SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
War is an organized armed conflict that is carried out by states, nations, national and social groups.

This ultrasonic proximity detector comprising independent, battery or AC powered transmitter and
receiver section make use of a pair of matched ultrasonic piezo ceramic transducers each operating at
around 40 kHz. This circuit is used to get reflected signals of 40 KHz from the a missile to feed that
to a program to the microcontroller to switch on appropriate load while the program is executed at
the microcontroller end. When the AVR microcontroller receives the signal from ultrasonic receiver
it activates the door gun by triggering the gate of MOSFET through a transistor.

The power supply consists of a step down transformer 230/12V, which steps down the voltage to
12V AC. Then this is converted to DC using a Bridge rectifier. The ripples are then removed using a
capacitive filter and it is then regulated to +5V using a voltage regulator 7805 which is required for
the operation of the microcontroller and other components

Op-Amps are used for amplification of the weak signals received upon reflection from the obstacle,
by the receiving ultrasonic transducer sent by the transmitting one, to switch on appropriate load
while the program is executed at the microcontroller end.

The project consists of the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver each of which works for the frequency
of 40 kHz.

At the receiver side the received signal is amplified and given to the microcontroller which is used as
to operate the relay driver (ULN2003) for operating the relay to drive the loads.

Target acquisition and tracking are frequent domains of active sensing methods such as RADAR,
Ultra-sound, or LASER scanning. The ability to track targets at manipulation range can significantly
reduce the cost and complexity of manipulator control. Ultrasonic sensors, in particular, provide an
ideal platform for experimental development in range detection.

They are cheap, readily available, and increasingly possessed of high-resolution sensors. Its various
Applications range from robotic security systems to environments such as production lines where

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

distance measurement and obstacle measurement and manipulation of objects are routine tasks with
potential for wide-scale automation and defense.

Here, a robotic platform along with a stepper motor fitted with ultrasonic sensor is used to
automatically locate and aim at a stationary target, moving target at a pre-defined range and
destroying it successfully. Let’s us, we summarize the project's main advances and indicate possible
directions for future work, thus The main objectives of this project are:

1. Monitoring the moving target.

2. Real time monitoring of target

3. Works in any lighting conditions.

4. Automatic target attacking.

5. Controlling the robot using RF TX and RX

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-2

ARCHITECTURE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

The design of projected system is consists of 8-bitmicrocontrollersAT89C51 and P89V51RD2,
Zigbee wireless communication module, inaudible electrical device module, Stepper motor drive
module, meshed DC motor drive module, liquid crystal display interface module and different
necessary accessories. These area unit explained in subsections.

Figure: 2.0 Architecture of system

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-3

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure: 3.0 Block Diagram

10

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-4

HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM

AVR Atmega 32 Microcontroller

• L293D Motor Driver IC

• Voltage regulator 7805

• Diode IN4007

• RF Receiver And Transmitter

• Robot Chassis

• Stepper Motor

• Ultrasonic Sensor

• Laser

• Wireless Video Camera

• Alarm

4.1.AVR ATMEGA 32 MICROCONTROLLER:

ATmega32 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller of Atmel’s Mega AVR family with low
power consumption. Atmega16 is based on enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing),
know more about RISC and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) Architecture with 131
powerful instructions. Most of the instructions execute in one machine cycle. Atmega16 can work on
a maximum Clock frequency of 16MHz.

ATmega32 has 16 KB programmable flash memory, static RAM of 1 KB and EEPROM of 512
Bytes bound by Harvard Architecture. The endurance cycle of flash memory and EEPROM is 10,000
and 100,000 respectively.

11

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

ATmega32 is a 40 pin microcontroller. There are 32 I/O (input/output) lines which are divided into
four 8-bit ports designated as Port A, Port B, Port C and Port D. ATmega32 has various in-built
peripherals like USART, ADC, Analog Comparator, SPI, JTAG etc. Each I/O pin has an alternative
task related to in-built peripherals.

Figure: 4.1 Pin Diagram

4.2. L293D MOTOR DRIVER IC

The most common method to drive DC motors in two directions under control of a computer is with
an H-bridge motor driver. We can make our own H bridge using transistors but it will be better if we
use a readymade IC named as L293D, it’s a dual half H bridge IC.

• We can drive a maximum of two DC motor and one stepper motor using one L293d

12

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC
motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of
two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop
the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions,
respectively.

Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating.
When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become
active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is
disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state.

Figure: 4.2 L293D Motor Drive Ic

13

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

4.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage
regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed
voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in
78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power
supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the
respective voltage levels.

Figure: 4.3 7805 voltage regulator

4.4 DIODE IN4007

These diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave
rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.

A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction. That is the current should
always flow from the Anode to cathode. The cathode terminal can be identified by using a grey bar
as shown in the picture above.

14

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

For 1N4007 Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it withstand peaks up to 30A.
Hence we can use this in circuits that are designed for less than 1A. The reverse current is 5uA
which is negligible. The power dissipation of this diode is 3W.
1. Maximum forward current capacity

2. Maximum reverse voltage capacity

3. Maximum forward voltage capacity

The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the market are as
follows:

Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have maximum
reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1A.

Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of more capacity
can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity cannot be used in place of
diode of high capacity.

Figure: 4.4 Diode IN4007

15

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

4.5 RF MODULE

An RF module (radio frequency module) is a (usually) small electronic device used to transmit
and/or receive radio signals between two devices. In an embedded system it is often desirable to
communicate with another device wirelessly. This wireless communication may be accomplished
through optical communication or through radio frequency (RF) communication. For many
applications the medium of choice is RF since it does not require line of sight. RF communications
incorporate a transmitter and a receiver. They are of various types and ranges. Some can transmit up
to 500 feet. RF modules are widely used in electronic design owing to the difficulty of designing
radio circuitry. Good electronic radio design is notoriously complex because of the sensitivity of
radio circuits and the accuracy of components and layouts required to achieve operation on a specific
frequency. In addition, reliable RF communication circuit requires careful monitoring of the
manufacturing process to ensure that the RF performance is not adversely affected.

• The RF module operates at Radio Frequency (RF). The corresponding frequency range varies
between 30 kHz & 300 GHz.

• RF signals can travel even through obstruction between transmitter & receiver.

• Any RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver

Figure: 4.5 RF module

16

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

4.6 ROBOT CHASSIS

A chassis is a base - the physical frame or structure of an automobile, an airplane, a desktop

computer or other multi-component device. In military terms, it refers to the frame on which a
cannon carriage moves backwards and forwards.

In the case of vehicles, the term rolling chassis means the frame plus the "running gear"
like engine, transmission, drive shaft, differential, and suspension.
An under body (sometimes referred to as "coachwork"), which is usually not necessary for integrity
of the structure, is built on the chassis to complete the vehicle.
For commercial vehicles, a rolling chassis consists of an assembly of all the essential parts of a truck
(without the body) to be ready for operation on the road. The design of a pleasure car chassis will be
different than one for commercial vehicles because of the heavier loads and constant work
use. Commercial vehicle manufacturers sell "chassis only", "cowl and chassis", as well as "chassis
cab" versions that can be outfitted with specialized bodies. These include motor homes, fire
engines, ambulances, box trucks, etc.
In particular applications, such as school buses, a government agency like National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the U.S.defines the design standards of chassis and body
conversions.
An armoured fighting vehicle's hull serves as the chassis and comprises the bottom part of the AFV
that includes the tracks, engine, driver's seat, and crew compartment. This describes the lower hull,
although common usage might include the upper hull to mean the AFV without the turret. The hull
serves as a basis for platforms on tanks, armoured personnel carriers, combat engineering vehicles,
etc.

Figure: 4.6 Robotic Chassis

17

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

4.7 STEPPER MOTOR

A stepper motor is another kind of electric motor used in the robotics industry.

• Stepper motors move a known interval for each pulse of power. These pulses of power are provided
by a stepper motor driver and are referred to as a step.

There are three main types of stepper motors

1. Permanent magnet stepper

2. Variable reluctance stepper
3. Hybrid synchronous stepper
Permanent magnet motors use a permanent magnet (PM) in the rotor and operate on the attraction or
repulsion between the rotor PM and the stator electromagnets. Variable reluctance (VR) motors have
a plain iron rotor and operate based on the principle that minimum reluctance occurs with minimum
gap, hence the rotor points are attracted toward the stator magnet poles. Whereas hybrid synchronous
are a combination of the permanent magnet and variable reluctance types, to maximize power in a
small size.

Figure: 4.7 Stepper Motor

18

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

4.8 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

• Ultrasonic Rangefinder is used to find range of an obstacle from the sensor.

• It works on a principle similar to RADAR or SONAR which evaluate attributes of a target by

interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively.

Ultrasonic sensors additionally called transceivers work on a principle same as measuring system or
measuring device that evaluates attributes of a target by deciphering the echoes from radio or sound
waves severally.supersonic sensing elements generate high frequency sound waves and judge the
echo that is received back by the sensor is shown in Fig. Use formotion or distance sensing with
Frequency: 40kHz ±1.0kHz, Al case, Capacitance: 2000Pf ±20% . The \ transmitter information
measure is five.0kHz/100Db and pressure level \ 112Db/40 ±1.0kHz.Study Article/March
2016/Volume-4/Issue-3/5395-5398 ISSN 2321-5461.

An ultrasonic proximity sensor uses a piezoelectric transducer to send and detect sound waves.
Transducer generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo by the detector which is
received back after reflecting off the target.

Figure: 4.8 Ultrasonic sensor

19

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

4.9 LASER – Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Radiation

• Any device that emit highly amplified and coherent radiation of one or more discrete frequencies.

• LASER delivers light in an almost-perfectly parallel beam (collimated) that is very pure,
approaching a single wavelength.

• Well basically it is used to produce a coherent non dispersing beam of light by multiple refractions
inside a highly polished glass cavity.

Figure: 4.9 Laser

4.10WIRELESS VIDEO CAMERA

Wireless cameras are basically described as a wireless transmitter carrying a camera signal. The
Camera is wired to a wireless transmitter and the signal travels between the camera and the receiver.
This works much like radio. The sound you hear on a radio is transmitted wirelessly and you tune to
20

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

a certain frequency and hear the sound. Wireless cameras have a channel also. The receiver has
channels to tune in and then you get the picture. The wireless camera picture is sent by the
transmitter the receiver collects this signal and outputs it to your Computer OR TV Monitor
depending on the receiver type.

Figure: 4.10 Wireless Transmitter

The Camera sees the image, the camera then provides the video to the transmitter, then the
transmitter sends the wireless signal to the receiver. There are many types of wireless cameras. You
can make most any camera wireless by adding a wireless transmitter and receiver. The camera and
transmitter require power. The power is provided by battery and/ or transformer / adapter.

The camera sees an image, sends it to the transmitter, and the transmitter sends the signal out to the
air. The receiver picks up the signal and outputs it to a TV / Computer / Digital Video recorder/ This
is a basic diagram many wireless cameras and transmitters are very small and the power is provided
to both from one source.

4.11 THE RECEIVER

A wireless receiver has only one function. After the camera and wireless transmitters have provided
the wireless video signal the receiver collects this signal and routes it the Monitor, TV, VCR , DVR
or PC (or alternative recording or viewing device). See diagram 2 .

21

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

As you can see in Diagram 2 The receiver accepts the wireless transmitters signal and then out puts it
to your TV, VCR, Monitor or PC. The receiver needs only power and a Device to view and or record
the Signal /Video.

Figure: 4.11 Receiver

4.12 VIDEO TRANSMITTER

Video Transmitters can be obtained separate from cameras. If you have a wired camera now you can
turn it into wireless by adding a transmitter and receiver. Instead of the wire from the camera to the
recording device or monitor the wireless signal will send the video. Again you will need to provide
power to the camera and the transmitter. Most transmitters and receivers are sold as a package but
some are not. Be sure to check with the supplier.

Figure: 4.12 Transmitter

22

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-5
ZIGBEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
ZigBee is the set of specs built around the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless protocol. The name "ZigBee" is
derived from the erratic zigging patterns many bees make between flowers when collecting pollen.
This is evocative of the invisible webs of connections existing in a fully wireless environment. The
standard itself is regulated by a group known as the ZigBee Alliance, with over 150 members
worldwide ZigBee devices are actively limited to a through-rate of 250Kbps, compared to
Bluetooth's much larger pipeline of 1Mbps, operating on the 2.4 GHz ISM band, which is available
throughout most of the world. ZigBee has been developed to meet the growing demand for capable
wireless networking between numerous low-power devices. In industry ZigBee is being used for next
generation automated manufacturing, with small transmitters in every device on the floor, allowing
for communication between devices to a central computer. This new level of communication permits
finely-tuned remote monitoring and manipulation.

Figure: 5.0 Zigbee Block Diagram

23

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-6
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP TESTING
The experimental setup is tested is shown in Fig and verified by the operations shown in table one.
The experimental setup primarily works on autonomous standalone system with sequence of
operations as per formula and programs executes through microcontrollers

.
Figure: 6.0 Setup
TABLE: 2
S NO Key Pad Controls Control Actions Operation & Results

1 Right Vehicle Turn Right Operates as desired

2 Left Vehicle Turn left Operates as desired

3 Stepper Right Antenna rotates clockwise As per microcontroller program

4 Stepper Left Antenna with sensor rotes As per microcontroller

counter clockwise program

5 Stepper Up Antenna with sensor rotates up As per specified degree in program

6 Stepper Down Antenna with sensor rotates down specified degree in program

7 Fire Relay with buzzer output Destroys the missile object

24

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-7

SOFTWARE
Code Vision AVR - Code vision AVR is a very powerful and user-friendly compiler/IDE for
Atmel’s AVR Series of Microcontroller

Application that runs under Windows® XP, Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10, 32-bit
and 64-bit

• Easy to use Integrated Development Environment and ANSI C compatible Compiler

• Editor with auto indentation, syntax highlighting for both C and AVR assembler, function
parameters and structure/union members autocomplete

• Fast floating point library with hardware multiplier and enhanced core instructions support for all
the new ATmega chips

• AVR specific extensions for:

• Transparent, easy accessing of the EEPROM & FLASH memory areas, without the need of special
functions like in other AVR compilers

• Bit level access to I/O registers

• Interrupt support

• Support for placing bit variables in the General Purpose I/O Registers (GPIOR) available in the
newchips(ATtiny2313,ATmega48/88/168,ATmega165/169/325/3250/329/3290/645/6450/649/6490,
ATmega1280/1281/2560/2561/640, ATmega406 and others)

• Compiler optimizations:

1. Peephole optimizer

2. Advanced variables to register allocator, allows very efficient use of the AVR architecture

25

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

3. Common Block Subroutine packing (what our competition calls “Code Compressor”), replaces
repetitive code sequences with calls to subroutines. This optimizer is available as Standard in Code
Vision AVR, at no additional costs, not like in our competitor’s products.

4. Common sub-expression elimination

5. Loop optimization

6. Branch optimization

7. Subroutine call optimization

8. Cross-jumping optimization

9. Constant folding

10.Constant literal strings merging

11.Store-copy optimization

12.Dead code removing optimization

Figure: 7.1 Programmer

26

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

• 4 memory models: TINY (8 bit data pointers for chips with up to 256 bytes of RAM), SMALL (16
bit data pointers for chips with more than 256 bytes of RAM), MEDIUM (for chips with 128k of
FLASH) and LARGE (for chips with 256k or more FLASH). The MEDIUM and LARGE memory
models allow full FLASH addressing for chips like ATmega128, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560.

7.1 Keil Software

The keil software provides with software development tools for the 8051 family of microcontrollers.
Keil provides following tools for 8051 development such as C51 Optimizing C Cross Compiler, A51
Macro Assembler, 8051 Utilities (linker, object file converter, library manager), Source-Level
Debugger/Simulator, µVision for Windows Integrated Development Environment.

7.2 Keil C Cross Compiler

Keil is a German based Software development company. It provides several development tools like,
Integrated Development environment (IDE), Project Manager, Simulator, Debugger, C Cross
Compiler, Cross Assembler, Locator/Linker.

27

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

By using ultrasonic waves we can detect the missile then micro controller activate the destroyer. This
can be applied in various defense fields to protect the Nation from foreign attacks. In case of global
military conflict, the role of anti-missile defense becomes very important. Although anti-missile
defense with a hundred percent reliability was not reached by any country, huge efforts are put into
this area. For this purpose early attack detection systems, controllable rockets, high power lasers are
used. We would like to believe that such technologies will never be used according to their direct
destination, but will be applied by mankind for peaceful purposes.

Figure: 8.0 Missile detector

28

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-9

FUTURE SCOPE
1. By using controller microcontroller we can implement the intelligent system in future.

2. In Future it can be used as an advanced tracking system along with high intensity camera to track a
real target(say a Missile or Tank).

3. The advantage of this unit is that to run the system we can use video camera and other sensors to
see the live moving target from anywhere in the world.

Further developments could relax these restrictions by allowing range detection from the video
image and implementing tracking and prediction of a moving target, but these features proved
impossible to include within our timeframe. Target acquisition occurs via processing of an image
stream from a single webcam, making use of foreground segmentation and SURF feature detection,
together with a calibrated pinhole model to convert from pixel distances into real-world Cartesian
coordinates. Because the missile launcher has no sensors to provide feedback on its pose, described
in terms of the altitude and azimuth angles of its barrel, we also present results for a visual servicing
system. This uses a camera mounted on the barrel to read a calibrated fan pattern printed behind the
launcher base, providing pose feedback by detecting and recording movement from a denned origin.
We also show results for ballistic light tests conducted on the foam missiles, swhich allow the
calculation of the desired launcher pose given a target location.

29

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-10

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGE

10.1 ADVANTAGES:

1. Bright, hot rocket exhaust makes detection and targeting easier.

2. Decoys cannot be used during boost phase.

3. At this stage, the missile is full of flammable propellant, which makes it very vulnerable to
explosive warheads.

4. Smaller, lighter anti-ballistic missile is sufficient.

5. Balloon decoys do not work during reentry.

6. Smaller, less sophisticated radar required.

10.2 DISADVANTAGES:

1. Very short intercept time, possibly less than 30 seconds.

2. Less defended geographic coverage.

3. Possible blanketing of target area with hazardous materials in the case of detonation of nuclear
warhead(s).

30

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-11

CONCLUSION
The unhearable transceiver (transmitter & receiver) detects missile object and displays distance on
liquid crystal display through microcontroller primarily based zigbee wireless communication
commonplace. The sensing elementis fitted on antenna andis revolved and controlled by stepper
motor through 360 degrees and conjointly with up and down directions. If there's any target at
intervals the detection vary, the applying can flip the launcher to the closest detected target and fires.
The tank vehicle is fitted with another microcontroller with movements of the vehicle’s management
actions send and receive by the zigbee communication key panel. The launching system may be
changed to aim at missile object in 3 axis rotation by following the unhearable transceiver
knowledge

• The ultrasonic proximity detector comprising independent, battery or AC powered transmitter and
receiver section make use of a pair of matched ultrasonic piezo ceramic transducers each operating at
around 40 kHz.

• The AVR microcontroller receives the signal from ultrasonic receiver it activates the door gun by
triggering the gate of MOSFET through a transistor.

• Op-Amps are used for amplification of the weak signals received upon reflection from the obstacle,
by the receiving ultrasonic transducer sent by the transmitting one, to switch on appropriate load
while the program is executed at the microcontroller end.

• At the receiver side the received signal is amplified and given to the microcontroller which is used
as to operate the relay driver (ULN2003) for operating the relay to drive the loads.

• Target acquisition and tracking are frequent domains of active sensing methods such as RADAR,
Ultra-sound, or LASER scanning.

• The project consists of the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver each of which works for the
frequency of 40 kHz

31

EN, SRMGPC
SEMINAR REPORT MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROYING SYSTEM

REFERENCES
[1] Wang Shaokun, Xiao Xiao, Zhao Hongwei “The Wireless Remote Control Car System Based On
ARM9”, College of Software, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University,
JLU, Changchun, China, 2011 International Conference on Instrumentation, Measurement,
Computer, Communication and Control

[2] B.Suchitha Samuel, B.Bharathi, J.Mrudula, Department of Electronics& Communication

Engineering, Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Keesara, Andhra Pradesh, India,
“Design of PC Controlled Automatic Solar Tracker Robot, Vol. 2”, Issue 10, October 2013,
“International Journal of Innovative Research in Science”, Engineering and Technology.

[3] Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded
systems”, Pearson Education.

32

EN, SRMGPC