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MO/14

Q1. The stator of a 3φ, 6 pole induction motor has 36 slots. It consists of double layer sinusoidally
distributed winding. The coil pitch is shorted by one slot. The phase sequence is ABC.
a. Find the value of pole pitch and slot angle.
b. Develop Winding table for phase A.
c. Draw Winding Diagram for phase A only.

Ans. a) Pole pitch and Slot angle

Slots 36
Pole pitch = Pole
= 6
=6

180° 180°
Slot angle = Slots per pole = 6
= 30°

b) Develop Winding Table for phase A.

As mentioned in question coil span is shorted by one slot that means

Coil span = Pole pitch – 1 = 6 – 1 = 5

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 180° 180°


Phase spread = 𝑚𝛽 = 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 × (Slots per pole) = (36⁄6 ) × ( 6 ) = 60°
⁄ ⁄ ⁄3
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
( )
Phase Spread 60°
Phase belt = Slot angle
= 30° = 2

Phase A: 6’(1+5 Coil 2 7’(2+5 coil


1(Start) Span) span)
7(1+6 pole 12’(7+5 coil 8 13’(8+5
pitch) span) coil span)
13 (7+6 pole 18’(13+5 coil 14 19’(14+5
pitch) span) coil span)
19(13+6 pole 24’(19+5 coil 20 25’(20+5
pitch) span) coil span)
25(19+6 pole 30’(25+5 coil 26 31’(26+5
pitch) span) coil span)
31(25+6 pole 36’(31+5 coil 32 1’(32+5
pitch) (Stop) span) coil span)
c) Draw Winding Diagram for phase A only.
MO/15

Q.1(a)Explain the difference between (i)full pitch and short pitch (ii) single layer and double layer
windings.

Ans.(i) full pitch and short pitch

Full Pitch Short Pitch


In full pitch coil pole pitch is equal to coil span In short pitch coil Coil span is less than pole pitch
In full pitch generated EMF is maximum. In short pitch coil generated emf is less than that
of generated in full pitch coil.
It requires more copper. So more copper losses. It requires less copper. So low copper loss.

(ii) ) single layer and double layer windings.

Single Layer Double Layer


In Single layer winding, it requires a variety of In Double layer winding , all coils are of the same
sets of coils with each set differing both in size shape and size.
and shape.
Fractional winding can’t be used. Fractional winding can be used.
EMF Waveform is distorted in case of generator. Better EMF Waveform in case of generator.

Due to different size of coil it is costly. It is easy to manufacture and lowest coils.

Q.1(b)Derive an equation for torque in cylindrical rotor ac machine.

Ans. The rotor mmf Fr is given by

2√2 𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐼
𝐹𝑟 = 𝑚 𝐾𝑤
𝜋 𝑃

Where, m = no. of phases

Kw = Winding factor

Nph = no. of series turns per phase

I = rms current

P = no. of poles

The resultant air-gap flux per pole is given by

𝐸𝑝ℎ
𝜑=
√2𝜋𝑓𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤

As we know that
𝜋 2
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑃 𝜑𝐹𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑟
8
By substituting above values we get

𝜋 2 𝐸𝑝ℎ 2√2 𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐼


𝑇𝑒 = 𝑃 ( ) (𝑚 𝐾𝑤 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑟
8 √2𝜋𝑓𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 𝜋 𝑃

𝑃
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑚𝐸𝑝ℎ 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑟
4𝜋𝑓
2 2 4𝜋𝑓
As 𝜔𝑚 = 𝑃
𝜔 = 𝑃 (2𝜋𝑓) = 𝑃

1
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑚𝐸𝑝ℎ 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑟
𝜔𝑚

Q.1(c)A 3φ, 6 pole, star connected alternator revolves at 1000 rpm. The stator has 90 slots and 8
conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.05wb. Calculate the voltage generated by machine if
winding factor is 0.96.

120×F𝑠
Ans. Ns =
P

P×N𝑠 100×6
∴ F𝑠 = = 120
= 50 Hz = F𝑅
120
90×8
No. of turns per phase (N) = 2×3
= 120

E = √2𝜋𝐹𝑅 𝑁𝜑𝐾𝑤 = √2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 120 × 0.05 × 0.96 = 1279.55 V


MO/17

Q1.(a) What are the advantages of distributed windings.

Ans. 1) Reduction of harmonic in the generated emf wave , thus making it approach a sine wave.

2) Full utilisation of the armature iron and copper.

3) Adding rigidity and mechanical strength to the winding.

Q1.(b)Calculate the number of stator conductors per slot for a 3φ, 50Hz alternator if the winding is
star connected and has to give a line voltage of 13kV when the machine is on open-circuit. The
flux/pole is 0.15Wb. Assume full-pitch coils and the stator to have 3 slots/pole/phase. The speed is
300 rpm.

VL 13000
Ans. Vp = = = 7505.5 V
√3 √3

120 𝐹𝑆
𝑁𝑠 = 𝑃

120 ×50
300 = 𝑃

120 ×50
∴𝑃= = 20
300

𝐸 = √2𝜋𝐹𝑅 𝑁𝜑

7505.5 = √2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 𝑁 × 0.15
7505.5
𝑁= = 225
√2×𝜋×50×0.15

Total no. of turns = 225 × 3 = 675

Total no. of conductors = 675 × 2 = 1350

𝑚 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
⁄ ⁄
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

3 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠⁄20 × 3

∴ 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 20 × 3 × 3 = 180

1350
𝑁𝑜. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 = = 7.5 ≈ 8
180
Q1.(c) Explain how a rotating magnetic field can be produced from a 3φ supply in a 3φ induction
motor.

Ans. Assume a 3φ, 2 pole induction motor fed by 3φ supply. In 3φ supply one phase is 120° apart
from other. Now assume 5 cases in filed flux vs time graph. Now we draw the phasor for
each case. The arrow in the circle shows the resultant field flux. When combining all cases
the field flux seems to rotate in air gap.

1 2 3 4 5

For case 1:

FR= F, FY=-F/2, FB=-F/2

FB

FR

FY

For case 2:

FR= F/2, FY=F/2, FB= -F

FB

FY

FR
For case 3:

FR=- F/2, FY=F, FB=-F/2

FY

FB

FR

For case 4:

FR= -F, FY=F/2, FB=F/2

FY

FR

FB

For case 5:

FR= -F/2, FY=-F/2, FB=F

FR

FY

FB
NC/17

Q.1(a)Elucidate following terms with suitable figure if needed: Pole pitch and Electrical angle.

Ans. Pole Pitch: The peripheral distance between the centre of two adjacent poles, is called Pole
Pitch. This distance is measured in terms of armature slots.

Electrical angle: It is the angle between poles.


𝑃
𝜃𝑒 = 𝜃
2 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ

Q.1(b)Derive expression for Pitch Factor.

Ans. It is measure of resultant emf of a short pitched coil in comparison with resultant emf of full
pitched coil.

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙


𝐾𝑝 =
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙

𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑓


∴ 𝐾𝑝 =
𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑓

ER 𝜖
E 𝐸𝑅 = 2𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2

𝜖
2𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
∴ 𝐾𝑝 = 2𝐸
𝜖⁄
𝜖⁄ 2
2 𝜖
∴ 𝐾𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
E
Q.1(c)A 3φ, 50Hz λ-connected alternator with 2-layer winding is running at 600 rpm. It has 12
turns/phase and a coil-pitch of 10 slots. If the flux/pole is 40mWb sinusoidally distributed, find the
phase and line emf’s induced. Assume that the total turns/phase are series connected.

Ans.

𝐸 = √2𝜋𝐹𝑅 𝑁𝜑

𝐸 = √2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 12 × 0.04

𝐸 = 106.629 𝑉

𝑉𝐿 = √3 𝑉𝑝 = √3 × 106.69 = 184.68 𝑉

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