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Abstract
Knowing the concepts of entrepreneurship and wage employment better would
help individuals to determine the career suitable for them which further results to a
balanced economic development. The purpose of this study is to generate themes from
the live-in experiences among individuals who were entrepreneurs and wage employees.
This study utilized a Colaizzi method on descriptive phenomenology research design
which make use of a semi-structured questionnaire which was conducted to the
entrepreneurs and wage employees of Inayawan Cebu City using purposive sampling. It
also used Creswell (2001) which said that (5) participants were enough until data
saturation. Based on the findings of the study, most of the entrepreneurs and wage
employees at the barangay Inayawan Cebu City were adults. In addition, there were six
(6) themes emerged from the lived-in experiences both entrepreneurship and wage
employment. Furthermore, the researcher, in the working industry, recommends for the
establishment of fun activities and programs in the working place to avoid employees
boredom. The researchers also recommend individuals to undergone self-assessments and
skills evaluation activities to distinguish career appropriate to them. Additionally, the
researcher’s recommends that the educational system in Philippines regarding the
discussion of entrepreneurship and wage employment must be emphasized and focused
by higher institutions and constant seminars of the preceptors of the two concepts must be
done in order to give lucid descriptions about the two industries in terms of its
productivity and skills requirement. Lastly, the study only covers the wage employees
and entrepreneurs at barangay Inayawan Cebu City. Thus, the researchers suggested for
study in another settings with another participants.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Wage Employment, Lived-in Experiences, Colaizzi

Method

Background of the Study

In the 21st century world, business society achieved its dominance across every
nation of the globe. It successfully empowers every nation and drops, in every mind of
individuals, the cup of its importance. Thus, this leads to a massive business pedagogy
implemented across the diversified regions of the world. And, Entrepreneurship and wage
employment were one of its syllabi.

In recent years, Entrepreneurship and wage employment were both important for
national labor markets and economies. Entrepreneurship provides jobs and wage
employment produces doers of the job (Maloney, 2003). Hence, entrepreneurship and
wage employment play vital roles in achieving economic success and household
development of every region (Pahuja, 2015).

According to the World Development Indicators database (2008), the rise of

economic success indicators, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product
(GNP), of most low and middle income countries were influenced by the activities of
entrepreneurship and wage employment. United States of America, one of the highly-
developed country in the world, able to gain great percentages of its economic status
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since mid-1900s. It is because of its stringent focus of the nation in engaging to

entrepreneurship and developing wage employment wealth status such as giving
employees’ benefits, and others (Bosch & Malorey, 2010).

In Philippines, due to its progress in entrepreneurial activities which leads to a

decrease in unemployment rate in the year 2013. Philippines exhibits the highest rate of
GDP (40.1%) and GNP(32.6%) growth in the Asian-Pacific and South Asia region
(Velasco, Conchada, Guzon, Largoza, Perez, & Sarreal, 2013).

Furthermore, Cebu and its cities contributed 83% for trade opportunities, 69% of
economic conditions, and 45% of the geographic location of entrepreneurial activities in
Philippines. Thus, Cebu was one of the largest GDP and GNP contributors in the region
of Philippines (Velasco et al, 2013).

However, in a current survey conducted on 2018 in the world about

entrepreneurship, Asia was able to have the least percentage in entrepreneurial activities
and education in the world. Philippines were able to be one of the top 10 countries that
have weak entrepreneurial mindset (Arenius & Clerco, 2005).

Furthermore, the knowledge on the differences between entrepreneurship and

wage employment was not as lucid as other researches. The studies were limited. It might
result to career disqualification or career overrated (Arenius & Clerco, 2005). It happens
to Philippines were there are more wage employees than entrepreneurs due to lack of
focused on the concept of business. Filipinos were trained to be wage employees rather
than to be entrepreneur (Martinez, 2007).

Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine and find out the live-in experiences
of entrepreneurs and wage employees. It also examines the overall (past and future)
perceptions and experiences of the entrepreneur and wage employee in the current career
that would create extensive support to the existing body of knowledge regarding to the
two concepts and could bring awareness to the individuals about the entrepreneurial and
wage employment arena.

Statement of the Objectives

The purpose of this study is to generate themes from the live-in experiences
among individuals who were entrepreneurs and wage employees.
Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following statements:
1. The live-in experiences of business persons in its career choice.
2. The live-in experiences of wage employees in its career choice.
3. Based on the participants response, what are the themes emerged in the study.
4. Based on the themes generated, what are the recommendations could be proposed.

Significance of the Study

This study will be beneficial to the following:
Students. The findings of this study will provide data that could be used by the
students as a guide in choosing their careers in the future. The themes and
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concepts, presented, will help them for the career (e.g., entrepreneurship and wage
employment) suitable for the personalities, attitudes, skills, and intelligence they
had.

Entrepreneurs and Wage Employees. This research would give further

information’s about entrepreneurship and wage employment that will make them
more knowledge in the field pursued.

Community Government. The study would gave new knowledge on the existing
field of entrepreneurship and wage employment within the barangay. Thus, it
would help them to become more aware on the environment of business within
the community.

Future Business Researchers. This would serve as a guide for the future
researchers in conducting a follow-up research on the live-in experiences of
entrepreneurs and wage employees. The researchers hope that this study can be
one of the references that students or individuals will use in doing a study about
entrepreneurship and wage employment.

Review of Related Literatures and Studies

Scholarly works of renowned authors and articles were provided in this section
which directly relates to the study of entrepreneurship and wag employment. The
significant differences of these two variables are the aim of this comparative study. Thus,
intellectual contribution of these sources plays an important role to the success of this
study.

Entrepreneurship and Wage employment plays a vital role to the economy of a

particular country. Entrepreneurship has that impact in the economy of a certain country
as it empowers individuals to be able to seek opportunities that could be a solution to the
intractable problems of the country (Pahuja, 2015). Furthermore, according to Richard
Cantillon of 2012, he defines entrepreneurship as “An agent who buys factors of
production at certain prices in order to combine them into a new product with a view to
selling it at an uncertain price in future”. It means that the entrepreneurship makes
planning on how the resources could be obtain and use effectively while considering the
risk of the business (Cantillon, 2012). There is no single way of defining
“Entrepreneurship” but it entirely concept is very significant in every individual that
plans to enter business industry.

On the other hand, Wage employment, simply refers to an working individual

which is given a monetary compensation for the manpower offered. According to
Business Studies (2011), Wage employment is defined as “a mutual agreement between
two parties (known as employer and employee) in which the employee (generally an
individual) agrees to work for the employer under some specific terms and conditions and
the employer agrees to pay him/her some renumeration for this work” (Velasquez, 2011).
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Furthermore, there were studies conducted related to the age, gender, educational
background, marital status, childhood experiences, health, attitude towards work, and
personal control of income differences and relationship between entrepreneurship and
wage employment.

AGE

A recent review of econometric evidence on the factors influencing

entrepreneurial behavior concludes that age is one of the most important determinants of
entrepreneurship (Parker, 2009). In a study, the probability of an individual becoming an
entrepreneur increases with age up to a certain point, and decrease thereafter (Levesque
& Minniti, 2006; Parker, 2009).

Furthermore, the opportunity for starting a business increases with age, because
many human resources such as the need to earn income, assets that can serve as collateral
for bank loans, social capital, professional & industry experience, and knowledge can be
accumulate as age increase or as the lies between the career progression period
specifically 25 years old to 40 years old (Henley, 2007).

However, the same study shows that there was no age standard or description on
becoming a wage employee. It is just a matter of hardwork and decision on the career
chosen (Parker, 2009).

GENDER

Most of the studies conducted in gender differences found out that gender matters
in all aspects of the society especially in the business world. Ahl (2002) found out that
males were very aggressive towards entrepreneurship while females were more engage at
the employment industry. Males’ attitudes such as strong, independent and risk-taker
gave them the edge in entrepreneurial society than females, that were calm and
emotionally-driven individuals (Ahl, 2002).

Moreover, Kimmel (2004) sufficed that female discrimination in the world of

business was very rampant. These lead them to gain low confidence in venturing this
industry. Thus, females became contented to be just employees and follow the commands
of their superiors (Kimmel, 2004).

However, in another setting, some researches had found out that women were
more productive in working and business managing than men. It is because about of 83%
business women were positive thinkers than 63% of business men (Winn, 2004). Women
were emotionally-structured than men (Eagly, 1997).
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MARITAL STATUS

Recent scholarship has increasingly pointed to the family as the primary social
organization shaping entrepreneurial and wage employment decisions (Sanders & Nee,
2000). It founds out that married individual have a high probability in deciding to venture
in business or engage in the working industry (Budig, 2006).

Furthermore, Entrepreneurs gained support from their partners in my aspects. It

could be in capital, working progress or any other extrinsic and intrinsic help (Collins,
Gordon & Smart, 2004). This allows the individual to venture and be motivated to do
entrepreneurial activities (Cliff, 1998).

In Wage employment, adult employees were more than a dozen million than any
other age bracket. One of the causes was mostly adult wage employee were married and
need to sustain their family needs no matter what kind of career it is (Kim and Choo
Seow, 2001).

However, Blau and Ferber (2006) argued individuals who were singles had high
probability in becoming entrepreneurs but less probability to become wage employee.
Entrepreneurs that were single have high focused in engaging in business which leads
them to be motivated in making their businesses successfully. While, wage employees
that were single, were less motivated to do their work (Blau & Ferber, 2006).

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

The impact of education on choosing career has been the subject of the working
and business industry in the past researches. Most literature works of the business
graduates across the world were able to focus on the two important concept of business
economy. The articles, journals, and other scholarly papers mostly studied the each grey
area of Wage Employment and Entrepreneurship concepts and education is one of it.

Cooper and Dunkelberg (2002) recently received the impact of “level of

education” on entrepreneurship performance finding a generally positive. It founds out
that technical skills of the entrepreneurs and the competence that the entrepreneur possess
in managing the owned business were influenced by the educational status achieved
(Douglas, 2002).

Furthermore, some research found that if an individual belongs to a great

university, that person has highly potential to become entrepreneur (Mayer and
Goldstein, 2000). The reason for this the competent an educational institution, the
productive graduates it will produce (Collins and Moore, 2001).

On the other hand, Wage employees’ career was really affected by the educational
background. According to Thompson (2005), employees’ career reflects the education
they had on the past years. Education is one way the wage employees discover their
potentials and go on with it after graduation (Thompson, 2005).
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However, some finding and proclaimers found that education is not important to
become an entrepreneur or wage employee. Some findings show that great entrepreneur
were drop-outs from universities such as Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook (brush, 1999).
Furthermore, wage employees can be employed even without diplomas so this means
education is not important at all (Kantor, 2000).

In contrary to the findings above, Knight (1998) stressed out that education is just
a factor that could be an opportunity for an individual to success in the career chosen
(e.g., entrepreneurship or wage employment). It doesn’t promise success if an individual
doesn’t dream for it (Robinson, 2003). Educational attainment will be useless if an
individual will not use it to succeed in the arena undertaken (Homaday and Vesper,
2000).

CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES

The decisions to become an entrepreneur or wage employee can be the result of

one’s life course or cumulative events over time, such as childhood experiences. The
decisions can also be triggered by a particular situation such as family commitments
(Bird, 2004).

Exposure to entrepreneurship could be influence by the family. The parental role

in guiding children to the career path suitable for them was much implemented (Crant,
1996). Research in Africa found that most individuals who experienced selling or other
entrepreneurial activities in childhood days were more likely able to build micro to macro
business firm in the anticipated time (Dyer, 1992).

In the part of wage employment, Greenberger (2002) found out that individuals
possessed personalities and hobbies in the childhood days will be to be the career the
individual will venture. Due to the experienced in the past the individual mind will be set
as well as his/her potentials will be out or developed during childhood days (Greenberger,
2002). Thus, an individual who likes to play cooking toys would be likely become chef in
the future (Spalver, 2005).
However, childhood experience might affect the individual choice of career but it
is not an assurance that it would be. It’s a matter of fulfilling the dream established in
mind and the virtues application on it (Thout, 2006).

HEALTH FACTORS

Prior research has found entrepreneurs to experience significantly higher job

control and demand compared with employees who chops less control to its job. Job
control refers to the decision authority on how work is organized and how resources (e.g.,
time, money, assets) are distributed at the workplace (Rau, Hoffmann, Metz, Richter,
Roesler& Stephan, 2008; Hebert & Link, 2007). Meanwhile, job demand refers to the
workloads assigned for a specific chosen job or career (Rau et al., 2008; Eden, 2006;
Chay, 2004).
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These suggest that entrepreneurs have so-called active jobs (higher job control
and demand) and thus, may benefit from positive health consequences (Rau et al., 2008).
Although activating stress is assumed to take place in the active problem solving which
do not lead to an appraisal of threat as the entrepreneur has high control over his/her job
situation (Karasek & Theorell, 2010).

However, employees experienced passive job (low job control/ demand) which
leads them to a negative health consequences (Stephan, Roesler & Lukes, 2010). Passive
jobs can be characterized as a routine or monotonous and entails health risk. Job
incumbents gradually lose and unlearn skills in this job situation and experience stress
reactions to monetary and meaningless work (Ritcher & Hacker, 2011; Karasek&
Theorell, 2010). Recent research, for instance, finds exposure to passive jobs relate to
increased rate of cardiovascular diseases, mental health discrepancies, and even mortality
ratio among wage employees (Amick, McDough, Chang, Rogers, Pieper & Duncan,
2012).

Furthermore, most wage employees experienced stress on work because they got
less opportunity to utilize their skills and as well as, their superiors degrade their
confidence due to failures they commit on the workplace (McEwen, 2005).

Meanwhile, Kennedy (2007) argued that lifestyle of an individual is the main

determinant of its health. Therefore, health of an entrepreneur and wage employee cannot
be just determined by the responsibility they had in work but goes beyond their lifestyle
as a well-being (Kennedy, 2007). Lifestyle behaviors such as exercising, practicing good
nutrition, having adequate rest, and not smoking were recognized as factors that
contributed to good health. Thus, good lifestyle leads to healthy body and life of any
individual whether entrepreneur or wage employee and bad lifestyle, as well, contribute
to the degradation of health and life of any individual regardless of their careers (Brent,
2004).

ATTITUDE TOWARDS WORK

People are believed to differ in terms of their attitudes towards jobs’ work-effort
required, risk involved and independence allowed. These job attributes help explain why
some people choose to be entrepreneur while others choose to be wage employee
(Levesque, Shepherd, & Douglas, 2002).

In attitudes to work effort, findings stated that entrepreneurs typically must work
long and hard hours and even put their business ahead of their personal and family life
than wage employees (Bird & Jellinek, 2008). Therefore, work effort which defined as
the product of time spent working and an index of work intensity, is less in wage
employees as they do monotonous work which requires in the job position they applied
for than entrepreneurs who plays the crucial role in workplace as they creates and plan
the success of the business firm they were involved (Douglas & Shepherd, 2004).
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In attitudes to risk, research showed that entrepreneurs prefer risky but profitable
working activities than wage employees prefer not risky but money-earning working
activities such as doing assigned tasks and just follow commands of their superiors
(Health & Tversky, 2001). Entrepreneurs, on the contrary, gave the confident attitude
towards risk as they invest their money in their business firm without knowing the
possibility of gaining profit on it (Douglas & Shepherd, 2004).

Lastly, in attitude to independence, this refers to the control of own decision-

making and confidence in one’s own abilities which allows independent decision-making
rather than frequent recourse to advisors or working superiors (Douglas & Shepherd,
2004). Furthermore, the study showed that entrepreneurs preferred independence because
they wanted to be superior and have that freedom to control their skills in the working
industry. It allows them to create and innovate on their own rather than doing employees
prefer to just accept jobs from their superiors and neglect, bothering themselves on
making or doing things by their own (Bird &Jellinek, 2008; Katz, 2006).

However, Proenca and Shewchuk (2000) contended that individual attitude

towards the job attributes (work effort, risk, and independence) changes as their age
increases. Empirical proof supporting this assumption happens with older nurses of
World Health Organization where flexibility in their work, desire for development, career
advancement, and socialization degrades than when they were young
(Proenca&Shewchuk, 2000).

PERSONAL CONTROL OF INCOME

Entrepreneurs gain higher capacity or capability of controlling their income than

wage employees. This is due to entrepreneurs achieve higher returns to education than
employees (Douhan&Van Praag, 2009). Furthermore, entrepreneurs were expected to
have higher knowledge and skills than wage employees gained in education. Then,
entrepreneur capacity in controlling one’s income, especially business finances, was
tremendously factual (Fairlie. 2005).

Meanwhile, wage employees were said to be less control on their income due to
most employees doesn’t think, anymore, about saving. Once wage employees receive the
compensation they get from offering service to a business firm, spending and paying
debts were their goals from the money received (Mengistu, 2007).

Furthermore, Kassa (2008) showed her finding at South Ethiopia that most
employees, there, saving and controlling of one’s income was affected by the area of
education they got , consumption expenditure, medical expenditure, family assistance and
employment income. Thus, Befekadu (2007) sufficed that employees found difficulties in
applying education in controlling one’s income due to one specific skill they focused for
life-career. For example, wage employees may focused on his/her skill on computer
science, where employees may focused on to management and other income related
concepts (Befekadu, 2007).
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In contrast, Entrepreneurs, gaining higher degree in education or diverse

educational attainment, focused on business and finance management and then, studying
the business type they want to establish. For example, an entrepreneur first entrepreneur
plans to establish computer shops which lead him/her to study computer sciences
(Befekadu, 2007).

Lastly, in consumption expenditure, Kassa (2008) reported that employee

expenses were 19.7% higher than entrepreneurs’ expenses. Most employees generate
expenses without thinking the capability of their income to pay those consumptions while
entrepreneurs has higher level of education and gained broader spectrum in education,
generate expenses that doesn’t exceeds to their income or else bankruptcy will happen
(Kassa, 2008).

In general, the results of this research would help the researcher in proposing a
recommendation on how to help individuals in choosing career suitable to the interest,
skills, and attitudes of acquired. Furthermore, it would also bring new knowledge on
those individuals who were entrepreneurs or wage employees in the career they had
pursued.

Conceptual Framework

Live-in experiences of
entrepreneurs and wage
employees

Educational Childhood Attitudes towards

Marital Status
Background Experiences work

Generated Themes

Proposed Recommendations

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Study

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The study will analyze the live-in experiences of entrepreneurs and wage
employees based on their reasons in choosing educational background, childhood
experiences and the marital status and how their current career affects it, attitudes
towards working in the field they belong. Then, the study will generate themes from each
of the criteria. Lastly, recommendations from generated themes will be made.

Research Methodology

Research Design
The study uses a qualitative approach using Colaizzi Method on Descriptive
Phenomenology. The purpose of the phenomenological method is to uncover the genuine
experience of the phenomenon under investigation (Colaizzi, 1978). Thus, since the study
is all about lived-in experiences of entrepreneurs and wage employees, the research
design will be utilized.

Furthermore, one-on-one interview with a semi-structured guide question will be

used in the study. Data will be recorded and transcribed, after which analyzed using
Colaizzi Descriptive Phenomenology. However, the data will be presented through
thematic process. Themes will be formulated for a deeper understanding on the live-in
experiences among individuals who were entrepreneurs and wage employees.

Research Environment/Locale
In Cebu City there are 922,611 of total population with 81 barangays but the study
only covered the region of Barangay Inayawan, Cebu City. The place have different firms
in the different industries such as laundry shop , internet cafe , supermarkets, auto shops,
bakeshops, and call center establishments , which made the barangay as one of the top 10
competitive places in Cebu City reported by Sunstar Philippines (2016).

Additionally, Barangay Inayawan, Cebu City has a total population of 30,707 as

of 2015, 18, 424 of the population are wage employees who worked inside and outside of
the place and also entrepreneurs who have business inside and outside of the place. The
place was appropriate since it could give the researcher participants based on the standard
set by this qualitative study. Also, majority of the researchers are living there, and there is
no qualitative research yet conducted about entrepreneurship and wage employment in
this place.

Research Participants/Informants
The research has the following participants or informants; five (5) successful
entrepreneurs and five (5) working wage employees within the community. The selection
criteria for the successful entrepreneurs are as as follows: (a) an owner of a 10 years’
business establishment; (b) 40 years old and above; (c) has 1 or more employees; (d)
capitalization of fifty (20) thousand pesos; and (e) must be a vocational or academic
graduate. On the other hand, the selection criteria for the working wage employees are as
follows: (a) working for about 10 years in the industry; (b) 40 years old and above; (c)
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have a salary of twenty (20) thousand pesos; and (d) must be a vocational or academic
graduate.

Research Sampling
The researchers will tap five (5) participants of each category still within the
recommendation of Creswell (2013, 2014) for a qualitative study. Purposive sampling
will be used in the selection of the participants. This sampling will be used due to the
opportunity of giving criteria in selecting the participants of a qualitative study. Then, the
five (5) participants selected in each category (i.e., entrepreneurship and wage
employment) will be interviewed until data saturation.

Research Instrument
The researchers will utilize a semi-structured interview schedule consisting two
part- Part A, demographic information and Part B, semi-structured questions. The
interview guide questions was constructed in two versions which is English and Cebuano
versions as consider appropriate and easy to understand tot eh participants. The content
validity of the constructed interview guide questions was assessed and approved by the
research teacher and the applicability of the interview guide questions will be tested
through testing with two (2) participants in both entrepreneurship and wage employment
categories.

Data Gathering Procedures

First phase: The preparatory permission which the researchers make a letter to the
barangay signed by the researchers, research teacher Mr. Oliver Reyes, and to the
barangay captain of Brgy. Inayawan Cebu City Mr. Bryan Kirk J. Repollo for the
approval to conduct a research on the said community.

Second Phase: The researchers make a human consent form letter for the
agreement of the researcher’s participant’s to participate in the comparative research. The
participants will be informed that the session will be voice record for documentation
purposes as the recordings will then be transcribed and analyzed. They will also assured
of the confidentiality of their identity and the results of the study will be kept by the Don
Vicente Rama Memorial National High School researchers.

Third Phase: After securing the proper permission the researchers will conduct an
one-on-one face interview which the participants will be visited individually in their
respected houses and they will be asked variety of questions specifically, semi-structured
questions.

Data Analysis
The following steps represent the Colaizzi process for phenomenological data
analysis (cited in Sanders, 2003; Speziale & Carpenter, 2007). First, each transcript
should be read and re-read in order to obtain a general sense about the whole content.
Second, for each transcript, significant statements that pertain to the phenomenon under
study should be extracted. These statements must be recorded on a separate sheet noting
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their pages and lines numbers. Third, meanings should be formulated from these
significant statements. Fourth, the formulated meanings should be sorted into categories,
cluster of themes, and themes. Fifth, the findings of the study should be integrated into
exhaustive description of the phenomenon under study. Sixth, the fundamental structure
of the phenomenon should be described. Finally, validation of the findings should be
sought from the research participants to compare the researcher’s descriptive results with
their experiences.

Ethical Consideration
The researcher will be guided of the sixteen (16) ethical standards in research by
SRCD (2007) which includes the following: Non-Harmful Procedures, where the
investigation is obligated at all times to use the least stressful research procedure
whenever possible and it should not harm the participants physically or psychologically,
Informed Consent is a consent used to pay respect to the participants’ freedom to choose
to participate, Parental Consent refers to the consideration involving the informed
consent of parents, legal guardians or those who act in loco parentis (e.g., teachers,
superintendents of institutions) similarly should be obtained, preferably in writing. The
information about the features of the research should be discussed and given by the
investigator to its participants.

Furthermore, principle number 4 which is Additional Consent. It refers to the

informed consent of any persons, such as schoolteachers for example, whose interaction
with the child is the subject of the study should also be obtained. Next, Incentives states
that the investigator or researcher must be fair and not exorbitantly exceed the range of
the participants’ normally experiences, Deception refers to the investigator should
satisfy research colleagues that such judgment is correct, Anonymity refers to the
participant’s information should be preserved and no information will be used other than
that for which permission was obtained, Mutual Responsibilities refers to the
investigator has the obligation to honor all promises and commitments of the agreement.
From the beginning of each research investigation, there should be clear agreement
between the investigator and the parents, guardians or those who act in loco parentis, and
the participant, when appropriate, that defines the responsibilities of each.

Moreover, the ninth principle which is Jeopardy stated that researchers need to
be aware that they may obtain findings suggesting that a participant's health and well-
being might be in jeopardy, that these findings may include false positives, and they
should be knowledgeable about current human subjects procedures and regulations for
informing families of incidental findings, Unforeseen Consequences refers to the
investigator should immediately employ appropriate measures to correct these the
undesirable consequences that were previously unforeseen, and should redesign the
procedures if they are to be included in subsequent studies, Confidentiality is the
investigator’s responsibility in keeping in the confidence of all information obtained
about research participant. The participant’s identity should be concealed in written and
verbal reports of the result.
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Next, Informing Participants refers to the investigator should clarify for the
research participant any misconceptions that may have arisen, Reporting Results refers
to the investigator's words that may carry unintended weight with parents and children or
any category of participants, caution should be exercised in reporting results, making
evaluative statements, or giving advice, Implication of Findings refers to the
investigators should be mindful of the social, political and human implications of their
research and should be especially careful in the presentation of findings from the
research, Scientific Misconduct is defined as the fabrication or falsification of data,
plagiarism, misinterpretation, or other practice that seriously deviate from those that are
commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting,
analyzing, or reporting research. The researcher should have integrity and honesty in
presenting its scientific and statistical results of the gathered data of the study.

Lastly, Personal Misconduct that results in a criminal conviction of a felony or

violence may be sufficient grounds for a member's expulsion from the Society. The
relevance of the crime to the purposes of the Society should be considered by the
Governing Council in reaching a decision about the matter. It shall be the responsibility
of the voting members of Governing Council to reach a decision about the possible
expulsion of members found guilty of personal misconduct.

Rigor of the Study

In this study, the researcher will utilize the GUBA and LINCOLN (1989)
evaluative criteria as to maintain the rigors of the study which comprised by the
following: Credibility - confidence in the 'truth' of the findings, Transferability -
showing that the findings have applicability in other contexts, Dependability - showing
that the findings are consistent and could be repeated, and Confirmability - a degree of
neutrality or the extent to which the findings of a study are shaped by the respondents and
not researcher bias, motivation, or interest. The researcher selected the study participants
who met the inclusion criteria and who were to participate to share their ideas,
preferences, and experiences.

The Phenomenological Analysis

The phenomenological explore aims to generate themes of the live-in experiences

on individuals who were entrepreneurs and wage employees based on the findings that
researchers have made. This study further investigates the live-in experiences of
entrepreneurs and wage employees in choosing their career path. Furthermore, this study
will guide to those person who wants to be an entrepreneurs or a wage employee in the
future. Finally, it involves on how the entrepreneurs and wage employees give their
thoughts as they experience being an entrepreneur or a wage employee.

Participant’s Profile

There are (5) purposively selected participants for entrepreneurs and wage
employees who have given their full consent to participate in this study by answering
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comprehensively and truthfully the semi-structured, one-on-one interview on their live-in

experiences as entrepreneur or wage employee. The first part will be the demographic
information of the participants. The second part is the researcher-made questionnaire that
has been assessed by the research adviser and supported its reliability through pilot
testing.

As reflected in table 1 there are (5) college graduate in entrepreneurs. There are
(4) married and (1) single. It has commonalities among the participants in religion and
their gender. Also, there answers are same as confidential for their income per
month/year. There are inequalities in the entrepreneur ages, lines of business, number of
employees and their capitalization.

As reflected in table 2 there are (5) college graduate in wage employees. There
are (2) soon to be married and (2) singles. It has commonalities among the participants in
religion. In addition, there are (3) participants who answer a confidential in their income
per month/year. There are inequalities in their gender and age.

Table 1.Profile of the participants who provide their live-in experiences as entrepreneurs
 15

Table 2.Profile of the participants who provide their live-in experiences as wage employees

Interpretation
The demographic profile shows the existence of wage employees and
entrepreneur at the locality of Inayawan. It found out that most entrepreneurs available in
the community were women. Some researches had found out that women were more
productive in working. In the other settings, wage employees were also the same results
found. There were more female wage employees than male. Ahl (2002) found out that
males were very aggressive towards entrepreneurship while females were more engage at
the employment industry.
Furthermore, most of the entrepreneurs were married and the same results with
wage employees. Recent scholarship has increasingly pointed to the family as the
primary social organization shaping entrepreneurial and wage employment decisions
(Sanders & Nee, 2000).
However, the other demographic profiles were based on the standards set by the
researchers on its participant. Thus, interpretation is not that necessary.

The Presentation and Analysis

The overarching themes presented is fashioned according to the sequence of the

objective of this study beginning form the lived-in experiences of the entrepreneurs and
lived-in experiences of the wage employment. These themes and subthemes were
generated from the responses of the entrepreneurs and wage employees at the research
locale. The participants were able to narrate the childhood experiences, feelings,
 16

conditions (e.g. financially and physically) and utter some realizations from the chosen
career.

As for the group of entrepreneurs, the descriptive analysis has revealed six (6)
major themes. For the group of wage employees, the descriptive analysis shows six (6)
major themes. The themes generation is based from the responses of the community’s
participants. The generated themes explained extensively using supporting literature form
the other author’s works and quotations from the responses of the participants in order to
build a strong discussion of each of the themes. And, these are the following themes
generated:
A. Entrepreneurship

Theme 1: Practical Life Activities and Practices

The first theme describes one of the most important factor or influencer
why these individuals strive hard to enter the business industry. The amount of
exposure of childhood experiences trained these individuals to face the difficult
industry of businesses.

Childhood Trading Trainings. When asked about the childhood

experiences explicitly, four (4) out of five (5) participants have answered that they
were able to learn selling when they were still young. Mostly their reason was
poverty and hardships experienced in life.

“….ang akong mga sud an nga ipaninda nako sa construction worker

dapit sa amoa……” P1

“….Then sell it to my classmates for 2 peso each... Then when I got home
I already have bread, biscuits and juice in my hand that I’ll going to share
with my brothers and sister....” P2

“….Unya ibaligya sad nako akong mga duwaan nga gipang ayo sa mga
silingan ug classmates nako....” P3

“……. ug luto nga ibaligya baligya dayun nya ang ibayad kay dahon
rasad haha cycle ra gyud.......” P4

Childhood Independence Trainings. In this theme cluster, the two (2)

participants were able to experienced leadership in house or working
independently with the household chores especially one of them were the eldest.
It allows them to establish the skills for leadership even in childhood days.

“Sayo ko nakat on ug lihukon sa balay ug panginabuhi tungod kay ako

ang kinamaguwangan sa among managsoon...” P1
 17

“I wake up early in the morning to do my chores before I go to school....”

P2

Initiative to earn money. The participants have determination in findings

different ways aside from selling to earn money for their family even they were
still young. Mostly of them use their skills in generating money. There were three
(3) answered based on the theme.

“…Kay sauna man gud lisod kayo among life maong sayo ko nakat on sa
lihokon specially ang pagluto….para makakwarta…” P1

“….When I got there I make necklace through the use of beads that I’ve
found in the street…..” P2

“…..Kung di ayohon nako ilang mga guba nga duwaan para bayaran ko
nila....” P3

Parental Guidance for Skills Development. There were two (2)

partipants answered that they were helping their parents in their business when
they were still young. The participants experienced guidance in learning skills
which they used for the business they had established, today.

“…..Pagbata nako magtabang tabang gyud ko sa akong papa nga mag

ayo ug mga appliances nga guba….” P3

“…..pagkabata kay negosyante naman ug ukay- ukay akong mama….... so

mao tu…nakat-on…” P5

Theme 2: Skills and Trait Development

The second theme emphasized the impact of college trainings in
developing the skills and traits of the entrepreneur. It revealed how technicality
and seminars in real life situation trainings in college affect their developing
bodies.

Technical Skills Development. It refers to the knowledge building in

school and how it would be applied in the real life arena. There were two (2)
participants mentioned the essence of discussion in college in managing their own
businesses.

“…..Nakatabang gyud siya nako kay graduate man kog IT kabalo nakos
troubleshooting ug mga programming nga di na kinahanglan magbayad
ug technician para sa akong mga computer set…..” P3
 18

“….ka tabang gyud diay kung wala kay knowledge sa about sa negosyo
wala gyud....kay business graduate baya ko sa San Jose……mao tu
tanang nakat-unan nako akong nagamit…business
math…..finance…..ethics…CSR….ug uban p…a” P5

Improves Confidence. Two (2) of the participants mentioned that due to

the college trainings they were able to gain confidence in establishing their own
business. This helps them to be more aware in the environment.

“….tungod sa akong mga nakat onan gikan sa skwelahan nakabaw kog

mga recipes sa mga well-known nga pagkaon nga makita ra sa mga
restaurants ug nakahibaw kog mga altenative ingredients……na naghimo
nako na ma confident sa pagnegosyo….” P1

“….being a business ad graduate I’ve already learned the things to do in

business all I have to do is to actualize it……” P2

Theme 3: Acquiring Personal Freedom

The third theme refers to the most of the entrepreneur choose this career in
order to have freedom in working. They avoid working for others which would be
stressful. It also refers to the personal control of income that would lead the
entrepreneur to be financially-secured.

Working Independently. It directly related to exercising freedom and

avoidance of having boss. Most of the participants don’t want to work for others
which they believed that it would not develop the skills they had.

“…..Di pariha anang ako gyuy magluto sa akoang negosyo kay makaboot
ko sa flavor of the day or makaboot ko kung unsay viands or pagkaon nga
akong lutoon....” P1

“….I want to challenge myself to create my own business for me to learn

things….” P2

“Oh! Inday`wala…stress may ning tag iya ka kay chill ra ba nya di kay
hag.o kay di man pirmi maguba ang computer set gud...... ug way kay
gisunod…” P3

“Mag trabaho naa man kay amo gud nya labad sa ulo…..” P5

Personal Control of the Flow of Assets. The participants were really

want to earn enough and satisfying income for them and their family. This theme
cluster refers to the thinking of the entrepreneur about saving for future, managing
income, and buying assets. Four (4) out of five participants were able to mention
about controlling their finances as their reason why they prioritize doing business.
 19

“….I also want to save money for the future of my kids….” P2

“….ug nakapalit namig sakyanan tungod ani nga shop....” P3

“…..ganahan man gud ko magtukod ug ako nga negosyo kay para

makacontrol kos akong kinitaan…..” P4

“…..and mahog ug protect your own money diba....” P5

Theme 4: Productive Citizenry

The fourth theme presented the moral goodness of the entrepreneur due to
their willingness to help not just their selves but as well as the people that is
around their environments. The participants want to help individuals to grow by
helping them to achieve their dreams and as well as supporting the need of their
families before supporting themselves.

Inspiring Others. Three (3) of the participants want to establish business

because of their eagerness to inspire others. They want to help individuals who
were unemployed and learn things from business settings that could be useful in
dealing the life of practicality and problems.

“…inspire people that they can be me someday....” P2

“…..makatabang pakos laing taw kay nakahatag ko nilag trabaho

diba…..” P4

“…..may mantong negosyo kay maka develop manka ug knowledge….Ug

makatudlo s aka sa ubang taw….labi na empleyeado nimo kung unsaon na
siya…..aron makabaw sad sila…sa kinabuhi” P5

Supporting the Family Needs. The entrepreneurs want to support the

needs of their family which leads them to prioritize business than working on
someone’s business. It allows them to provide sustainable education and material
needs of their family. There were three (3) out of five (5) responses acquired from
the participants.

“…..ni asenso gyud sya ug mao sad ni ang nakapagraduate sa akong

anak nga girl nga naa na sa Canada….”P1

“….nakapaskwela pakos akong mga pag umangkon nga graduating na

karun sa high school...” P4
 20

“Financially you ... have more kids....more kain….so kailangan naa dyud
kay saktong income….” P5

Theme 5: Holistic Involvement in Managing Business

The fifth theme refers to the involvement of the entrepreneurs’ husbands
in managing business or the help their marital status in accomplishing their own
business. In the findings based on the participants’ responses, their husbands were
really involved in managing their business. Form the giving of capital to doing
business transaction with them. Most of them conclude that they had supportive
partners in life and in business.

Open-mindedness. The participants thoroughly explained that their

husbands have that willingness to understand and help them in doing business.
There were two (2) participants structured the theme.

“……kabalo naman siya daan nga ganahan gyud ko nga naa koy
kaugalingong karenderiya…” P1

“…..Nya bisag amoa nang negosyo mobayad gihapon siyas iyang kuhaon
sa tindahan..” P4

Initial Investment Provider. The participants’ husbands were really

supportive in providing the financial and material needs of the business. The
husbands were able to provide capital or money and equipment and even the
establishing the business of the entrepreneur. There were three (4) responses
gathered in the development of the clustered theme.

“…..Siya sad mismo ang gaipon ug kwarta para pang capital nako sa
akong negosyo…..” P1

“….In my marital status affects me a lot in venturing this industry because

husband truly support me in my business…just like these garments…he
provide this to my business…..” P2

“….nako kay nisugot kuhaan ang among savings…..” P4

“…….Dako gyug natabang akong partner ani nga business ……siyay may
nag provide sa mga sudlanan sa mga candy sa akong store…...” P4

Image for Inspiration. The participants were inspired by the support they
get from their husbands. One of them was able to get inspiration form the advices
of their husband in managing business. The husbands’ of the entrepreneurs helps
 21

them to be keep motivated in managing their business. There were four (4)
participants answered that way in marital status questions.

“Tungod sa support sa akong bana….maong ako gyung paningkamotan

nga dili na mawala ang karenderya nako....” P1

Theme 6: Mind Setting and Virtues Dealings

The sixth theme deals with the realization of the participants or
entrepreneurs in the career chosen. The theme was emphasizing the needs of
maturity in dealing sudden failure in business and the environment that surrounds
the firm.

Facing Unexpected Failures. In managing business, failures were

embodied on it already. It is the role of the entrepreneur on how she/he would
deal with it. The participants in the study reflects that in business there were really
failure and discrepancies happened such as thieves’ problems, receiving of fake
money, and failure of sales. Two (2) of the participants mention unexpected
failures of having business.

“….naka suway gud ko nga nakawatan among eatery…..” P1

“…… nakasuway nako nga nakadawat kog fake money…” P1

“I have many experiences in doing business such as falling sales……” P2

Optimistic Attitude. Positive attitude in dealing with the problems arises

at work such as facing impertinent customers and aggressive clients was one of
the emphasized realizations of the entrepreneurs. It is also about encouraging
yourself in times of failures of business. There were three (3) participants raised
this answer.

“……pero I never give up naging optimistic lang gyud ko nga kaya rani
nako moasenso lagi ni akong eatery…” P1

“….My realizations are we should not think things in a negative way….”

P2

“Business usahay mu up and down... so you have to encourage even

though you have a small experience but you need to protect the business
and move on and especially the capital...” P5

Dealing in the environment with kindness. The participants revealed

that dealing with the environment with kindness could bring the business to
success. For example, respecting the employees, kind interaction with the
 22

customer and building trust in the environment belong to prosper and grow. There
were three (3) responses under this clustered theme.
“.....I should respect my employees….” P1

“….I met different business man and woman who trust in my

business……” P2

“…Dapat sad tagaan nimog balato imong mga customer kay tungod man
nila maong na successful imong business....” P3

Spiritually-Oriented. The entrepreneurs also emphasize the need of being

religious in making the business successful. The guidance of the Almighty in
every business transaction of the business was faithfully true in making
prosperity. There were one (1) participant mentioned this.

“…..dapat di lang ko puro receive dapat sad kong mo give para sa

ginoo….” P1

“…..always pray to God for His blessings and guidance.....” P1

B. Wage Employment

Theme 1: Self-Focused Activities

The first theme for the wage employment refers to the own interest and
childhood desires of the wage employees which influenced them to be in their
career, today. Some experienced trainings from the games they played when they
were still young and the skills they gained from helping the family to earn money.

Childhood Fun Activities. In this theme cluster, the wage employees

experienced childhood plays with their friends which really influence their current
career undertaken. Such as playing computer games when the wage employee was
still young which influence his career of being computer science and many more.
There were four (4) out of five answered this category.

“…usa sa akong desisyon kay mao nag data analyst ko usa sa reason
tungod sa literate ang…... computer literate mas maayo ko….” P1

“Dili actually ang pagkuan nila kay highschool graduate nako…..naka

interest ko sa computer science……..kay na gamer man ko…..” P2

“I don’t know if matawag ba siyag training basta kay nahilig gyud ko

sauna ug kana gung motubag tubag anang cellphone nga duwaan nya
hilig sad kaayo ko mag duwa ug computer. Nya kana bitawng sayo ko
gipakat on ug basa sa akong mama.” P4
 23

“…..I had …..ahm.. are you familiar which kanang gawas lang mag
teacher teacher like that....” P5

Childhood Entrepreneurial Undertakings. The cluster theme might

sound relating to entrepreneur but this theme refers to the individual who got
business-related courses in college but not managing their own business instead
working for other business. For example, one of the wage employees was a
business administration graduate which is now working as business supervisor at
Prince Company. Furthermore, the theme emphasized those participants who
experienced selling and managing their little business when they were still young.
There were two (2) participant respond this way.

“Like sari-sari store ug mga ginagmay na nga…...mga business karun so

sa ato-a…….na ako ang ga manage…kunuhay” P1

“…..kuan man siya maninda man si mama ug mais sa pasil so mu tabang

ko niya diha ko naka kuan nga nindot diay mag negosyo so para ma
enhance ang akong skills about sa ……ahm....business so mao to ni sud ko
ani nga course....” P3

Theme 2: Various Influencers

The second theme refers to the different factors that influence the wage
employee to venture in the industry currently involved. The existence of these
factors creates big impact to the employees current position and condition in
working.

Existence of Macro-Factors. The participants were able to meet various

influencers for the external factors in the environment. It refers to the condition of
job demand in the country and existence of scholarship organization which help
the participant for the education and choosing of course in college. There were
three (3) out of five participants help to build the theme cluster.

“Oh! Unta akong course kay I.T nya dayun paghuman ana kay mao lagi
murag ang scholar na mecong man ang nipili sa akong kurso…” P1

“Niya karun ang demand man ang I.T karun tungod sa technology….” P1

“……giignan ko nga nindot mag computer kay demand….” P2

“Kuan... usa sa inspiration na ko advantage kay na ka kuha ko ug

scholarship…..” P3
 24

Relationship Towards Others. The participants’ education and career

was influenced by the people in their environment. Most of them were referring to
their family and friends at home or in school. It motivates them to enter the career
or course best suit the wage employee’s abilities and skills. In this theme cluster,
there were four (4) wage employees responded that way.

“First ang akong parents….oh!” P2

“Oh! Akong mga friends, cousins ug mg iyaan ug uyuan….” P2

“Kuan.... base na siya sa kuan na inspired ko sa akong mama kanang.....”

P3

“Ahm... kuan rani siya bali ahm.... inspired pud siya sa kanang mga
classmatena akong mga mega… nga ni try pud…… nga ako pud gi
try......” P3

“….well I guess maybe... my circle of friends like that okay my circle of

friends…..” P5

Acquired Skills from the Educational Background. The participants

were influence in the chosen career due to the skills they had when they were still
studying in the Elementary and Secondary level of education. It gives them a
confidence to enter the career in the real life settings.

“…..Lage nya usa sad nang reporting sa high school……” P4

“……Maong ako gyud nay pambato sa among maestra basta naay

recitation haha……” P4

“……..AB Communication Arts , Through sad ani nga course kay mas na
enhance gyud akong communication skills.......” P4

Earthly Survival. The participants were influence in the chosen career

due the needs in experienced on the daily basis of life. It directly related to the
poverty the wage employees experienced in their childhood days which gave
them a motivation to strive hard for excellence. There were four (4) out of five
wage employees responded like this.

“Wala! Ako ra gyud desisyon….tungod sa kalisod sa kinabuhi…mao na

motivate ko….” P1
 25

“Sa unang panahon….….ah usahay adto ko ug skwelahan kana bitawng

ah…… kuwang sa bawn o maong ma encourage ka na mueskwela ug
mutrabaho ug maayo gyud” P2

“………way sa pag provide sa among need is through business although

dili siya ingun nga dako kaayo pero atleast usa siya sa nakapa reason
nganong naka provide siya sa among need especially sa education.....” P3

“I already having my home-based english tutorial so after working to SM

I decided to resign and continue my home-based english tutorial while
studying at the same time....because of belonging in a poor family…” P5

Theme 3: Tertiary Level of Education Trainings

The third theme was referring to the trainings acquired by the participants
at the educational setting. It refers to how the wage employees educational
achievement and attainment influence how he/she works, in the career chosen.
These trainings transform the wage employees to be competent in any area of
responsibilities in the chosen career.

Application of the discussed terms in college to the workplace. The

participant mentioned college teaches them terms that were very applicable in the
working industry. One of the participants mentioned the terms applicability.

“…..the word hospitally kailangan hospitable ka sa trabaho dapat on time

ka sa imong trabaho then dapat love nimo ang imong trabaho…..” P1

Ventured Course or Degree in College. The participants emphasized the

usefulness of the course undertaken in college in the career chosen. It allows the
participants to be more competent in working. There were two (2) wage
employees answer this way.

“During that time kuan siya dako dako na kay dako naman ko in relation
sa akong work akong kurso kay is computer science man sa pagka karun
lang akong posisyon as a programmer so naa gyud siya'y relation ba…..”
P2

“Nako ahm.. in the first place syempre business man so about gyud siya sa
business sad imong sudlan…..” P3

College Subjects Undertaken. The participants directly refer to the

subjects undertaken in college influence the ability of the wage employee in doing
the demand in the career chosen.
 26

“Ahm.. about sa ethics sa english naa may ethics imuhang attitude

towards work sa imong environment sa imong mga ka work mate.....” P3

“Management ahm... marketing management ang imong pag market

towards yourself sa imong mga supplies….” P3

Leadership Trainings in College. The participants experienced

leadership trainings from the college days. It refers to the On-Job-Trainings and
seminars before graduating to a particular course undertaken in the tertiary level
of education.

“…..Hmm so trainings I guess when I was second year college we have a

training around ahm….banawa and it is about leadership training ……ug
pag kuan sad being a subject teacher at my school when I was in the 4th
grade….” P5

Theme 4: Building Discipline at Work

The fourth theme describes the attitude of the wage employee in dealing
with the problem at work. It establishes the moral character of the wage
employees in facing different problems at work especially dealing with the
superiors and clients. It was concluded that maintaining discipline is the key for a
good working condition.

Using intuition in solving problems at work. The participants use the

skills in planning such as contingency plans to solve the problems arise in the
work place. The wage employees use intuition in order to solve chaos at work.

“Kanang kuan first ana kay analyze nimo kungkana siya nga problema ba
then after ana…..ah... mo take ka ug solution like kung sa kani nga
problema ani dapat before ka mu action dapat naa kay solution……” P1

“Sa pag deal lang gud ana kay kuan.... dapat mo kuan mo in advance kay
kani siya na hitabo naman ni siya so in the next nimo nga mo schedule
dapat kani siya mahitabo na ni additional nalang……” P3

Time-Management. The participants mentioned managing time as a key

for making problems solved at work. This is one of the most important disciplines
an individual should possess to maintain success in solving problems arises in the
chosen career.

“Kanang kuan siguro ah…... manage your kuan ba ... manage your
time…” P2
 27

Respect Everyone in the Working Place. The participants maintain

respect in the chosen career in order to survive. The wage employees still friend
the bad people in the working environment to avoid further problems. It allows
them to remain calm in every situation and possess good attitude on it.

“Oh! Kay ako man na realize nga kanang... bisag unsa pa dapat na gyud
bisag asa pa ka mu adto dapat ang respect sa usa ka taw imo gyud na I
maintain especially nga head nimo siya....” P3

“Okay ra kay ako kung mu kuan... man gud naay ka lalis dili man gud ko
ma brainwash so igka human ana mo tagad ra gihapon ko……” P3

Maintaining Calmness in Handling Customers. The participants

emphasized calmness is very important in dealing with impertinent customers. It
allows the participants to still possess the attitude of professionalism in dealing
with these types of customers.

“First gyud ana maminaw ramis ilang gipangyawyaw…….” P4

“Ikatulo bisag naglagot nako di gyud na nako I hold-out ang caller nya
explainan sya……” P4

“…….lastly be calm para iwas stress.... labi na sa mga inborn bad

customers…ay nalang…” P4

Theme 5: Wage Employment Negativity

The fifth theme describes the feelings that the wage employees
experienced while working. Then, it found out the all of them experienced
negative feelings and effects in working. It proves that working is a constant and
boring job which creates stress hormones to trigger and cause negative effects on
the individuals’ body.

Stress from Expectations and Demands at Work. The participants get

stress from the performance standard and demands of the participants’ superiors
at work. There were three (3) participants’ responses for this situation.

“Oh! Naa stress tungod sa quota……” P1

“Sauna .......ay sauna during the time nga ga contractor pa ko

kanang……murag kapoy pa follow sa demand sa imong boss……” P2

“……ang stress man gud either mu daot ka or mu tambok ka dayun ang sa

amoa man gud pass man siya.... diba sa grocery paspas man siya….” P3
 28

Mental and Emotional Health Debasement. The participants pointed out

wage employment as the main reason why they experienced abnormality in their
mind. The wage employees able to experienced depression and pressure at work.

“Oh! Naa stress akong kalawasan tungod sa quota…… ma depressed

ka……” P1

“Emotionally? Murag kuan ka ……..kanang.......unsa.... depress kanang

murag kapoy ba puno na imong huna-huna ba……” P2

“Oh! Naa gyu'y time nga maratol ka….…” P2

“…..kuan ko graduhan every ……half of the month twice a year graduhan

sa imong every performance so dapat every sugo ……sugot na lang…” P3

Degrading Immune System. The participants have the feeling that her/his
body was not the same anymore. There are biological changes such as increasing
weight, functioning of the brain, and so many more. The wage employees
experienced physical pains and changes in the body’s function.

“Sa ako-a gyud nga data analyst kay keyboard ug mouse man among
kamot gyud hands gyud ang kuan….” P1

“…..sad diri ug utok kay mag-analyze biya mi….” P1

“Usahay.... kanang.... naa man gyu'y sakit sa mata mao mag eyeglass…”
P2

“Oh! Naa sad like usahay ma hilantan ka or mag labad imong ulo permi
ka magutman…..hahaha.....” P3

“So far ah sa kuan ra kanang....kanang nagpa check-up ko kanang kuan

... unsa na kusog….akong dugo dili siya normal kay di siya mo
hunong.....” P3

“Stress pud mao bitaw tambok nako….” P3

“……Duh! Sometimes body pains kay galingkod ra sige......” P4

“…….nya sakit sad sa mata ang computer…” P4

Theme 6: Working Realizations

The sixth theme describes the acquired realizations of the wage employees
in working. It further refers to the learning the participants’ gained from working
 29

for about 10 years. It presents the effects of wage employment to the lives of the
participants.

Stressful Reality of Working. The participants found the negative effects

of working. First, work expectations of superiors upgrade the stress hormones in
their bodies and able them to think negatively on their potentials. Second,
pressure of speed-related jobs, it refers to the stressful reality of working that
directly related to deadlines and accomplishing works or jobs accordance to the
time given. Third, Analyzing, the participants agreed that most of their works
really needs analysis even simple things need analysis. It was difficult for the
wage employees due to the extensive used of the brain during analyzing work-
related problems. Lastly, was the importance of dealing with the macro socio-
environment in the working industry. The participants realize that adaptation is
important in order to survive in different working settings.

“…..kay di baya lalim mag analyze kung unsa na siya nga kuan kung
unsa ang…..” P1

“……tudlu-an mi kung unsa na siya like kani nga report unsa mani siya
nga report for example like unsa mani siya sa filipino kani sa science
science ana ba….kay aron di mi makasab-an sa among amo….”

“..... mag refund sa savings naay mag loan nya dinalian kaayo gusto diha
dayun then amo i-inform among system maong ma stress…..maong ma
stress mi usahay…” P2

“Pag-analyze sa pagkuha sa……usually assissting background kana

bitawng naay mga virus dili malikayan…” P2

“Usually ang demanding ana ang mga users namo…”P2

“Pero dili mana gyud malikayan ang stress...labi nga naa kay
giapas….”P3

“….bad experience nako kay sometimes kanang pressure sa work dili

nimo kuan….” P3

“Sa monitoring problematic tungod daghan man kaayo mi ug gi handlean

ug supplier like sa can goods...” P3

“……Nakarealize ko nga di gyud nako ma please tanang taw…” P4

“…..mura siya'g challenging for me na to mo adapt….” P5

Importance of the Relatedness of Education and Training at Work.

The participants realized the importance of choosing the career related to the
course undertaken in college, as well as the trainings undergone. It made the
 30

participants to be more competent in working and avoid confusion or problems

when doing assigned jobs based on the job description.

“First as in lisud gyud siya kay sa akong na... na studyhan sa akong

course…..kay di related….” P1

“Oh! Kay kahibaw naman ka sauna lang maratol ka sa wa ma experience

nimo….” P2

“….Ug dapat fit gyud imong gi graduatetan nga course sa imong

trabaho……para sayon nalang nimo…” P4

“Tanang trainings nako sa akong pag skwela kay naka enhance gyud
nako kay akong course nga gi graduate tan kay in-line raman sa akong
work karun……” P4

The Findings

The findings of the study were done extensively. From the use of Colaizzi
Method, the researchers were able to provide comprehensive evaluation on why
individuals choose to become entrepreneur and wage employment. Form the childhood
experiences to the realization the participants encountered in the chosen career.

In the first objectives of the study, it sought to find out the lived-in experiences of
the entrepreneurs. From the data analysis, it was found out that entrepreneurs’ childhood
experiences influenced the decision in career choosing. Individuals experienced
entrepreneurial activities in their childhoods such as selling or trading with the guidance
parentally. Most entrepreneurs work independently in their childhood life such as being
the eldest and need to do all the household chores at home. The decisions to become an
entrepreneur or wage employee can be the result of one’s life course or cumulative events
over time, such as childhood experiences. The decisions can also be triggered by a
particular situation such as family commitments (Bird, 2004).

In educational basis, entrepreneurs were able to gain proper trainings from the
technical to practical activities in the tertiary level of education. It developed the
entrepreneurs’ competence and confidence to venture to the industry. It founds out that
technical skills of the entrepreneurs and the competence that the entrepreneur possess in
managing the owned business were influenced by the educational status achieved
(Douglas, 2002).

For the reason most individuals venture in entrepreneurship really wanted

personal freedom from working, controlling income, and capability to buy personal
assets. The study showed that entrepreneurs preferred independence because they wanted
to be superior and have that freedom to control their skills in the working industry (Bird
&Jellinek, 2008; Katz, 2006). Entrepreneurs also wanted to be a productive citizen by
 31

being an inspiration to other individuals, helping those who were unemployed, and
teaching others to be like them and help them to grow as an entrepreneurs.

On the other settings, spouses of the entrepreneurs were really supportive in their
career undertaken from providing the capitalization of the business to managing the
business of the entrepreneur. These motivated the entrepreneur to remain consistent to the
industry and strive hard for success. Other studies sufficed that entrepreneurs really
gained support from their partners in many aspects. It could be in capital, working
progress or any other extrinsic and intrinsic help (Collins, Gordon & Smart, 2004). This
allows the individual to venture and be motivated to do entrepreneurial activities (Cliff,
1998).

In the realization stage, entrepreneurs realize that building a business is a risky

decision but the only way to succeed is proper setting of mind and applying virtues in life
especially in dealing with the socio-environment which was really hard. Also, the
entrepreneurs emphasized the unexpected failures in establishing a business such as
falling sales, fraudulent action of the employees and so more. The entrepreneur suggests
that individuals should be optimistic all the time and always encourage thyself to move-
on and don’t be too much affected by those negativity and in that an individual could
achieve success in the industry.

In the second objective, it sought to study the lived-in experiences of an

entrepreneurs and wage employees. From the analysis, it shows that most wage
employees chosen career were influenced by their self-focused activities in childhood
days. It refers to the interest and desired activities done by an individual. For example in
the study, a communication graduate wage employee often answers calls on her toy
cellphone when she was still young. Due to the experienced in the past the individual
mind will be set as well as his/her potentials will be out or developed during childhood
days (Greenberger, 2002). Thus, an individual who likes to play cooking toys would be
likely become chef in the future (Spalver, 2005).

Furthermore, the study analysis shows that there were various influencers that
affect the choosing of career of the wage employees. First was the existence of in-
demand jobs and scholarship organization. Second was the relationship towards others
such as with the family, friends, teachers, and relatives. Third was the acquired skills
form the educational backgrounds. Fourth was the earthly survival. It refers to the need of
the wage employees to free themselves from poverty and hardships in life.

Moreover, wage employees pointed out tertiary level of education as the reason
why they were competent and confident in choosing the career suitable for them. The
trainings and seminars acquired in college helped the wage employees to be productive
and sustainable in the career chosen. It allow the wage employee perform accordance to
the expected of the working industry. According to Thompson (2005), employees’ career
reflects the education they had on the past years. Education is one way the wage
employees discover their potentials and go on with it after graduation (Thompson, 2005).
 32

Additionally, result shows that discipline at work is very important to wage

employee. It allows them to survive and deal with people without having stress. It
involves building intuition, time-management, respect, and maintaining calmness in
dealing with problems at work.

However, the feelings of wage employees’ findings were negative. Wage

employees experienced stress from the working expectations and demands without any
consideration. The wage employees were tired in following the commands of the
superiors and customers which results to negative impacts like working unproductively.
These situations create feelings of mental, emotional, and physical debasement in their
bodies to wage employees. Furthermore, most wage employees experienced stress on
work because they got less opportunity to utilize their skills and as well as, their superiors
degrade their confidence due to failures they commit on the workplace (McEwen, 2005).

Lastly, results shows that most wage employees had negative realizations when
working. The wage employees emphasized the stress in dealing with the boss and the
customers. It creates negative perception on them towards wage employment. Analyzing-
related jobs, as well, creates brain-bombing situations at work according to wage
employees. Also, wage employees realized, as well, the importance of the relatedness of
the job undertaken in college in the career chosen. It would make the individual avoid
confusion and problems at work and be more proficient in working all the time.

The process and the problems encountered

In the process and results of conducting this research was awesome and truly
needs hard work. The previous chapter gives us ease in making it. The problems occur on
collecting the data. The most crucial of these was the recorded interview where it was
being cut because the storage of the phone is full which make the analyzation of the data
failed. The second problem that arose during the collection of data was when the last
participant doesn’t want to record its voice during the interview. As an outcome, there
were a lot of problems that followed which made the researcher feel disappointed and
displease.

After many weeks of being confused and puzzled the researcher started seeking
participants, we found enough participants on our study and started approaching
entrepreneurs in Barangay Inayawan but have problems due to their hectic schedules. The
challenged was to find another participant in night time. Another problem was our
expectations on their answers to the questions asked and didn’t get enough information
that was importantly needed.

Furthermore, another problem of the researchers was the technological

accessibility since no one in the group has computers or gadgets to comply the research
needs. It was devastating and financially-consuming.

There was a problem that may lead to the characteristic of research design and
that is to come up with a more specific question that can influence on the findings. It
 33

would be better to ask more specific questions to the participants also to give their
comments or additional answers for more extensive and real information in acquiring
data.

The Contributions and Recommendation

The study aside for the provision of some directions for future research, this
research has made two major contributions to the concepts of wage employment and
entrepreneurship since the outputs of this research in these two areas is relatively new and
the related literature is still limited. The study will serve as a guide for those individuals
planning for the future career (e.g. entrepreneurship and wage employment) like to
venture. The findings of the study will equipped them to the concepts of entrepreneurship
and wage employment that could be useful in preparing them in entering the two
industries.

Furthermore, the study findings on educational background will help those

individuals to realize the importance of education in becoming an entrepreneur or wage
employee. The individuals will realize the easy opportunities that education will give
them in the future.

Also, the study findings contribute the existing body of knowledge of

entrepreneurship and wage employment. It unlocks the feelings, reasons behind choosing
the career and experiences, using a comprehensive research method, of the entrepreneurs
and wage employees. It’s also a call for the society about the existing situation of
entrepreneurship and wage employment in the local arena.

Moreover, in the working industry the study recommends for the establishment of
fun activities and programs in the working place. It is because of the findings of the study
showed that most wage employees experienced negatively at work. The study analysis
shows that employees experience mental, physical, and emotional debasement at work.
Thus, degrading bodily holistic function leads an individual to be unproductive at work or
any activities (McEwen, 2005).

Also, for the superiors of wage employees must communicate with them. It is a
way to understand the wage employees and it will lead to a more productive work.
Wright (2004) found out that in America, companies set programs such as recollection in
order to hear the voices of the lower ranks. Wage employees and the company’s superiors
could adjust to each other. Then, it found out that companies who do it creates more
productive employees and increase its profit for about 55% a year due to the sustainable
adjustments done by the superiors Wright (2004).

For choosing career, the study recommends individuals to undergone self-

assessments and skills evaluation activities in venturing the industries. Individuals, as
well, could read the findings of the study to evaluate themselves. Because,
entrepreneurship is arena of strong human-being and if an individual wants to survive
that person must be holistically prepared in the risky decision makings and should do
 34

reflection and self-evaluation to maintain consistency and achieved success in the

industry (Shane, Kolvereid, & Westhead, 1991).

Additionally, the researcher’s recommends that the educational system in

Philippines regarding the discussion of entrepreneurship and wage employment must be
emphasized and focused by higher institutions and constant seminars of the preceptors of
the two concepts must be done in order to give lucid descriptions about the two industries
in terms of its productivity and skills requirement. It would help to diminish the findings
of Martinez (2007) that “Filipinos were trained to be wage employees rather than to be
entrepreneur”.

Lastly, the study only covers the wage employees and entrepreneurs at barangay
Inayawan Cebu City. Thus, the researchers suggested for study in another settings with
another participants. This would create a more comprehensive and accurate results of the
concepts studied.

The Reflection

The researcher gained a deeper understanding for each other in making this long
process of research. Hence, some of the members who are sometimes spend a lot of time,
effort and money for this research study. We have learned that in this study it has a
deeper patience which is a virtue for this kind of dealing with the study’s findings and to
other person. This research study helped us examine our values in life together with
dealing a person’s different values.

We have perceived that being a researcher is not a piece of cake and that there are
factors that might give us practical experience in our lives in the lives of other. The
process also made us realized to outlook ourselves as a student on what career will we
take after we graduate in college. It also helps us realize on what career path would fit us
in the future. And it clarifies the difference between entrepreneurship and wage
employees based on the lived-in experiences that we’ve gathered during this research
study.

Lastly, the study help us to be more knowledgeable in the strand, Accountancy

Business and Management, we belong. It gave us a lucid presentation on how this two
variables influence the society which could be useful as we take further education in
these areas.
 35

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Appendices