Surface Additives

From Silicones to Polyacrylates

June’2019
BYK GA-Agent Training, SIngapore
 Topics

Theory
• Surface Tension
• Leveling

Surface Additives: Chemistry & Effects

• Substrate wetting
• Organically modified polysiloxanes
• Polyacrylates

New Technologies and Developments

• Additives for providing hydrophilic surfaces

Page 2
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Topics

Theory
• Surface Tension
• Leveling

Surface Additives: Chemistry & Effects

• Substrate wetting
• Organically modified polysiloxanes
• Polyacrylates

New Technologies and Developments

• Additives for providing hydrophilic surfaces

Page 3
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Surface Tension
Defintion
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives: • Molecules in liquids show a relatively high mobility

Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

• There are forces between the molecules = cohesive forces

• The higher the cohesive forces, the higher the surface tension

 Water (polar) 73 mN/m = high cohesive forces

 Hydrocarbons (low polar) 23 mN/m = low cohesive forces

Page 4
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Surface tension

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

air liquid

Within a liquid, the cohesive forces compensate each other

and there is no resulting directed force
At the liquid / gas interface, the cohesive forces are directed inwards
and sidewards, resulting in a contracting force at the interface which
Page 5
BYK Surface Additives
induces the spherical form of the droplet
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Typical surface tensions

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

Page 6
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Water-borne / Solvent-based systems

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives: Water-borne Solvent-based

Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

 
Developments

• high cohesive forces • low cohesive forces

• high surface tension • low surface tension
• more foam stabilization

 
Additives absolutely needed Additives for fine tuning

Page 7
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Surface tension
Polar & disperse portions
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects
Good substrate wetting:
• New Technologies and liquid < substrate
Developments

• The total surface tension is the sum

of disperse interactions and polar forces
 = D (disperse) + P (polar)
• disperse interactions = van der Waals
• polar forces = dipol-dipol, hydrogen
bonding, acid-base reactions

Page 8
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Surface Tension
Influence on Substrate wetting
Surface Additives

• Theory
Good substrate wetting:
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects adhesive< substrate
• New Technologies and
Developments

Page 9 no additive 0,1% BYK-333

BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Surface tension
Interfacial tension
Surface Additives

• Theory
Between a liquid and a solid there are adhesive forces, leading to
• Surface Additives: spreading. The cohesive forces within the liquid are counteracting
Chemistry & Effects
and lead to retraction.
• New Technologies and
Developments

liquid

adhesive adhesive
force cohesive forces force

Substrate

Spreading: work of adhesion > work of cohesion

Page 10
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Surface Tension
Test methods
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects
Static surface tension Ring detachment method
• New Technologies and
Developments
Bubble pressure
Liquid Dynamic surface tension tensiometer
Substrate Surface energy Contact angle

Page 11
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Evaluation of Surface additives: Bubble Pressure
Tensiometer (Kruss)
Kruss BP-100: Bubble Pressure Tensiometer
(Dynamic)
• Measure the dynamic surface tension of a liquid
• Evaluation of surface additive on the dynamic
process
• Evaluation of our Surface additives

Page 12
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH

Page 12
 Evaluation of Surface additives: Bubble
Pressure Tensiometer (Kruss)

Surface Tension in mN/m

40

30

20
0.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Page 13
BYK Surface Additives PRINTING SPEED
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH BYK 345 BYK 348 BYK-Dynwet 800 BYK-3400/3410
Page 13
 Evaluation of Surface additives: Force
Tensiometer (Kruss) Kruss K-100 Static Tensiometer
Static surface and interfacial tension
measurements using the Wilhelmy
plate method and the Du Noüy ring
method
• Evaluation of surface additive
on the dynamic process
• Evaluation of our Surface
additives

Page 14
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH

Page 14
 Measuring Coefficient of Friction (surface slip)

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments
FN = m • g force sensor

Ffriction

F COF = coefficient of friction

COF =
FN m = mass of the weight
Page 15
BYK Surface Additives
g = acceleration of gravity
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Coefficient of Friction and Surface Slip

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

Thwing-Albert
Friction/Peel-Tester

High amount of dimethylsiloxy groups = strong

increase in surface slip and reduction of COF

Page 16
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Objectives When Formulating Ink

Surface Additives
• sufficient substrate wetting
• Theory
• no craters/no wetting problems
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects • surface tension adjusted to the needs of the print head
• New Technologies and
Developments
• good flow and leveling

organic modified silicones and acrylates influence the surface

tension in such a way to improve these properties

Page 17
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Substrate wetting and leveling

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
System 1: System 2: System 3:
Chemistry & Effects Surface tension 33 mN/m Surface tension 29 mN/m Surface tension 25 mN/m

• New Technologies and

Developments
Substrate: Surface tension 30 mN/m

System 1: System 2: System 3:

No substrate wetting Good substrate wetting Good substrate wetting
 Poor flow  Poor flow and leveling

Action: Action: Action:

Reduce surface tension, then If needed, adjust flow and Increase surface tension
adjust flow and leveling with leveling with less active by reducing the amount of
less active silicones or silicones or acrylates active silicones, then adjust
acrylates flow and leveling

Page 18
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Topics

Surface Additives

• Theory Theory
• Surface Additives: • Surface Tension
Chemistry & Effects
• Leveling
• New Technologies and
Developments

Surface Additives: Chemistry & Effects

• Substrate wetting
• Organically modified polysiloxanes
• Polyacrylates

New Technologies and Developments

• Additives for providing hydrophilic surfaces

Page 19
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Polydimethylsiloxane

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments
CH3

(CH3)3 Si O Si O Si (CH3)3

CH3
x

compatible incompatible

x 2 – 27 45 – 230 380 – 1500 1800 – 2900

Leveling Surface Slip Defoaming Hammertone

Page 20
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Silicone Chemistry
A Versatile Toolbox
Surface Additives

CH3 Brand names

• Theory
BAYSILONE M-series
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects
Wacker Silicone Oil AK-series
(CH3)3 Si O Si O Si (CH3)3
• New Technologies and
Developments

CH3
x
CH3

(CH3)3 Si O Si O Si (CH3)3
• are organically modified polysiloxanes

Modification
• are surface active

 migrate to the surface

Page 21
 reduce surface tension
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank  increase surface slip
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Reason of Usage of Silicone Additives

Surface Additives

• Theory
• Silicone Surfactants for Better Substrate Wetting
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

• Silicone Surfactants for Reducing Surface Tension
Developments

• Silicone Additives for Increasing Surface Slip

• Silicone Additives for Better Leveling of Coatings

• Silicone Defoamers

• Silicone Additives for Providing Easy-To-Clean Properties

• Reactive Silicones as Building Blocks

Page 22
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH •…
 Size of Silicone Backbone Determines Properties
(in general)
Surface Additives 3 – 6 Silicium Atoms Silicone surfactants
• Theory
 Strong reduction of
surface tension
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

No contribution to surface
Developments slip

10 – 40 Silicium Atoms Anti-Crater properties A-B-A structure

Surface slip

Improvement of leveling Comb structure

40 – 100 Silicium Atoms Defoamer (hydrophobic

modification

Page 23
BYK Surface Additives
Improvement of leveling
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
(hydrophilic modification)
 Possible Modifications of Silicones

Surface Additives

• Theory
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments
M Si O Si O Si O Si M

CH3 CH3 M CH3

y x
Ratio x : y : z variable z
M = • Alkyl Possible Functionalities:
• CH3
• Alkyl up to C30 • OH (mono-OH, di-OH)
• Polyether • NCO
• EO / • PO / • EO/PO (ratio variable) • Epoxy
• Polyester • NH2
• Polyether / Polyester • Acryl / Methacryl
Page 28 • Aralkyl • -Si(OR3)3, R = CH3 or CH2-CH3
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
• Perfluoroalkyl • COOH
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 High Flexibility due to Own Small Scale and Large Scale
Alkoxylation
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

Wesel lab

Antwerp, Belgium

• 30 m3 Reactor (3 - 18 m3 Batches)
Page 29
BYK Surface Additives

• EO + PO supply-line
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Surfactants: Reduction of surface tension
Water-borne systems
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

Surface tension (mN/m)

Modified silicone

Alcohol alcoxylate

Silicone surfactant
Fluoro surfactant

0,05 0,1 Dosage level (%)

Page 30
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Silicone Surfactants
Improvement of Substrate Wetting in Water-borne Systems
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects
Si(CH3)3
• New Technologies and CH3 O
Developments
Si
CH3
O
Polyether
(CH2)m Si CH3
(EO/PO)
O CH3
Si
O
CH3 Si(CH3)3

Page 31 polar non-polar

BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Substrate Wetting
Comparison of Surfactant Classes
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Reduction Spreading Foam Reduction Environ-
Developments
of static ST of aqueous formation of dynamic mental
in mN/m solution ST impact


Silicone low -
surfactants 19.5 – 23 excellent moderate
medium


Fluoro medium -
surfactants 15.5 – 18 bad bad
very strong


Hydrocarbon moderate - low - moderate -
surfactants 26.0 – 33
bad medium strong

Page 32
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Wetting of Low Energetic Substrate with Water

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

About 1 ml of water is applied on Leneta PVC foil.

Two silicone additives (20 µl) are added to the water droplets,
BYK-333 (polymeric silicone, left) and BYK-346 (silicone surfactant, right).

Page 33
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Silicone Surfactants
Area of Usage
Surface Additives

• Theory BYK-345 Standard for

cosolvent
• Surface Additives: BYK-346 systems
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments
fast, for wetting of low
BYK-347 energetic substrates BYK-333
Standard for cosolvent BYK-378
BYK-348 free systems BYK-307
(polymeric surfactants)
most universal product, almost no
BYK-349 influence on foam stabilization

more hydrophobic, good leveling

BYK-3455 almost no influence on foam stabilization

0% 5% 15%
Organic co-solvent on total solvent blend
Page 34
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 BYK-3450 & BYK-3451 (BYK-LP X 23289 & BYK-LP X 23347)
Reason for Product Development
Surface Additives

•
• Printing of water-borne systems, either printing inks or inkjet inks, on low polar
Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects substrates, like PP or PE is always a challenge
• New Technologies and
Developments

• bad print quality due insufficient wetting of the ink on the substrate and the
formation of craters is often the result.

• BYK-3450 and BYK3451 are developed to reduce strongly the surface tension of
water-borne systems, even at low dosage and to provide excellent spreading on
low polar substrates.

• BYK-3450 and BYK-3451 are 100% active silicone surfactants

• BYK-3450 is especially recommended for PE, PVC and PET
• BYK-3451 is especially recommended for PE and PP
Page 35
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 BYK-3450 & BYK-3451
Product Properties
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments BYK-3450 BYK-3451

Composition Polyether-modified trisiloxane Polyether-modified trisiloxane

Density (20°C) 1,030 g/cm3 1,010 g/cm3

Active substance content 100% 100%

Flash Point >100°C >100°C

Water solubility good limited

Swiss Ordinance compliant compliant

Page 36
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Wetting on Untreated PE Foil

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

0,5% BYK-3451

0,5% conv. silicone

control surfactant

Page 37
BYK Surface Additives 0,5% BYK-3450
Albert Frank Water-borne printing ink, applied on untreated PE foil
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 New Silicone Surfactants: BYK-3450 & BYK-3451
Spreading on Low Polar Substrates
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects Product PVC PE PP PET Coated Offset
Paper
• New Technologies and
Developments 10s 30s 10s 30s 10s 30s 10s 30s 10s 30s

BYK-345 12 50 25 50 12 20 13 15 28 45

BYK-348 12 50 20 23 14 16 25 29 26 40

BYK-349 17 60 19 24 12 14 15 20 30 45

BYK-3450 35 52 32 40 21 38 40 46 34 41

BYK-3451 25 60 40 51 40 52 22 24 39 41

Spreading test: add 1ml solution of 0,2 % Additive in H2O onto the substrate (Leneta foil) and measure the
Page 38
BYK Surface Additives diameter of resulting droplet in mm after 10 and 30 sec.
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
Old names: BYK-3450 = BYK-LP X 23289, BYK-3451 = BYK-LP X 23347
 Reduction of Dynamic Surface Tension
Aqueous Systems
Surface Additives
70
• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects
60

• New Technologies and

Developments 50
Surface Tension in mN/m

40

30

20

10

0
10 100 1000
Surface age in ms

Page 39
BYK-3450 BYK-3451 BYK-349 DYNWET 800N
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH Increasing speed
 Dynamic Surface Tension

Surface Additives

•
• The dynamic surface tension is a measure for the mobility of surfactants
Theory

•
• Reduction of dynamic surface tension is important in fast processes,
Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

like printing, spraying, Inkjet jetting,…
Developments
• Measurement is done by means of Bubble pressure tensionmeter

minimum maximum burst 35mN/m

pressure pressure bubble
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

h air
35mN/m Stirring 72mN/m 55mN/m 35mN/m
rB > rKap rB = rKap rB > rKap

p(t)
p max
surface tension
δ = k · (pmax - pmin)

p min
Page 40 ph
BYK Surface Additives t life t dead t
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Effect of BYK-DYNWET 800N in Water-borne
Printing Inks
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

CONTROL 2% BYK-DYNWET 800N

Printing Process: Gravure

Printing Speed: 125 m/min
Page 41 Substrate: OPP
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Additives to Reduce Dynamic Surface Tension

Surface Additives
• BYK-DYNWET 800N
• Theory
Silicone-free substrate wetting agent
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects Chemistry: Alcohol alkoxylates
• New Technologies and
Developments

• BYK-3400
Silicone containing substrate wetting agent
Chemistry: combination of surface active agents

• BYK-3410
Silicone-free substrate wetting agent
Chemistry: combination of surface active agents

Page 42
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Silicone Additives in Water-borne Systems

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

Silicone Surfactant with 3 – 7 Si atoms Polymeric Silicone surfactants with 10 – 40 Si atoms

Reduce static surface tension very strongly and Moderate reduction of surface tension
dynamic surface tension to minor extent Increase of surface slip and improvement of leveling
Improve dramatically spreading in w/b systems
BYK-345, BYK-348, BYK-349 BYK-3760, BYK-333, BYK-LP G 22107

Page 43
BYK Surface Additives Silicone backbone Polyether chain
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Surface slip in water-borne systems

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

1.0
• New Technologies and
Developments

silicone surfactant,
e.g. BYK-349

COF

0.2 Polymeric silicone,

e.g. BYK-333

Low Dosage High

Page 44
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Surface Tension Reduction in Water-borne Systems
Silicone Surfactants vs Silicone Polymers
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

Medium: Water
0,2% Additive Surface Tension 1,0% Additive Surface Tension
BYK-345 21,1 mN/m BYK-333 34,5 mN/m
BYK-347 20,6 mN/m BYK-378 25,7 mN/m
BYK-348 20,8 mN/m BYK-3760 25,4 mN/m
BYK-349 21,1 mN/m BYK-LP G 22107 29,0 mN/m

Page 45
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Surface Orientation of Silicone Additives

Surface Additives

• Theory
In water-borne systems In UV and solvent-borne systems
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects BYK-3760 BYK-3760
BYK-345 BYK-378 BYK-345 BYK-378
• New Technologies and
Developments BYK-348 BYK-LP G 22107 BYK-348 BYK-LP G 22107

Paint or ink film Paint or Ink film

Substrate Substrate

Page 46
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Performance of Silicone Additives in UV Systems
Reduction of Static Surface Tension of VEEA
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

Medium: (2-(2-Vinyloxyethoxy)ethylacrylate (VEEA)

0.3% Additive Surface Tension 0.3% Additive Surface Tension
control 32,9 mN/m control 32,9 mN/m
BYK-345 31,7 mN/m BYK-3760 20,5 mN/m
BYK-348 32,3 mN/m BYK-333 20,9 mN/m
BYK-LP G 22107 19,8 mN/m
BYK-315N 26,3 mN/m

Page 47 No significant influence on ST STRONG INFLUENCE ON ST

BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Performance of Polymeric Silicone Surfactants in UV Systems
Reduction of Static Surface Tension in Various Reactive Diluents
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects STRONG INFLUENCE OF
• New Technologies and
POLYMERIC SILICONE
Developments SURFACTANTS ON ST

Reactive Diluent Surface Tension Surface Tension with Surface Tension with
without additive 1,0% BYK-3760 1,0% BYK-LP G 22107
PEA 38.1 mN/m 20,9 mN/m 19,6 mN/m
IBOA 29,0 mN/m 24,0 mN/m 26,4 mN/m
DPGDA 31,9 mN/m 20,2 mN/m 20,3 mN/m
TPDGA 31,1 mN/m 19,9 mN/m 21,9 mN/m
EOTMPTA 36,3 mN/m 21,0 mN/m 20,3 mN/m
GPTA 33,0 mN/m 20,6 mN/m 19,5 mN/m
Page 48 HDDA 33,5 mN/m 20,1 mN/m 21,3 mN/m
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 BYK-3760
Facts
Surface Additives

•
• Polyether modified polydimethylsiloxane, 100% active substance
Theory

• Surface Additives:

• Suitable for UV, solvent-borne and water-borne systems with

Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments higher organic co-solvent content (not water-soluble)
• Recommended additive dosage: 0.02 - 0.5% as supplied on total formulation
• Provides a very strong reduction of surface tension
(stronger in comparison to standard silicone additives)
• Provides strong anti-crater properties  improves substrate wetting
• Provides low COF values  Improves scratch-resistance
• Improves leveling
• Shows significant lower foam stabilization in comparison to standard silicones
• Compliant to Swiss Ordinance
Page 49
BYK Surface Additives
• BYK applies a new production method to almost completely remove cyclic
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
silicone compounds
 Performance of Polymeric Silicone Surfactants in UV Systems
Reduction of Dynamic Surface Tension in an UV OPV System
Surface Additives

• Theory 60
Control
58 0,3% BYK-LP G 22107
• Surface Additives:
1% BYK-LP G 22107
Chemistry & Effects 56
0,3% BYK-3760
54 1% BYK-3760
• New Technologies and
52
Developments
50

48

46

Formulation OPV
44

surface tension [mN/m]

Laromer LR 8986 57.2 42

Ebecryl 210 10.2 40

HDDA 26.5 38

93.9 36

34

32
Results surface tension static
30
Additive Surface tension static [mN/m]
28

Control 36,6 26

0.3% BYK-LP G 22107 20,8 24

1.0% BYK-LP G 22107 20,0 22

0.3% BYK-3760 22,9 20

70 100 500 1000 2000 3000 4000
Page 50 1.0% BYK-3760 22,3 surface age [ms]
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Performance of Polymeric Silicone Surfactants in UV Systems
Improvement of Spreading on Low Polar Substrate with BYK-3760
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives: Additive Contact Angle PE Contact Angle PP

Chemistry & Effects
Control 44° 41°
• New Technologies and
Developments 0,3% BYK-3760 <10° <10°
0,3% BYK-LP G 22107 27° <10°
System: PEA

In Inkjet Inks better spreading leads to Additive Contact Angle PE Contact Angle PP
larger drop spread on substrate leading
Control 47° 43°
to an improved colour image and better
adhesion of the print 0,3% BYK-3760 45° 37°
1,0% BYK-3760 42° 35°
0,3% BYK-LP G 22107 38° 32°
1,0% BYK-LP G 22107 29° 27°
System: UV overprint varnish Method: apply 5µl of system on
substrate and measure contact angle
Page 51
BYK Surface Additives
with Krüss DSA100
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Performance of Polymeric Silicone Surfactants in UV Systems
Increase of Surface Slip/Reduction of COF in an UV OPV System
Surface Additives

• Theory
Formulation OPV Results static surface tension
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects Laromer LR 8986 60.9 Additive Surface tension
static [mN/m]
• New Technologies and Ebecryl 210 10.9
Developments
Control 36,6
HDDA 28.2
0.3% BYK-LP G 22107 20,8
100.0
1.0% BYK-LP G 22107 20,0
0.3% BYK-3760 22,9
1.0% BYK-3760 22,3

Additive leveling Static COF Kinetic COF

control 5 0,91 0,81
BYK-3760 2 0,52 0,32
Thwing-Albert
Friction/Peel-Tester BYK-LP G 22107 2 0,59 0,34
Page 52
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Polymeric Organic Modified Siloxanes
Surface Tension Reduction
Surface Additives

• Theory mN/m
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects
30
• New Technologies and
Developments

29

Substrate wetting/
28

Anti cratering
Flow/levelling
BYK-331
27
BYK-300
26 BYK-313
BYK-333
25
BYK-3760

Dosage
Page 53
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Polymeric Organic Modified Siloxanes
Improvement of Surface Slip
Surface Additives

• Theory
Slip
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects
high BYK-333
• New Technologies and
Developments
BYK-3760

Substrate wetting
BYK-313

Levelling
BYK-300

BYK-331

low
low high
Dosage
Page 54
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Overview of Silicone Additives

Surface Additives
HIGH BYK-3760 BYK-378 LOW
• Theory BYK-306
BYK-330 BYK-333
• Surface Additives: BYK-377
Chemistry & Effects BYK-307

• New Technologies and

BYK-310/313
Surface Tension Reduction

Developments

BYK-342

COF
BYK-302
BYK-300

BYK-331
BYK-323 BYK-332

BYK-326
BYK-320

LOW BYK-315N BYK-325 HIGH

BYK-322

Heat stable S/B S/B + W/B Defoaming/Leveling

Page 55 LOW HIGH

BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank Polarity
BYK-Chemie GmbH

BYK-XXX First recommendations for Ink

 Versatile Toolbox for Crosslinkable Additives
Access to Highly Effective, Innovative Structures
Surface Additives

• Theory Chemistries Macromer technology Process technology

• Surface Additives: Polysiloxane, polyether, Functional and tailor-made Product-friendly, economic
Chemistry & Effects
polyester, … building blocks
• New Technologies and
Developments

Adjustment of additive
polarity, composition, molecular weight,
design, functionality

BYK-UV 3505 Colorless

BYK-UV 3535 additives
BYK-UV 3575
Page 56
BYK-UV 3576
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Choice of Crosslinkable Additives for Different Requirements

Surface Additives

• Theory
BYK-UV 3535 BYK-UV 3576 BYK-UV 3575 BYK-UV 3505
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments
Siloxane-free Increasing siloxane content

- Deaeration properties - Leveling -Slip

- Anti-slip - Substrate wetting - Easy-to-clean properties

- Recoatability - Tape release

- Intercoat adhesion - Water repellency

- Mar/scratch resistance
Page 57
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Crosslinkable Additives: Influence on Surface Tension

Surface Additives Test system: 100% polyester acrylate

Surface tension in mN/m
• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Excellent re-coatability BYK-UV 3535
Developments BYK-UV 3530

BYK-UV 3576

BYK-UV 3575
BYK-UV 3570

Very good easy-to-clean properties, tape BYK-UV 3505

release and scratch resistance
BYK-UV 3500

Additive dosage in %
Page 58
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH

Page 58, Name, Surface Improvement of Radiation Curable Systems Through Crosslinkable Additives
 Crosslinkable Additives: Influence on Surface Slip

Surface Additives

• Theory Test system: 100% polyester acrylate

Slip increase compared to control in %
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects BYK-UV 3505
BYK-UV 3500
• New Technologies and
Developments BYK-UV 3575

BYK-UV 3570

BYK-UV 3576

BYK-UV 3530

BYK-UV 3535

Additive dosage in %
Page 59
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH

Page 59, Name, Surface Improvement of Radiation Curable Systems Through Crosslinkable Additives
 Crosslinkable Additives for Radiation Curable Systems
Benefits
Surface Additives  Versatile product family:
• Theory
 BYK-UV 3505 – high slip at low dosage + easy-to-clean properties
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects
 BYK-UV 3575 – medium slip + easy-to-clean properties
•
 BYK-UV 3576 – low slip + excellent leveling
New Technologies and
Developments

 BYK-UV 3535 – anti slip + improved recoatability + deaeration properties

 Additional benefits:
 Crosslinkable > long-lasting effect / no migration
 Colorless and odorless
 Good compatibility
 Good substrate wetting
 Good leveling

Page 60
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Silicones and Polyacrylates
Working Mechanism
Surface Additives

• Theory
• Silicones and Silicone Surfactants:
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects • Orientation to interfaces mainly due to highly active surface
• New Technologies and
Developments orientation

• Silicones mainly to the interface liquid – air

• Silicone surfactants mainly to the interface liquid – substrate

(Silicone surfactants are only used for waterborne systems)

• Acrylates:

• Orientation to interface liquid – air, mainly due to controlled

incompatibility
Page 61

• Provide leveling, defoaming, anti-popping (prevent boiling marks)

BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Poly(meth)acrylate based additives

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives: • Homopolymers,

Chemistry & Effects 1 statistical or block copolymers
R
• New Technologies and
Developments
• R1 = - H (Acrylate)
- CH3 (Methacrylate)
C CH2
• R2 = - Alkyl
- Polyester
C=O - Polyether
- Salt
O • Possible reactive groups:
- OH
- COOH
R2
n

Page 62
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Acrylate Leveling Additives

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives: Orientation towards the surface by controlled incompatibility

Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments leveling additives

optimum too incompatible too compatible

Page 63
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Leveling solvent borne
Polyacrylate Leveling Additives Leveling water based
Leveling / substrate wetting
Antipopping
Surface Additives
MW Release effect (OH reactive)
• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Leveling + Defoaming Water-borne
Chemistry & Effects 80000 BYK-354
• New Technologies and BYK-390
Developments

60000

40000 BYK-352
BYK-3441
20000 Defoaming / Anti Popping Leveling (+high gloss) BYK- 3440
BYK-392 BYK-350 BYK-381
BYK-356/355 BYK-388

BYK-359 BYK-394
BYK-361/358
Page 64
0
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
low Polarity high
BYK-Chemie GmbH

BYK-XXX Used in Inkjet Inks

 Topics

Theory
• Surface Tension
• Leveling

Surface Additives: Chemistry & Effects

• Substrate wetting
• Organically modified polysiloxanes
• Polyacrylates

New Technologies and Developments

• Additives for providing hydrophilic surfaces

Page 65
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Macromer technology

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
polymerisable
Chemistry & Effects group
• New Technologies and
Developments oligomer or polymer
(polyether, silicone…)

silicone macromer

polyether macromer

Page 66
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Siloxane-Polyacrylate Hybrids

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

Silicone macromonomer
Polyacrylate backbone

Synthesis by polymerization of silicone macromonomers

Monomer A Silicone macromonomer silicone macromer

Synthesis by ‘grafting onto’ technique
Page 67
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
+
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 BYK-SILCLEAN

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

Polyester/Melamine
baking system

Control 4% BYK-SILCLEAN 3700 Control 4% BYK-SILCLEAN 3700

Advantages:

- Provides coatings Easy-to-clean properties - Improves chemical resistance of coatings

- Increases surface slip - Offers good long-term durability
- Increases oleophobicity - Very good leveling of coatings
Page 68 - Increases hydrophobicity - Anti-Graffiti properties (no recoatability
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank without proper surface treatment)
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 BYK-3560 & BYK-3565
Evolution of Acrylic Surface Additives
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

Page 69
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Polyether-Polyacrylate Hybride

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

+ =
polyether- acrylate- comb-shaped
macromer monomer polyether modified polyacrylate

Hydrophilic additive


Better overcoatability
Page 70
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 BYK-3560 & BYK-3565
Product Properties
Surface Additives

• Theory
Chemistry BYK-3560: Polyether macromer-modified polyacrylate
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments Chemistry BYK-3565: Polyether macromer and silicone macromer-modified
polyacrylate

Active matter 100%, solvent-free

Appearance Colorless - yellowish / clear - slightly turbid

Additive dosage on 0,1% - 2,0%

Total formulation

Food Contact Compliant to Swiss Ordinance

Page 71
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank RECOMMENDATION: Testing of both additives simultaneously @ 0.5% and 2.0%
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 BYK-3560 & BYK-3565
Product Properties
Surface Additives

•
•
Theory
Provide the interface coating / air with higher surface energy
•
•
Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects No impact on the surface tension of the liquid coating
• New Technologies and
Developments
• Better wetting by the next layer which leads to a better leveling
• Improve the adhesion of layers such as
Inks
Lamination foils
Coatings
Adhesives

• BYK-3560 and BYK-3565 increase the surface energy on the whole and upgrades the level
of the polar portion of the surface energy in particular.
• Improves leveling significantly
• Retains the high transparency of clear coats
Page 72 • Recommended for aqueous, solvent-borne and 100% systems
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 BYK-3560 & BYK-3565
Orientation on the Coatings Surface is Crucial for Performance
Orientation towards the surface
Control 1% BYK-3560

System 1
Good compatibility
Poor orientation
No effect

System 2
Slight incompatibility
slightly incompatible = too compatible = Slight orientation
perfect orientation in no effect with Moderate effect
the cured coatings BYK 3560 in the
film cured coatings
film System 3
Acrylate Backbone
Perfect incompatibility
Good orientation
Polyether Macromer
Strong effect
Page 73
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
To gain an hydrophilic effect in the cured coatings film, BYK-3560 must be strongly oritented on
the surface in order to have a good orientation of the hydrophilic side chain towards the air.
 BYK-3560 and BYK-3565
Increase in Surface Energy of a Solvent-borne PU White Printing Ink
Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects
60 Ethylacetat 38,9
• New Technologies and Ethanol 9,2
Developments DIS-180 1,9
50 NeoRez U-471 20,0
RDI-S 30,0
100,0
40
47.6
mN/m

30 29.3
2.6 Total surface energy =
disperse part + polar
20 part
22.5
10 The higher the polar
11.7 10.8 part of surface energy,
the better adhesion,
0 overprintability, etc. of
Control 1% BYK-3560 1% BYK-3565 next layer
Page 74
BYK Surface Additives Disperse Part Polar Part
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 BYK-3560: Solubility in Different Solvents

Surface Additives
BYK-3560 is soluble in BYK-3560 is slightly
• Theory
insoluble in
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects Solvesso 100 Diacetonalcohol White Spirit K30
• New Technologies and
Developments
Solvesso 150 ND Xylene Isopar G
Solvesso 200 ND Methylethylketone Water
Butyl glycol Butyl acetate
A slight insolubility of the
Butyl diglycol Ethyl diglycol acetate additive is better for a good
orientation onto the paint
Butyl glycol acetate Aceton
surface of the cured film.
Butyl diglycol acetate t-Butyl acetate
BYK-3560 works better in
Dibasicester Dimethylcarbonate
water-borne systems and
Methoxypropanol Propylenecarbonate non-polar solvent-borne
systems.
Methoxypropylacetat PCBTF (Oxsol 100)
Methyl dipropylene
Page 75
BYK Surface Additives glycol
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 BYK-3560 Compatibility in Various Resin Systems

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

TPA

turbid = indication clear = higher

that the additive will additive dosage
be effective required

BYK-3560 shows a slight incompatibility in most tested polyester resins

which indicates a better orientation to the surface.

Page 76
BYK Surface Additives Additive dosage: 5% solid additive on solid resin
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Trapping

Surface Additives
Trapping is a main issue in the printing ink industry. This default you have
• Theory
in each printing process over all ink systems.
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments Definition:
Trap on a press is the ability of a printed ink to accept the next printed ink compared to how well
substrate accepts that ink. Registration is when all printed images are lined up over one another.
Trapping is a term originally used as a measure of how well one ink printed on top of another.

Page 77
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Printing Conditions

Surface Additives
• Press: W&H, CI-press
• Theory
• Substrate: Kemira 145
• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and • Ink: waterbased

Developments
• Concentrates: PY13, PR57:1
• Extender ratio: 1:1
• Print viscosity: 23“ DIN Cup 4

• Frequency: printing unit 1 (yellow), anilox volume 6,5 g/m²

printing unit 2 (magenta), anilox volume 12,9 g/m²

• Printing speed: 65 m/min

• Heating: off

Page 78
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Results of Trapping Test

Surface Additives

• Theory

• Surface Additives:
Chemistry & Effects

• New Technologies and

Developments

Standard 0,5% BYK-3560 (in yellow layer)

Page 79
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Topics

Theory
• Surface Tension
• Leveling

Surface Additives: Chemistry & Effects

• Substrate wetting
• Organically modified polysiloxanes
• Polyacrylates

New Technologies and Developments

• Additives for providing hydrophilic surfaces

Page 80
BYK Surface Additives
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH
Thank you
for your attention!
 ACTAL®, ADD-MAX®, ADD-VANCE®, ADJUST®, ADVITROL®, ANTI-TERRA®,
AQUACER®, AQUAMAT®, AQUATIX®, BENTOLITE®, BYK®, BYK®-DYNWET®,
BYK®-SILCLEAN®, BYKANOL®, BYKETOL®, BYKJET®, BYKO2BLOCK®,
BYKOPLAST®, BYKUMEN®, CARBOBYK®, CERACOL®, CERAFAK®,
CERAFLOUR®, CERAMAT®, CERATIX®, CLAYTONE®, CLOISITE®,
DISPERBYK®, DISPERPLAST®, FULACOLOR®, FULCAT®, GARAMITE®,
GELWHITE®, HORDAMER®, LACTIMON®, LAPONITE®, MINERAL COLLOID®,
MINERPOL®, NANOBYK®, OPTIBENT®, OPTIFLO®, OPTIGEL®, PAPERBYK®,
PERMONT®, PRIEX®, PURE THIX®, RHEOCIN®, RHEOTIX®, SCONA®, SILBYK®,
TIXOGEL®, VISCOBYK® and Y 25® are registered trademarks of the BYK
group.

The information herein is based on our present knowledge and experience. The
information merely describes the properties of our products but no guarantee of
properties in the legal sense shall be implied. We recommend testing our products
as to their suitability for your envisaged purpose prior to use. No warranties of any
kind, either express or implied, including warranties of merchantability or fitness for
a particular purpose, are made regarding any products mentioned herein and data
or information set forth, or that such products, data or information may be used
without infringing intellectual property rights of third parties. We reserve the right to
Page 82
BYK Surface Additives make any changes according to technological progress or further developments.
Albert Frank
BYK-Chemie GmbH