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determinants of
regional growth
1. there is a small group of wealthy countries and many more extremely poor
countries,
2. wealthy countries continues to grow while poor states stagnate (here Myrdal
notices the paradoxical fact that the stagnating countries are termed
developing countries - the countries which are developing),
3. From a global point of view the differences between the rich and the poor
are growing larger.
According to him if market forces are left free, economic activities which
give a higher than avg. Return in developing economy as well as cultural
activities would tend to cluster in certain localities or regions due to
increasing benefits of internal and external economies.
In this context, Myrdal points out that the rich regions may utilize
external and internal economies of scale.
a. Increased demand for agricultural products and raw materials in progressive regions
b. Extension of advanced technology to the lagging regions from advanced regions
c. Diseconomies of scale in the prosperous regions, resulting in the dispersal of activities
to the lagging regions where such activities are likely to become more profitable with
access to cheaper amenities in peripheral regions .
Hence spread effects lead to convergence i.e., reduction in inequality between regions by
a. As rich region grows it demands more products from poorer regions, thus stimulating
growth in latter
b. Out migration of factors from poor regions may induce a more efficient use of
resources with an internal re- allocation from low wage to high wage and high
productivity sectors, thus generating growth.
The term refers to the forces emanating from the prosperous regions which discourage
growth in the lagging areas. Myrdal believed that spread effects are offset by backwash
effect.
Equilibrium not possible – 2 correlations from United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe which is based on the argument that the higher level of eco dev that a country has
attained already, the stronger the spread effects will usually be.
1. Regional inequalities are much wider in poorer than in the richer countries
2. Regional inequalities are increasing in poorer countries and diminishing in richer
ones.
CUMULATIVE CAUSATION:
✓ Inequalities occurs because BWE> SPE i.e., poverty is further perpetuated by poverty
✓ SPE > BWE i.e., affluence is further promoted by affluence and under such situations
cause becomes its own effect.
✓ The process of cumulative causation starts accidentally due to momentum of an early
start or just by chance.
rich in resources
economic
activities in the more investment
region increase
job generation
lack of
adequate
resources
hindered
lack infra
growth
Cumulative
causation for
poor region
Myrdal identifies international trade as the main mechanism which causes market
forces to increase inequalities between developed and underdeveloped countries .
The development of interregional problems happens in three stages :
which are beneficial for the whole society, they are non-profit, but they allow the
achieve external economies of scale to other subjects and thus initialize growth in
regions.
APPLICATIONS:
Myrdal´s theory received different evaluations - application of some of the
components of this theory aided in some countries to a significant improvement in
lifestyle (e.g. Sweden after WWII) but, on the other hand, this theory also led to
the expansion of public sector, increased taxation and the loss of competitiveness.
Therefore, in the 1990s many authors talked about the crises of "Scandinavian
model. Further information about current modifications of this model in the 1990s
(towards the limitation of public sector) can be received in Stephens (1995),
Andersen (1997) and Einhorn and Logue (2003).
CRITICAL EVALUATION:
1. this model combines national and international forces which tend to keep
backward countries in cumulative process where poverty becomes its own
cause.
2. Made important contributions to the theories of convergence and
divergence, agglomerations and locational economies and the theory of
vicious circle
3. He was in support of balanced growth and wanted it to be initiated, directed
and sustained by government and supported the theory of SPONSORED
GROWTH
4. Criticized regarding the “accidental factors” as the only factors which start
the growth process.
5. There are setbacks in developing regions and there can be development in
vicious circle region.
6. The agglomerating factors can also bring decreasing returns when
diseconomies overcome the economies.
7. Free play of market forces and unhampered trade have tended cramp the
export potential of such countries creating a GREAT GAP bet imports and