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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study


The very mention of the word ‘corruption’ brings thoughts such as exploitation of a
position of trust, typically in the public (Katz, 2011). Corruption is the abused of entrusted power
for private gain.
It is a problem that mainly arises in the interaction between government and the market
economy where the government itself must be considered endogenous (Amundsen et al., 2000).
Corruption is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon with, multiple causes and effects,
as it takes on various forms and function in different contexts. According to Amundsen et al.
(2000) the phenomenon of corruption ranges from single act of payment contradicted by law to
endemic malfunction of a political and economic system.
Corruption can be classified as grad, patty and political, depend on the amounts of money
lost and the sector where it occurs CFE 102 (2019).Grand corruption consists of acts committed
at high level of government that destroy policies, enabling leaders to benefit at the expense of the
public good. Petty corruption refers to every abused of entrusted power CFE 102 (2019).
According to Kamde (2019) the term “petty corruption” is used for the corruption which is done
on a small scale or the corruption which is done on the low- and mid- Level.
Political corruption an illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only
if the act is directly related to their official duties ScienceDailly (2019).
RESULTS AND FINDINGS
In the Philippines, the number of corruption is rapidly increasing most especially in the
economic aspect. From the data collected by the researcher, the Philippine government as of now
is getting cleaner because of the forcedly resignation of the corrupt politicians.
In the year 2010, the Philippines were in the 134th place least corrupt country over 175
countries, in 2012, the Philippines moves down a bit to 105, in 2014 is in 85th place, then 2016 is
in 101 least corrupt nations, and in 2018, the Philippines is in the 99th place least corrupt nations
out of 175 countries. According to the 2018 corruption perception index reported by
Transparency International, the corruption is one of the oldest and most perplexing phenomenon
in the human society. The political corruption exists in every country in the contemporary world
and it is not exclusively a problem of developing countries like Philippines. Back in 2014
plunder and graft cases filed against former senators Juan Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada and
Ramon Bong Revilla because of the millions and millions of peso they got from the money of
the country men, said by Professor Jean Encinas Franco of UP Political Science Department, the
case of the former senators Juan Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada and Ramon Bong Revilla is not
so called administrative corruption nor it is a grand corruption because it is a corruption that
causes more damage. The corruption is a big factor for causing poverty, and poverty also leads to
bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, graft, embezzlement, suicide, migration, human
trafficking, and others.

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