THICK CYLINDERS

Dr. Shivdayal Patel

Assistant Professor
IIITDM Jabalpur

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 THICK CYLINDERS—PRINCIPAL
STRESSES
• Hydraulic cylinders, high-pressure pipes and gun barrels are
examples of thick cylinders.
• The difference between the analysis of stresses in thin and
thick cylinders is as follows:
(i) In thin cylinders, it is assumed that the tangential stress is
uniformly distributed over the cylinder wall thickness.
• In thick cylinders, the tangential stress has highest
magnitude at the inner surface of the cylinder and gradually
decreases towards the outer surface.
(ii) The radial stress is neglected in thin cylinders, while it is of
significant magnitude in case of thick cylinders.

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• It is assumed that the cylinder is subjected to only internal
pressure as shown in Fig. 22.4(a). Consider an elemental ring of
radius r and radial thickness dr as shown in Fig. 22.4(b).
• (σr) and (σt) are radial and tangential stresses respectively.
Considering the equilibrium of vertical forces, σr

Neglecting the term (dr * dσr), the above expression is written as

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• It is further assumed that the axial stress (σl) is
uniformly distributed over the cylinder wall
thickness. Therefore, the strain (εl) is constant.

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 Longitudinal Stress Calculation

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When the material of the cylinder is brittle, such as cast iron or cast steel, Lame’s
equation is used to determine the wall thickness.
It is based on the maximum principal stress theory of failure, where maximum principal
stress is equated to permissible stress for the material.
As discussed in the preceding section, the three principal stresses at the inner surface of
the cylinder are as follows:

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 Q.1
The piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder exerts an operating force of 10 kN. The friction
due to piston packing and stuffing box is equivalent to 10% of the operating force. The
pressure in the cylinder is 10 MPa. The cylinder is made of cast iron FG 200 and the
factor of safety is 5. Determine the diameter and the thickness of the cylinder.

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 Compound Cylinder Design
• A compound cylinder, consisting of a cylinder and a jacket is shown in Fig. 22.7(a).
• The inner diameter of the jacket is slightly smaller than the outer diameter of the
cylinder.
• When the jacket is heated, it expands sufficiently to move over the cylinder. As the
jacket cools, it tends to contract onto the inner cylinder, which induces residual
compressive stresses.
• There is a shrinkage pressure P between the cylinder and the jacket. The pressure P
tends to contract the cylinder and expand the jacket as shown in Fig. 22.7 (b) and
(c).

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Q.1 A high-pressure cylinder consists of a steel tube with inner and outer diameters of
20 and 40 mm respectively. It is jacketed by an outer
steel tube, having an outer diameter of 60 mm. The tubes are assembled by a shrinking
process in such a way that maximum principal stress induced in any tube is limited to
100 N/mm2. Calculate the shrinkage pressure and original dimensions of the tubes (E =
207 kN/mm2).

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Q.2 Assume the data of Q.1 and plot the distribution of stresses due to shrink
fit. In service, the cylinder is further subjected to an internal pressure of 300
MPa. Plot the resultant stress distribution.

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