   0.0666  0.167
bd 2 f ck 1000  240 2  20
Hence, Z  0.937d
M 77  10 6 2
As ,req    787 mm
0.87 f yk Z 0.87  500  0.937  240 m
2
As ,min  0.002bh  0.002  1000  300  600 mm
m

 Pr ovide  H 16 @ 200c / c As , prov  1004 mm
2

m

Use detail for both faces, and Use H16@200c/c for distribution bars.

Likewise Vmax = 6.3 + 4.85 + 56.9 = 68kN

V   0.12k 100 f  b d

1
3
 
Rd ,c 1 ck w

 200   200 
k  1    2.0; k  1 
 
  1.91
 d   240 
A 1005
1  sl   0.004  0.02
bw d 1000  240

V   0.12  1.91  100  0.004  20 

1

1000  240  111.7kN  68kN , Hence  OK .

3

Rd ,c
 IX. Evaluation of bending moments/shear forces for Base

325kPa 502kPa
413.5kPa
472.5kPa

Consider LHS

For SLS

Vertical action above the base = V1 = - (191.2 + 57.6) = - 248.8kN (From Table 03)

The moment around column face = M1 = (γG x 191.2 + γQ x 57.6) 0.5 x 1.8

For SLS M1 = 224kNm/m

Vertical action below base = 0.5 x (325 + 413.5) x 1.8 = 665kN

Moment below base = M2 = 325 x 1.8 x 0.9 + (413.5 – 325) x 0.5 x 1.8 x 0.6

For SLS M2 = 574.3kNm/m

Overall Moment in LHS@SLS = 350kNm/m

Consider RHS

For SLS

Shear Force due to pressure below base = 0.5 x (502 + 472.5) x 0.6 = 292kN

Moment due to pressure below base@RHS = 472.5 x 0.6 x 0.3 + (502-472.5) x 0.6 x 0.4

= 92kNm/m

As understood, the said moments will not exceed the bending moment previously obtained for
the wall even at ultimate limit state. Thus, since the base has the same thickness of the wall.

H20@200c/c is to be provided as top and bottom reinforcements. Whereas, distribution bars

should also be H20@200c/c due to the minimum reinforcement requirement.

Check for Direct Shear,

davg = 1200 – 50 – 20 = 1130mm

Force acting on the base at LHS at a distance of 1130mm from wall face = Fv

Fv = 0.5 x (325 + 358) x (1.8 – 1.13) = 229kN < 280kN*

*Shear resistance of concrete was previously calculated for the wall with an identical section and
identical reinforcement layout.
Fig.13 Layout of reinforcements provided for the curtain wall. Abutment wall and base.
4.0 Design of a reinforced concrete pier

Design of Pier

STR/GEO

Pier Cap Columns

Base

1. Maximum Same as
1. Braking/acceleration axial load at STR/GEO for
force SLS/ULS Wall
2. Lateral earth pressure 2. Bearing
4. Surcharge above capacity of
backfill soil