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Life Challenges
Free PDF download of Class 12 Psychology revision notes & short key-notes for Chapter 3 Human Strengths And
Meeting Life Challenges to score high marks in exams, prepared by expert Psychology teachers from latest
edition of CBSE(NCERT) books. Key notes for class 12 Psychology Chapter 3 Human Strengths And Meeting Life
Challenges.
Nature of stress: The word stress has its origin in the latin word ‘strictus’, meaning tight or narrow and stringer, the verb
eaning to tighten.
hese root words reflect the internal feelings of tightness and constriction of muscles and breathing, a common sign of
ress.
he reaction of external stressor is called strain.
ress functions as a causes as well as effects.
ans seyle, the father of modem stress researches, defined stress as the non specific response of the body to any demand.
any researchers do not agree with sayle on his concept of general and non specific responses. They believe that different
dividuals may have different characteristic modes of responses.
Signs and symptoms of stress: There are individual differences in coping pattern of stress response and therefore the
arning signals or signs also vary in its intensity.
Life Challenges and adjustment: Life is a big challenge. It presents a continuous chain of struggle for existence and
urvival for example if one aspires to join civil services, one works very hard but is not selected one may change one’s goal
nd feel inclined to join lecturership in any university.
y restoring to such means one protects ones self from the possible injury to ones ego, failure or frustration. It is sort of
hifting to more defensive position in order to face the challenge of circumstances after getting failure in earlier attempt or
tempts.
his special virtue and strength of the living organism is termed as adjustment.
Adjustment is a process by which living organism maintains a balance between its need and the circumstances that
fluence the satisfaction of these needs.”
Different stressors may produce different patterns of stress reaction.
Stress is embedded in the ongoing process that involves individuals interacting with
eir social and cultural environment. Stress is a dynamic mental/cognitive state. It is a disruption in
omeostasis/imbalance that gives rise to resolution of the imbalance/ restoration of homeostasis.
Perception of stress is dependent on an individual’s cognitive appraisal of events and the resources available to deal with
em.
imary Appraisal: Primary appraisal refers to the perception of a new or changing environment as positive, neutral or
egative in its consequences. Negative events are appraised for their possible harm, threat or challenge.
Harm appraisals is the assessment of the damage that has already been done by an event.
) Threat appraisals is the assessment of possible future damage that may be brought about by the event.
i) Challenge appraisals are associated with more confident expectations of the ability to cope with the stressful event, the
otential to overcome and even profit from the event.
econdary Appraisal: Secondary appraisal refers to that assessment of one’s coping abilities resources and whether they
ill be sufficient to meet the harm, threat or challenge of the event. These resources may be mental, physical, personal or
ocial. If he/she thinks one has a positive attitude, health, skills and social support to deal with the crises, he/she will feel
ss stressed.
ppraisals are very subjective and will depend on many factors:
Past experience of dealing with such a stressful condition: If one has handled similar situations very successfully in the
ast, they would be less threatening for him/her.
) Whether the stressful event is perceived as controllable, i.e., whether one has mastery
control over a situation.
EACTIONS OF STRESS
Physiological: Arousal plays a key role in stress related behaviours.
he hypothalamus initiates action along two pathways:
The first pathway involves the autonomic nervous system. The adrenal gland releases large amount of catecholamines
ypes of Stress
Physical and Environmental Stress: Demands that change the state of our body
verexert ourselves physically, lack a nutritious diet, suffer an injury, or fail to get enough sleep).
nvironmental stresses are aspects of our surroundings that are often unavoidable such as air pollution, crowding, noise,
eat of the summer, winter cold, disasters.
Psychological Stress: These are stresses that we generate ourselves in our minds. These are personal and unique to the
erson experiencing them and are internal sources of stress. We worry about problems, feel anxiety, or become depressed.
Frustration results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that hinders us from achieving a
esired goal (social discrimination, low grades).
) Conflicts may occur between two or more incompatible need or motives.
essure (Exceptations)
) Internal pressure stem from beliefs based upon expectations from inside us to ourselves
) Social pressure may be brought about from people who make excessive demands on us. Also, there are people with
hom we face interpersonal difficulties.
y draining out resources and keeping us off balance physiological, stress upsets our complex internal chemistry.
may interfere with efficient operation of our immune system-the mechanism through which our body recognised and
estroy potentially harmful substances and intruders such as bacteria, virus and fungi known as antigens. When stress is
olonged, it affects physical health and impairs psychological functioning.
he physical exhaustion fatigue, in the signs of chromic fatigue weakness and low energy. The mental exhaustion appears
the form of irritability, anxiety, feeling of helplessness and hopelessness.
his state of physical emotional and psychological exhaustion is known as burnout which leads to poor health.
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