WIND LOAD

DESIGN
BUILDING CODES ADDRESSING WIND LOADS
• NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

- Formulated by the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

(1961)
- 1962-1968: Publication of the committee report that assembled, correlated
and summarized existing information on the factors that determine wind
forces on structures in the Philippines.
- 1972: Country’s first National Structural Code for Buildings was launched
during the incumbency of President Octavio A. Kalalo
- 2014: Under the presidency of Engr. Carlos M. Villaraza, the 7th edition of
NSCP was set in motion.
BUILDING CODES ADDRESSING WIND LOADS
• NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

- Was adopted from the latest editions of American code counterparts.

- NSCP 7th edition is referenced from the following:
• Uniform Building Code UBC-1997
• International Building Code IBC-2009
• American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE/SEI 7-10
• American Concrete Institute ACI318-14M
• American Institute for Steel Construction AISC-05 w/ Supplementary Seismic Provision
• American Iron and Steel Institute AISI S100-2007
• Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook of America
• Concrete Masonry Handbook 6th Edition
• American National Standard Institute ANSI EIA-TIA-222-G-I-2007
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards
 CHAPTER 2: MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
SECTION 207: WIND LOADS
SECTION 207A General Requirements

SECTION 207B Directional Procedure for Buildings of All Heights

SECTION 207C Envelope Procedure for Low-Rise Buildings

Directional Procedure for Building Appurtenances and Other

SECTION 207D
Structures

Components and Cladding Directional and Envelope

SECTION 207E
Procedures
SECTION 207 F Wind Tunnel Procedure
 SECTION 207: WIND LOADS
CHAPTER 2: MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
Directional Procedure Envelope Procedure

- Dependent on wind - Not dependent on wind

direction direction
 SECTION 207: WIND LOADS
CHAPTER 2: MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
MWFRS Components and Cladding

- An assemblage of structural - Elements of the building envelope

systems assigned to provide
support and stability for the
overall structure.
- An entire assembly used to
transfer wind loads to the ground.
that do not qualify as part of the
MWFRS.
- Claddings receive winds load
directly and Components receive
wind loads either directly or from
cladding .
- Components can be part of the
MWFRS when they act as roof
diaphragm or shear walls
 SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)

Commentary:

“Is considered the traditional approach in that the pressure

coefficients reflect the actual loading on each surface of the building as
a function of wind direction, namely, winds perpendicular and parallel
to the ridge line.”
 SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
207B.1 SCOPE
207B.1.1 Building Types

I. Applies to all buildings of all heights where it is necessary to separate applied

wind loads onto windward, leeward and sidewalls of the building to properly
assess the internal forces in the MWFRS members.

II. Applies to a special class of buildings designated as enclosed simple

diaphragm buildings as defined in Section 207A.2, with h ≤ 48 m.

SIMPLE DIAPHRAGM – a building in which both windward and leeward wind loads are transmitted by roof and
vertical spanning wall assemblies, through continuous floor and roof diaphragms to the MWFRS.
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
207.B.1.2 Conditions
A building whose design wind loads are determined in
accordance with this chapter shall comply with all the following
conditions:
1. The building is a regular-shaped building or structure as defined in
Section 207A.2.
2. The building does not have response characteristics making it
subject to across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to
galloping and flutter or it does not have a site location for which
channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions
warrant special consideration.
 SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
• Across-wind Loading Along-wind Loads
• Vortex Shedding - Occur due to static
• Galloping motion of wind.
• Flutter
Across-wind Loads
• Channeling Effects
(buffeting) - Occur due to the
dynamic motion of wind.
- Due to alternate side
vortex shedding
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
• Across-wind Loading
• Vortex Shedding
• Galloping
• Flutter
• Channeling Effects
Vortex Shedding
(buffeting)
- The flow behind a cylinder held perpendicular to wind,
which is characterized by the periodic shedding of
vortices (whirling air flows).
- creates periodic lateral forces that can cause vibration
of slender structures such as towers and tall buildings.
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
• Across-wind Loading Galloping
• Vortex Shedding - is the self-induced cross-wind oscillations of
flexible structures due to aerodynamic forces that
• Galloping are in-phase with the motion of the structure.
• Flutter Flutter
• Channeling Effects - is a ‘self-feeding’ oscillatory motion that results
from the coupling of aerodynamic forces with the
(buffeting) elastic deformation of a structure. It is often the
result of combined bending and torsion and affects
plate-like structures, such as signboards and
suspension bridge decks.
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
• Across-wind Loading
Channeling Effects (Buffeting)
• Vortex Shedding
- caused by topographical or neighboring tall
• Galloping building such as in the city center or central
• Flutter business.
• Channeling Effects - may exist due to significant upwind
(Buffeting) obstructions such as hills, etc.
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
207.B.1.3 Limitations
“Buildings not meeting the requirements of Section 207B.1.2
shall be designed using recognized literature documenting such wind
load effects or shall use the wind tunnel procedure specified in Section
207F.”

207.B.1.4 Shielding
“There shall be no reductions in velocity pressure due to
apparent shielding afforded by buildings and other structures or terrain
features.”
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)

PART 1: Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Open Buildings of All Heights

207B.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

“The steps to determine the wind loads on the MWFRS for enclosed,
partially enclosed and open buildings of all heights are provided in Table
207B.2-1”
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
RISK CATEGORY

Determine the RISK CATEGORY of

the structure (Table 103-1)
 T
A
B
L
E
103-1
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
 BASIC WIND SPEED (𝑽)
Determine the BASIC WIND SPEED, V, for the applicable risk category.

• Figure 207A.5 – 1A
- Occupancy Category III, IV and V
• Figure 207A.5 – 1B
- Occupancy Category II
• Figure 207A.5 – 1C
- Occupancy Category I
 BASIC WIND SPEED (𝑽)

• Modern weather station no

longer measure wind speed
using this method.
• The 3-s gust speed is closer to
NSCP 2010 WIND MAPS: the sensational wind speeds NSCP 2015 WIND MAPS:
“Fastest-kilometer speed” often quoted by news media. “3-s gust speed”
• It matches closely the wind
speeds experienced by small
buildings and components of
all buildings.
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
WIND DIRECTIONALITY FACTOR (𝑲𝒅 )
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
EXPOSURE CATEGORY
SURFACE ROUGHNESS

SURFACE ROUGHNESS DESCRIPTION

Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other
SURFACE ROUGHNESS B terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions
having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.
Open terrain with scattered obstructions having
SURFACE ROUGHNESS C heights generally less than 9 m. This category
includes flat open country and grasslands.
Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This
SURFACE ROUGHNESS D category includes smooth mud flats, salt flats and
unbroken ice.
Exposure D Example
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
EXPOSURE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION
• Buildings with 𝑀𝑅𝐻 ≤ 9𝑚: surface roughness B prevails in the
upwind direction for a distance greater than 450 m.

EXPOSURE B • Buildings with 𝑀𝑅𝐻 > 9𝑚: surface roughness B prevails in the
upwind direction for a distance greater than 790 m or 20 times the
height of the building whichever is greater.

EXPOSURE C • This shall apply for all cases where Exposures B and D do not apply.

This shall apply when:

• Surface roughness D prevails in the upwind direction for a distance
greater than 1500 m or 20 times the building height, whichever is
greater.
EXPOSURE D • When the surface roughness B or C prevails immediately upwind of
the site and the site is within a distance of 180 m or 20 times the
building height, whichever is greater, from an Exposure D condition
as defined in the first condition.
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
 TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR (𝑲𝒛𝒕 )

• Topographic Factor is used to include the wind speed up effects in the

calculations of the design wind loads. Wind speed up effects at:

1. Isolated Hills
2. Ridges
3. Escarpments – a cliff or stiff slope generally separating two levels or
areas.
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR (𝑲𝒛𝒕 )
𝑲𝒛𝒕 = (𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 𝑲𝟐 𝑲𝟑 )𝟐 ; (Equation 207A.8-1)
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
GUST EFFECT FACTOR (𝑮)
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
ENCLOSURE CLASSIFICATION
• OPEN BUILDING – a building having each wall at least 80% open.
𝑨𝒐 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟖𝑨𝒈
• PARTIALLY ENCLOSED BUILDING – is a building that complies with
both of the following conditions:
1. 𝑨𝒐 > 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝑨𝒐𝒊
𝑨𝒐𝒊
2. 𝑨𝑶 > 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝒎𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝑨𝒈 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ൗ𝑨𝒈 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎

• ENCLOSED BUILDING – a building that does not comply with the

requirements for open or partially enclosed building.
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
INTERNAL PRESSURE (𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 )
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
VELOCITY PRESSURE EXPOSURE
COEFFICIENT (𝑲𝒛 & 𝑲𝒉 )
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
VELOCITY PRESSURE (𝒒)
𝑁
𝒒𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝑲𝒛 𝑲𝒛𝒕 𝑲𝒅 𝑽𝟐 2
; 𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (𝑪)
SECTION 207B: Wind Loads on Buildings – MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
WIND PRESSURE (𝒑)
The basic form of the pressure equation.
𝒑 = 𝒒𝑮𝑪
where:
p – wind pressure on a surface, in N/m2
– design pressure used in the determination of wind loads for buildings
q – velocity pressure, in N/m2
G – gust-effect factor
C – pressure coefficient
*The net pressure is the vector sum of the internal and external pressure.
*Note the sign – positive pressure externally opposes positive pressure
internally
 WIND PRESSURE (𝒑)
Finding Net Wind Pressure
• Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Rigid Building
(207B.4-1)
𝒑 = 𝒒𝑮𝑪𝒑 − 𝒒𝒊 𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 (𝑁ൗ 2 )
𝑚
• Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Flexible Building
(207B.4-2)
𝒑 = 𝒒𝑮𝒇 𝑪𝒑 − 𝒒𝒊 𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 (𝑁ൗ 2 )
𝑚
• Open Buildings (207B.4-3)
𝒑 = 𝒒𝒉 𝑮𝑪𝑵 (𝑁ൗ 2 )
𝑚
TWO TYPES OF BUILDING OR OTHER
STRUCTURES

• RIGID BUILDING/OTHER STRUCTURES

• FLEXIBLE BUILDING/OTHER STRUCTURES
 NET PRESSURE FOR MWFRS TRANSVERSE
(Wind Normal to Ridge)
Net Pressure with:
SURFACE z (m) q (kN/m2) G Cp
+𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐢 -𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐢
Windward 0 – 4.5 1.671 0.85 0.8
Wall 10 2.110 0.85 0.8
Leeward Wall ALL 2.169 0.85 -0.5
Side Walls ALL 2.169 0.85 -0.7
Windward - 2.169 0.85 -0.885
Roof - 2.169 0.85 -0.18
Leeward Roof - 2.169 0.85 -0.517
NOTE:
𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
+𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18
𝑞𝑖 = 2.169 ±0.18
𝒒𝒊 = ±𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝑲𝑷𝒂 (𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑹𝑵𝑨𝑳 𝑷𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺𝑼𝑹𝑬)
 NET PRESSURE FOR MWFRS TRANSVERSE
(Wind Normal to Ridge)
Net Pressure with:
SURFACE z (m) q (kN/m2) G Cp
+𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐢 -𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐢
Windward 0 – 4.5 1.671 0.85 0.8 1.527 0.746
Wall 10 2.110 0.85 0.8 1.825 1.044
Leeward Wall ALL 2.169 0.85 -0.5 -0.531 -1.312
Side Walls ALL 2.169 0.85 -0.7 -0.900 -1.681
Windward - 2.169 0.85 -0.885 -1.241 -2.022
Roof - 2.169 0.85 -0.18 0.059 -0.722
Leeward Roof - 2.169 0.85 -0.517 -0.563 -1.344
NOTE:
𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
+𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18
𝑞𝑖 = 2.169 ±0.18
𝒒𝒊 = ±𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝑲𝑷𝒂 (𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑹𝑵𝑨𝑳 𝑷𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺𝑼𝑹𝑬)
 -1.241 KPa -0.563 KPa
-0.563 KPa 0.059 KPa

1.825 KPa 1.825 KPa

INTERNAL PRESSURE = +0.39042 KPa INTERNAL PRESSURE = +0.39042 KPa

1.527 KPa -0.531 KPa 1.527 KPa -0.531 KPa

FIGURE 1-1 FIGURE 1-2

NET DESIGN WIND PRESSURES FOR MWFRS WHEN

WIND IS “NORMAL TO RIDGE (TRANSVERSE)”
WITH “POSITIVE INTERNAL PRESSURES”
 -2.022 KPa -1.344 KPa
-1.344 KPa -0.722 KPa

1.044 KPa 1.044 KPa

INTERNAL PRESSURE = -0.39042 KPa INTERNAL PRESSURE = -0.39042 KPa

0.746 KPa -1.312 KPa 0.746 KPa -1.312 KPa

FIGURE 1-3 FIGURE 1-4

NET DESIGN WIND PRESSURES FOR MWFRS WHEN

WIND IS “NORMAL TO RIDGE (TRANSVERSE)”
WITH “NEGATIVE INTERNAL PRESSURES”
 -0.900 KPa -1.681 KPa
1.825 KPa 1.044 KPa

INTERNAL PRESSURE = + 0.39042 KPa INTERNAL PRESSURE = - 0.39042 KPa

-0.531 KPa -1.312 KPa

-0.900 KPa -1.681 KPa
FIGURE 1-5 FIGURE 1-6
PLAN VIEW OF NET DESIGN WIND PRESSURES FOR MWFRS
WHEN WIND IS “NORMAL TO RIDGE (TRANSVERSE)” WITH
“POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTERNAL PRESSURES”
 NET PRESSURE FOR MWFRS LONGITUDINAL
(Wind Parallel to Ridge)
Net Pressure with:
SURFACE z (m) q (kN/m2) G Cp
+𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐢 -𝐆𝐂𝐩𝐢
Windward 0 – 4.5 1.671 0.85 0.8 1.527 0.746
Wall 12 2.227 0.85 0.8 1.905 1.124
Leeward Wall ALL 2.169 0.85 -0.3 -0.163 -0.944
Side Walls ALL 2.169 0.85 -0.7 -0.900 -1.681
0 – h/2 2.169 0.85 -0.9, -0.18 -1.269, 0.059 -2.050, -0.722
h/2 – h 2.169 0.85 -0.9, -0.18 -1.269, 0.059 -2.050, -0.722
Roof
h – 2h 2.169 0.85 -0.5, -0.18 -0.531, 0.059 -1.312, -0.722
> 2h 2.169 0.85 -0.3, -0.18 -0.163, 0.059 -0.944, -0.722
NOTE:
𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
+𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18
𝑞𝑖 = 2.169 ±0.18
𝒒𝒊 = ±𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝑲𝑷𝒂 (𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑹𝑵𝑨𝑳 𝑷𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺𝑼𝑹𝑬)
 -1.269 KPa
-0.531 KPa
-1.269 KPa -0.163 KPa
-0.531 KPa -0.163 KPa

1.905 KPa

INTERNAL PRESSURE = +0.39042 KPa INTERNAL PRESSURE = +0.39042 KPa

1.527 KPa -0.163 KPa -0.90 KPa -0.90 KPa

FIGURE 2-1 FIGURE 2-2
NET DESIGN WIND PRESSURES FOR MWFRS WHEN
WIND IS “PARALLEL TO RIDGE (LONGITUDINAL)”
WITH “POSITIVE INTERNAL PRESSURES”