6/25/19

Assignment
Bring the following item next meeting (individual):

1. Ruler
2. Pencil (sharpened)
3. Short Bond Paper

FRACTALS GEOMETRY

What are fractals? What are fractals?

Consider the fern on the left.
What property do the blade, the pinnae,
and the pinnules share?

They are similar in shape.

What are fractals? Where are fractals?

Fractals are never-ending patterns, and are infinitely complex patterns that
are self-similar across different scales. They are created by repeating a
simple process over and over in a ongoing feedback loop.

The word “fractal” was coined in 1980 by

Belgian mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot
(1924-2010). Mandelbrot chose the name
fractal because it reminds him of the word Ice crystals
“fraction”. This was after he realized that these
self-similar shapes have the property of not
being one-dimensional, or two-dimensional, or Pinecone
even three-dimensional, but instead, of
fractional dimension. Romanesco Broccoli

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Where are fractals? Where are fractals?

Leaves

20 times magnification of Running electricity between two nails sunk in

dendritic copper crystals a piece of wet pine Tree branches Bubbles
forming

Fractal Dimension Fractal Dimension

Given a line segment, to have a length ½ (s = ½) of the To achieve squares with lengths ½ of the original (s = ½),
original, the line segment must be divided into two equal 4 squares must be generated. Similarly, s = 1/3 requires
parts (n = 2). To achieve s = 1/3, the segment must be 9 squares.
divided into 3 equal parts (n = 3).

Reduction in size Reduction in size

Dimensions Dimensions
s=1 s = 1/2 s = 1/3 s=1 s = 1/2 s = 1/3
1 n=1 n=2 n=3 1 n=1 n=2 n=3
2 2 n=1 n=4 n=9
3 3

Fractal Dimension Fractal Dimension

Reduction in size
To achieve cubes with lengths ½ of the original (s = ½), 8 Dimensions
s=1 s = 1/2 s = 1/3
cubes must be generated. Similarly, s = 1/3 requires 27
1 n=1 n=2 n=3
cubes.
2 n=1 n=4 n=9
3 n=1 n=8 n = 27

Reduction in size
Dimensions If n = 8 If n = 27 # (
s=1 s = 1/2 s = 1/3 n=
1 n=1 n=2 n=3
8 = 2" 27 = 3" '
# " # " Solving for D.
2 n=1 n=4 n=9 8= #/%
27 = #/" # ( )*+(,01234 56 78393')
D = ;5< 1=<,8689=>85, 6=9>54
3 n=1 n=8 n = 27 log n = log '
#
log n = D log '
)*+ ,
D= -
)*+
.

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Mandelbrot Set Mandelbrot Set

The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of fractal sets A plot of the Mandelbrot shows
and to a particular instance of such a set. In general, a Mandelbrot set marks values of C in the complex plane
the set of points in the complex plane. are colored according to the
number of steps required to reach
The Mandelbrot set is the set obtained
𝑟1=G = 2. The kidney bean-shaped
from the quadratic recurrence equation
portion of the set are bordered by
𝑧,@# = 𝑧,% + 𝐶 with 𝑧D = 𝐶, where points
a cardioid with equations
C in the complex plane for which the orbit
of 𝑧, does not tend to infinity are in the
4x = 2 cos t – cos (2t) and
set. Setting 𝑧D equal to any point in the
4y = 2 sin t – sin (2t).
set that is not a periodic gives the same
result. The Mandelbrot set was originally
called a 𝜇 molecule by Mandelbrot. The adjoining portion is a circle
with center at (-1, 0) and radius ¼.

Mandelbrot Set
SEA HORSE VALLEY

The region of the set centered around – 0.75 + 0.1i is sometimes known as
the sea horse valley because the spiral shapes appearing in it resemble sea
horse tails (Giffin, Munafo).

Mandelbrot Set
ELEPHANT VALLEY

Similarly, the portion of the Mandelbrot set centered around 0.3 + 0i with
size approximately 0.1 + 0.1i is know as elephant valley.

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Mandelbrot Set Mandelbrot Set

Mandelbrot Set Koch Snowflake

The Koch Snowflake was created by the
Swedish Mathematician Niels Fabian Helge
von Koch. In his paper entitled “Sur une
courbe continue sans tangente, obtenue par
une construction geometrique elementaire”
he used the Koch Snowflake to show that it is
possible to have figures that are continuous
everywhere but differentiable nowhere.

Koch Edge Koch Edge

)*+(,01234 56 78393')
D = ;5< 1=<,8689=>85, 6=9>54

)*+(H) )*+ H
D= - = )*+ " ≈ 1.26
;5< -/I

)*+(#N) )*+ #N
D= - = )*+ P ≈ 1.26
;5< -/O
Start with a line segment. Divide the line segment into 3 equal parts (s = 1/3),
with middle part replaced with two linear segments at angles 600 and 1200,
producing a figure with 4 line segments (n = 4). D=
)*+(NH) )*+ NH
= )*+ %S ≈ 1.26
-
Repeat the steps to each line segment. ;5< -/QR

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Koch Snowflake Cantor Set

Georg Cantor (1845 – 1918) was the founder of set theory. He is also noted for
studying one of the first fractal shapes. The Cantor set is formed by following the
algorithm: (1) start with a line segment; (2) divide the line segment into thirds; (3)
remove the middle third line segment, (4) iterate further.

What is the fractal dimension of

Cantor Set?

s = 1/3 n = 2

)*+(%) )*+ %
D= - = )*+ "
≈ 0.63
;5< -/I

Sierpinski Triangle
Named after Polish mathematician Waclaw Sierpinski, the triangle is one of the
simplest fractal shapes in existence.

What is the fractal dimension of

Sierpinski Triangle?

s = 1/2 n = 3

)*+(") )*+ "

D= - = )*+ %
≈ 1.58
;5< -/Q

Fractal Applications Fractal Applications

Biology – some systems are best described using fractals
Astrophysicists believe that the key
to finding out how stars were
formed is the fractal nature of
interstellar gas, like smoke trail or
clouds in the sky. Both are shaped
by turbulence, giving them an
irregular but repetitive pattern that
would not be possible to describe
without the help of fractals.

Self-similarity in Cerebral arteriovenous

chromosomes & DNA malformation, 3D CT Scan

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Fractal Applications Seatwork

Fractal based devices Using the base and motif, create a box fractal following the following steps.
After which, solve for the fractal’s dimension.

Creating the box fractal using the method of successive removals.

1. Draw a square.
2. For each side, divide them into three equal parts.
3. Remove the middle thirds, and replace it with 3 line segment, as
indicated in the motif.
4. Repeat steps 2 – 3 for all line segments.

Computer chip cooling Space-filling fractal devices for

circuit base motif
high precision fluid mixing