VASMIN

Associates

EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF
HEAT TREATMENT FURNACES
AND
INDUCTION HARDENING
PROCESS
P.Sinha & V.K.SOOD
Associate Partner Managing Partner
VASMIN Associates
27, Shankar market, Connaught circus
New Delhi 110 001, India
Cell no +91-9871090015 Phone +91-11-30422704
Vasmin.associates@gmail.com
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HEAT TREATMENT IS AN ART

Heat Treatment is a
Science !
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ROLE OF HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS

Remove stresses induced by cold working

Remove stresses set up by non uniform cooling of hot metal objects.

Refine / secure the grain structure of hot worked steel.

Decrease the hardness & increase ductility.

Increase the hardness & wear resistant.

Increase toughness & impact resistance.

Improve the machining properties.

Improve cutting properties.

Change or modify the electrical & magnetic properties.

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HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES

Develop physical changes Develop chemical changes

1. Normalizing 1. Carburising

2. Annealing 2. Nitriding

3. Hardening/Induction 3. Carbonitriding
Hardening 4. Cyaniding
4. Tempering 5. Sursulf / Tuftriding
5. Stress Relieving
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NORMALIZING PROCESS- AIR COOLING
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ANNEALING AND NORMALIZING TEMPERATURE
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METALLURGY OF STEEL
IRON CARBON DIAGRAM
Temperature of steel

Carbon percentage in Steel

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Austenite
This is only possible when carbon steel at high temperature.(> 723 deg)
It has an atomic structure which can contain up to 2% carbon in solution.

Pearlite
A mixture of alternate strips of ferrite and cementite in a single grain. steel. The
structure become dense or course depending on the rate of cooling .A fully pearlitic
structure occurs at 0.8% Carbon.

Ferrite
This phase has a Body Centre Cubic structure (B.C.C) which can hold very little
carbon; typically 0.0001% at room temperature. It can exist as either: alpha or delta
ferrite.

Cementite
Cementite is a very hard intermetallic compound consisting of 6.7% carbon and the
remainder iron, its chemical symbol is Fe3C. When mixed with soft ferrite layers its
average hardness is reduced considerably.
- Slow cooling gives course perlite; soft easy to machine but poor toughness.
(from 723*C to 690*C)
- Faster cooling gives very fine layers of ferrite and cementite; harder and tougher
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Martensite If steel is cooled rapidly from austenite, the F.C.C structure

rapidly changes to B.C.C leaving insufficient time for the carbon to form
pearlite. This results in a distorted structure that has the appearance of
fine needles. There is no partial transformation associated with
martensite, it either forms or it doesn’t. However, only the parts of a
section that cool fast enough will form martensite; in a thick section it will
only form to a certain depth, and if the shape is complex it may only form
in small pockets. The hardness of martensite is solely dependant on
carbon content, it is normally very high, unless the carbon content is
exceptionally low.
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Tempering The carbon trapped in the martensite transformation can be

released by heating the steel below the A1 transformation temperature. This
release of carbon from nucleated areas allows the structure to deform plastically
and relive some of its internal stresses. This reduces hardness and increases
toughness, but it also tends to reduce tensile strength. The degree of tempering
is dependant on temperature and time; temperature having the greatest
influence.

Annealing This term is often used to define a heat treatment process that
produces some softening of the structure. True annealing involves heating the
steel to austenite and holding for some time to create a stable structure. The steel
is then cooled very slowly to room temperature. This produces a very soft
structure, but also creates very large grains, which are seldom desirable because
of poor toughness.

Normalising Returns the structure back to normal. The steel is heated until it
just starts to form austenite; it is then cooled in air. This moderately rapid
transformation creates relatively fine grains with uniform pearlite.
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STD. INTERNATIONAL GRADES OF STEEL

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
German specification (DIN)
Japan Institute for Steel (JIS)
French specification (AFNOR)
British specification (En)
Indian standard (IS)
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CARBURISING GRADE STEEL & CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
SERIAL DESCRIPTION C% Mn% Cr% Ni% Mo% B% REMARK

1 20MnCr5 0.17 - 0.22 1.10 - 1.40 1.00 - 1.30 Nil Nil Nil 40 : 60

2 16MnCr5 0.14 - 0.19 1.00 - 1.30 0.80 - 1.10 Nil Nil Nil

3 SAE 8620 0.18 - 0.23 0.70 - 0.90 0.40 - 0.60 0.40 - 0.70 0.15 - 0.25 Nil 65 ; 35

4 En 353 0.16 - 0.22 0.80 - 1.10 0.80 - 1.20 1.00 - 1.20 0.10 - 0.20 35 ; 65

5 18NiCrMo5 0.15 - 0.21 0.60 - 0.90 0.70 - 1.00 1.20 - 1.50 0.15 - 0.25

6 815M17 0.16 - 0.22 0.80 - 1.10 0.80 - 1.20 1.00 - 1.20 0.10 - 0.12
0.0005/
7 94B17H 0.14 - 0.20 0.7 - 1.05 0.25 - 0.55 0.25 - 0.65 0.08 - 0.15 0.0025 ARM 2719
Cu - 0.25 max
8 21NiCrMo5H 0.19 - 0.23 0.60 - 0.90 0.70 - 1.00 1.20 - 1.50 0.15 - 0.30 2711

9 20Ni55Cr50Mo20 0.17 - 0.23 0.65 - 0.95 0.35 - 0.70 0.40 - 0.70 0.15 - 0.25 Nil Alt SAE 8620

10 SCM 420 0.17 - 0.23 0.55 -0.90 0.85 - 1.25 Nil 0.15 - 0.35 40 : 60
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Effect of alloying elements

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STEEL

80% of total metal produced

Strength/ ease of fabricability/ wide range of properties/
economical
Composition:
Carbon 0.05-2.00 %
Manganese 0.4-1.5 %
Silica 0.15-0.35 %
Phosphorous 0.04 max.
Sulphur 0.05 max.
Prominent alloying metals Ni/Cr/Mo/V/W/Nb
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IRON (Fe)

Steel
Cast Iron

Steel is an iron based alloy generally suitable for

working to the required shape in the solid state
having a carbon content less than 1.5 % and
containing varying amounts of other elements.
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BCC

FCC
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“YOUR GROWTH PARTNER THRU
VALUE ADDED SERVICES TO
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
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P.Sinha
Associate Partner
VASMIN Associates
27, Shankar market, Connaught circus
New Delhi 110 001, India
Cell no +91-9871090015 Phone +91-11-30422704
Vasmin.associates@gmail.com