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FEU High School, Inc.

Statistics and Probability

LESSON 1.4
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:
MEASURES OF VARIATION
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
a. define range, variance, and standard deviation;
b. solve for the measures of variation;
c. compare the measures of variation;
d. estimate percentages using empirical rule; and
e. compare variation using coefficient of variation.
MEASURE OF VARIATION:
RANGE
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Statistics and Probability

Range
The range of a data set is the difference between the maximum and
minimum date entries in the set.

Range = (Maximum data entry) – (Minimum data entry)

Example:
The following data are the ages of ten faculty member. Find the range.
Age 26 26 27 28 31 33 33 37 37 37 Range = 37 – 26 = 11
MEASURE OF VARIATION:
DEVIATION
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Statistics and Probability

Deviation
The deviation of an entry x in a population data set is the
difference between the entry and the mean μ of the data set.
Deviation of x = x – μ
The following data are the Stock Deviation
closing prices for a certain x x–μ
56 56 – 61 = – 5
stock on five successive 58 58 – 61 = – 3
Fridays. Find the deviation of 61 61 – 61 = 0
each price. 63 63 – 61 = 2
67 67 – 61 = 6
The mean stock price is
μ = 305/5 = 61. Σx = 305 Σ(x – μ) = 0
MEASURE OF VARIATION:
VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
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Statistics and Probability

Population Variance and Standard Deviation


The population variance of a population data set of N entries
is
2 (x  μ )2
Population variance =   N
.
“sigma
squared”
The population standard deviation of a population data set
of N entries is the square root of the population variance.

2 (x  μ )2
Population standard deviation =     N
.

“sigma”
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Sample Variance and Standard Deviation


The sample variance of a sample data set of n entries is

𝟐
(𝒙−𝒙)
Sample variance = 𝒔𝟐 = 𝒏−𝟏

The sample standard deviation of a sample data set of n


entries is the square root of the sample variance.

𝟐
(𝒙−𝒙)
Sample standard deviation = 𝒔 = 𝒏−𝟏
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Finding Population Variance and Standard Deviation


Guidelines
In Words In Symbols
1. Find the mean of the population data μ  x
set. N

2. Find the deviation of each entry. x μ


3. Square each deviation. x  μ
2

4. Add to get the sum of squares. SS x   x  μ


2

5. Divide by N to get the population  x  μ 


2

variance. 2 
N
6. Find the square root of the variance to
 x  μ
2
get the population standard deviation.  
N
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Finding Sample Variance and Standard Deviation


Guidelines
In Words In Symbols
1. Find the mean of the sample data set. x  x
n
2. Find the deviation of each entry.
x x
3. Square each deviation.
4. Add to get the sum of squares. x  x 2
SS x   x  x 
2
5. Divide by n – 1 to get the sample
variance.  x  x 
2
s2 
6. Find the square root of the variance to n 1
get the sample standard deviation.
 x  x 
2
s
n 1
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Finding Variance and Standard Deviation


Example:
You and your friends have just measured the heights of your dogs (in
millimeters). Find the population variance and standard deviation.
Step 2: Step 3: Always positive
𝚺𝒙 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟎
Height Deviation Squared Step 1: μ = = = 𝟑𝟗𝟒
𝑵 𝟓
X x–μ (x – μ)2
600 206 42436
Step 5 (Variance):
𝚺 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟎
470 76 5776 𝝈𝟐 = = = 𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟒
𝑵 𝟓
170 -224 50176
430 36 1296 Step 6 (Standard Deviation):
300 -94 8836 𝝈𝟐 = 𝝈 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟒 ≈ 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟐
Step 4:
Σx = 1970 Σ(x – μ) = 0
Σ(x – μ)2 = 108520
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Interpreting Standard Deviation


When interpreting standard deviation, remember that is a
measure of the typical amount an entry deviates from the
mean. The more the entries are spread out, the greater the
standard deviation.
14 14
12 x =4 12 x =4

Frequency
Frequency

10 s = 1.18 10 s=0
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
2 4 6 2 4 6
Data value Data value
EMPIRICAL RULE
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Statistics and Probability
Empirical Rule

Empirical Rule
For data with a (symmetric) bell-shaped distribution, the standard
deviation has the following characteristics.
1. About 68% of the data lie within one standard deviation of the
mean.
2. About 95% of the data lie within two standard deviations of
the mean.
3. About 99.7% of the data lie within three standard deviation of
the mean.
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Empirical Rule
99.7% within 3
standard deviations

95% within 2
standard deviations

68% within
1 standard
deviation

34% 34%
2.35% 2.35%
13.5% 13.5%

–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
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Statistics and Probability

Using Empirical Rule


Example 1:
The mean value of homes on a street is $125 thousand with a
standard deviation of $5 thousand. The data set has a bell shaped
distribution. Estimate the percent of homes between $120 and $130
thousand. 68%

105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145


μ–σ μ μ+σ
68% of the houses have a value between $120 and $130 thousand.
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Using Empirical Rule


Example 2:
A research was performed on the IQ scores of the employees of a private
firm. The scores are noted to be in normal distribution. The mean of the
distribution be 100 and standard deviation be 15. Estimate the
percentage of the scores that fall between 70 and 130.

95%

40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160


μ–σ μ μ+σ
About 95% of the IQ scores will fall between 70 and 130.
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
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Statistics and Probability

Coefficient of Variation
To compare variation in different data sets, you can use standard
deviation when the data sets use the same units of measure and
have means that are about the same. For data sets with different
units of measure or different means, use the coefficient of
variation.

The coefficient of variation (CV) of a data set describes the


standard deviation as a percent of the mean.
𝝈 𝒔
Population: 𝑪𝑽 = ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% Sample: 𝑪𝑽 = ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝝁 𝒙
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Comparing Variation in Different Data Sets


Example 1:
The table below shows the population heights (in inches) and weights
(in pounds) of the members of a basketball team. Find the coefficient
of variation for the heights and the weights. Then compare the results.

Height 72 74 68 76 74 69 72 79 70 69 77 73
Weight 180 168 225 201 189 192 197 162 174 171 185 210

The mean height is μ ≈ 72.8 The mean weight is μ ≈ 187.8


inches with a standard pounds with a standard
deviation of σ ≈ 3.3 inches. deviation of σ ≈ 17.7 inches.
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Comparing Variation in Different Data Sets


The coefficient of variation for the The coefficient of variation for
heights is the weights is
𝜎 𝜎
𝑪𝑽𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = ∙ 100% 𝑪𝑽𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = ∙ 100%
𝜇 𝜇
3.3 17.7
= ∙ 100% = ∙ 100%
72.8 187.8
= 4.5% = 9.4%

Interpretation:
The weights (9.4%) are more variable than the heights
(4.5%).
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Comparing Variation in Different Data Sets


Example 2:
Two versions of a test are given to students. One test has pre-set
answers and a second test has randomized answers. Find the
coefficient of variation.

Pre-set Randomized
answers answers
Mean 50.1 45.8
SD 11.2 12.9
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

Comparing Variation in Different Data Sets


The coefficient of variation for The coefficient of variation for
the pre-set answer test is the randomized-answer test is
𝜎 𝜎
𝑪𝑽𝒑𝒔𝒕 = ∙ 100% 𝑪𝑽𝒓𝒂𝒕 = ∙ 100%
𝜇 𝜇
11.2 12.9
= ∙ 100% = ∙ 100%
50.1 45.8
= 22.36% = 28.17%

Interpretation:
The Randomized-Answer Test (28.17%) are more variable
than the Pre-Set Answer Test (22.36%).
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

EXERCISE: Measures of Variation


1. Find the measures of variation (range, variance, standard
deviation) for the given sample data:
56 56 57 58 61 63 63 67 67 67
2. The durations (in days) of pregnancies for a random sample of
mothers are 277, 291, 295, 280, 268, 278, 291, 277, 282, 279, 296,
285, 269, 293, 267, 281, 286, 269, 264, 299. Calculate the range,
mean, variance and standard deviation.
FEU High School, Inc.
Statistics and Probability

NEXT LESSON:
REVIEW ON PROBABILITY

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