Knowledge
-an attain concept
-properly justified true belief
Truth
-anchor in the world
-found out thru reason
2 Types of Truth
Relativism: no absolute truth lahat valid
Rationalism: reasons, evidences
(3) Methods of Truth
Correspondence: fact in the world
Coherence: rules of relevant system
Pragmatism: no objective means to verify
(5) Specific Methods of Truth
Observation: fact-check
-Internal: thoughts, feelings
-External: 5 senses
Reasoning: knowing, testing, proving
Intuition: knowing something is true without observation and
reasoning
Mystical Experience: spiritual, religious
Appeal to Authority: testimony of reliable eye witness
French Philosopher, Paul Ricoeur: “Body is not the object of
action but essentially the organ by which human action is
fulfilled.”
Fr. Michael Moga: “Human embodiment is wrong to begin
with the dualism between mind and body because being
human means to live as the unity between body and soul –
the person.”
Human Subjectivity: points to the incarnate reality of man;
freedom of the human person; possess the capacity to
decide; “what I do is my own action”
Subjectivity: ability of the human person to transcend and
realize his potentials.
Martin Heidegger: “It can only be a man, for man stands in
front of the light of beings.” “Being of beings is aletheia, the
process of “revealing and concealing” where beings emerge
into our consciousness.”
The question of being is about the way reality discloses itself
into the world of man.
Eduardo Calasanz: “My body is not only an intermediary
between me and the world but also between me and others.
Filipino Philosopher, Ramon Reyes: “The human self is “an
individual unique person” and a certain “form of an ideal.”
Historical action: about our power to control destiny.
Subjectivity and Freedom is written by William Luijpen
Deep Ecology: different way of looking at man’s relationship
with nature.
Essence of deep ecology: to keep asking more searching
questions about the real meaning of human life, society, and
nature.
Two Aspects of Deep Ecology:
>Self-realitization: spiritual in nature
>Bio-centric Equality: all things in the biosphere develop to
reach their own unfolding or self-realization; all organisms in
the planet form part of a whole.
Anthropocentrism: an undertaking that may affect the
environment, what is paramount is to consider the needs of
human beings first and above all else.
Sustainable Development: requires that all improvements in
the economic, scientific, physical, and social infrastructure of
any country should not cause harm to the environment;
pagpapaunlad ng bansa ng di napeperwisyo ang nature.
Climate Change: change in global or regional climate
patterns, in particular a change apparent
Climate Justice: fair treatment of all peoples and the freedom
from discrimination with the creation of policies and projects
Harvard psychologist, B.F Skinner: “Determinism: all events
including human action, are ultimately determined by causes
external to the human will; implies that individual human
beings have no free will and cannot be held morally
responsible for their action.
Jean Paul Sarte: “Absolute freedom: capacity to make
choices without constrained of past or an identity.”
Existentialism: prominent philosophical movement;
emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free
and responsible agent who determines his or her own
development by means of the acts of the will.
For Kavanaugh, our social existence helps deremine the
meaning of one’s life.
French Philosopher, Albert Camus: “Absurdity is the
confrontation between two ideals.” The only way out for man
is these: to think, to choose, to decide for oneself.
Existentialism is a Humanism is written by Jean Paul Sarte
Interhuman: recognition of the other as a person
Speaks of two beings:
>I-Thou: one hopes to make the other complete
>I-It: things are of value because of the purpose that we put
into them; purely empirical
Politics of Difference (Young): attempts to explain the reality
of structural injustice
Responsibility for the other: ‘I’ is at the center; ‘I’ reduces
the ‘Other’ to itself.
Infinity Responsibility: to be human is to be ultimately
responsible for the other; for any responsibility to be ethical,
it has to reach beyond one’s being in order to recognize the
otherness of the other (Emmanuel Levinas).
Love as Commitment
Love is not a feeling (M. Scott Peck).
It therefore makes sense to describe love and hatred as
emotions not feelings (Max Scheler).
The act becomes now a dishonest act (Marcel).
2 beings of Communion (Marcel)
>Constancy: matter of maintaining an image; maintaining of
self’s reputation
> Compromise: grounded in the temporariness, in fear, and
in the uncertainty of things which make the idea of love
conditional
The Concept of the Human Person in Martha Nussbaum’s
Capabilities Ethics is written by Christopher Ryan Maboloc