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Chapter 03
Time and Angle & Trigonometry
Time and Angle 2
Time and Angle 3
Time and Angle 4
 Adding and subtracting time and angle 5

• Adding and subtracting time and angle • Subtracting time and angle:
(method01): • (x1-x2) (y1-y2) (z1-z2)  if y1>y2; z1>z2
• 1). x1 y1 z1
• ((x1-1)-x2) ((y1 + 60)-y2) (z1-z2)  if y1<y2; z1>z2
• 2). x2 y2 z2 • (x1-x2) ((y1-1)-y2) ((z1+60)-z2) if y1>y2; z1<z2
• ((x1-1)-x2) ((y1+60-1)-y2) ((z1+60)-z2) if y1<y2; z1<z2
• x: hour or degree (O)
• y: minute or (‘)
• Adding and subtracting time and angle (method02):
• z: second or (“)
• Convert to the same unit then adding or subtracting
accordingly then convert back to h:min:s or o ‘ “
• Adding time and angle:
• (x1+x2) (y1+y2) (z1+z2) See example
• if (y1+y2);(z1+z2) > 60 use conversion factor
above.
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Time and Angle 7
Exercises 01 8
Exercises 01 9
Exercises 01 10
Exercises 01 11
Trigonometric Functions 12
Trigonometric Functions 13
 Trigonometric Functions 14

See MMTH p. 11-15

Trigonometric Functions 15
Exercises 02 16
Exercises 02 17
Exercises 02 18
Exercises 02 19
Note about slope 20

• Slope (Gradient, incline, grade):

1. One way to express slope is as a percentage. To calculate percent
slope, divide the difference between the elevations of two points by
the distance between them, then multiply the quotient by 100. The
difference in elevation between points is called the rise. The distance
between the points is called the run. Thus, percent slope equals (rise /
run) x 100.
2. Another way to express slope is as a slope angle, or degree of slope.
As shown below, if you visualize rise and run as sides of a right
triangle, then the degree of slope is the angle opposite the rise. Since
degree of slope is equal to the tangent of the fraction rise/run, it can
be calculated as the arctangent of rise/run.
3. As a ratio of one part rise to so many parts run. For example, a slope
that has a rise of 5 feet for every 100 feet of run would have a slope
ratio of 1 in 20. (The word "in" is normally used rather than the
mathematical ratio notation of "1:20").
 Note about slope
Figure 1: Calculating percent slope. A
rise of 100 feet over a run of 100 feet
yields a 100 percent slope. A 50-foot
rise over a 100-foot run yields a 50
percent slope.
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Figure 2: A rise of 100 feet over a run
of 100 feet yields a 45° slope angle.
A rise of 50 feet over a run of 100
feet yields a 26.6° slope angle.
Note about slope 22
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Q&A