Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Scientific Evidence of
Health Effects from Coal Use
in Energy Generation
Erica Burt, MPH
Peter Orris, MD, MPH
Susan Buchanan, MD, MPH
APRIL 2013
University of Illinois
835 S. Wolcott Street, Rm 144, (MC684)
Chicago, IL 60612 USA
INTRODUCTION .........................................2
BACKGROUND .........................................3
References
The use of coal to produce electricity has of. Each of these steps in the coal life cycle,
been shown to increase illness and death in in addition to coal combustion, generates
the general population through air pollution. pollution. In the mining of coal, excess oil
When coal is burned in power-plants -- to and slurry from the washing process contains
generate steam which spins turbines and hazardous substances such as heavy metals
creates electricity -- it produces air-borne that can leach out of storage containers or in-
pollutants of particulate matter, sulfur diox- fill, contaminating surface and ground water.
ide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, After being washed, coal is transported from
mercury, arsenic, chromium, nickel, other mines to power-plants via train, truck, ship,
heavy metals, acid gases (HCL,HF), hydrocar- or barge. Diesel emissions from coal transport
bons (PAHs) and varying levels of uranium can be a significant contribution to local air
and thorium in flyash. pollution. After combustion, some coal ash is
recycled into cement and other engineering
In 2011 the World Health Organization products, but most of it is disposed of in dry
(WHO) compiled air quality data from 1,100 or wet landfills. Landfills that leak flyash waste
cities in 91 countries and found that residents can contaminate ground and surface water
living in many urban areas are exposed to with arsenic, cadmium, barium, thallium,
persistently elevated levels of fine particle selenium, and lead.
pollution.(1) The report states, “In both devel-
oped and developing countries, the largest In the vicinity of coal fired power plants,
contributors to urban outdoor air pollution exposure to emissions depends on factors
include motor transport, small-scale manu- such as weather (temperature, precipitation,
facturers and other industries, burning of wind-direction and speed) and topographical
biomass and coal for cooking and heating, features of the local area. Emissions can also
as well as coal-fired power plants. Residential be transported long distances, even globally,
wood and coal burning for space heating causing health effects to those living far from
is an important contributor to air pollu- power plants. Individual susceptibility to the
tion, especially in rural areas during colder health effects of coal emissions depends on
months.”(1) age, underlying medical conditions, and use
of medications. Populations that are especially
Before coal can be used in power plants, it vulnerable to health effects from air pollu-
first must be mined, washed, and transport- tion include children, the elderly, pregnant
ed. After being burned in power plants, the women, and people with lung conditions like
remaining ash must be stored or disposed asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease.
Forty percent of the electricity produced in the health burden consisting of the effects
the world is generated from the combustion caused from the other steps of coal’s life
of coal, and the number of power plants cycle.(5,6)
burning coal is likely to rise in the next two
decades as world-wide energy demand A 2007 article published in the medical
increases.(2,3) The World Resources Institute journal, The Lancet, summarizes the burden
estimates that, globally, approximately of the health effects of generating electricity
1,200 new power plants are currently pro- from coal and lignite (a type of coal). The
posed, with 76 percent of the new capacity authors estimate that for every TWh (Ter-
proposed in China and India.(4) rawatt-hour) of electricity produced from
coal in Europe, there are 24.5 deaths, 225
The ‘external costs’ of electricity generation serious illnesses including hospital admis-
from coal are the burdens to society that sions, congestive heart failure and chronic
are not included in the electricity’s mon- bronchitis, and 13,288 minor illnesses.(7)
etary price. Estimates of the external costs When lignite, the softest and most polluting
of electricity generation from coal suggest form of coal, is used, each TWh of electricity
that 95% of the external cost consists of the produced results in 32.6 deaths, 298 serious
adverse health effects on the population.(5,6) illnesses, and 17,676 minor illnesses.(7) The
Most of coal’s health burden results from its table below summarizes this information.
combustion in power plants, with the rest of
40%
Extracted from Markandya, Wilkinson; “Electricity generation and health”, published in The Lancet September 15,
2007.(7) Figures do not include the contribution to death and illness from climate change.
( ) is 95% Confidence Interval. Serious Illness column includes: “respiratory and cerebrovascular hospital admissions,
congestive heart failure, and chronic bronchitis.” Minor Illnesses column includes: “restricted activity days, broncho-
dilator use cases, cough, and lower-respiratory symptoms days in patients with asthma.”(7)
(10) Barnett AG, Williams GM, Schwartz J, Neller AH, (20) Romieu I, Gouveia N, Cifuentes LA, deLeon AP,
Best TL, Petroeschevsky AL, etal. Air pollution and Junger W, Vera J, etal. HEI Health Review Committee.
child respiratory health: A case-crossover study in Multicity study of air pollution and mortality in Latin
Australia and New Zealand. Am J of RespCritCare Med America (the ESCALA study). Res Rep Health Eff Inst.
2005;171(11):1272-1278. 2012 Oct; (171):5-86.
(11) Barraza-Villarreal A, Sunyer J, Hernandez-Cadena (21) SrámRJ, Binkoá B, Dejmek J, Bobak M. Ambient
L ,Escamilla-Nuñez MC, Sienra-Monge JJ, Ramírez- air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: A review of the
Aguilar M, etal. Air pollution, airway inflammation, and literature. Environ Health Perspect. 2005; 113(4):375.
lung function in a cohort study of Mexico City school-
children. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116(6):832. (22) Gohlke J, Thoma R, Woodward A, Campbell-Len-
drum D, Pruss-Ustun A, Hales S, etal. Estimating the
global public health implications of electricity and coal
(25) National Research Council (US). Hidden Costs (37) Stephens C, Ahern M. Worker and community
of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Pro- health impacts related to mining operations interna-
duction and Use. National Academy Press; 2010. tionally. A rapid review of the literature. London, Min-
ing and Minerals for Sustainable Development Project
(26) World Health Organization (WHO). Exposure 2001; 25.
to Mercury: A Major Public Health Concern. Public
Health and Environment 2007:3. (38) Epstein PR, Buonocore JJ, Eckerle K, Hendryx
M, Stout III BM, Heinberg R, etal. Full cost account-
(27) Mahaffey KR, Clickner RP, Bodurow CC. ing for the life cycle of coal. Ann NY Acad Sci 2011;
Blood organic mercury and dietary mercury intake: 1219(1):73-98.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
1999 and 2000. Environ Health Perspect 2004; (39) Machol B, Rizk S. Economic value of U.S. fossil
112(5):562-570. fuel electricity health impacts. Environ Int 2013 Feb;
52:75-80.
(28) Diez S, Delgado S, Aguilera I, Astray J, Perez-
Gomez B, Torrent Metal. Prenatal and early child- (40) US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air
hood exposure to mercury and methylmercury in and Radiation. The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air
Spain, a high-fish-consumer country. Arch Environ- Act: 1990-2020. Washington DC: EPA, 2010.
Toxico 2009; 56:615-622.
(29) Lam HS, Kwok KM, Chan PH, So HK, LiA M, Additional Resources
Ng PC, Fok TF. Long term neurocognitive impact of
low dose prenatal methylmercury exposure in Hong American Lung Association (ALA). Toxic Air: The Case
Kong. Environ Int. 2013 Feb 13; 54C:59-64. for Cleaning Up Coal-fired Power Plants. 2011 Mar.
Available at: http://www.lung.org/assets/documents/
(30) Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, Ball S, Bell S, healthy-air/toxic-air-report.pdf
Bellamy R, etal. Managing the health effects of
climate change. Lancet (London, England) 2009; Bolten JG, Morrison PF, Wolf KA, Resetar SA. Health
373(9676):1693-1733. risks of toxic emissions from a coal-fired power plant.
USA: RAND Corporation; 1987. Available at: http://
(31) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA's www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R3507.html
Endangerment Finding: Health Effects. 2009 Dec.
Cleetus R, Clemmer S, Davis E, Deyette J, Downing J,
(32) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Tech- Frenkel S. Ripe for Retirement: The Case for Closing
nical Support Document for Endangerment and America’s Costliest Coal Plants. Union of Concerned
Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Scientists 2012 2012 Nov.
under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act. 2009
December 7,2009. Cohen AJ, Ross Anderson H, Ostro B, Pandey KD,
Krzyzanowski M, Kunzli N, etal. The global burden of
(33) Health Effects of Climate Change in the UK disease due to outdoor air pollution. Journal of Toxi-
2012, Current evidence, recommendations and cology & Environmental Health Part A. 2005 Jul 9-23;
research gaps. S Vardoulakis and C Heaviside (Edi- 68(13-14):1301-1307.
tors). Health Protection Agency, United Kingdom.
Lockwood AH. The Silent Epidemic. Coal and the World Health Organization (WHO). Health in the green
Hidden Threat to Health. 2012. MIT Press economy: Co-benefits to health of climate change miti-
Penney S, Bell J, Balbus J. Estimating the Health gation; Household energy sector in developing countries.
Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Plants Receiving 2011.
International Financing. Environmental Defense
Fund 2009. Available at: http://www.edf.org/ Yang A, Cui Y. Global Coal Risk Assessment: Data Analysis
sites/default/files/9553_coal-plants-health-im- and Market Research. World Resources Institute 2012.
pacts.pdf Availableat: http://www.wri.org/publication/global-coal-
risk-assessment