Unam Ipr PDF

Production Design
• Production desing and optimization is deeply

related to drilling, completion, production
layout, flow assurance, reservoir
management and production strategy for the
field.
• In order to correctly design or analyze a
production system (naturally flowing or
artificially lifted), the production engineer
must have a good idea of the flowrates that
will occur during the life of the well.
Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Production Design
• Knowledge of the production levels, both in

the present and in the future as well as the
production characteristics (GOR, WC, sand
production, etc) will influence the design and
optimization of the production system used.
• We know that the production flowrate is
function of the pressure drop in each
individual component of the system.

Equilibrium Flowrate
The equilibrium flowrate q is the solution to

the following equation
Pr − Ps = ∑ ∆Pc (q)
Potential Pressure Drops in System Components

Natural Equilibrium Flowrate
4000 Reservoir Tubing Flowline
3500
3000
Pressure (psi)
2500 ∆Preservoir (q )
Separator
2000
Flowrate q
1500
1000 ∆Ptubing (q )
500
∆Pflowline (q )
0
0 5000 10000 15000
Distance (ft)

The system components are: reservoir, tubing,
flowline, etc...
Pr − Ps = ∆Preservoir (q ) + ∆Ptubing (q ) + ∆Pflowline (q ) + ....
Press Drop in Porous Media
Press Drop in Pipes and Equipment

Regrouping the terms:
Pr − ∆Preservoir (q ) = Ps + ∆Ptubing (q ) + ∆Pflowline (q ) + ....
Flow in Porous Media Flow in Pipes and Equipment

Flowrates
• The source of the produced fluids is the reservoir.
During production, the fluids will flow inside the porous
media losing pressure as they flow towards the
perforations.
• The driving force for the fluids to move inside the
porous media is the pressure drop in the reservoir. The
fluids will arrive at the mid point of the perforations with
a pressure Pwf also called inflow bottomhole flowing
pressure.
Pr − ∆Preservoir (q ) = P inflow
wf (q)

Then:
Flow in Porous Media Flow Pipes and Equipment
P inflow
wf (q) = Ps + ∆Ptubing (q ) + ∆Pflowline (q ) + ....

Inflow Performance Relationship
• Therefore the rate q of the inflow of fluids

from the reservoir into the well is a function
of the bottonhole flowing pressure Pwf at
the midpoint of the perforations
• This function is called:

– Inflow Performance Relationship - IPR
inflow inflow
Pwf (q) or q( Pwf )
Flowrates
• After the fluids get into the production system throught the
perforations, they will flow through the remaining components
of the production system (tubing, flowline, etc…) losing
pressure as they flow towards the separator.
• The driving force for the fluids to move through those element
is the pressure at the bottom of the well. The fluids will
require a certain pressure at the mid point of the perforations
to flow. This pressure, Pwf is called outflow bottomhole
flowing pressure.
P outflow
wf (q ) = Ps + ∆Ptubing (q ) + ∆Pflowline (q ) + ....

Then:
Pr − ∆Preservoir (q ) =
outflow
P wf (q )

Outflow Performance Relationship
• Therefore the rate q of the outflow of fluids from the bottom
of the well into the separator is a function of the bottonhole
flowing pressure Pwf at the midpoint of the perforations
• This function is called:

– Outflow Performance Relationship – OPR
– It is also called System Performance Relationship or Tubing
Performance Relationship or Total System Performance
Relationship or Tubing Intake Performance.
outflow outflow
P wf (q) or q( Pwf )
Then:
P inflow
wf (q ) = P outflow
wf (q )

Flow Pipes and Equipment
outflow
P
wf (q ) = Ps + ∆Ptubing (q ) + ∆Pflowline (q ) + ....
Flow in Porous Media
P inflow
wf (q ) = Pr − ∆Preservoir (q )

5000
4500 OPR Pwfo

4000
3500
Pwf
Pre ssu re (p si)
3000
2500
IPR
2000
1500
qe
1000
i
500
Pwf
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
F lo w rate (b p d )

Performance Relationships
• A well’s Inflow Performance Relationship is a measure
of the reservoir ability to produce fluids under an imposed
reservoir pressure drop or bottom hole flowing pressure
Pwf.
• The IPR represents the pressure available at the bottom of
the well for a certain flowrate. It represents the pressure
available in front of the perforations for the fluids to flow
inside the porous media at a certain flowrate
• A well’s Outflow Performance Relationship is a measure
of the production system requirements to produce fluids
under an imposed system pressure drop or bottom hole
flowing pressure Pwf
• The OPR represents the pressure required at the bottom
of the well to flow fluids at a certain flowrate from that
location to the surface separator.
Performance Relationships
• The natural equilibrium flowrate is the flowrate at which
the Inflow and Outflow Performance Relationships are
the same.
• The IPR and OPR represent a relationship between the
bottonhole flowing pressure and the flowrate. For a
certain condition there is only one equilibrium flowrate
and only one bottomhole flowing pressure. The
equilibrium flowrate is the one that causes the IPR and
OPR pressures to be the same.
• Proper System design requires
– Knowledge of the IPR and OPR at current as well as
future reservoir pressure levels and operational
conditions.

Darcy’s Law
• In1856 Darcy (1803-1858) performed experiments for
the design of sand filters for water purification in France
THE PUBLIC FOUNTAINS OF THE CITY OF DIJON
EXPERIENCE AND APPLICATION PRINCIPLES TO FOLLOW

AND FORMULAS TO BE USED IN THE QUESTION OF THE
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
WORK FINISHES WITH AN APPENDIX RELATING TO THE WATER SUPPLIES OF

SEVERAL CITIES THE FILTERING OF WATER AND THE MANUFACTURE OF STRONG
PIPES OF LEAD, SHEET METAL AND BITUMEN
by
HENRY DARCY
INSPECTOR GENERAL OF BRIDGES AND ROADS
1856

Darcy Experiment
Viscous Fluid Sand
µ
P + dP A P
q
dx

Darcy’s Law
• After several experiments Darcy
concluded that:
A dP
q is proportional to
µ dx
k A dP
q=
µ dx
• Where k is defined as the permeability of the porous media.
• In 1933 Muskat et al, proposed to measured permeability in
a unit called Darcy

Darcy’s Law
The units of k can be obtained by:
q µ dx
k=
dP A
3 2 2
L M Lt t L 1
k= 2 2
L 2
=L2
t t L MLL
• The permeability k has the units of area

Darcy’s Law
• The definition of 1 Darcy is the permeability of a porous
media that will allow the flow of 1 cm3/s of a fluid with 1
cp viscosity when the pressure gradient is 1 atm/cm
and the flow area is 1 cm2
q µ dx
k=
dP A
cm3 cp cm −13
1 Darcy = 1 = 9 .869 10 m 2
s atm cm 2

Darcy’s Law
• The value of 1 Darcy by definition is then:
1 D = 9.869 10 −13 m 2
• Curiosity: Human hair thickness ~ 60 microns = 6 x 10-5 m

• Human hair cross section area
πd 2
π (6 10 −5 2
)
Hair Cross Section Area = = = 28.27 10 −10 m 2
4 4
Hair Cross Section Area = 2865 Darcy

Darcy’s Law
k A dP
q=
µ dx
q - Liquid flow rate

A - Cross Section Area
µ - Liquid Viscosity
dP - Pressure Gradient
dx Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa
Darcy’s Law
• As an example of an application of
Darcy’s Law, lets obtain the relationship
between the steady state flowrate and
the pressure at the perforations for a well
in a reservoir with a radius rr.
• Lets assume that the pressure at the
edge of the reservoir at rr is constant and
equal to Pr
• Lets assume also that the fluid is
incompressible

P
Pr
Pwf
r
rw r rr
dr
q
A
h

Darcy’s Law
k A dP
q= A = 2π r h
µ dr
2π k h dP
q= r
µ dr
Darcy’s Law
2π k h dP
q= r
µ dr
• This represents an ordinary differential
equation (ODE) that must be solved to
yield the solution of pressure as a
function of the radial distance.
• To properly solve this ODE we must
impose a boundary condition.
Darcy’s Law
• Example:
⎧ dr 2π k h
⎪ = dP
⎨r qµ
⎪ BC P = P @ r = r
⎩ r r

Darcy’s Law
For incompressible, single phase flow :
dr 2π k h
∫r =
qµ ∫ dP
2π k h
ln (r ) = P+ A
µq

Darcy’s Law
The constant of integration A can be
determined using the boundary conditon:
2π k h
ln (r ) = P+ A P = Pr @ r = rr
µq
2π k h
A=− Pr + ln (rr )
µq

Darcy’s Law
Then the final pressure profile inside the porous media
is finally obtained as:
2π k h 2π k h
ln (r ) = P+ A A=− Pr + ln (rr )
µq µq
2π k h 2π k h
ln (r ) = P− Pr + ln (rr )
µq µq
2π k h
(Pr − P ) = ln(rr ) − ln(r )
µq
Darcy’s Law
Then the final pressure profile inside the porous media
is finally obtained as:
2π k h
(Pr − P ) = ln(rr ) − ln(r )
µq
µq ⎛ rr ⎞
P(r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
2π k h ⎝ r ⎠

Darcy’s Law
Finally: µq ⎛ rr ⎞
P (r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
2π k h ⎝ r ⎠
cp bpd
psi
µq⎛ rr ⎞
P (r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
0.00708 k h ⎝ r ⎠
ft
mD

Darcy’s Law
The radial pressure gradient in the porous media is:
bpd cp
psi/ft
dP qµ 1
=
dr 0.00708 k h r
mD ft

Darcy’s Law
µq ⎛ rr ⎞
P (r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
6000 0.00708 k h ⎝ r ⎠
5000
4000
Pressure (psi)
Reservoir Pressure 5000 psi

Viscosity 8 cp
3000 Flowrate 2000 bpd
Permeability 500 mD
2000 Thickness 10 ft
Well Diameter 9 in
1000
Reservoir Radius 1000 ft
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Radial Position (ft)

Darcy’s Law

Viscosity 8 cp
Flowrate 2000 bpd
6000
Permeability 500 mD
Well Diameter 9 in
4000 Reservoir Radius 1000 ft

Pressure (psi)
3000
2000
µq
⎛ rr ⎞
P(r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
1000 0.00708 k h ⎝ r ⎠
0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Darcy’s Law
dP qµ 1
=
1400 dr 0.00708 k h r
Radial Pressure Gradient (psi/ft)
1200
1000
Viscosity 8 cp
Flowrate 2000 bpd
800
Permeability 500 mD
600 Thickness 10 ft
Well Diameter 9 in
400
200
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000

Darcy’s Law
µq ⎛ rr ⎞
P (r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
Pr 6000 0.00708 k h ⎝ r ⎠
5000
4000
Pressure (psi)

Viscosity 8 cp
Permeability 500 mD
2000 i
P wf
Thickness 10 ft
Well Diameter 9 in
1000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Darcy’s Law
Well Centerline
µq
⎛ rr ⎞
Sand Face P (r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
0.00708 k h ⎝ r ⎠
3000
2600
Pressure (psi)
2200 Viscosity 8 cp
Flowrate 2000 bpd
Permeability 500 mD
1800
Thickness 10 ft
Pwfi Well Diameter 9 in
rw
1000
0 2 4 6 8 10

Darcy’s Law
µq ⎛ rr ⎞
P(r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
6000
Flowrate (bpd) 0.00708 k h ⎝ r ⎠
1000
5000 1500
4000
Pressure (psi)
2000 Reservoir Pressure 5000 psi

3000 Viscosity 8 cp
2500
Permeability 500 mD
Well Diameter 9 in
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Darcy’s Law
µq ⎛ rr ⎞
P(r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
7000 Reservoir Pressure (psi) 0.00708 k h ⎝ r ⎠
6000
6000 5500
5000
4500
5000
Pressure (psi)
4000
Flowrate 2000 bpd
Viscosity 8 cp
3000
Permeability 500 mD
Well Diameter 9 in
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Darcy’s Law
µq ⎛ rr ⎞
Fluid Viscosity (cp) P(r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
6000 0.00708 k h ⎝ r ⎠
6 4
8
5000 10
4000
Pressure (psi)

3000
Flowrate 2000 bpd
Permeability 500 mD
2000
Thickness 10 ft
Well Diameter 9 in
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Darcy’s Law
µq ⎛ rr ⎞
Permeability (mD) P(r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
6000 0.00708 k h ⎝ r ⎠
600 800
500
5000 400
4000
Pressure (psi)

Fluid Viscosity 8 cp
Well Diameter 9 in
1000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Darcy’s Law
µq ⎛ rr ⎞
Thickness (ft) P(r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
0.00708 k h ⎝ r ⎠
6000 30 50
20
10
5000
4000
Pressure (psi)

Permeability 500 mD
2000
Well Diameter 9 in
1000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Darcy’s Law
µq
⎛ rr ⎞
Reservoir Radius (ft) P(r ) = Pr − ln⎜ ⎟
6000 0.00708 k h ⎝ r ⎠
500 1000 2000 3000
5000
4000
Pressure (psi)

2000 Permeability 500 mD

Well Diameter 9 in
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Darcy’s Law
The Inflow bottonhole flowing pressure can be
obtained as the solution of the pressure profile when
the radial position is equal to the well radius:
⎛ rr ⎞ µq
P = P (rw ) = Pr −
i
wf ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
0.00708 k h ⎝ rw ⎠
⎛ rr ⎞
µq
P (q ) = Pr −
i
wf ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
0.00708 k h ⎝ rw ⎠

Darcy’s Law
Rearranging this equation we can obtain the IPR
mD ft
psi
bpd
q=
0.00708 k h
⎛ rr ⎞
Pr − Pwf
i
( )
µ ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ rw ⎠
cp

Single Phase IPR
Darcy’s Law can be written as:
q = J Pr − P( i
wf )
0.00708 k h
J=
⎛ rr ⎞
µ ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ rw ⎠
Where J is called Productivity Index and has units of
stb/d/psi
Single Phase IPR
Pwf
q = J (Pr − Pwf ) dq
Pe J =−
dPwf
qmax = J Pr
q
qmax
Single Phase IPR
• The incompressible single phase or
straight line IPR is valid when the fluids
flowing inside the reservoir are in single
phase incompressible conditions.
• Pwf above saturation Pressure

• High BSW
• Very low GOR

Single Phase IPR
• The single phase productivity index J can

be calculated from:
– Reservoir and Fluid properties

or
– Calculated from well test data

Single Phase IPR
Example 1:
k - 20 mD
h - 60 ft
µ - 10 cP
rr - 600 ft
rw - 3.5”
Pr - 1250 psi

Single Phase IPR
Example 1:
0.00708 20 60
k - 20 mD J=
⎛ 600 ⎞
h - 60 ft 10 ln⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3.5 / 12 ⎠
µ - 10 cP
rr - 600 ft
J = 0.1114 stb/d/psi
rw - 3.5”
Pr - 1250 psi

Single Phase IPR
Example 1:
k - 20 mD
h - 60 ft
q = 0.1114 Pr − P ( i
wf )
µ - 10 cP
rr - 600 ft qmax = 0.1114 1250
rw - 3.5”
qmax = 139.25 stb/d
Pr - 1250 psi

Single Phase IPR
Example 1:
Pr = 1250 psig
Pwf q = 0.1114 Pr − P ( i
wf )
1250
qmax = 139.25 stb/d
q
139.25
Single Phase IPR
Example 2:
Pr - 1250 psi
Well Test
600 stb/d @ Pwf = 900 psi

Single Phase IPR
Example 2:
Pr - 1250 psi
Well Test
q = J Pr − P ( i
wf )
600 = J (1250 − 900 ) J = 1.71 stb/d/psi

Single Phase IPR
Example 2:
Pr - 1250 psi
Well Test
600 stb/d @ Pwf – 900 psi
q = J Pr − P ( i
wf )
qmax = 1.71 (1250 - 0) qmax = 2137.5 stb/d

Single Phase IPR
Example 2:
Pr = 1250 psig
Pwf
1250
q = 1.71 Pr − P ( i
wf )
qmax = 2137.5 stb/d
q
2137.5
Homework 1
Well Tests
Calculate:
Pr , J and Qmax

Homework 1
Well Tests
q = J Pr − P ( i
wf )
Well Tests
30 = J ( Pr – 1000)
2=
( Pr − 800 )
60 = J ( Pr – 800) (Pr − 1000) Pr = 1200 psi
30 = J ( Pr – 1000)
J = 3/20 stb/d/psi
30 = J ( 1200 – 1000)
Qmax = J Pr = 3/20 (1200) = 180 stb/d

Pwf
Pr = 1200 psi Homework 1
qmax = 180 stb/d
Q
As we produce fluids from the
reservoir, a depletion in reservoir
pressure will take place.
What is the effect of depletion on the

Inflow Performance Relationship ?
Can we estimate Future IPR ?

Future Linear IPR
q = J Pr − P ( i
wf )
0.00708 k h
J=
⎛ rr ⎞
µ ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ rw ⎠
For incompressible fluids, the viscosity is not function of
pressure. Since J is not a function of pressure for the
linear IPR case, the effect of depletion on the Inflow
Performance is shown only as a decrease in the
reservoir pressure Pr
Future Linear IPR
Pwf
As time t incresases, reservoir
pressure Pr decreases and cumulative
Pr
production Np increases.
q = J Pr − P ( i
wf )
q
qmax
Darcy’s Law and Laminar Flow in Pipes
• Darcys Law:
Viscous Fluid Sand
µ
P + dP A P
q
dx
mD ft 2
bpd psi/ft
k A dP 0.001127 k A dP
q= q=
µ dx µ dx
cp
• Laminar Flow in Pipes:
P + dP q d P
dl
in
bbl/d psi/ft
1 d 4 dP
q=
7.9628 10 −6 µ dl
cp
ft
bbl/d psi/ft
12 4 d 4 dP
q=
7.9628 10 −6 µ dl
cp
• We can imagine the porous media as a series of N
capillary pipes in parallel with an average length m dx
dx
q q
N
m dx
ft
bbl/d psi/ft
N 12 4 d 4 dP
q=
m 7.9628 10 −6 µ dx
cp

• We can imagine the porous media as a series of N
capillary pipes in parallel with an average length m dx
dx
q q
N
m dx
mD ft 2
bpd psi/ft
0.001127 k A dP
q=
µ dx
cp

• Combining both equations we obtain:
0.001127 k A dP N 12 4 d 4 dP
q= q=
µ dx m 7.9628 10 −6 µ dx
1 12 4 N d4
k=
0.001127 7.9628 10 −6 m A
ft
mD
4
N d
k = 2.31 1012
m A
ft 2

• Defining the porosity:
π mN π 2
mN d =φ A
2 A= d
4 φ 4
4 Nφ d 4
k = 2.31 10 12
π m mN d 2
mD ft
mD in
φ φ
k = 2.94 10
12
2
d2 k = 2.04 10
10
d2
m m2

Is the Linear IPR concept valid for all
conditions
?
Do we generally produce fluids in
single phase flow
?

Multi Phase IPR
• Not all of the producing wells are in conditions
where the linear IPR is valid.
• Usually inside the reservoir we have a mixture
of fluids flowing that will go to multiphase
conditions when the pressure is lower than the
bubble point.
• The fluids are not incompressible, their
properties change with pressure.
• The relative permeability of the reservoir to a
specific fluid is function of the fluid saturation.

Darcy’s Law
Viscous Fluid Sand 100% Saturated with Fluid

µ
P + dP A P
q
dx
k A dP
q=
µ dx

Darcy’s Law
Viscous Fluid Sand Partially Saturated with Fluid
µ
P + dP A P
q
dx
k f A dP
q=
µ dx

Darcy’s Law
0.6
0.5 Absolute Permeability - k

Permeability (mD)
0.4
0.3
0.2
Critical Saturation
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fluid Saturation (Fraction)

Darcy’s Law
1.0
0.8
Relative Permeability
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fluid Saturation (Fraction)

Darcy’s Law
• The relative permeability is defined as the ratio between
the permeability to a fluid and the rock absolute
permeability:
kf
k rf =
k
k f A dP k rf dP
q= =kA
µ dx µ dx
Multi Phase IPR
• Also for a real fluid, the fluid properties are function of
pressure.
• Specifically, the fluid compressibility and viscosity are
function of the pressure.
• Darcy law is valid for the actual fluid flowrate or velocity
occuring at the pressure and temperature conditions inside
the porous media.
• Since the fluid is compressible, this flowrate is not the same
that is measured at surface conditions.
• For that reason it would be interesting to relate the IPR with
the liquid flowrate at specific surface or standard conditions.
• This is done with the use of the fluid formation volume factor
q = B f qsc
Darcy’s Law
k rf dP
q=kA
µ f dx
q = B f qsc
dP kf
qsc = A
B f µ f dx
Darcy’s Law
For radial flow we have :
dP kf
qsc = A
B f µ f dr
A = 2π r h
2 π r k f h dP
qsc =
µ f B f dr

Darcys Law in Cylindrical Coordinates
Fluid properties are function of pressure and saturation

or relative permeability is function of position, then :
dr 2π h 1
∫ kf r = q scf ∫B f µf
dP
1
∫B µf
dP
q = 2π h
sc f
f
dr
∫ kf r

Multi Phase IPR
• As the pressure inside the reservoir goes below
the bubble point value, gas goes out of solution
reducing the oil saturation and relative
permeability, and increasing oil viscosity. The
oil productivity is reduced, since now the driving
force for fluid movement is spent moving the
liquid and the gas phases.
• The constant PI concept is no longer valid.

Single Phase and Multi Phase IPR
Pwf
2π k h
Pr
Pr
q= ∫
⎛ re ⎞ Pwf
dP
µ ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ rw ⎠
1
∫B µf
dP
q = 2π h
sc f
f
dr
∫ kf r
q
Multi Phase IPR
• IPR under multiphase flow conditions can not be
easily calculated.
• The most accurate method is by solving the
equations governing the flow in the porous media
through a reservoir simulator.
• The IPR is so important to Production Engineers
that simplified or empirical methods to estimate it
are necessary.
• The most common correlations are Vogel and
Fetkovich

Vogel IPR
• Vogel used a numerical reservoir simulator to
generate the IPR. He studied several cases for
a specific condition:
– Mechanism of production – Solution Gas Drive
– No water production
– Reservoir pressure below bubble point – Saturated
conditions
• He changed several other conditions such as
fluid and rock properties
• He then plotted the results of the simulation for
the several cases

Vogel IPR
3500
3000
2500
Pressure (psi)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Flowrate (sbpd)
Vogel IPR
• Like expected, all IPR’s showed a curved
shape.
• He then tried to find a “common” shape to
describe all the IPRs.
• He tried to “normalize” the curves. For each
case, he divided the pressure by the reservoir
pressure and the flowrate by the maximum
flowrate.
• The result was not a perfect correlation, but the
points were clustered along a curved line.

Vogel IPR
Pwf
1
Pr
0.8
Pressure (dimensionless)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
q
Flowrate (dimensionless)
qmax
Vogel IPR
• A linear relationship is clearly not
applicable.
• Vogel tried then a quadratic form
⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛ Pwf ⎞
⎟⎟ + c ⎜ ⎟⎟
q
= a + b ⎜⎜
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠

Vogel IPR
1
Pwf 2
⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
⎟⎟ + c ⎜ ⎟⎟
q
Pr = a + b ⎜⎜
0.8 qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Flowrate (dimensionless) q
qmax
Vogel IPR
2
⎟⎟ + c ⎜ ⎟⎟
q
= a + b ⎜⎜
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠
The following conditions must be met by this
expression
q = qmax for Pwf = 0

and
q=0 for Pwf = Pr

Vogel IPR
The results of those conditions are:
a=1
and
c=-(1+b)
So the proposed expression becomes:
⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
q
= 1 + b ⎜⎜
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠

2
1 ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
q
= 1 + b ⎜⎜
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠
0.8
-1 0.2
D imensionless Pressure
0.4
- 0.8
0.6
0.6
- 0.6
- 0.4
0.4
b - 0.2
0
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D imensionless Flow rate

Vogel IPR
⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
q
= 1 + b ⎜⎜
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠
-1 < b < 0

Vogel IPR
Vogel then used his numerical

results from the simulations to
get the best value of b that
would fit his data.

Vogel IPR
1
0.8
b = - 0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

2
⎟⎟ − 0.8 ⎜ ⎟⎟
1 q
= 1 − 0.2 ⎜⎜
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Vogel IPR
• Vogel IPR can be obtained only from well tests
as opposed to the linear IPR that can be
determined from well tests of rock and fluid
properties.
• Although the method was develloped for
solution gas drive reservois, the equation is
generally accepted and used for other drive
mechanisms as well.
• It is found to give excellent results for any well
with a reservoir pressure below the oil bubble
point, i.e., saturated reservoirs. WHY ?

Vogel Type IPR
• The best value for b according to
Vogel’s numerical results is -0.2
• Fetkovich following a more analytical
approach also proposed an IPR with
a b value of 0
• Several other investigators obtained
different values for b as well.

Vogel Type IPR
IPR b
Linear -1
Wiggins (Water - Multiphase) -0.72
Wiggins (Oil) -0.52
Vogel -0.2
Klins (Quadratic) -0.1225
Fetkovich 0
Caution: When using a quadratic type IPR the

equation must follows:
2
⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
q
= 1 + b ⎜⎜
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠
2
Vogel Type IPR ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛

Pwf ⎞
⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
q
= 1 + b ⎜⎜
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠
1
0.9
Vogel
Dimensionless Pressure
0.8
0.7 Klins
0.6 Linear Fetkovich
0.5
0.4
Wiggins - Water
0.3
0.2 Wiggins - Oil
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Dimensionless Flowrate

Vogel IPR
• Example:
Saturated Reservoir
Pr = 1500 psi
Test
qo = 200 bpd @ Pwf = 1400 psi
Determine Vogel IPR (b = - 0.2)

Vogel IPR
2
• Example: ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
⎟⎟ − 0.8 ⎜ ⎟⎟
q
= 1 − 0.2 ⎜⎜
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠
2
200 ⎛ 1400 ⎞ ⎛ 1400 ⎞

= 1 − 0.2 ⎜ ⎟ − 0.8 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
qmax 1500 1500 ⎝ ⎠
qmax = 1717.56 stb/d

1600
1400
1200
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Flowrate (bpd)

Homework 1
• Well Test
– 100 bpd @ Pwf = 1400 psi
– Pr = 2000 psi
• We know the reservoir is saturated
• Calculate and Plot the Vogel IPR
• Calculate and Plot a linear IPR
• What can you say of the use of linear IPR
for saturated reservoirs ?

Homework 1 - Vogel
2
⎟⎟ − 0.8 ⎜ ⎟⎟
q
= 1 − 0.2 ⎜⎜
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠
2
100 ⎛ 1400 ⎞ ⎛ 1400 ⎞

= 1 − 0.2 ⎜ ⎟ − 0.8 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
qmax 2000 2000 ⎝ ⎠
qmax = 213.7 stb/d

Homework 1 - Vogel
q = J ( Pr − Pwf )
100 = J (2000 − 1400)
J = 1/6 stb/d/psi
Qmax = J Pr = 1/6 2000 = 333.33 stb/d

Homework 1
2000
B ottomhole flow ing pressure (psi)
1800
1600
ove r pre dicting
1400
re gion for line a r IP R
1200
1000 unde r pre dicting
re gion for line a r IP R
800
600
400
200
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Oil Flow rate (bpd)

Homework 1a
• Well Test
– 100 bpd @ Pwf = 1400 psi
– Pr = 2000 psi
• We know the reservoir is saturated
• Calculate and Plot the Vogel, Fetkovich,
Klins, Wiggins and the linear IPR
• Compare the results

Homework 1a - Vogel
2
⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
q
= 1 + b ⎜⎜
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠
2
100 ⎛ 1400 ⎞ ⎛ 1400 ⎞

= 1 + b⎜ ⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2000 ⎠
qmax 2000 ⎝ ⎠
IPR b qmax
Linear -1 333
Wiggins -0.52 250
Vogel -0.2 214
Klins -0.1225 206
Fetkovich 0 196
Homework 1a
2000
1800
1600
1400
Pressure (psi)
1200 Linear
1000 Wiggins
800
Vogel
600
400 Klins
200 Fetkovich
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Flowrate (bpd)

Productivity Index
• The value of the productivity index J needs to be
redefined for the case of the saturated IPR. The value
of J is given by:
⎛ dq ⎞
J = −⎜ ⎟
⎜ dP ⎟
⎝ wf ⎠
• For saturated reservoirs we have
2
q ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛ Pwf ⎞
= 1 + b⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b)⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠
q ⎛ Pwf ⎞
J = max ⎜⎜ 2(1 + b) − b ⎟⎟
Pr ⎝ Pr ⎠

Productivity Index
• In particular, the values of J* and J0 are defined as:
⎛ dq ⎞ ⎛ dq ⎞
J = −⎜
* ⎟ J = −⎜
0 ⎟
⎜ dP ⎟ ⎜ dP ⎟
⎝ wf ⎠ Pwf = Pr ⎝ wf ⎠ Pwf =0
• For saturated reservoirs we have
J *
=
(2 + b ) qmax
J =0− b qmax
Pr Pr

Productivity Index for Saturated IPR
2000
J *
=
(2 + b ) qmax
Pr
1500
Pressure (psi)
1000
− b qmax
J =
0
500
Pr
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

Oil Flowrate (stb/d)
Well Test and Errors

IPR Errors
• When determining IPR from well tests, we must
evaluate the errors on the test variables
(flowrates and pressure).
• Usually the variables are measured with a
certain error associated with a confidence
interval.
• Example 10% error with 95% confidence
interval for a variable means:
– We have 95% confidence that the true value T of a
variable is in the interval 0.9 M – 1.1 M, where M is
the measured value of the variable

IPR Errors
Confidence C
T
(1-E) M M (1+E) M

IPR Errors
Confidence Interval C
Estimated
Confidence Interval C2

IPR Errors - Example
• Assume we have a very reliable value of 1500 psi for Pr
for a saturated reservoir
• The well test gives us the following data
– q = 300 bpd @ Pwf = 800 psi
• Assume the test flowrate error is 5% with a confidence
of 95%
• Assume the test pressure error is 1% with a confidence
of 95%
– 285 bpd < q < 315 bpd
– 792 psi < Pwf < 808 psi
• Estimate the error in the Vogel IPR

1600 (q +
, Pwf+ )
1400
(q, P ) wf
High Flowrate and
Pressure
1200
Test Data
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600 (q −
, Pwf− )
400 Low Flowrate and
Pressure
200
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Flowrate (bpd)
• Lets calculate the value of qmax for the
test data:
qt
qmax = 2
1 − 0.2 ⎜⎜ ⎟ − 0.8 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Pr
⎟
⎠ ⎜ P ⎟
⎝ r ⎠

• Lets calculate the value of qmax for the
two extreme cases:
+ qt+
qmax = 2
⎛P +
⎞ ⎛ +
Pwf ⎞
1 − 0.2 ⎜⎜ wf
⎟ − 0.8 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Pr
⎟
⎠ ⎜ Pr ⎟
⎝ ⎠
− qt−
qmax = 2
⎛P −
⎞ ⎛ P − ⎞
1 − 0.2 ⎜⎜ wf
⎟ − 0.8 ⎜ wf ⎟
⎝ Pr
⎟
⎠ ⎜ Pr ⎟
⎝ ⎠
• The values for qmax are:
qmax = 450
+
q max = 477
−
q max = 424
424 bpd < qmax < 477 bpd with a confidence of 90.25%
qmax ≈ 450 ± 6%
1600
1400
1200
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Flowrate (bpd)
IPR Errors - Homework
• Assume we have a very reliable value of 1500 psi for Pr
• The well test gives us the following data
– q = 300 bpd @ Pwf = 1450 psi
• Assume the test flowrate error is 5% with a confidence of
95%
• Assume the test pressure error is 1% with a confidence of
95%
– 285 bpd < q < 315 bpd
– 1435 psi < Pwf < 1465 psi
• Estimate the IPR from this test
• Estimate the errors in qmax.
• Compare the errors in qmax with the errors from the previous
example. Why do the errors increase so much ?
• What are the consequences ?

IPR Errors - Homework
• The values for qm are:
qmax = 5075
+
q max = 7473
−
q max = 3754
5075 – 26% bpd < qmax < 5075 + 47% bpd
Confidence = 90.25%
1600
1400
1200
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Flowrate (bpd)

Can we estimate the behavior of
multiphase IPR in the future
?

Future IPR
• The prediction of the future IPR is very
important to forecast future well production. It is
necessary to have simplified methods for
estimating future IPR.
• One of those methods (Eickemeier) states that
the productivity index J* is proportional to
square of reservoir pressure.
• In this way, if we know the evolution of the
reservoir pressure with depletion, we can also
estimate the evolution of the IPR.

Future IPR
1
∫
2π k h B µ rf
dP
q =
sc f
µ sc
f
dr
∫ krf r

Future IPR
Vogel’s Type Productivity Index is defined as
(2 + b) qmax
J =
*
Pr
Eickemeir assumption is that J* is proportional to (Pr)2
2 3
J*
⎛ Pr1 ⎞ qmax1 ⎛ Pr1 ⎞
1
*
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Then = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
J2 ⎝ Pr 2 ⎠ qmax2 ⎝ Pr 2 ⎠

Future IPR - Homework
Data for a Saturated Reservoir:
Conditions Today
Pr = 1500 psi
qmax = 1200 bpd
Estimate the Vogel IPR’s for:

Pr = 1500, 1350, 1200, 1050, 900 and 750 psig

Future IPR
Pr qmax J*
1500 1200
1350
1200
1050
900
750

Future IPR
Pr qmax J*
1500 1200 1.44
1350 874.8 1.1664
1200 614.4 0.9216
1050 411.6 0.7056
900 259.2 0.5184
750 150 0.36

Future IPR
1600
1400
1200
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Flowrate (bpd)
Future IPR
• This is not the only available method to
estimate future Vogel type IPR for
saturated reservoirs.
• Usually all those methods try to use a
Vogel type IPR (quadratic equation) and
use some form of relationship between
the value of the productivity index J* or
the maximum flowrate qmax and the
reservoir pressure Pr.

Future IPR
Vogel’s type Productivity Index is defined as
(2 + b) qmax
J =*
Pr
Assuming that changes in J* are a function F of changes in (Pr)
J 2* ⎛ Pr 2 ⎞
*
= F ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
J1 ⎝ Pr1 ⎠
We can obtain changes in qmax as a function of changes in (Pr)
qmax 2 Pr 2 ⎛ Pr 2 ⎞
= F ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
qmax1 Pr1 ⎝ Pr1 ⎠
Future IPR
J 2* ⎛ Pr 2 ⎞
Method *
= F ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
J1 ⎝ Pr1 ⎠
2
⎛ Pr 2 ⎞
Eickmeier ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pr1 ⎠
⎛ Pr 2 ⎞
Fetkovich ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pr1 ⎠
⎛ Pr 2 ⎞
Wiggins – Oil 0.16 + 0.84 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pr1 ⎠
⎛ Pr 2 ⎞
Wiggins - Water 0.6 + 0.4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pr1 ⎠

Future IPR
1
Wiggins - Water
J* Productivity Index Ratio
0.8
0.6
Wiggins - Oil
0.4
Eickmeier
Fetkovich
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Reservoir Pressure Ratio

Future IPR - Homework
Data for a Saturated Reservoir:
Conditions Today
Pr = 1500 psi
qmax = 1200 bpd
Using Fetkovich, Eickemeier and Wiggins methods

for evolution of the value of J*, estimate the Vogel
IPR’s (with b = -0.2) for the following reservoir
pressures
Pr = 1500, 1350, 1200, 1050, 900 and 750 psig

Future IPR
Future Vogel IPR (b = - 0.2)
Fetkovich Eickmeier Wiggins

Pr
qmax J* qmax J* qmax J*
1500 1200 1200 1200
1350
1200
1050
900
750

Future IPR
Future Vogel IPR (b = - 0.2)
Fetkovich Eickmeier Wiggins

Pr
qmax J* qmax J* qmax J*
1500 1200 1.44 1200 1.44 1200 1.44
1350 972 1.30 875 1.17 989 1.32
1200 768 1.15 614 0.92 799 1.20
1050 588 1.01 412 0.71 628 1.08
900 432 0.86 259 0.52 478 0.96
750 300 0.72 150 0.36 348 0.84

Future IPR
1600
1400
1200
Pressure (psi)
1000
800 Wiggins
600 Fetkovich
400 Eickmeier
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Flowrate (bpd)
IPR
• The linear IPR is valid for single phase
flow of fluids in the reservoir. It is not
valid for compressible flow.
• For saturated reservoirs, the linear IPR is
no longer valid and correlations should
be used. Vogel type correlations
although develloped for solution gas
drive reservoirs have been applied
successfully in fields producing with other
mechanisms. They are only valid for
saturated reservoirs.
Future IPR
• For single phase incompressible flow, the

productivity index is more or less
constant and independent of the
reservoir pressure.
• For saturated reservoirs, the productivity
index is a function of the reservoir
pressure as shown by the previous
correlations for future IPR behavior.

The linear IPR concept is valid when
the flow of fluids in the reservoir is
single phase – Single Phase
Reservoir
The Vogel IPR concept is valid when

the flow of fluids in the reservoir is
always in two phase flow –
Saturated Reservoir

Can we estimate the IPR for
undersaturated reservoirs
?

P Undersaturated Reservoir
q = J (Pr − Pwf )
Pr
For the linear part, we can use the linear IPR
equation, but for higher flowrates we can not
Pb use Vogel approach directly since in his
work it was assumed that the whole
reservoir was below the bubble point. The
important question then is how to adapt
Vogel approach for this case.
?
q
qb qmax
Pr
Pb Pr’ = Pb
q’ = q - qb
q
qb qmax
Undersaturated Reservoir
2
⎛ Pwf ⎞
P
⎛ Pwf ⎞
⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
Pr q'
= 1 + b ⎜⎜
qmax ' ⎝ Pr ' ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ' ⎠
Pr’ = Pb
q’ = q - qb
qmax’ = qmax - qb
Pr
q = J (Pr − Pwf )
2
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
Pb
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
qmax − qb ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pb ⎠
q
qb qmax
J* = J
Pr
J b
=
(2 + b )(qmax − qb )
Pb
Pb
J b Pb
qmax = + qb
(2 + b )
q
qb qmax
Parameters : J and Pr
Pr
Pb
Parameters : Pb , qb and Jb
q
qb qmax
Parameters : J , Pr and Pb
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
Pr
Pb
Jb = J

q = J (Pr − Pwf )
2
Pr
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
J Pb
qmax = + qb
(2 + b )
q
qb qmax
Homework - Undersaturated Reservoir
Pwf q
Pr = 2000 psi
J = 2 bpd/psi 2000 0
Pb = 1500 psi 1750
qb = 1500
qmax = 1000
500
0

Pwf q
Pr = 2000 psi
J = 2 bpd/psi 2000 0
Pb = 1500 psi 1750 500
1500 1000
qb = 2 (2000 – 1500) = 1000
1000 1851
qmax = 2 1500 / 1.8 + 1000 = 2666
500 2407
0 2666

2500
2000
Pressure (psi)
1500
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

Can we summarize now the
behavior of future IPR
?

Evolution of IPR
2000
1800
J = Constant J = J b*
1600
1400 Pb
Pressure (psi)
1200
J* ⎛ Pr ⎞
= F ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
1000
*
800 Jb ⎝ Pb ⎠
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)
Evolution of IPR - Homework
Initial Reservoir Pressure Pr = 2000 psi

Bubble Point Pressure Pb = 1400 psi
Initial Productivity Index J* = 2 stb/d/psi
Assume Eickmeier model for future IPR

Pr 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800
Pb 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400
J* 2 2 2 2
qb 0 0 0 0
qm

Pr 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800
Pb 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400
J* 2 2 2 2 1.469 1.020 0.653
qb 1200 800 400 0 0 0 0
qm 2755 2355 1955 1555 979 566 290

Evolution of IPR
2000
1800
J = Constant
1600
1400 Pb
Pressure (psi)
1200
2
J *
⎛ Pr ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
1000
*
800 J b ⎝ Pb ⎠
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)
How do we calculate the IPR in
real cases
?

Vogel Undersaturated Reservoir - Summary
P
q = J (Pr − Pwf )
Pr 2
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
Pb qmax − qb ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pb ⎠
q
qb qmax
IPR from Well Tests
• The main advantage of this simplified IPR procedure is to
have a simple set of analytical expressions to represent the
reservoir performance.
• The set of equations defining the IPR for the undersaturated
case depend on 5 parameters:
– qmax
– qb
– Pb
– J
– Pr
• The bubble pressure can be obtained from a fluid
sample.
• The remaining 4 parameters are not independent, since
the IPR should be continuous and smooth at the bubble
point.
Continuity at the Bubble Point
P
q = J (Pr − Pwf )
Pr
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
Pb
2
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pb ⎠
q
qb qmax
Smoothness at the Bubble Point
P
q = J (Pr − Pwf )
Pr
dq
J =−
dPwf
Pb Pwf = Pb
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pb ⎠
dq qmax ⎛ Pwf ⎞
− = ⎜
⎜ 2(1 + b) − b ⎟⎟
dPwf Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠
q
qb qmax
Smoothness at the Bubble Point
P
q = J (Pr − Pwf )
Pr
J Pb
qmax = + qb
2+b
Pb
2
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pb ⎠
q
qb qmax
IPR from Well Tests
• As a consequence, if the bubble point is known, the
undersaturated IPR depends only on 2 of the 4 parameters
below
– qmax
– qb
– J
– Pr
• The remaining 2 parameters can be calculated by the
auxiliary equations for continuity and smoothness

Undersaturated Reservoir - Summary
P
q = J (Pr − Pwf )
Pr 2
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
J Pb
qmax = + qb
2+b
q
qb qmax
IPR from Well Tests
• We can then obtain the undersaturated IPR if 2 production
tests are known.
• Several cases are possible depending on the location of the
well test data on the Pwf x Q plot
• 4 Cases are possible
– Both tests are above the bubble point
– One test above and one test below the bubble point
– Two tests below the bubble point and the reservoir is
undersaturated.
– Two tests below the bubble point and the reservoir is saturated

IPR from Well Tests
2000
1800
1600
1400
Pb
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)
IPR from Well Tests
2000
1800
1600
1400
Pb
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

IPR from Well Tests
2000
1800
1600
1400 Pb
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

IPR from Well Tests
• The main objective is to use the test data in
order to obtain the values of:
– qmax
– qb
– J
– Pr
• The mathematical procedure is very simple.
• The test data must satisfy the appropriate
equation for the IPR
• The IPR must be continuous and smooth at the
bubble point

IPR from Well Tests
• Case A
– Both tests are above the bubble point

IPR from Well Tests – Case A
2000 q = J (P − P )
r wf
2
1800
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
1600 qmax − qb ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜
1400 Pb
⎝ Pb ⎠
Pressure (psi)
1200
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
1000
800
600
J Pb
qmax = + qb
400
(2 + b )
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)
• Since both tests are in the linear region, we have:
q1 = J (Pr − P1 )
q2 = J (Pr − P2 )
• For the IPR to be continuous and smoth at the

bubble point we have:
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
J Pb
qmax = + qb
(2 + b )
• Solving the first two equations for the reservoir pressure
and the productivity index:
q1 = J (Pr − P1 ) q2 = J (Pr − P2 )
q1 J (Pr − P1 ) (Pr − P1 ) q2 P1 − q1 P2
= = Pr =
q2 J (Pr − P2 ) (Pr − P2 ) q2 − q1
q2 − q1
q1 − q2 = J (Pr − P1 ) − J (Pr − P2 ) = J (P2 − P1 ) J=
P1 − P2

• Finally:
q2 P1 − q1 P2
Pr =
q2 − q1
q2 − q1
J=
P1 − P2
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
J Pb
qmax = + qb
(2 + b )
2000 q2 P1 − q1 P2 q2 − q1
Pr = J=
1800 q2 − q1 P1 − P2
1600
1400 Pb
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000
J Pb
qmax = + qb
(2 + b )
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)
IPR from Well Tests - Homework
• Determine the equations to calculate the IPR parameters
(qmax, J, Pr, and qb) when we have the information on 2
production tests and the bubble point pressure. Use the
equations to calculate the Vogel IPR for the following
case:
• Pb= 1400
– Tests - Pwf = 1500 q = 600 and Pwf = 1700 q = 200

2000 q2 P1 − q1 P2 q2 − q1
Pr = J=
1800 q2 − q1 P1 − P2
1600
1400 Pb
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000
J Pb
qmax = + qb
(2 + b )
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)
Case A Example
Test 1 Test 2 Bubble Point
Pwf = 1700 q = 200 Pwf = 1500 q = 600 Pb= 1400
q2 P1 − q1 P2 q2 − q1
Pr = = J= =
q2 − q1 P1 − P2
J Pb
= + qb =
qb = J (Pr − Pb ) =
qmax
1.8

Case A Example
Pwf = 1700 q = 200 Pwf = 1500 q = 600 Pb= 1400
600 1700 − 200 1500 600 − 200

Pr = = 1800 J= =2
600 − 200 1700 − 1500
qb = 2(1800 − 1400) = 800
2 1400
qmax = + 800 = 2355
1.8

2000
1800
1600
1400 Pb
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)
IPR from Well Tests
• Case B
– One test above and one test below the

bubble point

IPR from Well Tests – Case B
q = J (P − P )
r wf
2000 2
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
1800
= 1 + b ⎜⎜
⎝ Pb ⎠
1600
1
1400
Pressure (psi)
1200 Pb
1000
2 qb = J (Pr − Pb )
800
600 J Pb
qmax = + qb
400 (2 + b )
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

• Since the tests are in different regions, we have:
q1 = J (Pr − P1 )
2
q2 − qb ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
qmax − qb ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜P
⎝ b ⎠
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
J Pb
qmax = + qb
(2 + b )
• We can start calculating J. For example:
2
q2 − qb ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ J Pb
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟ qmax = + qb
qmax − qb ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜P (2 + b )
⎝ b ⎠
(q2 − qb )(2 + b ) = 1 + b ⎛⎜ P2 ⎞⎟ − (1 + b) ⎛ P2 ⎞ qb = J (Pr − Pb )

⎜P ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
J Pb ⎝ b⎠
⎝ Pb ⎠
2
(q2 − J (Pr − Pb ))(2 + b ) = 1 + b ⎛⎜ P2 ⎞⎟ − (1 + b) ⎛ P2 ⎞

⎜P ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
J Pb ⎝ b⎠
⎝ Pb ⎠
2
(q2 − J (Pr − Pb ))(2 + b ) = 1 + b ⎛⎜ P2 ⎞⎟ − (1 + b) ⎛ P2 ⎞ q1 = J (Pr − P1 )

⎜P ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
J Pb ⎝ b⎠
⎝ Pb ⎠
⎛ ⎛q ⎞⎞
⎜ q2 − J ⎜ 1 + P1 − Pb ⎟ ⎟(2 + b )
2
⎝ ⎝J ⎠⎠ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
J Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜P
⎝ b ⎠
⎛ 2
⎞
⎜ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎟
q2 (2 + b ) − (2 + b )q1 − J (2 + b )P1 + J (2 + b )Pb = J Pb ⎜ 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜P ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ b ⎠ ⎠

⎛ 2
⎞
⎜ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎟
q2 (2 + b ) − (2 + b )q1 − J (2 + b )P1 + J (2 + b )Pb = J Pb ⎜ 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜ P ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ b⎠⎠
⎛ 2
⎞
⎜ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎟
J Pb ⎜ 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ + J (2 + b )P1 − J (2 + b )Pb = (2 + b )(q2 − q1 )
⎜⎜ ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜ P ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ b⎠⎠
⎛ 2
⎞
+ (2 + b )P1 − (2 + b )Pb ⎟⎟ = (2 + b )(q2 − q1 )
P2
⎜
J ⎜ Pb + b P2 − (1 + b)
⎝ Pb ⎠
J=
(2 + b )(q2 − q1 )
⎛ P22 ⎞
(2 + b ) P1 + b P2 − (1 + b ) ⎜⎜ Pb + ⎟⎟
⎝ Pb ⎠
• Now that we have J, we can calculate Pr:
q1 = J (Pr − P1 )
q1
Pr = + P1
J
• Once we know J and Pr, we have:
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
J Pb
qmax = + qb
(2 + b )
2000 J=
(2 + b )(q2 − q1 )
⎛ P22 ⎞
1800
(2 + b ) P1 + b P2 − (1 + b ) ⎜⎜ Pb + ⎟⎟
⎝ Pb ⎠
1600
1
1400
Pressure (psi)
1200 Pb
q1 + J P1
1000 Pr =
2 J
800
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
600 J Pb
qmax = + qb
400
(2 + b )
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

case:
• Pb= 1400

2000 J=
(2 + b )(q2 − q1 )
⎛ P22 ⎞
1800
(2 + b ) P1 + b P2 − (1 + b ) ⎜⎜ Pb + ⎟⎟
⎝ Pb ⎠
1600
1
1400
Pressure (psi)
1200 Pb
q1 + J P1
1000 Pr =
2 J
800
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
600 J Pb
qmax = + qb
400
(2 + b )
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

Case B Example
Pwf = 1700 q = 200 Pwf = 1190 q = 1192 Pb= 1400
1.8(q2 − q1 )
J= 2
=
P
1.8 P1 − 0.2 P2 − 0.8 Pb − 0.8 2
Pb
q1 + J P1
Pr = =
J
J Pb
qb = J (Pr − Pb ) = qmax = + qb =
1.8

Case B Example
Pwf = 1700 q = 200 Pwf = 1190 q = 1192 Pb= 1400
1.8(1192 − 200 )
J= 2
=2
1190
1.8 1700 − 0.2 1190 − 0.8 1400 − 0.8
1400
200 + 2 1700
Pr = = 1800 qb = 2(1800 − 1400) = 800
2
2 1400
qmax = + 800 = 2355
1.8
2000
1800
1600
1
1400
Pressure (psi)
1200 Pb
1000
2
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

IPR from Well Tests
• Cases C1 and C2
– Both tests are below the bubble point

– The reservoir pressure can be above or
below the bubble point.
– We start first by assuming the reservoir
pressure is above the bubble point.
– We must test this assumption
– The test involves the determination of qb.

IPR from Well Tests – Case C1
2000 q = J (Pr − Pwf )
2
1800
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
1600
1400
⎝ Pb ⎠
Pressure (psi)
1200 Pb
1000 1 qb = J (Pr − Pb )
800
2 J Pb
= + qb
600
qmax
400 (2 + b )
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

• Since both tests are in the saturated region, we have:
2
q1 − qb ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ b ⎠
2
q2 − qb ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ b ⎠
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
J Pb
qmax = + qb
(2 + b )
• If the bubble point flowrate is greater than zero, then the
reservoir is subsaturated. The bubble point flowrate is
calculated by:
2
⎛ P2 ⎞
2
⎛P ⎞ q2 − qb ⎛ P2 ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜ ⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜
q1 − qb ⎛P⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜P ⎟⎟
qmax − qb ⎜P qmax − qb ⎝ Pb ⎠
⎝ Pb ⎠
⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
q1 − qb q2 − qb
= qmax − qb 2
= qmax − qb
⎛ P2 ⎞
2
⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞
1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟ 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜P ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜P
⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
q2 − qb q1 − qb
2
= 2
⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞
1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟ 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜P ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜P
⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
• If the bubble point flowrate is greater than zero, then the
reservoir is subsaturated. The bubble point flowrate is
calculated by:
q2 − qb q1 − qb
2
= 2
⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞
1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟ 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜P ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜P
⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
⎜1 + b P2 − (1 + b )⎜ P2 ⎟ ⎟ q − ⎜1 + b P1 − (1 + b )⎜ P1 ⎟ ⎟ q
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 1 ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 2
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠ P ⎝ b⎠ ⎠
qb = ⎝ ⎝ b
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
⎜1 + b − (1 + b )⎜ ⎟ ⎟ − ⎜1 + b − (1 + b )⎜ ⎟ ⎟
P2 P 2 P1 P1
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟
⎝
Pb ⎝ b ⎠
⎠ ⎝
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠

⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
2000 ⎜1 + b P2 − (1 + b )⎜ P2 ⎟ ⎟ q − ⎜1 + b P1 − (1 + b )⎜ P1 ⎟ ⎟ q
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 1 ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 2
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠ P ⎝ b⎠ ⎠
qb = ⎝ ⎝
1800 b
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
1600 ⎜1 + b − (1 + b )⎜ ⎟ ⎟ − ⎜1 + b − (1 + b )⎜ ⎟ ⎟
P2 P 2 P1 P1
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟
1400 ⎝
Pb ⎝ b ⎠
⎠ ⎝
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠
Pressure (psi)
1200 Pb
1000 1 qb ≥ 0
800
600 2
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

• Once we confirm that the reservoir is undersaturated and we
have obtained the value of qb, we proceed to calculate the
reservoir pressure:
2
q2 − qb ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ J Pb
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟ qmax = + qb
qmax − qb ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎜P (2 + b )
⎝ b ⎠
(q2 − qb )(2 + b ) = 1 + b ⎛⎜ P2 ⎞⎟ − (1 + b) ⎛ P2 ⎞
⎜P ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
J Pb ⎝ b⎠
⎝ Pb ⎠
J=
(2 + b ) (q2 − qb )
⎛ ⎛ P2 ⎞⎟
⎞
2
⎜ P2
Pb 1 + b − (1 + b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
• Now we calculate the remaining parameters:
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
qb
Pr = Pb +
J
J Pb
qmax = + qb
(2 + b )

2000 J=
(2 + b )(q2 − qb )
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
Pb ⎜1 + b 2 − (1 + b) ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎟
1800 P P
1600
⎜ Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎟
1400 ⎝ ⎠
Pressure (psi)
1200 Pb qb
Pr = Pb +
1000 1 J
800
J Pb
2 qmax = + qb
600
(2 + b )
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

case:
• Pb= 1400

⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
2000 ⎜1 + b P2 − (1 + b )⎜ P2 ⎟ ⎟ q − ⎜1 + b P1 − (1 + b )⎜ P1 ⎟ ⎟ q
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 1 ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 2
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠ P ⎝ b⎠ ⎠
qb = ⎝ ⎝
1800 b
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
1600 ⎜1 + b − (1 + b )⎜ ⎟ ⎟ − ⎜1 + b − (1 + b )⎜ ⎟ ⎟
P2 P 2 P1 P1
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟
1400 ⎝
Pb ⎝ b ⎠
⎠ ⎝
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠
Pressure (psi)
1200 Pb
1000 1 qb ≥ 0
800
600 2
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

Case C1 Example
Pwf = 980 q = 1528 Pwf = 770 q = 1808 Pb= 1400
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
⎜1 − 0.2 2 − 0.8⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎟ q − ⎜1 − 0.2 1 − 0.8⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎟ q
P P P P
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 1 ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 2
⎝
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠ ⎝
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠
qb = =
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
⎜1 − 0.2 2 − 0.8⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎟ − ⎜1 − 0.2 1 − 0.8⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎟
P P P P
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟
⎝
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠ ⎝ Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠

Case C1 Example
Pwf = 980 q = 1528 Pwf = 770 q = 1808 Pb= 1400
2
⎛ P2 ⎞
2
P2
⎜ ⎟
770 ⎛ 770 ⎞
1 − 0.2 − 0.8⎜ ⎟ = 1 − 0.2 − 0.8⎜ ⎟ = 0.648
Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠ 1400 ⎝ 1400 ⎠
2
⎛ P1 ⎞
2
P1 980 ⎛ 980 ⎞
1 − 0.2 − 0.8⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1 − 0.2 − 0.8⎜ ⎟ = 0.468
Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠ 1400 ⎝ 1400 ⎠
0.648 1528 − 0.468 1808

qb = = 800 > 0
0.648 − 0.468

2000 J=
(2 + b )(q2 − qb )
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
Pb ⎜1 + b 2 − (1 + b) ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎟
1800 P P
1600
⎜ Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎟
1400 ⎝ ⎠
Pressure (psi)
1200 Pb qb
Pr = Pb +
1000 1 J
800
J Pb
2 qmax = + qb
600
(2 + b )
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

Case C1 Example
Pwf = 980 q = 1528 Pwf = 770 q = 1808 Pb= 1400
1.8 (q2 − qb )
J= =
⎛ ⎛ P2 ⎞
2
⎞
⎜ P2
Pb 1 − 0.2 − 0.8⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜ Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
qb J Pb
Pr = Pb + = qmax =
1.8
+ qb =
J
Case C1 Example
Pwf = 980 q = 1528 Pwf = 770 q = 1808 Pb= 1400
1.8 (1808 − 800 )

J= =2
⎛ 770 ⎛ 770 ⎞
2
⎞
⎜
1400 1 − 0.2 − 0.8⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ 1400 ⎝ 1400 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
800
Pr = 1400 + = 1800
2
2 1400
qmax = + 800 = 2355
1.8
2000
1800
1600
1400
Pressure (psi)
1200 Pb
1000 1
800
600 2
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

IPR from Well Tests
• Cases C1 and C2
– When both tests are below the bubble point

but qb is less than zero, the reservoir is
saturated and we should re-calculate the
parameters.
– The test for the bubble point flowrate is stilll
the same as before.

2000
1800
2
1600 ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
Pb q
= 1 + b ⎜⎜
1400 qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜
⎝ Pr ⎠
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000 1
800
600
400
2
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

2000 ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
⎜1 + b P2 − (1 + b )⎜ P2 ⎟ ⎟ q − ⎜1 + b P1 − (1 + b )⎜ P1 ⎟ ⎟ q
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 1 ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 2
1800 Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠ P ⎝ b⎠ ⎠
qb = ⎝ ⎝ b
1600
Pb ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
⎜1 + b − (1 + b )⎜ ⎟ ⎟ − ⎜1 + b − (1 + b )⎜ ⎟ ⎟
P2 P 2 P1 P1
1400 ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟
⎝
Pb ⎝ b ⎠
⎠ ⎝
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000 1
800
600 qb < 0
400
2
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

• Once we confirm that the reservoir is saturated, we proceed to
calculate the reservoir pressure:
2
⎛ P2 ⎞
2
⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ q2 ⎛ P2 ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
q1
⎜P qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜P
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠
q1 q2
2
= qmax = qmax
⎛ P1 ⎞
2
⎛ P1 ⎞
1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞
⎜P 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pr ⎠
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜P
⎝ r ⎠

q1 q2
2
= qmax 2
= qmax
⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞
1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟ 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜P ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜P
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠
⎛ 2
⎞ ⎛ 2
⎞
⎜ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎟ ⎜ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎟
q1 ⎜1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟ = q2 ⎜1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜P ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜P ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ r ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ r ⎠ ⎠
⎛ 2 2
⎞
⎛ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎞ ⎜ ⎛P ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎟
(q1 − q2 ) + b ⎜⎜ q1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − q2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b)⎜ q1 ⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ − q2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟=0
⎝ ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎠ ⎜⎜ ⎜ P ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎠
⎛ 2 2
⎞
⎛ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎞ ⎜ ⎛P ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎟
(q1 − q2 ) + b ⎜⎜ q1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − q2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b)⎜ q1 ⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ − q2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟=0
⎝ ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎠ ⎜⎜ ⎜ P ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎠
− b (q1 P2 − q2 P1 ) − b 2 (q1 P2 − q2 P1 ) 2 + 4 (1 + b ) (q1 − q2 ) (q1 P2 − q2 P1 )

2 2
Pr =
2 (q1 − q2 )

• And the remaining parameters are:
q1 q2
qmax = 2
= 2
⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞
1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟ 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜P ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎜P
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠
J=
(2 + b ) qmax
Pr

2 2
2000
Pr =
1800 2 (q1 − q2 )
1600
Pb Pr > 0
1400
q
Pressure (psi)
1200
qmax = 2
⎛P⎞ ⎛P⎞
1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
1000 1
800 ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠
(2 + b ) qmax
600
2
400
J=
200 Pr
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

case:
• Pb= 1400

2000 ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
⎜1 + b P2 − (1 + b )⎜ P2 ⎟ ⎟ q − ⎜1 + b P1 − (1 + b )⎜ P1 ⎟ ⎟ q
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 1 ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 2
1800 Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠ P ⎝ b⎠ ⎠
qb = ⎝ ⎝ b
1600
Pb ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
⎜1 + b − (1 + b )⎜ ⎟ ⎟ − ⎜1 + b − (1 + b )⎜ ⎟ ⎟
P2 P 2 P1 P1
1400 ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟
⎝
Pb ⎝ b ⎠
⎠ ⎝
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000 1
800
600 qb < 0
400
2
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

Case C2 Example
Pwf = 770 q = 1008 Pwf = 560 q = 1232 Pb= 1400
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
⎜1 − 0.2 2 − 0.8⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎟ q − ⎜1 − 0.2 1 − 0.8⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎟ q
P P P P
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 1 ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ 2
⎝
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠ ⎝
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠
qb = =
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
2
⎞
⎜1 − 0.2 2 − 0.8⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎟ − ⎜1 − 0.2 1 − 0.8⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎟
P P P P
⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜P ⎟ ⎟
⎝
Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠ ⎝ Pb ⎝ b⎠ ⎠

Case C2 Example
Pwf = 770 q = 1008 Pwf = 560 q = 1232 Pb= 1400
2
⎛ P2 ⎞
2
P2 560 ⎛ 560 ⎞
1 − 0.2 − 0.8⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1 − 0.2 − 0.8⎜ ⎟ = 0.792
Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠ 1400 ⎝ 1400 ⎠
2
⎛ P1 ⎞
2
P1
⎜ ⎟
770 ⎛ 770 ⎞
1 − 0.2 − 0.8⎜ ⎟ = 1 − 0.2 − 0.8⎜ ⎟ = 0.648
Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠ 1400 ⎝ 1400 ⎠
0.792 1008 − 0.648 1232

qb = =0
0.792 − 0.648

2 2
2000
Pr =
1800 2 (q1 − q2 )
1600
Pb Pr > 0
1400
q
Pressure (psi)
1200
qmax = 2
⎛P⎞ ⎛P⎞
1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
1000 1
800 ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠
(2 + b ) qmax
600
2
400
J=
200 Pr
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

Case C2 Example
Pwf = 770 q = 1008 Pwf = 560 q = 1232 Pb= 1400
(q1 P2 − q2 P1 ) − (q1 P2 − q2 P1 ) 2 + 80 (q1 − q2 ) (q1 P2 − q2 P1 )

2 2
Pr =
10 (q1 − q2 )
q 1.8 qmax
qmax = 2 J=
⎛P⎞ ⎛P⎞ Pr
1 − 0.2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 0.8 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠

Case C2 Example
Pwf = 770 q = 1008 Pwf = 560 q = 1232 Pb= 1400
(1008 560 − 1232 770) − (1008 560 − 1232 770) 2 + 80 (1008 − 1232) (1008 560 2 − 1232 770 2 )
Pr =
10 (1008 − 1232)
Pr = 1400
1008 1.8 1555

qmax = 2
= 1555 J= =2
⎛ 770 ⎞ ⎛ 770 ⎞ 1400
1 − 0.2 ⎜ ⎟ − 0.8 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1400 ⎠ ⎝ 1400 ⎠

2000
1800
1600 Pb
1400
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000 1
800 2
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Flowrate (bpd)

Is this procedure correct ?

Vogel Undersaturated Reservoir
P
q = J (Pr − Pwf )
2
Pr
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛
Pwf ⎞
= 1 + b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b) ⎜ ⎟⎟
Pb ⎝ Pb ⎠
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
J Pb
qmax = + qb
2+b
q
qb qmax
• The linear portion of the undersaturated
IPR depends on 2 parameters (Pr and J).
• The curved portion of the undersaturated
IPR depends on 2 parameters (qb and
qmax).
• We used 2 mathematical (and physical)
conditions to get the complete
undersaturated IPR
– Continuity of the IPR at the bubble point
– Smoothness of the IPR at the bubble point

• As a result of this procedure we arrived
to the conclusion that in order to obtain
the complete undersaturated IPR we
need only 2 parameters.
• Those 2 parameters come from well tests
• When the tests are done in the linear part
of the IPR, the consequence is that the
multiphase behavior of the reservoir is
set by the single phase behavior !!!

• Although the mathematical conditions at the
bubble point are physically correct, Vogel never
claimed that his equation was a good fit for J*.
(also valid for the other Vogel type IPR’s)
• In fact the performance under multiphase
conditions depends on the reservoir single
phase permeability (single phase behavior), but
also on how the well performance is affected by
the presence and saturation of free gas in the
vicinity of the wellbore. It is also affected by the
history of production.

Klins IPR
• The quadratic type IPR has a limitation on the simultaneous
variation of qmax and J*
q ⎛ Pwf
= 1 + b⎜⎜
⎞ ⎛ Pwf
⎟⎟ − (1 + b)⎜⎜
⎞
⎟⎟
2
J *
=
(2 + b ) qmax
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠ Pr
• Klins IPR introduces a new parameter c that permits any

combination of qmax and J*
q ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛ Pwf ⎞
c
=
(c + (c − 1) b ) qmax
= 1 + b⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − (1 + b)⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
*
J
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠ Pr

Klins IPR
• The use of Klins IPR to carachterize a undersaturated IPR
requires the knowledge of 4 tests to correctly estimate the
values of b and c.
• When we have only 3 tests to describe both the saturated
and undersaturated behavior, we can use a restricted version
of Klins IPR to solve the problems seen in the previous
section. We must have tests both in the saturated and
undersaturated regions to apply this technique.
• We will use for this case, Klins IPR with a b of 0.
• The saturated Klins IPR is given by:
c
q ⎛ Pwf ⎞ c qmax
= 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ J* =
qmax ⎝ Pr ⎠ Pr

Klins Undersaturated Reservoir
q = J (Pr − Pwf )
2500
c
q − qb ⎛ Pwf ⎞
= 1− ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜
2000
qmax − qb
⎝ Pb ⎠
Pressure (psi)
1500
1000 c
1
500 1.5
2
3 2.5
5 4
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Flowrate (bpd)

Klins Undersaturated Reservoir
• Two cases are possible depending on the location

of the well test data on the Pwf x q plot

Klins Undersaturated Reservoir – Case B
2000
1800
1600
1400
Pb
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)
Klins Undersaturated Reservoir – Case A
2000
1800
1600
1400
Pb
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

Klins Undersaturated Reservoir - Case A
qb = J (Pr − Pb )
q2 P1 − q1 P2 q2 − q1
2000
Pr = J=
1800 q2 − q1 P1 − P2
1600 1
JPb ⎜ ⎛ P3 ⎞ ⎞⎟
⎛ cˆ
2
1400 Pb c= 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
q3 − qb ⎜ ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎟
Pressure (psi)
1200
⎝ ⎠
1000 3
800
Solve for c till convergence
600
cˆ = 1
J Pb
400
qmax = + qb
200 c
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)
Klins Undersaturated Reservoir - Case B
Pb − P1 c(q2 − qˆb ) Pb q1 − qb ⎜ ⎛ P3 ⎞ ⎞⎟
⎛ cˆ
2000 qb = q1 − c= 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
Pb − P1 q3 − qb ⎜ ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎟
cˆ
Pb ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎝ ⎠
1800 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
1600 1 ⎝ Pb ⎠
1400 Pb Solve for c and qb till convergence
Pressure (psi)
1200
q P −q P qb
2 Pr = 1 b b 1 J=
1000
cˆ = 1 q1 − qb Pr − Pb
800 3
q2
600 qˆb = J Pb
400 2 qmax = + qb
c
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)
Klins IPR - Homework
• Determine the equations to calculate the IPR parameters (qmax, J, Pr,
and qb and c) when we have the information on 3 production tests
and the bubble point pressure. Use the equations to calculate the
Klins IPR with b = 0 for the following cases:
• A - Pb= 1100
– Tests
• Pwf = 1300 q = 600
• Pwf = 1200 q = 800
• Pwf = 800 q = 1500
• B - Pb= 1100
– Tests
• Pwf = 1140 q = 200
• Pwf = 1000 q = 1000
• Pwf = 400 q = 3000

• A - Pb= 1100
– Tests
• Pwf = 1300 q = 600
• Pwf = 1200 q = 800
• Pwf = 800 q = 1500
q2 P1 − q1 P2 J=
q2 − q1
Pr =
q2 − q1 P1 − P2
qb = J (Pr − Pb )

8001300 − 600 1200

Pr = = 1600
800 − 600
800 − 600
J= =2
1300 − 1200
qb = 2(1600 − 1100) = 1000

JPb ⎜ ⎛ P3 ⎞ ⎞⎟
⎛ cˆ
c= 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
q3 − qb ⎜ ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
cˆ = 1

Interation c
1 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Interation c
1 1
2 1.20
3 1.40
4 1.58
5 1.74
6 1.87
7 1.98
8 2.05
9 2.11
10 2.15
11 2.18
12 2.21
13 2.22
14 2.23
15 2.24
16 2.24
17 2.25
18 2.25

J Pb
qmax = + qb
c
2 1100
qmax = + 1000 = 1977
2.25

1800
1600
1400
Pressure (psi)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Flowrate (bpd)

• B - Pb= 1100
– Tests
• Pwf = 1140 q = 200
• Pwf = 1000 q = 1000
• Pwf = 400 q = 3000
Pb − P1 c(q2 − qˆb ) Pb q1 − qb ⎜ ⎛ P3 ⎞ ⎞⎟
⎛ cˆ
qb = q1 − c= 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
Pb − P1 q3 − qb ⎜ ⎝ Pb ⎠ ⎟
cˆ
Pb ⎛ P2 ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ Pb ⎠
cˆ = 1
q2
qˆb =
2
Interation qb c
1 500 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Interation qb c
1 500 1
2 400 1.346
3 444 1.952
4 433 2.145
5 439 2.277
6 438 2.299
7 439 2.313
8 439 2.315
9 439 2.316
10 439 2.316

q1 Pb − qb P1
Pr =
q1 − qb
qb
J=
Pr − Pb
J Pb
qmax = + qb
c

200 1100 − 439 1140

Pr = = 1173
200 − 439
439
J= = 6.01
1173 − 1100
6.011100
qmax = + 439 = 3293
2.316

1200
1000
Pressure (psi)
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Flowrate (bpd)

What About Comingling
Production ?

Multiple Zones IPR
q1 = q1 ( Pwf )
Pr1
Pwf h
Pr2
q2 = q2 ( Pwf )

Multiple Zones IPR
q1
Pr1
Pwf q ( Pwf ) = q1 ( Pwf ) + q2 ( Pwf )
Pr2
q2

Multiple Zones IPR
1600
Zone 1
1400
Zone 2
1200
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600 q1 q1
400 q2
200
q
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Flowrate (bpd)

Multiple Zones IPR
1600
Zone 1
1400
Zone 2 Zones 1 + 2
1200
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600
q1 q1
400 q2
200
q
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Flowrate (bpd)

Multiple Zones IPR
1600
1400
Zones 1 + 2
1200
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Flowrate (bpd)

Multiple Zones IPR with Interflow
1600
Zone 1
1400 Zone 2
Zones 1 + 2
1200
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600
400 q1 q2 q1
200
q
0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Flowrate (bpd)

Multiple Zones IPR with Interflow
1600
1400 Zones 1 + 2
1200
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Flowrate (bpd)

Can we estimate the IPR when
the well is producing oil and
water from different zones ?

Composite IPR
qoil
Pro
Pwf q ( Pwf ) = qo ( Pwf ) + qw ( Pwf )
Prw
qwater

Composite IPR
1600
1400 Oil Zone

1200
Water Zone
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Flowrate (bpd)

Composite IPR
1600
1400
Oil Zone
1200
Water Zone
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
Oil + Water Production
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

Composite IPR
1
0.8
Water Cut (Fraction)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Total Flowrate (bpd)

Composite IPR
1600
Oil Zone
1400
1200
Water Zone
Pressure (psi)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Flowrate (bpd)

Composite IPR
1600
Oil Zone
1400
1200
Water Zone
Pressure (psi)
1000
800 Oil + Water Production

600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flowrate (bpd)

Composite IPR
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Composite IPR
qwater
qoil
Pr
Pwf q ( Pwf ) = qo ( Pwf ) + qw ( Pwf )

Composite IPR
1600
Oil Production
1400
1200
Water Production
Pressure (psi)
1000
Pb
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Flowrate (bpd)

Composite IPR
1600
Oil Production
1400
1200 Water Production

Pressure (psi)
1000
Pb Oil + Water Production
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Flowrate (bpd)

Composite IPR
qw J *
WC = WC = WC P *
= * w
q w + qo wf = Pr
Jw + Jo
*
*
qw J
WOR = WOR = WOR P *
= Pr
= w
*
qo wf
J o

Composite IPR
0.7
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.6
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.5
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Homework - Composite IPR
Reservoir Presure Pr = 1800 psi

Bubble Point Pressure Pb = 1300 psi
1 Zone producing Oil and Water
Well Test
qt = 600 bpd @ 1400 psi
WC = 30 %

qo = 600 * 0.7 = 420 bpd @ 1400 psi
qw = 600 * 0.3 = 180 bpd @ 1400 psi
OIL – Combined IPR – Undersaturated Reservoir
Jo = qo / ( Pr - Pt ) = 420 / ( 1800 – 1400 ) = 1.05 bpd/psi

qb = Jo ( Pr – Pb) = 1.05 ( 1800 – 1300 ) = 525 bpd
qmax = Jo Pb /1.8 + qb = 1.05 1300 / 1.8 + 525 = 1283.33 bpd

qo = 600 * 0.7 = 420 bpd @ 1400 psi
qw = 600 * 0.3 = 180 bpd @ 1400 psi
Water – Linear IPR
Jw = qw / ( Pr - Pt ) = 180 / ( 1800 – 1400 ) = 0.45 bpd/psi

Water
qw = 0.45 (1800 − Pwf )
Oil
qo = 1.05 (1800 − Pwf ) Pwf > 1300
qo − 525 Pwf Pwf2

= 1 − 0.2 − 0.8 Pwf < 1300
758.33 1300 1300 2

Pwf Qo Qw Qt WC WOR
1800
1550
1300
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

Pwf Qo Qw Qt WC WOR
1800 0 0 0 0.30 0.43
1550 262.5 112.5 375 0.30 0.43
1300 525 225 750 0.30 0.43
1200 626 270 896 0.30 0.43
1000 807 360 1168 0.31 0.45
800 960 450 1410 0.32 0.47
600 1084 540 1624 0.33 0.50
400 1179 630 1809 0.35 0.53
200 1245 720 1966 0.37 0.58
0 1283 810 2093 0.39 0.63

qo = 1.05 (1800 − Pwf )
2000
1800
2
1600
qo − 525 ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛ Pwf ⎞
= 1 − 0.2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 0.8 ⎜ ⎟⎟
1400
758.333 ⎝ 1300 ⎠ ⎜ 1300 ⎝ ⎠
Pressure (psi)
1200
qw = 0.45 (1800 − Pwf )

1000 Pb
800
600
qo+qw
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Flowrate (bpd)

0.39
0.37
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.27
0.25
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Homework - Composite IPR - WOR
0.65
0.6
Water Oil Ratio (Fraction)
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Oil Flowrate (bpd)

Economics
When producing oil and water

not always it is desirable to
maximize oil production

Homework - Composite IPR - Economics
• Assuming that the unitary costs of production for each

phase are:
– Co = 7 US$/stb
– Cw = 6 US$/stb
• Calculate the profit for each total flowrate when the oil sale
price is So = 11, 12 and 13 US$/stb

Oil Price US$/stb 11 12 13

Pwf Qo Qw Qt Co Cw P P P
1800 0 0 0
1550 262.5 112.5 375
1300 525 225 750
1200 626 270 896
1000 807 360 1168
800 960 450 1410
600 1084 540 1624
400 1179 630 1809
200 1245 720 1966
0 1283 810 2093

Oil Price US$/stb 11 12 13
Pwf Qo Qw Qt Co Cw P P P
1800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1550 262.5 112.5 375 1837.5 675 375 637.5 900
1300 525 225 750 3675 1350 750 1275 1800
1200 626 270 896 4382 1620 884 1510 2136
1000 807 360 1168 5649 2160 1068 1875 2682
800 960 450 1410 6720 2700 1140 2100 3060
600 1084 540 1624 7588 3240 1096 2180 3264
400 1179 630 1809 8253 3780 936 2115 3294
200 1245 720 1966 8715 4320 660 1905 3150
0 1283 810 2093 8981 4860 272 1555 2838

3500
S o (US$/stb)
3000
2500
13
Profit (U S $/d)
2000
1500 12
1000
11
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Oil Flow rate (stb/d)

Unam Ipr PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Unam Ipr PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Production Design

• Production desing and optimization is deeply

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

• Knowledge of the production levels, both in

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

The equilibrium flowrate q is the solution to

Potential Pressure Drops in System Components

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

4000 Reservoir Tubing Flowline

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Pr − Ps = ∆Preservoir (q ) + ∆Ptubing (q ) + ∆Pflowline (q ) + ....

Press Drop in Porous Media

Press Drop in Pipes and Equipment

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Pr − ∆Preservoir (q ) = Ps + ∆Ptubing (q ) + ∆Pflowline (q ) + ....

Flow in Porous Media Flow in Pipes and Equipment

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Pr − ∆Preservoir (q ) = Ps + ∆Ptubing (q ) + ∆Pflowline (q ) + ....

Flow in Porous Media Flow Pipes and Equipment

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

• Therefore the rate q of the inflow of fluids

• This function is called:

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Pr − ∆Preservoir (q ) = Ps + ∆Ptubing (q ) + ∆Pflowline (q ) + ....

Flow in Porous Media Flow Pipes and Equipment

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

• This function is called:

Pr − ∆Preservoir (q ) = Ps + ∆Ptubing (q ) + ∆Pflowline (q ) + ....

Flow in Porous Media Flow Pipes and Equipment

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Flow in Porous Media

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

4500 OPR Pwfo

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

THE PUBLIC FOUNTAINS OF THE CITY OF DIJON

EXPERIENCE AND APPLICATION PRINCIPLES TO FOLLOW

WORK FINISHES WITH AN APPENDIX RELATING TO THE WATER SUPPLIES OF

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

• The permeability k has the units of area

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

• Curiosity: Human hair thickness ~ 60 microns = 6 x 10-5 m

Hair Cross Section Area = 2865 Darcy

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

q - Liquid flow rate

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Reservoir Pressure 5000 psi

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Reservoir Pressure 5000 psi

4000 Reservoir Radius 1000 ft

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa

Mauricio G. Prado – The University of Tulsa