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LESSON 1.4
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:
MEASURES OF VARIATION
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
a. define range, variance, and standard deviation;
b. solve for the measures of variation;
c. compare the measures of variation;
d. estimate percentages using empirical rule; and
e. compare variation using coefficient of variation.
MEASURE OF VARIATION:
RANGE
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Range
The range of a data set is the difference between the maximum and
minimum date entries in the set.
Example:
The following data are the ages of ten faculty member. Find the range.
Age 26 26 27 28 31 33 33 37 37 37 Range = 37 – 26 = 11
MEASURE OF VARIATION:
DEVIATION
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Deviation
The deviation of an entry x in a population data set is the
difference between the entry and the mean μ of the data set.
Deviation of x = x – μ
The following data are the Stock Deviation
closing prices for a certain x x–μ
56 56 – 61 = – 5
stock on five successive 58 58 – 61 = – 3
Fridays. Find the deviation of 61 61 – 61 = 0
each price. 63 63 – 61 = 2
67 67 – 61 = 6
The mean stock price is
μ = 305/5 = 61. Σx = 305 Σ(x – μ) = 0
MEASURE OF VARIATION:
VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
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Statistics and Probability
2 (x μ )2
Population standard deviation = N
.
“sigma”
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Statistics and Probability
𝟐
(𝒙−𝒙)
Sample variance = 𝒔𝟐 = 𝒏−𝟏
𝟐
(𝒙−𝒙)
Sample standard deviation = 𝒔 = 𝒏−𝟏
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability
variance. 2
N
6. Find the square root of the variance to
x μ
2
get the population standard deviation.
N
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Statistics and Probability
Frequency
Frequency
10 s = 1.18 10 s=0
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
2 4 6 2 4 6
Data value Data value
EMPIRICAL RULE
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Empirical Rule
Empirical Rule
For data with a (symmetric) bell-shaped distribution, the standard
deviation has the following characteristics.
1. About 68% of the data lie within one standard deviation of the
mean.
2. About 95% of the data lie within two standard deviations of
the mean.
3. About 99.7% of the data lie within three standard deviation of
the mean.
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Empirical Rule
99.7% within 3
standard deviations
95% within 2
standard deviations
68% within
1 standard
deviation
34% 34%
2.35% 2.35%
13.5% 13.5%
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability
95%
Coefficient of Variation
To compare variation in different data sets, you can use standard
deviation when the data sets use the same units of measure and
have means that are about the same. For data sets with different
units of measure or different means, use the coefficient of
variation.
Height 72 74 68 76 74 69 72 79 70 69 77 73
Weight 180 168 225 201 189 192 197 162 174 171 185 210
Interpretation:
The weights (9.4%) are more variable than the heights
(4.5%).
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Pre-set Randomized
answers answers
Mean 50.1 45.8
SD 11.2 12.9
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Interpretation:
The Randomized-Answer Test (28.17%) are more variable
than the Pre-Set Answer Test (22.36%).
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability
NEXT LESSON:
REVIEW ON PROBABILITY