Guidelines For Bond Logs With WellLife HiTemp Cement

Guidelines for Running and Interpreting
Bond Logs with WellLife® Cement

Conducted for
Halliburton
By
Paul Spooner
Project No A09HAL005B
08 December 2009
Guidelines for Running and Interpreting Bond Logs with WellLife® Cement
Paul Spooner
Author
Technical Audit
Quality Audit
Release to Client
Date Released
Senergy has made every effort to ensure that the interpretations, conclusions and
recommendations presented herein are accurate and reliable in accordance with good
industry practice and its own quality management procedures. Senergy does not, however,
guarantee the correctness of any such interpretations and shall not be liable or responsible
for any loss, costs, damages or expenses incurred or sustained by anyone resulting from any
interpretation or recommendation made by any of its officers, agents or employees.
P:\Halliburton\A09HAL005B\Report\Guidelines for Bond Logs with WellLife Cement.doc
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Project No. A09HAL005B 08 December 2009
Contents
1 Elastomeric Cement and Bond Logs ................................................................................5
1.1 Cement Bond Logs ...............................................................................................5
1.2 Ultra-Sonic Logs ...................................................................................................8
1.3 Segmented Bond Tool ..........................................................................................9
1.4 Derivative Analysis ............................................................................................. 10
1.5 Combination Logs .............................................................................................. 10
2 Operating Procedures ................................................................................................... 11
2.1 General Procedures for Running Casing and Cementing ................................. 11
2.2 Calibration .......................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Free Pipe Log .................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Centralization ..................................................................................................... 13
2.5 Logging under pressure ..................................................................................... 14
2.6 Tool specific issues ............................................................................................ 15
2.6.1 Cement Bond Log .......................................................................................... 15
2.6.2 Ultra Sonic Logs ............................................................................................ 15
2.6.3 Segmented Bond Tool ................................................................................... 16
3 LQC ............................................................................................................................... 18
3.1 Cement Bond Logs ............................................................................................ 18
3.2 Ultra Sonic Logs ................................................................................................. 19
3.3 Segmented Bond Tool ....................................................................................... 22
4 Interpretation ................................................................................................................. 25
4.1 Channels ............................................................................................................ 25
4.2 Micro-annulus .................................................................................................... 25
4.2.1 Fast Formations ............................................................................................. 27
4.2.2 Cement Compressive Strength and Bond Index ........................................... 27
4.3 Derivative Analysis ............................................................................................. 27
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Relationship between Received Amplitude (E1) and Casing Size..............................6
Figure 2: Correction Factor (Amplitude Ratio) for different wellbore fluids ................................6
Figure 3: Cement Bond Log Interpretation Chart .......................................................................7
Figure 4: Acoustic Impedance of typical materials present behind pipe ....................................8
Figure 5: SBT Pad arrangement and Attenuation rate computation methodology ....................9
Figure 6: Baker Atlas SBT Interpretation Chart ....................................................................... 10
Figure 7: Effect of Cement Thickness on Cement Bond Log attenuation Rate....................... 11
Figure 8: Effect of Tool Eccentricity on CBL tool ..................................................................... 14
Figure 9: Effect of Tool Eccentricity and Pipe Ovality on Ultra Sonic signal ........................... 14
Figure 10: Halliburton VAST-V Curvature Correction.............................................................. 16
Figure 11: Examples of TT and Amplitude data ...................................................................... 18
Figure 12: Example of USIT Fluid Velocity data from down-log .............................................. 19
Figure 13: Examples of Eccentricity, Avg. ID, Avg. Thickness and Avg. Acoustic Impedance 21
Figure 14: Histograms of Acoustic Impedance data highlighting „bad‟ data............................ 21
Figure 15: Example of “fried egg” patterns in Acoustic Impedance image.............................. 22
Figure 16: Example of SBT Log .............................................................................................. 23
Figure 17: Example of „thin bed‟ formation response in Attenuation Map ............................... 24
Figure 18: Effect of micro-annulus as a function of gap size................................................... 26
Figure 19: Evaluation of Micro-annulus by comparing passes at different pressures ............. 26
Figure 20: Individual „spot‟ measurements in free pipe and cemented pipe ........................... 28
Figure 21: Derivative Analysis (ACE) of a CAST-V log in elastomeric cement ....................... 29
Figure 22: Derivative Analysis (ACE) of a Segmented Bond Tool in elastomeric cement ...... 31
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1 Elastomeric Cement and Bond Logs

Elastomeric cements, such as Halliburton‟s WellLife®, present several interpretation
challenges due to the lightweight and ductile nature of these blends. These properties present
different challenges depending on the type of the logging tool used to evaluate the cement
bond.
1.1 Cement Bond Logs

Conventional Cement Bond Logs measure the received amplitude, and hence the attenuation
rate, of a 20 kHz acoustic signal from a mono-pole source where the transmitter to receiver
spacing is typically 3ft. The received amplitude is a „radial average‟ from all around the pipe.
Assuming the cement sheath is greater than 0.75” thick, then:
The primary cement variable affecting attenuation is the shear modulus of the
cement, or medium behind the pipe
The attenuation is proportional to the density of the cement
Shear coupling is required at the casing-cement interface to produce full attenuation
The attenuation is inversely proportional to the casing thickness
The received amplitude is dependent on the transmitted amplitude
The received amplitude is dependent on signal attenuation in the wellbore fluid
WellLife® is not considered to be a low density slurry as such, when compared to foamed
cements for example, but it does have a very low shear modulus due to its elasticity. This
leads to a much lower attenuation rate than conventional class G slurries of similar density
and leads to a pessimistic interpretation when conventional interpretation procedures are
followed.
The measurement principal of an acoustic Cement Bond Log can be likened to hitting a bell
with a hammer. With nothing behind the pipe it will ring, but with a solid behind the pipe, like
cement, the ringing will be attenuated very quickly. The more „solid‟ the medium behind the
pipe, i.e. the higher the shear modulus, the higher the attenuation rate and the less it will ring,
and conversely, the less „solid‟ the medium the more it will ring. Elastomeric cements, by
design, have a low shear modulus, i.e. they are less „solid‟, and so the pipe will ring
significantly even when the pipe is well bonded, fully supported, and hydraulic isolation is
provided by the cement sheath.
Conventional acoustic Cement Bond Logs measure the received amplitude which is
dependent on the transmitted signal amplitude as well as the attenuation rate, and hence the
log must be calibrated accordingly. There is an industry standard, although arbitrary,
relationship between casing size and received amplitude as shown in Figure 1, which is chart
CBL-3 from the Halliburton Chart Book EL1001. For any Cement Bond Log to be valid it must
be calibrated to read the corresponding amplitude, or attenuation rate, when in free pipe of
the given casing size.
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Figure 1: Relationship between Received Amplitude (E1) and Casing Size
The relationship shown in Figure 1 is based on a wellbore fluid of fresh water and as different
wellbore fluids will attenuate the signal at a different rate then this must also be accounted for
before attempting to interpret the cement bond. Figure 2 shows chart CBL-4 from the
Halliburton Chart Book EL1001, which is a typical chart for this correction.
Figure 2: Correction Factor (Amplitude Ratio) for different wellbore fluids

Once a correctly calibrated log has been corrected for fluid effects, the standard interpretation
method is based on charts derived from empirical measurements, such as that shown in
Figure 3 which is chart CBL-1 from the Halliburton Chart Book EL1001.
It should be noted that this chart makes no mention of cement type or density, it is a purely
generic chart. Whilst specific charts could be derived for elastomeric cements they have not
been for several reasons:
Elastomeric cements are highly variable in nature and slight design changes from a
specific design used to derive a chart might yield a significantly different response
It would be impractical to derive a chart for multiple designs of elastomeric cement
The exact response of an elastomeric cement will also be a function of the load on
the cement which in turn will be a function of temperature and pressure in the casing
Figure 3: Cement Bond Log Interpretation Chart
Cement with a low shear modulus will also produce a lower dynamic range between free and
fully bonded pipe, further increasing the uncertainty in the interpreted result.

Conventional Cement Bond Log tools typically consist of two receivers, one at 3ft which
provides the amplitude measurement, and another at 5ft used to record a full waveform
display, typically referred to as the VDL. The VDL provides a qualitative indication of the
cement to formation bond where the amplitude provides a quantitative indication of the
cement to pipe bond.
With elastomeric cements the VDL will have stronger casing arrivals present and formation
arrivals may be less clear because of the strong casing signals. This is not always the case
though as the magnitude and timing of the formation arrivals depends on the velocity and
impedance of the formation itself as well as the cement.
1.2 Ultra-Sonic Logs

Tools such as Halliburton‟s CAST-V and Schlumberger‟s USIT use a scanning head firing an
ultra-sonic pulse, with a typical frequency of between 250 kHz and 350 kHz, to measure the
acoustic impedance of the material behind the pipe. The acoustic impedance is measured at
anything from 36 to 100 discrete points around the pipe at every depth sample. Along with an
accelerometer measurement this allows a „cement map‟ to be produced which is orientated to
the low side, which, due to the much higher resolution of this measurement, allows the radial
placement of cement to be investigated and the identification of channels etc.
These tools do not require any calibration as the current field processing algorithms utilize the
amplitude of the first reflection to effectively „self-calibrate‟.
Acoustic impedance is defined as the product of density and velocity and hence the acoustic
impedance of cement is proportional to the density. Lightweight cements, and especially
foamed cements, can have acoustic impedances comparable to, or even less than water.
Figure 4 shows the range of acoustic impedances for the typical materials encountered.
Z V
5
Cement
2
Drilling
Water Mud
1 Foam
Cement
0
Free Gas
Figure 4: Acoustic Impedance of typical materials present behind pipe
While the density of elastomeric cements is not especially low the velocity is reduced and
they are low impedance cements. Hence, the dynamic range of the measurement between
free pipe and fully bonded is reduced compared to a „conventional slurry, again, increasing
the uncertainty in the interpreted result.

1.3 Segmented Bond Tool

The Baker Atlas Segmented Bond Tool, SBT, consists of six pad-mounted transducers in
O
contact with the inside wall of the pipe which measure the attenuation rate across six 60
segments of the pipe. Figure 5 shows the layout of the pads and the compensated
measurement technique. Attenuation measurements for each segment are made in two
directions using an arrangement of two transmitters and two receivers on four adjacent pads.
The two measurements are combined to derive a compensated value that does not depend
on receiver sensitivities or transmitter power.
Figure 5: SBT Pad arrangement and Attenuation rate computation methodology
The SBT was designed to address some limitations of conventional Cement Bond Logs
and/or Ultra-Sonic Logs, i.e. insensitivity to heavy or gas-cut borehole fluids, fast formations,
temperature and pressure variations, and moderate tool eccentricity. However, the primary
benefits over a conventional Cement Bond Log are to provide indications of channelling, from
the six segment measurements, and that it does not require calibration.
While the SBT provides some indication of channeling it does not have the azimuthal
O
resolution of an Ultra Sonic log, for example the CAST-V has an azimuthal resolution of 3.6
O
while the SBT has a resolution of 60 .
The SBT is run with a separate sub which provides a convention 5ft spacing VDL, allowing for
qualitative indications of cement to formation bond as well as the direct measurement of
cement to pipe bond from the attenuation measurement.
Figure 6 shows a generic Baker Atlas interpretation chart for the SBT. While there is no
longer a fluid effect to correct for, nor any requirement for a calibration, the attenuation is still
a function of the casing thickness as well as the cement strength, or shear modulus.
However, it should again be noted that this chart makes no reference to cement type or
density, as it is also a purely generic chart.
Class G slurries may typically have a design strength of several thousand psi where
elastomeric cements will typically be several hundred psi. From Figure 6 it is clear that
elastomeric cements will have a much lower dynamic range between free and fully bonded
pipe, again increasing the uncertainty in the interpreted result.

Figure 6: Baker Atlas SBT Interpretation Chart
1.4 Derivative Analysis

The limitations of the low dynamic range with these measurements in elastomeric cements
can be avoided by using derivative analysis, a process utilized by Halliburton‟s Advanced
Cement Evaluation, or ACE, analysis program. The derivative methodology will be covered in
more detail in section 4.3 but the basic principal is as follows.
Fluids are very homogeneous and will have consistently low impedance which will not vary
much from depth sample to depth sample, i.e. they have a low variance and a low derivative.
Low impedance cements, which may have low impedance on average, are not so
homogenous and will have a high variance and high derivative. This is especially so at the
high resolution of an Ultra-Sonic log where the „spot‟ resolution is in the order of 0.3”.
1.5 Combination Logs

Although derivative analysis of Ultra Sonic data can be extremely beneficial in evaluating
lightweight, foamed, and elastomeric cements, it is still recommended to run more than one
type of logging tool. Although the high resolution measurements of Ultra Sonic logs are ideal
for derivative analysis the measurement does not provide any information about the cement
to formation bond, only the cement to pipe bond. As a conventional Cement Bond Log can
provide a qualitative indication of this through the VDL waveform display it is recommended to
log both in combination.

2 Operating Procedures
2.1 General Procedures for Running Casing and Cementing
The casing should be properly centralized which can be difficult in deviated and dog leg
holes. This is not only to ensure good displacement but also to maintain sufficient cement
sheath thickness. Figure 7 shows that for cement sheaths less than ¾” there is a
considerable effect on the Cement Bond log attenuation rate and while there is a much lesser
effect on SBT and Ultra Sonic logs it can be significant if the sheath becomes much thinner or
if the pipe actually touches the borehole wall.
Figure 7: Effect of Cement Thickness on Cement Bond Log attenuation Rate
The pipe should be reciprocated to ensure good displacement.
Pre wash and surfactants etc should be used as required to ensure good coupling of the
cement to the formation and pipe.
External pipe coatings should be cleaned off prior to running the pipe. Corrosion inhibitors
such as grease, oils, waxes, and impregnated cloth, used to protect the pipe while stored on
surface, will have a significant affect on the log by acting like a micro-annulus, only one that
cannot be closed by pressure.
Where possible try and avoid creating micro-annulus, either by applying pressure at surface
or hydraulically induced by changing wellbore fluids.
A bit and scraper run should be performed to remove any possible contamination on the
inside wall of the pipe. This is especially so for Ultra Sonic logs as discussed in Section 2.4.2.
Ditch magnets should be used and/or junk baskets run if there is any chance of metallic
debris in the well when running Ultra Sonic logs as any fine metal in suspension will scatter
the pulse such that valid reflections will not be received. Fine metallic debris and swarf will
often be picked up on the CCL in the toolstring and the presence of this can often explain a
„bad‟ or noisy log.
Excessive use of pipe dope should be avoided when Ultra Sonic logs are run as „blobs‟ of
grease either on the inside wall or in suspension will scatter the pulse such that valid
reflections will not be received.

2.2 Calibration
Ultra Sonic logs and the SBT log do not require calibrating in free pipe as they are effectively
„self-calibrating‟ due to the measurement and processing methodologies used by these tools.
A valid calibration is probably the most important aspect to obtaining a valid evaluation of the
cement bond from a Cement Bond Log is. The log measures the received signal amplitude
which is dependent on transmitted signal amplitude as well as the attenuation rate, which is a
function of pipe thickness. Hence, the log must be calibrated for the combination of specific
tool and pipe size. The calibration is essentially performed by measuring the received
amplitude under known free pipe conditions and can be undertaken in several ways.
Ideally, the calibration would be performed in free pipe, of the same size, weight and grade as
the interval of interest, downhole, and at reservoir conditions. Temperature and pressure can
influence the signal strength as it not only affects the transmitter efficiency but also alters the
acoustic coupling between the transducer face and the wellbore fluid. Hence, ideally, the
calibration should be performed at downhole conditions.
However, it is quite common that there is no free pipe downhole, for example if the pipe has
been cemented to surface, or that there will be no free pipe of the same size, for example if it
is a liner cemented right up to the hanger. In these cases alternatives have to be used.
The effect of temperature and pressure on modern tools is usually the least significant of the
variables being calibrated for as long as the pressure is at least 200-300psi. Below this
pressure the effect of poor acoustic coupling becomes very significant. Hence, it is preferred
to calibrate in the same pipe but at a shallower depth if possible. In the case of offshore wells
this can be above the sea bed as long as pressure can be applied at surface to ensure
acoustic coupling. A shooting nipple can be utilized for this purpose.
The tool can also be calibrated in pipe of a different size as the chart shown in Figure 1 can
be used to „convert‟ the calibration to the correct pipe size. This will almost always be larger
pipe and the main consideration with this method of calibration is proper tool centralization. If
overbody centralizers are used then the tool will not be centralized and the calibration will not
be valid. Sprung, roller or motored caliper „centralizers‟ should be used in this case.
If no free pipe is available at all then the tool can be calibrated with a „Master‟ or „Shop‟
calibration, depending on the terminology used by the service company.
Ideally this would be in a pressurized test facility using a piece of the same sized casing as
used in the reservoir. For example, it is common to install a piece of 7” liner and 9-5/” casing
inside a water filled piece of 13-3/” or 20” casing set within a pressure containment vessel,
essentially a hole in the ground with a pressure cap on it.
If no such facility is available then all of the logging service companies have a small
aluminium sleeve which is designed for performing these calibrations as well as tool checks.
These will typically hold up to 500psi, enough to perform a valid calibration, and can be used
at the wellsite. While these are not ideal, as the attenuation rate in aluminium is quite different
to that of steel, the service companies have „conversion factors‟ in the logging software to
allow the use of these calibrations when logging steel pipe. When no other option is available
these calibrations are vastly preferable to no calibration.

The lack of free pipe downhole should never be used as an „excuse‟ to run un-calibrated
Cement Bond Logs.
2.3 Free Pipe Log

A short log section across free pipe, typically about 200ft like a repeat section, is extremely
beneficial to check the response in the assumed free pipe and, more importantly, to verify
calibration in the case of the Cement Bond Log.
The best way to identify free pipe suitable for the Cement Bond Log calibration and perform
the free pipe log is to monitor the Cement Bond Log amplitude while running in the hole.
Although the Cement Bond Log should be logged at 30fpm for a valid log a monitor log can
be performed while running in at 200fpm which is perfectly good enough to identify the
deepest interval of apparently free pipe. The tool should then be calibrated at this depth and a
free pipe log recorded.
While UltraSonic logs can be logged down a meaningful monitor log cannot be obtained at
speed. As the SBT uses caliper deployed pads it also cannot be logged while running in, but
the separate VDL sub will record valid data and can be used to identify the deepest free pipe.
2.4 Centralization
Good tool centralization is required for valid Cement Bond Logs and Ultra Sonic logs. The
theoretical reasons for this are outlined in Sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2. SBT logs do not require
centralization as such because the pads are deployed on caliper arms although a degree of
centralization is needed to ensure the correct operation of the arms.
The service company should be able to advise on the configuration of centralisers, including
type, placement and numbers, as it will vary depending on the whole toolstring being run and
the specific well configuration.
Deviated wells are more problematic than vertical wells as the tools require more
centralisation to counteract the weight but that has to be achieved without an excessive
increase in friction or else the tools will not go down. In these cases roller centralisers can be
a good option.
In horizontal and near horizontal wells running the logs with drill pipe conveyed systems
allows for excellent centralisation to be achieved as there are no such frictional concerns.
Conversely, running the logs with tractor systems often causes great difficulty in centralizing
the tools as the increased friction is a significant problem for the tractors, and hence the tools
are frequently run under-centralized resulting in poor quality logs.
Cement Bond Logs must be run centralized to ensure that the correct amplitude is measured.
Due to the monopole measurement energy is received from all around the tool and when the
tool is centralised this will sum to yield a coherent signal of the correct amplitude.
When the tool is eccentered some energy will arrive early in time, where the tool is closer,
and some will arrive later in time, where the tool is further away. The total received energy is
the same but the signal, which is a combination of all the possible ray paths, will be smeared
with a lower amplitude and wider peak leading to an indication of better bond than exists.

Figure 8: Effect of Tool Eccentricity on CBL tool
Ultra Sonic Logs must also be run centralized to ensure valid reflections of the pulse are
received. The ultra sonic pulse fired by the transducer is reflected from the inside face of the
pipe back to the transducer. This will only occur when the pulse hits the pipe orthogonal to the
tangent of the pipe curvature. If the tool is not in the centre of the borehole or if the pipe is not
circular most the reflections will not be reflected back to the transducer and valid echoes will
not be received.
Figure 9: Effect of Tool Eccentricity and Pipe Ovality on Ultra Sonic signal
For the same reason Ultra Sonic logs are sensitive to surface rugosity, whether that be due to
corrosion or a thin film of cement.
2.5 Logging under pressure

Logging under pressure may be required for two main reasons: to provide good acoustic
coupling to the well bore fluid when the hydrostatic pressure in the well is insufficient, or to
evaluate possible Micro-annulus.
As the Segmented Bond tool is a pad device acoustic coupling to the wellbore fluid is not an
issue, but for Cement Bond Logs and Ultra Sonic logs it can be an issue in shallow wells. As
discussed in Section 2.2 this can be an issue in obtaining a valid free pipe calibration with a
Cement Bond Log.

Micro-annulus is discussed in more detail in Section 4.2, but if is suspected then another
pass, or more, under pressure can be made across the zone of interest. Typical pressures
required to properly diagnose micro-annulus will be in the order of 1000psi to 3000psi, which
is a significant pressure to contain at surface and will require careful planning.
It can be beneficial to log the repeat section under pressure and then the main log under no
surface pressure, to investigate the basic response of the logs to pressure.
2.6 Tool specific issues

2.6.1 Cement Bond Log
Fluid corrections, as shown in Figure 2, should be applied in real-time where possible and the
fluid corrected amplitude used. Depending on the service company, different mnemonics are
used and both uncorrected and corrected may be displayed and provided in the LAS data.
For example, the Schlumberger curve CBL is the uncorrected amplitude while CBLF is the
fluid corrected amplitude.
2.6.2 Ultra Sonic Logs

The service company will need to select the correct transducer type and head size based on
the pipe size and thickness, the wellbore fluid, and the expected temperature and pressure.
The casing ID will affect the choice of head size to be run as the transducer face should be
with a certain distance of the pipe face to ensure a good log.
The natural resonant frequency of the pipe is a function of its thickness and the transmitted
signal should be as close to the natural resonance of the pipe as possible. A range of
transducers are available with different resonant frequencies.
Pipe thickness should be correctly entered in the parameter table as it is a required input in
the computation of acoustic impedance. Any changes in weight should be zoned accordingly.
Different types of transducer material have different operating ranges of temperature and
pressure as well as having some dependency on wellbore fluid. Typically, a valid Ultra Sonic
log can be obtained in OBM us to 12ppg and in WBM and brines up 16ppg. Beyond this the
mud may be too dispersive for good data to be acquired. If there is any doubt about the ability
of the tool to operate successfully it should be tested in a sample of mud on surface prior to
logging, although this is of course not definitive as the temperature and pressure will also
affect the response.
Ultra Sonic tools measure the time of flight of the signal and from the fluid velocity compute
the pipe ID and thickness, and hence OD. The Halliburton CAST-V measures the fluid
velocity continuously while logging with a second transducer in a „mud cell‟. The
Schlumberger USIT uses the same transducer for both measurements and hence cannot
measure the mud velocity while logging acoustic impedance. Instead the fluid column is
logged while running in the hole and the profile is then parameterized, zoned as necessary,
and entered into the parameter table.
There is a correction made in real-time to the data to account for the curvature of the pipe and
this should be ON. The computation of acoustic impedance is based on the assumption that

the ultra sonic signal reflects from a flat surface and the measurement „spot‟ size is such that
for pipes greater than about 7” are seen as essentially flat by the tool. However for smaller
pipe the curvature acts to focus the signal, like a parabolic dish, and a stronger first signal is
seen by the transducer. This causes a higher acoustic impedance to be computed and so a
correction needs to be applied. Figure 10 shows the correction factor for the CAST-V which is
applied a shift to the computed acoustic impedance.
Figure 10: Halliburton VAST-V Curvature Correction
Typically the Acoustic Impedance map will be presented orientated to the well, i.e. the map is
aligned as high side on the left and right edges and low side in the middle, and this will be
generated using the tool accelerometer data. However, if there are problems with the
accelerometers or in a well that is very close to vertical the relative bearing may be erratic in
which the map can be presented orientated to the tool face. There will be a parameter to
select which display format is to be used for the map.
The algorithm used for computing Acoustic Impedance assumes steel pipe, so for pipe of
other single materials, such as Monel, the results will not be accurate but will still provide
qualitative indications. However, composite pipes or pipe with a thick coat (>1/16”) of
fiberglass cannot be evaluated due the extra reflections created at the interface.
2.6.3 Segmented Bond Tool

The measurement and computation of attenuation rate does not require any specific
parameter inputs but the generation of the Cement Map, which is scaled in dB/ft, requires
inputs for the pipe thickness and cement compressive strength. These are used along with
the response chart, shown in Figure 5, to calculate the expected attenuation rates for free
pipe and 100% compressive strength. The input parameters required are „CASING OD‟ and
„CASING WT‟, to compute the thickness, and „CEMENT STRENGTH‟.
Based on these inputs two cutoffs are computed to set the colour map used in the cement
map and they are listed in the parameter listing. ‟HI CUTOFF‟ corresponds to 80%

compressive strength and „LO CUTOFF‟ corresponds to 20% compressive strength. With
normal cement slurry using the design or lab test strength should yield a valid cement map
but with elastomeric cement it may provide an overly pessimistic cement map as the
response chart is a generic chart and not specific to such low attenuation rate cement. In
some cases a lower value may need to be used but this needs to be determined on a case by
case basis as this is a non-linear effect.
Similar to Ultra Sonic logs two cement maps are generated, an un-orientated map and an
orientated map. CEMC is the un-orientated map where the map is aligned to the pads, i.e. the
map is aligned left to right as Pad 1 through to Pad 6. CEMO is the orientated map where the
map is aligned to the well, i.e. the map is aligned as high side on the left and right edges and
low side in the middle. Normally the map presented will be the orientated map but in a well
that is very close to vertical the un-orientated map is preferred.

3 LQC
Repeat sections and multiple pass at different pressures should be checked to verify correct
tool operation and identify zones of possible micro-annulus, as discussed in Section 4.2.
Histograms and plots with compressed depth scales can be used to get an overview of the
various log responses.
3.1 Cement Bond Logs

Cement Bond Logs provide measurements of Transit Time and Amplitude from the 3ft
receiver and the Acoustic Waveform from the 5ft receiver.
The Transit Time, or TT, is primarily used as QC curve to show that the first arrival has been
logged, not a later arrival, and to provide an indication on the tool centralization. For a given
tool OD pipe ID and fluid slowness the transit time can be estimated and the service
companies have various charts and tables listing these values. The log will not match these
values exactly as there are always differences in pipe ID and fluid slowness, but it should be
quite close and stay within a few S. If the log is ~25 S different then it might be triggering on
nd
the 2 arrival, or cycle skipping.
Figure11 shows an example of TT from 7” 26# liner, on the left, where the expected TT was
235 s. This shows a typical trend of a slight decrease with depth due to mud settling as the
denser mud has a higher velocity. Note that TT shows a „kick‟ at every casing collar and this
should also be correlated with the CCL and the „chevrons‟ in the VDL to verify that all the
curves are on depth. If the pipe is very well bonded and the amplitude very low TT might
become erratic as the first arrival peak becomes difficult to track.
Figure 11: Examples of TT and Amplitude data
The Amplitude provides quantitative information on the cement to pipe bond while the VDL
provides qualitative information on both the cement to pipe and cement to formation bond.

The amplitude should be checked for consistency against the reference amplitude for the pipe
size, as shown in Figure 1, and against the VDL and Ultra-Sonic log responses if available.
The amplitude example shown on the right in Figure 11 reads just over 50mV at the top and
might be interpreted as free pipe, and calibrated accordingly, as this is 7” liner with free pipe
amplitude of 62mV. However, in this case that would be wrong as this is not free pipe. There
was a tail of 15ppg and lead of 8.5ppg, with the transition apparent in the amplitude about
1200. In the 8.5ppg lead the amplitude of 30-40mV is well bonded. Above 400 there is 9-5/8”
casing behind the liner giving lower amplitude still.
If the amplitude was truly reading free pipe then the VDL would show strong casing arrivals,
„tram lines‟, with no formation arrivals. If formation arrivals are obvious and the amplitude
reads free pipe then the tool has been „over-calibrated‟ and is pessimistic, i.e. it has been
calibrated to read free pipe in pipe that is not free.
The maximum amplitude should also be checked throughout the entire log as it should never
read greater than free pipe. If the amplitude reads greater than free pipe the tool has been
„over-calibrated‟.
Where the amplitude is low the casing arrivals show be very weak or absent and formation
arrivals should be much stronger. However, depending on the rock the formation arrivals may
be very weak or absent as well as this depends on the acoustic properties of the formation.
Comparison with an openhole full waveform sonic log can identify which zones have weak
formation arrivals due to the rock properties so that this is not misinterpreted as poor cement
bond.
3.2 Ultra Sonic Logs

Ultra Sonic tools provide direct measurements of the pipe ID, pipe ovality, and tool
eccentricity, which are important QC curves for a valid log. These measurements rely on the
measured fluid velocity so that should also be checked.
Figure 12: Example of USIT Fluid Velocity data from down-log
The Schlumberger USIT field print should include a summary plot of the down log showing
the measured fluid velocity, as shown in Figure 12, and this should be checked against the

fluid velocity curve used on the Acoustic Impedance log, FVEL, which is generated from the
entered parameter.
The Halliburton CAST-V outputs a Fluid Velocity curve, FTT, and this should be checked for a
response consistent with the wellbore fluid.
The Schlumberger USIT eccentricity is called ECCE, and Schlumberger state that for a good
log ECCE should be less than 2% of the pipe OD, which for 9-5/8” casing would be 0.19”.
The Halliburton CAST-V eccentricity is called ECTY, and Halliburton provide a list of
tolerances for various pipe sizes, for example ECTY should be less than 1/8” in 9-5/8” casing,
or 0.125”.
Specific tolerances for ovality are not given but ideally the ovality should be close to zero.
The measurements of pipe ID should be checked against the expected value for the grad of
pipe concerned. The curve outputs vary between tools with the CAST-V typically outputting
diameter and the USIT radius, but they both provide maximum, minimum and average values.
An ID map may also be presented. Maximum and minimum values may vary significantly from
the expected value as they will respond to even one „bad‟ measurement in a scan line of up to
100, but if they are very „noisy‟ throughout it is an induction poor quality data. The average
should be much more consistent with the expected although it can be expected to „jump‟ with
each joint of pipe. Any changes in pipe grade should be evident on the ID curves.
Similarly the pipe Thickness, determined from the received frequency, is also output as
maximum, minimum and average curves, and these should also be checked. The OD curves
are generated from the sum of ID and Thickness, and as such they are of less significance for
QC.
Note that all of the curves, ID, Thickness and Impedance, will show a „kick‟ at every casing
collar and these should also be correlated with the CCL to verify that all the curves are on
depth and responding properly.
The speed of the rotating head should be smooth and consistent as an irregular head speed
will lead to patchy coverage and poor reflections. The relevant USIT curve is RSAV and for
the CAST-V it is MSPD.
Excessive tool rotation due to cable torque can also produce a noisy log and the tool should
not rotate more than once in 100ft. The tool relative bearing, RB, can be used to check for this
unless the well is very close to vertical.
Figure 13 shows examples of Ultra-Sonic QC curves from the same well as Figure 11 and
shows values consistent with good centralization in 7” 26# liner. The Average Acoustic
Impedance shows high impedance in the 15ppg tail and low values in the 8.5ppg lead, as
expected. Above the 9-5/8” casing show the values are invalid and should not be taken as
free pipe.

Figure 13: Examples of Eccentricity, Avg. ID, Avg. Thickness and Avg. Acoustic
Impedance
The Acoustic Impedance data should be checked for noise and validity in several ways. The
maximum and minimum will be plotted with the average on the log, and, along with the map,
and they should be examined for „noisy‟ or erratic data. Acoustic Impedance cannot be less
than zero so any negative impedance measurements are obviously technically invalid, but
Acoustic Impedance values of less than 0.3 are typically shaded red on the map, indicating
gas, so from the map and curves it is not possible to properly QC the data. It may be just one
data point, the minimum, that is negative the remaining 99% of the data is valid, or it may be
that much of the data is „bad‟. Bad data may be due to invalid reflections etc, which will not
produce a „normal‟ distribution of data.
For these reasons it is very important to examine the data statistically, for example the three
histograms shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14: Histograms of Acoustic Impedance data highlighting „bad‟ data
The left example in Figure 14 is from conventional high impedance cement where there is a
„spike‟ with extremely consistent negative values, -4.036, which is obviously „bad‟ data. This is
most likely a processing artifact from an invalid reflection, essentially a „null‟ result, which
cannot be corrected. There is a very small „tail‟ to the main distribution that is less than zero,
shaded red, which is most likely just the variation due to noise.

The middle example in Figure 14, from low impedance cement, shows a slightly larger
negative „tail‟ to the data although the rest of the data appears to be perfectly valid as there
are no obvious spikes or jumps in the data. This data probably has a small offset to it, as the
mean of the data is lower than water.
The example on the right of Figure 14, from a horizontal well with foamed cement, has a
large amount of negative data and clearly has a considerable offset. Offsets can occur if the
wrong casing size was entered or, as in this case, if the tool was poorly centralized. Offset
data may be „corrected‟ either by re-computing with the correct casing size, if it was entered
incorrectly, or by applying a gain and offset to the data. In this case the data has been so
badly offset by the eccentricity the results from any attempts to „correct‟ the „bad‟ data would
be very dependant on the assumptions used in the „correction‟ and hence highly uncertain.
Another type of „bad‟ data are images displaying concentric rings, often referred to as “fried
egg” patterns as shown in Figure 15. Such images indicate a very thin cement sheath or pipe
in contact with the formation.
Figure 15: Example of “fried egg” patterns in Acoustic Impedance image
3.3 Segmented Bond Tool

Figure 16 shows an example of an SBT field log.
When the pads are in good contact with the casing the minimum and maximum Delta-T
curves from the 12 receiver pair measurements, DTMN and DTMX, should consistently be
centered on 57 s/ft with a separation of no more than 3-4 s/ft. These curves are typically
shown in track 1 with shading between then to identify any changes.

Excessive tool rotation can degrade the pad contact and the Relative Bearing, shown in track
2, should be checked, but if the rotation is affecting the measurement then this will be shown
by the Delta-T curves, hence they are the primary QC curves.
All six Attenuation Rates, shown in track 2, should be checked against that expected for free
pipe as none of them should consistently read less than free pipe. The curves are shaded
blue when the Attenuation Rate is greater than that expected for free pipe.
Note that the Delta-T and Attenuation Rate curves will show a „kick‟ at every casing collar and
these should also be correlated with the CCL to verify that all the curves are on depth and
responding properly.
The VDL, shown in track 5, should also be checked for consistency with the Attenuation
Rates. In general low Attenuation Rates should correspond with a strong pipe arrival and high
Attenuation Rates should correspond with weak or absent pipe arrivals. However, with
elastomeric cements this correlation might be quite poor due to the lower dynamic range
expected in the Attenuation Rate.
Figure 16: Example of SBT Log
The example in Figure 16, which is conventional slurry, shows an interval toward the bottom
with significant pipe arrivals in the VDL and low attenuation rates. However, this is not quite

free pipe as formation arrivals are still present in the VDL even though the Cement Map, in
track 4, is featureless throughout this interval.
Sometimes formation features such as thin beds can be very obvious and provide clear
indication of the presence of cement despite low Attenuation Rates and little or no formation
arrivals in the VDL. These indicators can be very useful in the case of the elastomeric and
lightweight cements where the dynamic range of the Attenuation Rate is reduced and
determining the presence of cement can be difficult. An example of this response is shown in
Figure 17 where the dipping, thin beds are clearly seen as the sinusoidal features in the
Attenuation Map, shown in track 5.
Figure 17: Example of „thin bed‟ formation response in Attenuation Map

4 Interpretation
For all bond logs the presence of concentric strings of pipe can affect the measurement and
quantitative analysis may not be possible. The magnitude of the effect will depend on the
spacing between the pipe and the material between them. Qualitative analysis will still be
possible though.
4.1 Channels
Obviously the effect of a channel on the logs depends on the size of the channel, but the
effect can be explained by considering an extreme case where one half of the pipe is fully
bonded while the other half is free pipe.
As the Cement Bond Log is a radial average the measured amplitude would be half way
between the free pipe amplitude and the fully bonded amplitude. Similarly, the VDL would
comprise of both casing and formation arrivals where strength of the formation arrivals would
also be dependent on the formation. However, this log response is exactly the same as would
be obtained when the pipe is bonded to cement all around but the cement only has 50% of
the expected compressive strength. For that reason a CBL cannot be used to diagnose a
channel although it might indicate the possibility of one.
As Ultra-Sonic logs provide a circumferential map of the acoustic impedance then channels
can be identified down to the resolution of the tool. There should be significant separation in
the maximum and minimum acoustic impedance curves and an obvious and vertically
coherent low impedance region should be seen in the map, otherwise the separation may just
be noise or bad data.
Similarly, the Segmented Bond Tool should show significant separation in the average and
minimum attenuation rates with an obvious and vertically coherent low attenuation rate in the
cement map. However, this may be less obvious due to the lower radial resolution of the tool
than and Ultra-Sonic tool.
However, with low impedance cements the effect of a channel on the logs is significantly
reduced as the contrast between free and fully bonded pipe is reduced.
4.2 Micro-annulus
Depending on the size of the gap, the fluid involved, and the length of the interval a micro-
annulus may still provide a hydraulic seal, however, by definition, the size of the gap is large
enough to affect the acoustic coupling and hence bond logs. Figure 18 shows the effect of
micro-annulus depending on the gap size, and shows that Cement Bond Logs are sensitive to
micro-annulus down to a gap size as small as 0.0001inches while Ultra-Sonic Logs are only
sensitive down to 0.01inches. The effect on the Segmented Bond Log is less but will still be
present by the time the gap is large enough for cement injection, at around 0.1”.
The effect of a micro-annulus on the Cement Bond Log is to allow the pipe to ring giving high
amplitude and pipe arrivals in the VDL, just like the effect of a channel. The larger the gap
then the higher the amplitude and the greater the signal in the VDL. The effect on the Ultra-
Sonic logs is to reduce the acoustic impedance but this can be distinguished from a channel
by the distribution in the cement map and the fact that there will be little separation in

maximum and minimum amplitude. For both tools the effect may be to indicate poor bond
when hydraulic isolation may still be obtained.
500 psi 1000 5000 psi

4 1 /2 ps i
5 1 /2
7
9
5 /8 1 3 3 /8
Appears as no Casing-to-Cement Bond on
CBL Appears as Fluids on Ultrasonics
Particle Size, Microfine Cement
Particle Size, Regular Cement
Permeable to Water at p = 5 psi

Cement Injectable
.0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0. 1.
(1.0025 (0
1.025) (0 . 2 5 4 ) (21.54) (205.4)
) Gap Thickness, in., (mm)
Figure 18: Effect of micro-annulus as a function of gap size
If a micro-annulus effect is suspected then one or more passes should be made under
pressure and a comparison made. For example, Figure 19 shows CBL amplitude on the left
and Ultra-Sonic Acoustic Impedance on the right with the pass at pressure on the X-axis and
the pass without pressure on the Y-axis. The CBL shows significant reduction in amplitude
with pressure while the Acoustic Impedance shows little difference, indicating the presence of
micro-annulus, but with a gap size that is not big enough to affect the Ultra-Sonic log, i.e.
greater than 0.0001inches but less than 0.01inches.
Figure 19: Evaluation of Micro-annulus by comparing passes at different pressures

4.2.1 Fast Formations

So called “fast formations” are formations with a velocity that is greater than that of steel, e.g.
tight carbonates, anhydrites and halite. In these formations the formation arrival can occur
before the pipe arrival in which case the measured amplitude will not be related to the cement
bond but to the formation attenuation. In these situations a qualitative analysis cannot be
performed but the very fact that formation arrivals are received implies the presence of
cement. Furthermore, it is usual for these formation arrivals to be very strong implying good
cement bond.
Ultra-Sonic logs and Segmented Bond Logs are effectively immune to fast formations as the
formation velocity does not affect their measurements.
4.2.2 Cement Compressive Strength and Bond Index

Various charts and algorithms, such as Figure 3, are used by the service companies to
convert the log measurements of Amplitude, Attenuation Rate and Acoustic Impedance to
Cement Compressive Strength, although, as discussed previously, these are all subject to
uncertainty regarding the assumptions used. Once a Cement Compressive Strength has been
determined that can be converted to Bond Index which is a simple linear indicator with a value
of 1 in fully bonded pipe and 0 in free pipe.
Alternatively Bond Index can also be computed directly from the log measurements by using
the charts and algorithms „backwards‟. For example, the Amplitude for fully bonded 7” pipe in
cement with compressive strength of 1200psi would be 4mV, as highlighted in Figure 3, while
the Amplitude in free pipe would be would be 62mV. Hence, a log Amplitude of 10mV would
correspond to a Bond Index of 0.9, calculated from (62-10) / (62-4).
Hence, Bond Index computed this way is very dependent on the validity or robustness of the
algorithm or chart used for Cement Compressive Strength. For a Cement Bond Log this is
obviously a circumferentially averaged Bond Index but this is also the case for Ultra-Sonic
and Segmented Bond Tool logs as the Average Acoustic Impedance or Average Attenuation
Rate is used in the Cement Compressive Strength relationships.
An alternative definition of Bond Index that does not rely on Cement Compressive Strength
relationships is provided by Halliburton‟s ACE program, as discussed in section 4.3
4.3 Derivative Analysis

Derivative Analysis was initially developed for analyzing Ultra-Sonic logs with lightweight,
elastomeric and foamed cements which may have low impedance on average and they may
be relative indistinguishable from water, or free pipe. However, theses cements are not as
homogenous as liquid and will have a high variance from sample to sample, and hence a high
derivative, while liquids, and hence free pipe, will have a low variance and low derivative.
Figure 20 shows examples of the individual „spot‟ measurements from 9 sectors around the
pipe with free pipe on the left and lightweight cement on the right.

A2 B14 C24 D36 E46 F58 G68 H80 I90

GR A4 B16 C26 D38 E48 F60 G70 H82 I92
0 A6 B18 C28 D40 E50 F62 G72 H84 I94
150 A8 B20 C30 D42 E52 F64 G74 H86 I96
OVAL A10 B22 C32 D44 E54 F66 G76 H88 I98
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
ECEN 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
0
1
X00
0
A2 B14 C24 D36 E46 F58 G68 H80 I90

GR A4 B16 C26 D38 E48 F60 G70 H82 I92
0 A6 B18 C28 D40 E50 F62 G72 H84 I94
150 A8 B20 C30 D42 E52 F64 G74 H86 I96
OVAL A10 B22 C32 D44 E54 F66 G76 H88 I98
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
ECEN 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
0
1
X20
0
Figure 20: Individual „spot‟ measurements in free pipe and cemented pipe
The high data density and high resolution of Ultra-Sonic logs lend themselves to a statistical
technique such as variance analysis as they typically have 60 samples per foot, or every 0.2”,
and with 100 samples in a 9-5/8” pipe with an ID of 8.68” a radial measurement every 0.087”.
Nominally the Halliburton CAST-V has a „spot‟ resolution for each ultra-sonic pulse of 0.3” so
there will be some radial overlap.
Halliburton‟s ACE algorithm calculates the derivative for each sample based on its nearest
neighbors in the vertical sense using a 3 level window, and so is not affected the statistical
effect of „spot‟ overlap in different pipe sizes. The same derivative computation can be
performed in IP, Senergy‟s Integrated Petrophysics interpretation software. Schlumberger‟s
Micro-debonding algorithm calculates a derivative function for each sample based on its
nearest neighbors, i.e. using data next to it in both the radial and vertical sense. Both of
these techniques have proven to be very effective with Ultra-Sonic Data and similar. Figure
21 shows an example of an ACE analysis in elastomeric cement.

Figure 21: Derivative Analysis (ACE) of a CAST-V log in elastomeric cement
Track 5 shows the Acoustic Impedance map which is shaded predominantly blue as most of
the Acoustic Impedance values were between 2 and 2.5 MRayls. However, the Derivative
map, shown in track 6 is mostly dark as the derivate was higher than the cutoff for water,
which is ACE is a parameter called DZWAT. The value of this parameter will vary depending
on the tool type and logging conditions.
By combining the Derivate map with the Acoustic Impedance map a Cement map, shown in
track 7, was derived where fluid was indicated if the acoustic impedance was less than
2.7MRayls and the Derivative was less than DZWAT, which in this case was 0.15, a typical
value for USIT data. The Cement map is a binary map, it is either brown or blue, and will
show cement if the Acoustic Impedance is high or if the Derivative is high. In this case the
Cement map clearly shows cement throughout.
A Cement Bond Index, FCEMBI, is also computed based on the Cement map by calculating
the percentage of cement indications per scan-line. Thus the Bond Index is a measurement of
the coverage with „reasonable‟ cement rather than an indication based on the theoretical
cement compressive strength.
A vertical derivative of the VDL waveform, such as computed by ACE, can also help to
indicate the cemented zones as they will typically have a higher variance than non-cemented
zones. In free pipe both the fluid behind the pie and the pipe itself are very homogenous and
will have a low variance, i.e. the „tram line‟ response of free pipe will have a low derivative.
Unless the formation is very homogenous any formation arrivals present in the VDL will have
a higher derivative and so a high derivative is indicative of the presence of cement, i.e. a dark
derivative indicates cement. This can be very useful to highlight the presence of formation
arrivals in the VDL where the „untrained‟ eye may have difficulty in recognising them. In
Figure 21 the original VDL is shown in track 3 and the derivative is shown in track 4. Note
that the strong chevrons are the casing collars.
When a formation is very homogenous or when formation arrivals are absent due to a highly
attenuative formation, the derivative will be low. In those cases the sum of the original
waveform and its derivative, called the total waveform WMSGT, can differentiate free pipe
from cement as free pipe will have obvious „tram lines‟ from the original waveform.

Derivative analysis can also be performed on Segmented Bond Tool logs but there are two
main imitations that lessen the effectiveness of this technique with these logs.
Firstly, as each measurement of Attenuation Rate is an average across a 60 degree sector

the measurement has a much lower resolution than an Ultra-Sonic log and as such there is a
significant reduction in the dynamic range of the derivative. It effectively acts as a significantly
filter on the data. The results are therefore more sensitive to the exact selection of the
DZWAT parameter and hence, the requirement for a free pipe interval to accurately select this
parameter becomes more significant. When free pipe is not available to set this parameter the
results are more uncertain and become more subjective to interpreter bias.
Secondly, there are only six measurements rather than the 36, 72 or 100 of an Ultra-Sonic
log. This means that not only will there will be less ability to resolve channels but the Bond
Index derived from the derivative analysis will have a very low resolution as the Bond Index
will be change by 0.17 as each pad is determined to be cement or not.
Figure 22 shows a derivative Analysis, using ACE, of a Segmented Bond Tool in elastomeric
cement and shows some of the difficulties associated with derivative analysis of these logs.

Figure 22: Derivative Analysis (ACE) of a Segmented Bond Tool in elastomeric cement
Typical of most elastomeric cements, the VDL, shown in track 3, shows quite strong pipe
arrivals throughout this section although formation arrivals are also present as highlighted by
the dark areas in the Total Waveform in track 5, excluding the chevrons.
The Attenuation map, shown in track 5, derived from the 6 pad Attenuation Rates shows
significant intervals of low attenuation which is again typical of elastomeric cement. However,
some obvious sinusoidal thin beds are present, indicating the presence of cement. As these
beds are about 1ft thick and it is unlikely that a thin band of good cement would exist in a
void extending over many tens of feet it can be inferred that cement is most likely present
throughout.
The Derivative map, shown in track 6, still shows significant intervals of water and does not
show cement throughout, and although the Cement map, in track 7, shows more cement it
still shoes some intervals without cement. In this case it is quite likely that the parameter
DZWAT, the derivative of water or free pipe, was too low but as no free pipe was available
downhole to confirm the exact value this was probably a pragmatic interpretation.


Guidelines For Bond Logs With WellLife HiTemp Cement

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1 Elastomeric Cement and Bond Logs

1.1 Cement Bond Logs

The attenuation is proportional to the density of the cement

Shear coupling is required at the casing-cement interface to produce full attenuation

The attenuation is inversely proportional to the casing thickness

The received amplitude is dependent on the transmitted amplitude

The received amplitude is dependent on signal attenuation in the wellbore fluid

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Figure 1: Relationship between Received Amplitude (E1) and Casing Size

Figure 2: Correction Factor (Amplitude Ratio) for different wellbore fluids

It would be impractical to derive a chart for multiple designs of elastomeric cement

Figure 3: Cement Bond Log Interpretation Chart

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1.2 Ultra-Sonic Logs

Figure 4: Acoustic Impedance of typical materials present behind pipe

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1.3 Segmented Bond Tool

Figure 5: SBT Pad arrangement and Attenuation rate computation methodology

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Figure 6: Baker Atlas SBT Interpretation Chart

1.4 Derivative Analysis

1.5 Combination Logs

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Figure 7: Effect of Cement Thickness on Cement Bond Log attenuation Rate

The pipe should be reciprocated to ensure good displacement.

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2.3 Free Pipe Log

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Figure 8: Effect of Tool Eccentricity on CBL tool

2.5 Logging under pressure

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2.6 Tool specific issues

2.6.2 Ultra Sonic Logs

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Figure 10: Halliburton VAST-V Curvature Correction

2.6.3 Segmented Bond Tool

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3.1 Cement Bond Logs

Figure 11: Examples of TT and Amplitude data

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3.2 Ultra Sonic Logs

Figure 12: Example of USIT Fluid Velocity data from down-log

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Figure 14: Histograms of Acoustic Impedance data highlighting „bad‟ data

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Figure 15: Example of “fried egg” patterns in Acoustic Impedance image

3.3 Segmented Bond Tool

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Figure 16: Example of SBT Log

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Figure 17: Example of „thin bed‟ formation response in Attenuation Map

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500 psi 1000 5000 psi