Course Code TECB213

Course Name Technical Communication

Semester Semester 1, 2019/20
Lecturer Dr Chong Seng Tong
Title Generation of Electricity using Hydrokinetic in Malaysia.
Group Member No Name ID
1) Thulashiin A/L Paniselvam EE0100958
2) Dhanaraj A/L Perumal EE0102397
3) Ahmad Ruzaini Bin Zulkifli CE0102657
4) Ahmad Fauzan Bin Abdul Hamid CE0103341
5) Mohamad Aizat Bin Mohd Arizan CE0102685

6) Alafif Afif Khalid O EP0103636

Leader’s Contact Email thulashiin@gmail.com

Details
H/P Number 0183611029
Submission Date 29/8/2019
“Turn it in” Similarity Index

No. Items Marks Remarks

1. Introduction /5
2. Literature Review /15
3. Conclusion /5
4. References /5
5. Physical Layout of Report /5
6. Organisation of content /5
7. Language /5
8. Abstract /5
A. Total marks for Report /50
Converted to 20% /20
B. Presentation 10% /10
Total (30%) /30
Abstract

Electricity is an element that every individual and machinery needs for daily life
routines. Generally, electricity is generated using coal power plants as a main energy
harvesting choice. However, coal power plants emit lots of harmful and unwanted waste in
the form of air. Despite lots of effort and ideas, the environmental effects cannot be defied
completely. As such, our group believes that generation of electricity using hydrokinetic
turbines deflects the environment effect. We focus on the idea of providing more hydro
powered plants in Malaysia. This study is mainly focused on hydrokinetic usage to generate
electricity in Malaysia.
1.0 Introduction

Energy plays a vital role in the global socio-economic development which the
demand has increased significantly as a result of many industrial, domestic and agricultural
activities recently in Malaysia. At the same time the decreasing of non-renewable energy in
Malaysia is hotly debated. From among all renewable resources, hydrokinetic is the leading
contributor to grid-connected electricity in the world. Like other forms of electricity
generation, hydropower uses a turbine to help generate electricity using the energy of falling
or flowing water to turn the blades. The rotating blades spin a generator that converts the
mechanical energy of the spinning turbine into electrical energy. The amount of electricity
generated from each power plant depends on the quantity of the flowing water and the height
which it falls. Gradual depletion of fossil-fuel based energy resources and the growing rate of
greenhouse gas emission are two major global concerned problems in recent years. These
concerns have resulted in an increasing demand for the utilization of renewable energy
resources. At current production rates, global proven reserves of crude oil and natural gas are
estimated to last for 41.8 and 60.3 years, respectively (Altan BD, Renewable energy, Berlin
2007). Therefore, in preparation for the near future, the Malaysian government is trying to
identify and harness all possible hydropower potential in Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia,
TNB intends to construct an additional hydroelectric generation unit (Unit 5) with an
installed capacity of 12.3 MW for the Chenderoh HPS located in the state of Perak, Malaysia.
The average annual energy output of the dam is estimated at 25 GWh. Additionally, TNB has
been planning to implement the Tekai hydroelectric project. This proposed project will
consist of two cascading dams, Upper Tekai dam (150MW peaking) and Lower Tekai dam
(5.8 MW base load), both of which will have surface powerhouses or power stations with a
combined generation capacity of 155.8MW. The average annual energy output of the
proposed scheme is 274 GWh. TNB is currently planning with the relevant stakeholders to
build new hydro plans, namely, Nenggiri, Lebir, and Telom, with multipurpose capabilities,
including flood mitigation (S. Mekhilef, 2012).

These days, scenarios tend to encourage the exploitation of renewable energy

resources such by various methods to improve the standard of living. Generating electricity
as grid-extension is not satisfy because some residents are poor and cannot handle with the
electrical services. Another renewable resource that is popular is Diesel-power and it faces
some difficulty of transporting and costing. On the other hand, hydro power is better than
other resources since it can extract energy about 61.32% higher than wind turbine. Benefits
of hydro power are continuously available, high density, powerful and predictable. Specially
in Malaysia, geographical location plays his role and limit the resources until they found out
hydro power is the best choice to choose. Even though, researchers have established that
hydropower resource has less impact on environmental and it is better than other resources,
they still cannot confirm is the best. Also, we need to know more about how to implement the
usage of kinetic energy in Malaysia. Earlier studies seemed to suggest hydro power and still
more work is needed.

The primary aim of this article is to make sure and to examine of the importance of a
sustainable environment in Malaysia. This paper also would like to examine the usage of
renewable energy in Malaysia as a main source of energy instate of non-renewable energy
such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas.[1] In this paper we want to suggest more usage of
hydrokinetic energy as main source of energy in Malaysia since the geographical location of
Malaysia, its equatorial climate, long coastline, high rainfall, and numerous rivers and
irrigation channels.[1] Hydrokinetic energy also is the best way to provide electrical energy
in remote areas because of almost remote areas in Malaysia have access to flowing water.
Therefore, renewable energies are promoted as clean and reliable sources of energy to
provide cost-effective sources of electricity for Malaysia and some of distant regions that are
poor in electricity but have access to flowing water, such as some locations in
Malaysia.(M3S2) The discussion includes, the importance of sustainable environment and
want to examine the usage of renewable energy in Malaysia as main source of energy instate
of depend on non-renewable energy.
2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Energy Policy in Malaysia

In general Energy policy is defined as “The manner in which a given entity (often
governmental) has decided to address issues of energy development including energy
production, distribution and consumption”.[2]

Since the independence of Malaysia from the British occupation in 1957, Malaysia
has proved its worth in managing its resources, leading to its rapid growth in various
economic, industrial, social and cultural sectors as well as the development of its
infrastructure. The electricity sector is one of the most important sectors that contributed to
the development of Malaysia, with special attention paid by the Malaysian government.
Although the British established the infrastructure of this sector during the colonial period,
the Malaysian government continued to sponsor and develop this facility to meet the
requirements of rapid growth in addition to improve its reliability through its national policies
represented by the National Energy Policy. [5]. Where the Chairman of the Malaysian
Energy Committee, Mr. Datu Abdul Razak Abdul Majeed, said that the energy industry has
consistently recognized the importance of providing safe energy supplies as a key element of
national economic development and ensuring the continued growth of sustainable trade and
industry.]4[

The National Energy Policing of Malaysia focuses its tasks on the management of
energy production resources in all forms (renewable, chemical and electrical), distribution
and consumption . TheDepartment of electricity and gas supply play the role of regulator of
these, while other actors in the energy sector energy supply companies and services, research
and development institutions and consumers.[2]

As part of the Malaysian government's unremitting pursuit of energy security, the

Asia Pacific Energy Research Center (APERC) has developed three main elements: the
physical, economic and environmental aspects. The physical aspect deals with the availability
and accessibility of energy resources. Affordability of access to resources and the
construction of energy-related infrastructure is an important aspect of energy security in the
economic sense.[3]

Growth of rapid population in Malaysia and economic development led to increased

energy demand heavily where that, during the period from 2005 to 2008, the growth rate of
energy consumption final 5.6%. And slot of modern studies in this area suggest expected to
rise total energy consumption to 98.7 million tons by 2030, which means three times the level
in 2002.[2] Until the time being still Malaysia depend on the traditional ways to generate
electricity that based primarily on fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas by large ,
where these studies show that about 82% of electricity generated by fossil fuels in 2015. On
the other hand, crude oil reserves amounted to 2.9 billion barrels per day, and the total crude
oil production on the first of January 2010 was 553,960 barrels per day. Thus, will be the
completion of the oil reserves within 15 years old in accordance with the current rate of use.
Statistics from the Ministry of Energy of Malaysia indicate that the proportion of electricity
generated by gas will decline from 62.9% in 2005 to 51.6% in 2030, Malaysia's total coal
consumption increased from 88,000 tons per year in 1980 to 15.219 million tons per year in
2009, and its share is expected to rise from 27% in 2005 to 37% in 2030. As a result of the
previous statistics and because security is linked to the sustainable growth of the state[4], the
four fuel diversification strategy was adopted in 1981 as an extension of the national energy
policy of 1979 to ensure the security of energy supply and balance between different fuels.
To this end, the Malaysian government has made several efforts to move to alternative types
of energy, particularly renewable energy, to reduce Malaysia's excess dependence on fossil
fuels and manage the growing demand for energy. Subsequently, the five fuel diversification
strategy was developed in 2001 to provide 5% of renewable energy generation by 2005. The
program will follow until 2020. To strengthen the policy, fiscal incentives such as investment
tax allocations were considered in parallel with various programs to improve State of
renewable energy.[2] It is also important to emphasize the importance of preserving the
environment by ensuring that the supply of resources is accepted.[3]

In this context, Mr. Abdul Razak Abdul Majid stated that for greater operational
safety, Malaysia will continue to expand and improve its fuel mix conscientiously.
Implementation of various diversification strategies will ensure adequate procurement
logistics, while under Malaysia's 11th Plan, it will develop a strong roadmap for the nation to
manage its apparent excessive dependence on fossil fuels while gradually reducing its
dependence on energy imports. The system has a reserve margin of about 30%, and the total
maximum demand is 17,788 MW.]4[

At this point, it should be noted that Malaysia will be part of the ASEAN Master Plan
towards the establishment of an integrated ASEAN gas and energy infrastructure network,
such as the multilateral power trade titled the Laos Thailand-Malaysia Power Integration
Project (LTMS-PIP). Starting from a capacity of 100 MW, with the possibility of upgrading
later, allowing it to buy and sell energy at competitive prices.[4]
2.2 Generation of electricity in Malaysia.
Malaysia's energy industry was highly dependent on standard fossil resources,
indicating that 88.4 percent originated from fossil fuels and 11.4 percent originated from
hydropower, according to 2013 accessible capability information. To be separate, the 88.4%
represents 53.3% natural gas, 30% carbon, 2.8% fuel oil, and 1.8% petrol. Despite the
application of the feed-in tariff and renewable intelligent objectives, the introduction of
renewables in the generation blend was relatively slow. In 2013, the input of renewables
apart from hydro in the electricity blend was only 0.2 percent. Malaysia also ranks fifth after
Indonesia and Thailand as one of the biggest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitters in South East
Asia. In 2013, there was a huge four-fold increase in CO2 emissions to 236.5 Mt relative to
56.6 Mt in 1990.[6]
In addition, 54.8% of complete CO2 pollution led in 2013 alone. Malaysia has also
ratified the Paris Agreement to reduce 45% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030
compared to 2005 levels, where 35% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are unconditionally
reduced and 10% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from advanced countries. At present
reserve manufacturing, oil and gas stocks show indications of depletion, oil can last for 30
years, while gas can last for about 40 years. Malaysia requires to restructure its electricity
generation combination to meet the above-mentioned climate change difficulties and to
reduce fossil fuel. [6]
The state has planned to order a 2.0 GW nuclear power plant as part of the alternative,
which is planned to be in service by 2030. Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)
was founded and commissioned to lead this project, with the present focus on establishing the
country's legal framework for nuclear power.[7] However, after the 2011 nuclear disaster in
Fukushima Daiichi, some European nations were forced to close down their nuclear reactors
as a security duty to their people. This event has increased the Malaysian public's
understanding that nuclear technology is connected with intrinsic hazards, and therefore the
concept of nuclear power supply is no longer fascinating to the community.

Therefore, other long-term sustainable alternatives for generating electricity in

Malaysia need to be explored. Currently, there are 20 hydro-powered plants in Malaysia in
which Tenaga Nasional Bhd operates three in peninsular region. However, the plants that our
nation has can only afford a small scale of production in the context of electricity.
Approximately, small scale production can yield 500MW of power to be distributed. Streams,
rivers and also man-made lakes have been in use for the generation of electricity in Malaysia
for more than a decade. [7]
 Initially this study was focused on optimizing flood water to run the turbines thus
producing electricity. This is due to the frequent heavy downpour that Malaysia faces in a
year. But, the idea was complex and requires expertise of highly experienced people to
enlighten the study. Hence, we decided to focus this study to provide more powerful and
efficient hydro-powered plants in Malaysia as a sustainable energy generator.
2.3 Potential of Global Renewable Energy in Malaysia

In order to understand this paper, the definition of sustainability and sustainable development
must be understood. Sustainability can be defined as a process of continuous improvement so
communities constantly evolve and make changes focusing on environmental and economic
sustainability, urban infrastructure, social equity and municipal government. Increasing
understanding of the importance of a sustainable environment has shown that traditional
reliance on fossil fuels has resulted in high environmental impacts such as CO2 emissions,
greenhouse issues and pollution of the atmosphere. It must be remembered that although the
world right now has plenty of resources, but the situation might be drastically different for
future generations.

Malaysia is one of South East Asia's growing countries, composed of two separate
areas that separated by the South China Sea, namely Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular
Malaysia located at west of Malaysia. This countries is an oil and gas producing country and
covered by 330,000 kilometre square area with a humid tropical climate, a long coastline,
high rainfall, and many river with a total population of 28.3 million in 2011, where the
majority of the population lives in Peninsular Malaysia [1] .According to information from
the Department of Statistics, Malaysia (Statistics Department, Malaysia 2015, Mining,
Manufacturing and Electricity), the supply of electricity and demand has increased annually
at an estimated rate of 4% between 2010 and 2014. The predicted demand of electricity from
Malaysia by 2030 might be more than 150,000 GW h. It is 1.5 times the demand in 2010
because of the population growth, industrialization and rapid urbanization [1].

Because of Malaysia's geographical location that near to the South China sea,
equatorial weather, high precipitation rates of rain around 250 cm per year, long coastlines
such as the Malacca Straits and many rivers, it has significant amount of hydropower
resources. Malaysia is potentially can generated electricity around 29,000 MW using
hydropower [1]. Furthermore, some distant regions in Malaysia beside the ocean but without
access to electricity are capable of utilising the good potential of ocean energy as
hydrokinetic energy to produce electricity, such as Sabah and Sarawak. Malaysia have a low
average of current speed, these characteristics of Malaysian ocean imposes certain constraints
on the energy that can be obtained, so that certain changes must be made to enable
hydrokinetic turbines to overcome this velocity limit in order to obtain maximum power from
the current and enable the electrification of distant regions.
2.4 Mechanism of Hydrokinetic Turbines

The power of moving water is obvious to anyone who has stood amidst breaking
waves or struggling to swim against a river’s current. New technologies can enable us to
harness the might of moving water to help light our homes and keep our ice cream cold in
freezer without building new dams that can have major impacts on wildlife and water quality.
Hydrokinetic technologies produce renewable electricity by harnessing the kinetic energy of
a body of water, the energy that results from its motion. The industry is rapidly progressing
and hopes to build full wave parks and turbine arrays capable of delivering clean, renewable
electricity to grid on a commercial scale within the coming decade. There are numerous
promising configurations within each of these technology categories, and the lack of a clear
leader today emphasizes the need to support further engineering studies and pilot
deployments to establish the most cost-effective and environmentally sound options. Beyond
the sheer size of the resource, hydrokinetic energy is attractive for its predictability, wave
patterns can be predicted days in advance, and tides for centuries.

Since water is 832 times denser than air, our tides, waves, ocean currents, and free-
flowing rivers represent an untapped, powerful, highly-concentrated and clean energy
resources. The hydrokinetic coupling, sometimes referred to as a fluid flywheel, consists of
two saucer-shaped discs, an input impeller (pump) and an output turbine (runner) which are
cast with a number of flat radial vanes (blades) for directing the flow path of the fluid.
Owning to the inherited principle of the hydro-kinetic coupling, there must be relative slip
between the input and output member cells exposed to each other, and the vortex flow path
created by pairs of adjacent cells will be continuously aligned and misaligned with different
cells. With equal numbers of cells in the two half members, the relative cell alignment of all
the cells occurs together. Consequently, this would cause a jerky transfer of torque from the
input to the output drive. By having differing numbers of cells within the impeller and
turbine, the alignment of each pair of cells at any one instant will be slightly different so that
the impingement of fluid from one member to the other will take place in various stages of
circulation, with the result that coupling torque transfer will be progressive and relatively
smooth.
2.5 Hydropower Resources in Malaysia

Malaysia is a country which is rich with natural resources. Malaysia mainly includes
the East Malaysia in Borneo Island and Peninsular Malaysia which is surrounded by wide
area of South China Sea to be precise. River flow from the top of the mountain carrying
rainfall and flow to the main river. The Rajang River is the longest in Malaysia. Located on
the island of Borneo in East Malaysia. The 459 km long Pahang River is the longest river in
the Malaysian Peninsula and flows through Pahang State while Kinabatangan River is the
largest river with a basin area of more than 10,000 km2. Another significant river in Malaysia
is the Perak River, with a complete length of 400 km and a catchment region of 14,900 km2
[8].

Malaysia have a unique geography, mostly flat, with many mountain ranges scattered
across its land, but moderate in elevation which is ideal places to have a hydrokinetic power
station. Due to hilly geography in Malaysia, high velocity of flowing water can be use to
generate hydrokinetic energy which produce electricity as the results. As water flows through
a turbine or other device, the device converts the kinetic energy of the flowing river, or waves
into electricity.

The water flow in which the dam is built should be sufficient to fill the dam. Water
resources can be collected through rainfall. It is researched that the rainfall of Malaysia is
slightly more than 2600 mm per year. The highest rainfall is about 2500 mm in the south of
Malaysia during the period from September to December, or even greater than 5080 mm in
the south from October to February. As a result, the combination of hilly areas with vast river
networks and high year-round rainfall gives the country vast hydropower potential.

Across our country, Perak, Pahang, Sarawak, and Sabah states are highly potential
site for hydropower station due to high rainfall rate, geography and abundance of river.
Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak's average annual rainfall is 2540, 2630, and 3850
mm, respectively. As a consequence, Malaysia gets an average annual rainfall of more than
2500 mm, mainly due to the southwest and northeast monsoons [9]. Table 1 shows the annual
average rainfall of 40 rainfall stations in Malaysia from 1997 to 2007. The data were
collected from the Malaysian Meteorological Department [10]. This abundant rainfall appears
to make a major contribution to the commercial use of large-scale hydropower in Malaysia.
 Due to the geographical area of Malaysia, surrounded by South China Sea, heavy
rainfall rate of around 250 cm per year, the lengthy coastlines such as the Strait of Malacca
and many rivers, it has a significant amount of hydropower resources. Malaysia's electricity
generation potential is estimated around 29,000 MW [11]. Moreover, some remote regions in
Malaysia beside the ocean, but without access to electricity, are ready to utilize the vast
potential of ocean energy as hydrokinetic energy to produce electricity, such as Sabah and
Sarawak which is surrounded by sea. The average present velocity of the Malaysian sea
varies between 0.56 and 1 m/s and a shallow water depth of about 15–30 m.

These features of the Malaysian ocean impose certain constraints on the energy that
can be produced, so some changes must be made to allow hydrokinetic turbines to overcome
this restriction of velocity in order to obtain maximum power from the current and enable
electrification of distant regions.
2.6 Hydropower Development in Malaysia

In Malaysia, there are several type of renewable energy can be found as shown in
Table 1 [12]. In the research that has been conducted, 67.2% of the renewable energy in
Malaysia came from hydropower or the synonym is hydrokinetic. It could be clearly seen that
hydropower is the most potential renewable energy in Malaysia.

As speak of development of hydropower in Malaysia, there are a few dams that had
been planned in Sarawak State. For instances, Pelagus Dam (770MW) , Baleh Dam
(950MW), AND Murun Dam (940MW) in the upper reaches of Rejang River. These and
other dams in Sarawak State generating nearly to 28 000 MW of electricity. Base on the
research, the hydropower stations in Sarawak will generate 20 GW equivalent to 20 000 MW
of electricity till 2030 [13]. However, the amount of installed capacity is still far from the
total hydropower potential in Malaysia. There is only 1491 MW of installed capacity that had
been recorded in the Table 2.

In rural and remote areas in Malaysia, it can be seen that with the high reliability, low
capital and maintenance costs, the small-scale hydropower becomes one of the important
electricity sources for them. Other than small-scale hydropower station, traditional diesel
generations become reliable substitute. This happens because these type of area are located
way too far from the conventional hydroelectricity grid [14][15].

In addition, small-scale hydropower has been estimated to generates 500 MW of

potential. From this value, only 5.8% of them has been used in Malaysia which is
mathematically equivalent to 29 MW. As in year 2015, total of 26 small-scale hydropower
has been built with the outcome of 101.9 MW and 97.4 MW for generating and grid,
respectively. In four years back, it was targeted 490 MW of installed capacity for small-scale
hydropower in the year 2020. According to the research that has been conducted until 2009,
the distributions of small-scale hydropower stations is up to 29 MW throughout the whole
Malaysia (Table 3) and 53.9% of the stations are located in Sabah and Sarawak.

In the context of hydropower development, Malaysia has made a good progress in

term of policy perspective. In 1981, hydropower has been included in the national energy
policy. In this policy, it emphasized about the significance of utilizing and diversifying the
usage of four main resources (oil, gas, coal and hydropower). The name of the policy is Four
Fuel Diversification Policy. After about 19 years (2000) from the previous policy has been
announced, Malaysia had come out with the Fifth-fuel Policy. This time the policy targeting
to achieve installing of 500 MW of grid-connected renewable power. Due to this policy,
government has valued up the development of small-scale hydropower in Malaysia.
 From the research that has been conducted before, regional distribution of large-scale
hydropower stations with an annual electricity generation of more than 100,000 MW h in
Malaysia. Hydropower station allocation in Malaysia is quite distinct. For instances in
peninsular of Malaysia, hydropower stations are situated primarily on the Perak River and
Pahang River, while few hydropower stations are situated in the eastern Malaysian Sarawak
River. From this research it can be said that Eastern Malaysia's hydropower resources are
nearly four times as rich as those of Peninsular Malaysia. In this case, East Malaysia is
economically backward, sparsely populated, and low power consumption compared to
Peninsular Malaysia, which severely restricts the growth of hydropower in this region. From
here, it can be seen that the government are lacks of efficient initiatives from the policy view
to narrow the regional distinctions in the growth of hydropower stations.

Table 1. The potential of different types renewable energy in Malaysia

The type of renewable energy Potential (MW) Fraction (%)

Municipal solid waste 400 1.2

Wind 2850 8.5

Biomass 1300 3.9

Solar 6500 19.4

Hydropower 22,500 67.2

Table 2. Some large-scale hydropower stations and their installed capacity in Malaysia

Station Installed capacity (MW)

Kenerong Upper in Kelantan State 12.0

Kenerong Lower in Kelantan State 8.0

Batang Ai in Sarawak State 94.0

Chenderoh in Perak State 40.5

Sg. Piah Hilir in Perak State 54.0

Sg. Piah Hulu in Perak State 14.6

Stesen Janakuasa Bersia in Perak State 72.0

Stesen Janakuasa Temenggor in Perak State 348.0

Stesen Janakuasa Kenering in Perak State 120.0

Tenom Pangi in Sabah State 66.0

Stesen Janakuasa Sultan Mahmud Kenyir in Sabah State 400.0

Stesen Janakuasa Sultan Idris II, Woh in Pahang State 150.0

Stesen Janakuasa Sultan Yussuf, Jor in Pahang State 100.0

Cameron Highland Scheme in Pahang State 11.9

Total 1491.0
Table 3. The distribution of small-scale hydropower stations and their installed capacity in
Malaysia

State Installed capacity (MW)

Sabah 8.33

Sarawak 7.30

Pahang 3.50

Perak 3.21

Kelantan 3.16

Terengganu 1.94

Kedah 1.56
3.0 Discussion

Since the year Malaysia independence in 1957, government has proved their responsible in
managing the resources that leading to its rapid growth in various economic, industrial, social
and cultural sectors as well as the development of its infrastructure. According to Mr Datu
Abdul Razak Abdul Majeed, the energy industry has consistently recognized the importance
of providing safe energy supplies as a key element of national economic development and
ensuring the continued growth of sustainable trade and industry. In the Energy Policies, it
focusing on three major parts of management of energy production resources which are
renewable, chemical and electrical. The department of electricity and gas supply play the role
of regulator of these, while other actors in the energy sector energy supply companies and
services, research and development institutions and consumers.

By replacing fossil fuels with indigenous renewable resources, Malaysia could attain
a portfolio of 100 percent sustainable generation. Malaysia is a country which is rich with
natural resources such as petroleum, coal and natural gas which is the main component in
genaration of electricity. However, Malaysia is one of the worst carbon dioxide (CO2)
emitter in south east asia. Based on the literature review, an alternative option for Malaysia’s
future power generation which is nuclear power plant had been discussed but this option
might be hazardous to surrounding enviroment and also very expensive. Malaysia does not
need to adopt nuclear technology. The most convenient option is by using hydrokinetic
power due to Malaysia geography, climate and economy. Hydrokinetic power is cheaper and
non-hazardous compare to nuclear energy.

Malaysia's hydropower development will have advantages in the future in terms of

abundant water resources and climate. At present, the potential for the development of
hydropower in the Peninsula of Malaysia seems to be exhausted. However, the one in East
Malaysia is not fully exploited and the remaining hydropower potential is estimated at around
29,000 MW. Malaysia have a abundance of river which still not being exploited that can be
used to build a dam as hydrokinetic energy generator. Although the hydropower sector in
Malaysia has a promising future, it faces some major difficulties during its growth. The
biggest problem is Malaysia's waterways have been more or less polluted, negatively
affected the hydropower growth. River pollution must be reduce to ensure that the
hydropower station can operates safely and steadily.
 When it comes to generating electricity from hydropower technologies, it’s all turn
back to how its work. This can be clear from the understanding of working mechanism of
hydrokinetic. Electricity can be generated from hydrokinetic by harnessing the kinetic energy
of a body of water, the energy that results from its motion. The advantage from the
mechanism of hydrokinetic energy is based on the predictability. Wave patterns can be
predicted days in advance, and tides for centuries. The main part of hydropower generator are
consists of two saucer-shaped discs, an input impeller (pump) and an output turbine (runner)
which are cast with a number of flat radial vanes (blades) for directing the flow path of the
fluid. All these parts will work together and resulting in the hydrokinetic coupling, sometimes
referred to as a fluid flywheel.

For the development of hydropower in Malaysia, it has been one of concern for
government from long time ago. This can be seen from the policy they made in 1981. The
policy have been implement in the development of hydropower in Malaysia and it was
included in the national energy policy. In year 2000, government has improvise the previous
policy and is called as Fifth-fuel policy. From this, it can be seen that government put
hydropower as one of important source of energy in Malaysia. Furthermore, hydropower in
Malaysia is divided into two general types which are small-scale hydropower and large-scale
hydropower. For large-scale, it is more focusing on supplying energy to the urban area in the
big scale of electricity while small scale more focusing on provide electricity to the rural
area.
4.0 Conclusion

Generation of electricity using Hydrokinetic in Malaysia has documented the effectiveness of

water other than just being a transportation for ships, it also can help humans to generate electricity.
For an example hydrokinetic energy are one of the electric supply that are most commonly used is
United States. Hydrokinetic energy is the new alternative replacement for other non-renewable
energy. However, these studies have either been short term studies or have not focused on the
hydrokinetic energy which is more dependent with the flow of river water which than turns the
turbine to change kinetic energy to electrical energy. We found that hydrokinetic with substantial
increases in the skills needed to be improved. These findings extend those of Altan, confirming that a
longer, more intensive idea to be needed to produce more effective skills than when those skills are
input over a shorter period via information transfer media as presented by (Altan BD, Renewable
energy, Berlin 2007). In addition, the improvements noted in our study were unrelated to age, gender
or job background. This study therefore indicates that the benefits gained from Hydrokinetic power
may address a high idea and information are needed. Most notably, this is the first study to our
knowledge to investigate the effectiveness of Hydrokinetic power which is more efficient to produce
electrical energy from kinetic energy. Our results provide compelling evidence for long-term
involvement with hydrokinetic power and suggest that this approach appears to be effective in
changing kinetic energy to electrical energy. However, some limitations are worth nothing.
5.0 References

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[2] .et,AlMekhilef , Malaysia’senewable energy policies and programs with greeen aspects

,2014

[3] - Renato Lima de Oliveira- Powering the future: Malaysia’s energy policy challenges-

Policy Ideas№ 55November 2018

[4] Energy Malaysia ,SuruhanjayaTenaga Energy Commission , VOL .12-2017

[5] et.al.Thahirah Syed Jalal , " National Energy Policies and the Electricity Sector in

Malaysia " , January- 2010

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