Design of Steel Structures

Design Equations

LRFD CODE

KK
LOADS CALCULATIONS
TENSION MEMBERS
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Aignment charts

Where:
• The summation (L) indicates a summation of all members rigidly
connected to that joint (A or B) and lying in the plane in which buckling of
the column is being considered. i'

• (1) is the moment of inertia of each member, taken about the a~is
perpendicular to the plane of buckling.

• (L) is the unsupported length for both columns and girders .

GA K Gs GA K Gs
00 00 00 00 00
50.0 1.0 50.0 20.0
10.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 100.0
50.0 50.0
~:~ 0.9
U 30.0
5.0
30.0
3.0 3.0 20.0 20.0
4.0
2.0 2.0
10.0 3.0 10.0
1.0
O.B
1.0 a:~ a:~
0.9 0.9 7.0 7.0
O.B O.B 6.0 6.0
0.7 0.7 5.0 5.0
0.6 0.7 0.6 4.0 2.0 4.0
0.5 0.5
3.0 3.0
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 2.0 2.0
1.5
0.6
0.2 0.2
1.0 1.0
0.1 0.1

0 0.5 0 0 1.0 0

Sdesf..ay A-eventEd Sdesf..ay Pen rittaj

Figure 2.7 Alignment Charts for Buckling Length Factor (I<)

of Columns in Rigid Frames

Equation 2.6 shall be modified for the following special cases (Table 2.6a and
2.6b)
- For column base connected to a footing or foundation by a frictionless hinge,
G is theoretically infinity, but should be taken as 10 in design practice.
- For column base rigidly attached to properly designed footing, G approaches
a theoretical value of zero, but should be taken as 1.0 in design practice.
- The girder stiffness (IlL) should be multiplied by a factor when certain
conditions at the far end are known to exist

Design Requirements 2-14

 FLEXURAL MEMBERS Units are ton&cm

Compact I-Sections

Non Compact I-Sections

Shear resistance of beams

For laterally supported purlin

 BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Combined shear and tension

For Bearing connections

 Prying force

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Web Local Yielding

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Web Local Crippling
 WELDED CONNECTIONS
Fillet weld
 BEAM COLUMN

CHAPTER 7

MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL FORCES

7.1 DOUBLY SYMMETRIC MEMBERS IN BENDING AND COMPRESSION

The interaction of bending and compression in doubly symmetric

prismatic sections subjected to biaxial bending and compression shall be
limited by Equations 7.1 a and 7.1 b

a- For ¢PP ~ 0.20

n

:;, +![¢.~ +¢.~ ]

n bnx bny
:$1.0 ....................................................... 7.1a

Pu
b- For ¢ P < 0.20
n

2ip
n
+[¢.~ +¢.~ ]:$1.0 ....................................................... 7.1b
bnx bny .

1.0 c - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - ,

Equation
7.1a

0.2
Equation_ _~
7.1b
0.0 0.9 1.0

Figure 7.1 Beam Column Interaction Equations

Where:
Pu = required compressive strength, tons
Members under Combined Bending
And Axial Forces 7-1
 SLENDER SECTIONS

2.3.1.3 Class 3 (Slender sections)

Those sections that cannot achieve yield moment capacity without local
buckling of any of its compression elements. When any of the compression elements
of a cross-section is classified as class 3, the whole cross section shall be designed
as class 3 cross section. :

Slender sections (which do not meet the non- compact section requirements of
Table 2.12) shall be designed same as non-compact sections except that the section
properties used in design shall be based on the effective widths be of compression
elements as specified in Table 2.13 for stiffened elements and Table 2.14 for
unstiffened elements. The effective width is calculated using a reduction factor p as
b e =p b

Where, for stiffened members:

- -2
P =(1.1 Ap- 0.16 - O. 11jf )/ Ap :5 1 ......................................................... 2.17

and
Ap = normalized plate slenderness given by:

lp= ~[r~.J ....................................... 2.18

and for unstiffened members:

- -2 :
p=(Ap-O.15-0.051jf)/ Ap :51 .................................................... 2.19

and

lp= ~ [tl'i. ]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20

K" = p~ate buckling factor which depends on the stress ratio Ijf as
shown in Tables'2.13 and 2.14
b = appropriate width, (refer to Table 2.12) as follows
= dw for webs
= b for internal flange elements (except rectangular hollow
sections)
= b-3t for flanges of rectangular hollow sections
= c for out standing flanges
= b for equal leg angles
= b or {b + h)/2 for unequal leg angles
= b for stem of T-section
t = relevant thickness

Refer to Chapter 13 for members made of cold formed sections with their

Design Requirements 2-25